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<span>Eastern Han</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Han-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Three Kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Three Kingdoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cao_Wei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cao_Wei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cao Wei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cao_Wei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Northern and Southern dynasties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northern_and_Southern_dynasties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northern and Southern dynasties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northern_and_Southern_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liu_Song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liu_Song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Liu Song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liu_Song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Qi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Qi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Southern Qi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Qi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Liang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Chen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Wei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Wei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Northern Wei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Wei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Qi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Qi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Northern Qi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Qi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Zhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Zhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Northern Zhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Zhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song,_Liao,_Jin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song,_Liao,_Jin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Song, Liao, Jin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Song,_Liao,_Jin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Song, Liao, Jin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Song,_Liao,_Jin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Liao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jin_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jin_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Jin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jin_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Yuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Qing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harems_imp%C3%A9riaux_chinois" title="Harems impériaux chinois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harems impériaux chinois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EA%B6%81_(%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD)" title="후궁 (중국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후궁 (중국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B2" title="Хятадын хааны хатдын зэрэг дэв – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятадын хааны хатдын зэрэг дэв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kejserliga_harem" title="Kinas kejserliga harem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinas kejserliga harem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%AE%AE%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="中國後宮制度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中國後宮制度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hierarchy in Imperial China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">Empress dowager</a></div> <p>The ranks of imperial consorts have varied over the course of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a> but remained important throughout owing to its prominence in the management of the inner court and in imperial succession, which ranked heirs according to the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China#Tang_dynasty" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">prominence of their mothers</a> in addition to their birth order. Regardless of the age, however, it is common in English translation to simplify this hierarchy into the three ranks of empress, consorts, and concubines.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also common to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>", an Arabic loan word used in recent times to refer to imperial women's forbidden quarters in many countries. In later <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Chinese dynasties</a>, these quarters were known as the inner palace (內宮; <i>nèigōng</i>) or the rear palace (後宮; <i>hòugōng</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese, the system is called the "rear palace system" (後宮制度; <i>hòugōng zhìdù</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No matter the dynasty, the empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>) held the highest rank and was the legal wife of the emperor, as well as the chief of the imperial harem and "mother of the nation" (母后天下; <i>mǔhòu tiānxià</i>) which translates to ”imperial mother of all under heaven”. She was also known as the "central palace" (中宮; <i>zhōnggōng</i>). In addition, the emperor would typically have other imperial women (嬪妃; <i>pínfēi</i>). Every dynasty had its set of rules regarding the numerical composition of the harem. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There existed a class of royal consorts called <i>ying</i> (媵; <i>yìng</i>) during early historical times in China. These were people who came along with brides as a form of <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>. It could be a female cousin or sister of the bride, or people from other countries (not necessarily from another race). </p><p>Worth noting is the fact that during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, there were times when two queens existed at the same period. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a></i> contains great details of a royal consort ranking system. However, as the <i>Rites of Zhou</i> is considered by modern scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be merely a fictitious constitution for a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> society, the system listed in that work of literature cannot be taken word for word. Rather, it offers a rough glimpse into the inner palace during the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranking_system_for_kings">Ranking system for kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ranking system for kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Rites of Zhou</i> states that kings are entitled to the following: </p> <ol><li>1 Queen (王后; <i>wánghòu</i>)</li> <li>2 Consorts (妃; <i>fēi</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>)</li> <li>27 Hereditary Ladies (世婦; <i>shìfù</i>)</li> <li>81 Royal Wives (御妻; <i>yùqī</i>)</li></ol> <p>It was suggested that a system (not necessarily resembling the one listed above) was set up to prevent the situation of having two queens/empresses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranking_system_for_others">Ranking system for others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ranking system for others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Rites of Zhou</i>, under the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">fengjian</a></i> governance system, aristocratic feudal lords were entitled to nine consorts in total, and cannot marry again after having nine consorts, which makes for one wife and eight concubines. For other officers, they are entitled to one wife and one concubine. For normal citizens, only one wife is allowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qin">Qin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Qin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, from the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Qin" title="King Huiwen of Qin">King Huiwen</a>: </p> <ol><li>Queen (王后; <i>wánghòu</i>), which became Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>) from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a></li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Gentleness (良人; <i>liángrén</i>)</li> <li>Learned Lady (八子; <i>bāzi</i>)</li> <li>Harmonious Lady (七子; <i>qīzi</i>)</li> <li>Senior Waiting Lady (長使; <i>zhǎngshǐ</i>)</li> <li>Junior Waiting Lady (少使; <i>shàoshǐ</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Han">Han</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Han"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_Feiyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zhao_Feiyan.jpg/220px-Zhao_Feiyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zhao_Feiyan.jpg/330px-Zhao_Feiyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zhao_Feiyan.jpg/440px-Zhao_Feiyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Zhao Feiyan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Han">Western Han</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western Han"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Gaozu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a>: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li></ol> <p>Later: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Gentleness (良人; <i>liángrén</i>)</li> <li>Learned Lady (八子; <i>bāzi</i>)</li> <li>Harmonious Lady (七子; <i>qīzi</i>)</li> <li>Senior Waiting Lady (長使; <i>zhǎngshǐ</i>)</li> <li>Junior Waiting Lady (少使; <i>shàoshǐ</i>)</li></ol> <p>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Yuan of Han">Emperor Yuan</a>: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>), created by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a></li> <li>Lady of Youthful Fairness (娙娥; <i>xíng‘é</i>), created by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a></li> <li>Lady of Splendid Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>), created by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a></li> <li>Lady of Complete Deportment (充衣; <i>chōngyī</i>), created by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a></li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Gentleness (良人; <i>liángrén</i>)</li> <li>Learned Lady (八子; <i>bāzi</i>)</li> <li>Harmonious Lady (七子; <i>qīzi</i>)</li> <li>Senior Waiting Lady (長使; <i>zhǎngshǐ</i>)</li> <li>Junior Waiting Lady (少使; <i>shàoshǐ</i>)</li> <li>Courtier of Miscellaneous Uses (五官; <i>wǔguān</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complaisant Constancy (順常; <i>shùncháng</i>)</li> <li>Lady Without Impurity (舞涓; <i>wǔjuān</i>)<br />Lady of Reverent Gentleness (共和; <i>gònghé</i>)<br />Lady Who Pleases the Spirit (娛靈; <i>yúlíng</i>)<br />Lady Who Can Safeguard a Multitude (保林; <i>bǎolín</i>)<br />Gentle Waiting Lady (良使; <i>liángshǐ</i>)<br />Lady of Night Attendance (夜者; <i>yèzhě</i>)</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>: </p> <ol><li>Consort (妃; <i>fēi</i>)</li> <li>Bride of Excellence (良娣; <i>liángdì</i>)</li> <li>Dear Lady (孺人; <i>rúrén</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Han">Eastern Han</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eastern Han"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of the Palace (宮人; <i>gōngrén</i>)</li> <li>Talented Woman (才女; <i>cǎinǚ</i>)</li></ol> <p>No limits were set for these imperial consorts. This later created situations when more than 20,000 women were living in the palace during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han" title="Emperor Huan of Han">Emperor Huan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ling_of_Han" title="Emperor Ling of Han">Emperor Ling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Three Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period, Cao Wei used the following system: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cao_Wei"><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cao Wei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> (who was not an emperor but a king): </p> <ol><li>Queen (王后; <i>wánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Splendid Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li></ol> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wen of Wei">Emperor Wen</a>: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Splendid Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Humble Accomplishments (順成; <i>shùnchéng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Gentleness (良人; <i>liángrén</i>)</li></ol> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Rui" title="Cao Rui">Emperor Ming</a>: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Luminance (昭華; <i>zhāohuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Splendid Countenance (傛華; <i>rǒnghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Gentleness (良人; <i>liángrén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Value (鹺人; <i>cuórén</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jin">Jin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a>, the ranks were as follows: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>) <ol><li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Ceremony (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Splendid Cultivation (修華; <i>xiūhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Splendid Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華; <i>chōnghuá</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Mediocre Talent (中才人; <i>zhōngcáirén</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Northern and Southern dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liu_Song"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liu Song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>) <ol><li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Ceremony (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Splendid Cultivation (修華; <i>xiūhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Everlasting Splendidness (傛華; <i>yǒnghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華; <i>chōnghuá</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li></ol> <p>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowu_of_Song" title="Emperor Xiaowu of Song">Emperor Xiaowu</a>: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Ceremony (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Luminance (昭華; <i>zhāohuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華; <i>chōnghuá</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Mediocre Talent (中才人; <i>zhōngcáirén</i>)</li> <li>Favoured Assistant (充衣; <i>chōngyī</i>)</li></ol> <p>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Song" title="Emperor Ming of Song">Emperor Ming</a>: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Noble Beauty (貴姬; <i>guìjī</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Deportment (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Countenance (淑容; <i>shūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Luminance (昭華; <i>zhāohuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Splendidness (修華; <i>xiūhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>5 Post Holders (職; <i>zhí</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華; <i>chōnghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Inherit Glory (承徽; <i>chénghuī</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Propitious Honour (列榮; <i>lièróng</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Mediocre Talent (中才人; <i>zhōngcáirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Gentleness (良人; <i>liángrén</i>)</li> <li>Favoured Assistant (充衣; <i>chōngyī</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Qi"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southern Qi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gao_of_Southern_Qi" title="Emperor Gao of Southern Qi">Emperor Gao</a>: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>) <ol><li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Splendid Cultivation (修華; <i>xiūhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Deportment (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華; <i>chōnghuá</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Mediocre Talent (中才人; <i>zhōngcáirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li></ol> <p>In 483, when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Southern_Qi" title="Emperor Wu of Southern Qi">Emperor Wu</a> ascended to the throne, the positions of <i>noble consort</i> (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>) and <i>pure consort</i> (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>) were elevated to independent categories, just beneath the empress. In 489, the position of <i>lady of bright countenance</i> (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>) was added to fill the gap created upon the elevation of <i>pure consort</i> (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>). </p><p>The crown prince: </p> <ol><li>Bride of Excellence (良娣; <i>liángdì</i>)</li> <li>Lady Who Can Safeguard a Multitude (保林; <i>bǎolín</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liang"><a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Liang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu</a>: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Noble Beauty (貴姬; <i>guìjī</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Deportment (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Countenance (淑容; <i>shūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Brightness (昭華; <i>zhāohuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Splendidness (修華; <i>xiūhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>5 Post Holders (職; <i>zhí</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華; <i>chōnghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Inherit Glory (承徽; <i>chénghuī</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Propitious Honour (列榮; <i>lièróng</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Gentleness (良人; <i>liángrén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li></ol> <p>The crown prince: </p> <ol><li>Bride of Excellence (良娣; <i>liángdì</i>)</li> <li>Lady Who Can Safeguard a Multitude (保林; <i>bǎolín</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chen"><a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Chen" title="Emperor Wu of Chen">Emperor Wu</a>, no specific ranking system for imperial consorts were devised, due to his desire to live a simple life. It was only during <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Chen" title="Emperor Wen of Chen">Emperor Wen</a>'s reign that a ranking system came into being: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Noble Concubine (貴嬪; <i>guìpín</i>)</li> <li>Noble Beauty (貴姬; <i>guìjī</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛; <i>shūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Deportment (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Pure Countenance (淑容; <i>shūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Brightness (昭華; <i>zhāohuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Splendidness (修華; <i>xiūhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>5 Post Holders (職; <i>zhí</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華; <i>rónghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華; <i>chōnghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Inherit Glory (承徽; <i>chénghuī</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Propitious Honour (列榮; <i>lièróng</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Gentleness (良人; <i>liángrén</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Wei"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Northern Wei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daowu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei">Emperor Daowu</a>, the ranking system was very simple, and only contained the rank of <i>madame</i> (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>). However, there existed an unwritten, subjective system of prestige. It was during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taiwu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei">Emperor Taiwu</a> that the system listed below came into existence: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Left Lady of Bright Deportment (左昭儀; <i>zuǒzhāoyí</i>)<br />Right Lady of Bright Deportment (右昭儀; <i>yòuzhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of the Pepper Chamber (椒房; <i>jiāofáng</i>)</li> <li>Passing Attendant (中式; <i>zhōngshì</i>)</li></ol> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a> of Northern Wei, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaowen</a> reformed the ranking system to the system below: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Left Lady of Bright Deportment (左昭儀; <i>zuǒzhāoyí</i>)<br />Right Lady of Bright Deportment (右昭儀; <i>yòuzhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Third Concubine (三嬪; <i>sānpín</i>)</li> <li>Sixth Concubine (六嬪; <i>(liùpín</i>)</li> <li>Hereditary Lady (世婦; <i>shìfù</i>)</li> <li>Imperial Wife (御妻; <i>yùqī</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Qi"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Northern Qi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the beginning, there were only three ranks: </p> <ol><li>Madame (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>)</li> <li>Concubine (嬪; <i>pín</i>)</li> <li>Lady (禦; <i>yù</i>)</li></ol> <p>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wucheng_of_Northern_Qi" title="Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi">Emperor Wucheng</a>: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>1 Left Lady of Beautiful Blooming (左娥英; <i>zuǒéyīng</i>)<br />1 Right Lady of Beautiful Blooming (右娥英; <i>yòuéyīng</i>)</li> <li>1 Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>1 Left Lady of Bright Deportment (左昭儀; <i>zuǒzhāoyí</i>)<br />1 Right Lady of Bright Deportment (右昭儀; <i>yòuzhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>) <ol><li>Madame of Great Moral (弘德; <i>hóngdé</i>)</li> <li>Madame of Just Moral (正德; <i>zhèngdé</i>)</li> <li>Madame of High Moral (崇德; <i>chóngdé</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Upper Concubines (上嬪; <i>shàngpín</i>) <ol><li>Upper Concubine of Great Honor (隆徽; <i>lónghuī</i>)</li> <li>Upper Concubine of Light Plan (光猷; <i>guāngyóu</i>)</li> <li>Upper Concubine of Bright Instruction (昭訓; <i>zhāoxùn</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lower Concubines (下嬪; <i>xiàpín</i>) <ol><li>Lower Concubine of Proclaimed Honor (宣徽; <i>xuānhuī</i>)</li> <li>Lower Concubine of Proclaimed Brightness (宣明; <i>xuānmíng</i>)</li> <li>Lower Concubine of Congealed Brightness (凝暉; <i>nínghuī</i>)</li> <li>Lower Concubine of Congealed Splendidness (凝華; <i>nínghuá</i>)</li> <li>Lower Concubine of Conducive Splendidness (順華; <i>shùnhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lower Concubine of Light Instruction (光訓; <i>guāngxùn</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>27 Hereditary Ladies (世婦; <i>shìfù</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li> <li>Selected Lady (採女; <i>cǎinǚ</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Zhou"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Northern Zhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Madames (夫人; <i>fūrén</i>), later 3 Consorts (妃; <i>fēi</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Great Noble Consort (長貴妃; <i>zhǎngguìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Virtuous Consort (德妃; <i>défēi</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>3 Lady Officials (㚤; <i>yì</i>)</li> <li>6 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Bright Splendidness (昭化; <i>zhāohuà</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Imperial Beauty (禦媛; <i>yùyuàn</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Upper Beauty (上媛; <i>shàngyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Middle Beauty (中媛; <i>zhōngyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Lower Beauty (下媛; <i>xiàyuàn</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Imperial Gracefulness (禦婉; <i>yùwǎn</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Upper Gracefulness (上婉; <i>shàngwǎn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Middle Gracefulness (中婉; <i>zhōngwǎn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Lower Gracefulness (下婉; <i>xiàwǎn</i>)</li></ol></li></ol> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou">Emperor Xuan</a>, five empresses were created (unprecedented by Chinese standards): </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Lihua" title="Yang Lihua">Yang Lihua</a> (楊麗華), Primary Great Heavenly Empress (天元大皇后; <i>tiānyuándàhuánghòu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Manyue" title="Zhu Manyue">Zhu Manyue</a> (朱滿月), Great Heavenly Empress (天大皇后; <i>tiāndàhuánghòu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yueyi" title="Chen Yueyi">Chen Yueyi</a> (陳月儀), Great Central Heavenly Empress (天中大皇后; <i>tiānzhōngdàhuánghòu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_Chifan" title="Yuchi Chifan">Yuchi Chifan</a> (尉遲熾繁), Great Left Heavenly Empress (天左大皇后; <i>tiānzuǒdàhuánghòu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Leshang" title="Yuan Leshang">Yuan Leshang</a> (元樂尚), Great Right Heavenly Empress (天右大皇后; <i>tiānyòudàhuánghòu</i>)</li></ol> <p>In addition, there was an innumerable number of women in the palace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sui">Sui</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, there existed a simple system of ranking: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>4 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>)</li> <li>9 Hereditary Ladies (世婦; <i>shìfù</i>)</li> <li>38 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女; <i>yùnǚ</i>)</li></ol> <p>There also existed a system of female palace officers (女官; <i>nǚguān</i>) to manage ceremonial affairs in the inner palace. The system was based on similar systems of the past. </p><p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Empress Dugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen</a> expanded the ranks to the following: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Noble Ladies (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>)</li> <li>27 Hereditary Ladies (世婦; <i>shìfù</i>)</li> <li>81 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女; <i>yùnǚ</i>)</li></ol> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a>, the ranking system was expanded yet again: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Consorts (妃; <i>fēi</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Virtuous Consort (德妃; <i>défēi</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Conducive Wellness (順儀; <i>shùnyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Supportive Wellness (順容; <i>shùnróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Splendid Wellness (順華; <i>shùnhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Splendidness (修華; <i>xiūhuá</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀; <i>chōngyī</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Countenance (充容; <i>chōngróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Splendidness (充華; <i>chōnghuá</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>12 Ladies Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>15 Hereditary Ladies (世婦; <i>shìfù</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>24 Ladies of Treasure (寶林; <i>bǎolín</i>)</li> <li>24 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女; <i>yùnǚ</i>)</li> <li>37 Ladies of Elegance (採女; <i>cǎinǚ</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tang">Tang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Tang_Dynasty_Empress_Wu_Zetian.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/A_Tang_Dynasty_Empress_Wu_Zetian.JPG/220px-A_Tang_Dynasty_Empress_Wu_Zetian.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/A_Tang_Dynasty_Empress_Wu_Zetian.JPG/330px-A_Tang_Dynasty_Empress_Wu_Zetian.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/A_Tang_Dynasty_Empress_Wu_Zetian.JPG 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Empress Wu, better known as <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a>, was a consort of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperors Taizong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Gaozong</a>, as well as the only female emperor in Chinese history</figcaption></figure> <p>Imperial consorts of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> were organized in eight or nine ranks, in addition to the empress. They were also called the "inner officials" (內官; <i>nèiguān</i>), as opposed to "palace officials" (宮官; <i>gōngguān</i>), the bureaucracy. </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>4 Consorts (妃; <i>fēi</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Virtuous Consort (德妃; <i>défēi</i>)</li> <li>Worthy Consort (賢妃; <i>xiánfēi</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛; <i>zhāoyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Beauty (修媛; <i>xiūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀; <i>chōngyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Countenance (充容; <i>chōngróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Beauty (充媛; <i>chōngyuàn</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Ladies of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>9 Ladies of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>9 Ladies of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li> <li>27 Ladies of Treasure (寶林; <i>bǎolín</i>)</li> <li>27 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女; <i>yùnǚ</i>)</li> <li>27 Selected Ladies (採女; <i>cǎinǚ</i>)</li></ol> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong</a>: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>4 Consorts (妃; <i>fēi</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Virtuous Consort (德妃; <i>défēi</i>)</li> <li>Worthy Consort (賢妃; <i>xiánfēi</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛; <i>zhāoyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Beauty (修媛; <i>xiūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀; <i>chōngyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Countenance (充容; <i>chōngróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Beauty (充媛; <i>chōngyuàn</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Ladies of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>9 Ladies of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>9 Ladies of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li></ol> <p>Emperor Gaozong wants to create and promote Lady Wu, who ranked currently as Lady Wu of Bright Deportment (武昭儀; Wū Zhāoyí) to Royal Consort (宸妃, <i>chēnfei</i>) because, the 4 ranks of consorts were already occupied but, the court official officials opposed this idea, saying that it is unprecedented on which the emperor can only have four consorts and the character chēn (宸) was used to refer the power of the emperor, thus Emperor Gaozong does not carry out his plan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 662, the titles were temporarily changed to be devoid of feminine quality. This seemingly feminist change was reverted in the twelfth month of 670. The rationales were not explained in official records in both instances. However, some scholars have speculated it to be the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Empress Wu</a> to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Old titles </th> <th>New titles </th></tr> <tr> <td>1a </td> <td>Consort (妃; <i>fēi</i>) </td> <td>Patroness in Virtue (贊德; <i>zàndé</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2a </td> <td>Concubine (嬪; <i>pín</i>) </td> <td>Propagator of Deportment (宣儀; <i>xuānyí</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3a </td> <td>Lady Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>) </td> <td>Recipient from the Inner Chamber (承閨; <i>chéngguī</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4a </td> <td>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>) </td> <td>Recipient of Edicts (承旨; <i>chéngzhǐ</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5a </td> <td>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>) </td> <td>Guardian Immortal (衛仙; <i>wèixiān</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6a </td> <td>Lady of Treasure (寶林; <i>bǎolín</i>) </td> <td>Consecrated Provider (供奉; <i>gòngfèng</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7a </td> <td>Lady of His Majesty (御女; <i>yùnǚ</i>) </td> <td>Coiffure Attendant (恃櫛; <i>shìzhì</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8a </td> <td>Selected Lady (采女; <i>cǎinǚ</i>) </td> <td>Towel Attendant (恃巾; <i>shìjīn</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a>: </p> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>3 Consorts (妃; <i>fēi</i>) <ol><li>Consort of Conferred Kindness (惠妃; <i>huìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Magnificent Consort (麗妃; <i>lìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Splendid Consort (華妃; <i>huáfēi</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>6 Ladies of Ceremony (儀; <i>yí</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Pure Ceremony (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Virtuous Ceremony (德儀; <i>déyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Worthy Ceremony (賢儀; <i>xiányí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Conducive Ceremony (順儀; <i>shùnyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Graceful Ceremony (婉儀; <i>wǎnyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Fragrant Ceremony (芳儀; <i>fāngyí</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>4 Ladies of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>7 Ladies of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li></ol> <p>The crown prince: </p> <ol><li>Crown Princess (太子妃; <i>tàizǐfēi</i>)</li> <li>2 Ladies of Excellence (良娣; <i>liángdì</i>)</li> <li>6 Ladies of Filial Excellence (良嬡; <i>liángyuàn</i>)</li> <li>10 Ladies of Inherent Excellence (承徽; <i>chénghuī</i>)</li> <li>16 Ladies of Clear Instruction (昭訓; <i>zhāoxùn</i>)</li> <li>24 Ladies of Decorous Service (奉儀; <i>fèngyí</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a>, governments were replaced frequently, and as a result, it is difficult for modern scholars to derive any solid information on ranking systems during these times. </p><p>However, it is known that the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> used the following system: </p> <ol><li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛; <i>zhāoyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Missionary Lady (出使; <i>chūshǐ</i>)</li> <li>First Lady of His Majesty (禦正; <i>yùzhèng</i>)</li> <li>True Servant (侍眞; <i>shìzhēn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Honorable Talent (懿才; <i>yìcái</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Unity (咸一; <i>xiányī</i>)</li> <li>Precious Flower (瑤芳; <i>yáofāng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Honorable Moral (懿德; <i>yìdé</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Promise (宣一; <i>xuānyī</i>)</li></ol> <p>Whether there were any limits to the holders of these titles are unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Song,_Liao,_Jin"><span id="Song.2C_Liao.2C_Jin"></span>Song, Liao, Jin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Song, Liao, Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>4 Consorts (妃; <i>fēi</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Virtuous Consort (德妃; <i>défēi</i>)</li> <li>Able Consort (賢妃; <i>xiánfēi</i>)</li> <li>Imperial Consort (宸妃; <i>chénfēi</i>), created by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Renzong of Song">Emperor Renzong</a></li></ol></li> <li>Concubine (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Highest Ceremony (太儀; <i>tàiyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Noble Ceremony (貴儀; <i>guìyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Imperial Ceremony (妃儀; <i>fēiyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Warm Ceremony (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Graceful Ceremony (婉儀; <i>wǎnyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Conducive Ceremony (順儀; <i>shùnyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Conducive Appearance (順容; <i>shùnróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Warm Appearance (淑容; <i>shūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Graceful Appearance (婉容; <i>wǎnróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛; <i>zhāoyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Beauty (修媛; <i>xiūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀; <i>chōngyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Countenance(充容; <i>chōngróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Beauty (充媛; <i>chōngyuàn</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liao"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Liao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>2 Ladies of Beautiful Ceremony (麗儀; <i>lìyí</i>)</li> <li>3 Ladies of Warm Ceremony (淑儀; <i>shūyí</i>)</li> <li>4 Ladies of Bright Ceremony (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>5 Ladies of Conducive Ceremony (順儀; <i>shùnyí</i>)</li> <li>6 Ladies of Fragrant Ceremony (芳儀; <i>fāngyí</i>)</li> <li>7 Ladies of Peaceful Ceremony (和儀; <i>héyí</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jin_2"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Dynasty,_1115%E2%80%931234" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234">Jin</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>1 Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-nüguan_女官_www.chinaknowledge.de_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nüguan_女官_www.chinaknowledge.de-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 Primary Consorts (元妃; <i>yuánfēi</i>)</li> <li>4 Consorts (妃; <i>fēi</i>) <ol><li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Pure Consort (淑妃; <i>shūfēi</i>)</li> <li>Virtuous Consort (德妃; <i>défēi</i>)</li> <li>Able Consort (賢妃; <i>xiánfēi</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Concubines (嬪; <i>pín</i>) <ol><li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛; <i>zhāoyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀; <i>xiūyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容; <i>xiūróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Cultivated Beauty (修媛; <i>xiūyuàn</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀; <i>chōngyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Countenance (充容; <i>chōngróng</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Complete Beauty (充媛; <i>chōngyuàn</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>9 Ladies of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>9 Ladies of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li> <li>9 Ladies of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li> <li>27 Ladies of Treasure (寶林; <i>bǎolín</i>)</li> <li>27 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女; <i>yùnǚ</i>)</li> <li>27 Selected Ladies (採女; <i>cǎinǚ</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yuan">Yuan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Yuan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> ranking system was at its simplest, and only consisted of empress, consort, and concubine. While there was only one empress at a time, there were no limits on the number of consorts or concubines. </p><p>Although the number of ranks were few, there existed a sub-system of ranking by prestige inside the Yuan harem. An imperial consort's tent (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">Chinese</a>: 宮帳; <i>gōngzhàng</i>; translated from the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> term for <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurts</a>: 斡兒垜; <i>wòérkàng</i>) determined her status; multiple women often lived in the same one. In the many tents that existed, the imperial consort of the first tent was considered to be the most prestigious woman. </p><p>As with all parts of the Mongol Empire, <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> provided women to the Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them was <a href="/wiki/Empress_Gi" title="Empress Gi">Empress Gi</a>, who, through her political command and incorporation of Korean females and eunuchs in the court, spread Korean clothing, food, and lifestyle in the <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang201649_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang201649-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang201648–49_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang201648–49-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entry of Korean women into the Yuan court was reciprocated by the entry of Yuan princesses into the Goryeo court, beginning with the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Chungnyeol_of_Goryeo" title="Chungnyeol of Goryeo">King Chungnyeol</a> and a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>; in total, nine princesses of the Yuan imperial family married into the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wang" title="House of Wang">Goryeo royal family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gong of Song">Emperor Gong of Song</a> surrendered to the Mongols in 1276 and was married off to a Yuan princess of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin clan</a>; they had one son, Zhao Wanpu, who was only exiled after Emperor Gong's death due to his mother's ancestry. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Boyle" title="John Andrew Boyle">John Andrew Boyle</a> identified references to Zhao Xian in <i>The Successors of Genghis Khan</i> chapter of <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din Hamadani</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i>; he mentions a Chinese ruler who was an "emir" and son-in-law to the "qan" (khan) after being removed from his throne by the Mongols and he is also called "monarch of Song" (宋主; <i>sòngzhŭ</i>) in the book.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ming">Ming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%9D%E6%81%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%E5%AD%9D%E6%81%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_%281%29.jpg/220px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%81%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%E5%AD%9D%E6%81%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_%281%29.jpg/330px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%81%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%E5%AD%9D%E6%81%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_%281%29.jpg/440px-%E5%AD%9D%E6%81%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3081" data-file-height="3923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Empress_Sun" title="Empress Sun">Empress Sun</a>, better known as Empress Xiaogongzhang, was the second empress of the <a href="/wiki/Xuande_Emperor" title="Xuande Emperor">Xuande Emperor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> system was simple with five commonly used ranks: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; <i>huángguìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Consort (妃; <i>fēi</i>)</li> <li>Concubine (嬪; <i>pín</i>)</li></ol> <p>Other known titles:<sup id="cite_ref-nüguan_女官_www.chinaknowledge.de_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nüguan_女官_www.chinaknowledge.de-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤; <i>jiéyú</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀; <i>zhāoyí</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容; <i>zhāoróng</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Beauty (美人; <i>měirén</i>)</li></ol> <p>For the crown prince: </p> <ol><li>Crown Princess (太子妃; <i>tàizǐfēi</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Talent (才人; <i>cáirén</i>)</li> <li>Lady of Selected Service (選侍; <i>xuǎnshì</i>)</li> <li>Woman of Gentleness (淑女; <i>shūnǚ</i>)</li></ol> <p>Human tribute, including servants, <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>, and virgin girls came from China's various ethnic tribes, as well as Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambodia, Central Asia, Siam, Champa, and Okinawa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> sent a total of 114 women to the Ming dynasty, consisting of 16 virgin girls (accompanied by 48 female servants), 42 cooks, and 8 performers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xuande_Emperor" title="Xuande Emperor">Xuande</a> emperors in a total of seven missions between 1408 and 1433.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xuande was the last Ming emperor to receive human tribute from Korea;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his death in 1435, 53 Korean women were repatriated.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was much speculation that the Yongle Emperor's real mother was a Korean<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swope_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swope-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Mongolian<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concubine.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Ming China and Joseon Korea improved dramatically and became much more amicable and mutually profitable during Yongle's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Swope_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swope-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Yongle and Xuande are said to have had a penchant for Korean cuisine and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Swope_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swope-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central Asian concubines, mostly of Uighur and Mongol origin, were provided to the <a href="/wiki/Zhengde_Emperor" title="Zhengde Emperor">Zhengde Emperor</a> by a Muslim guard and Sayyid Hussein from Hami.<sup id="cite_ref-Naquin2000_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naquin2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CommitteeGoodrich1976_4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommitteeGoodrich1976_4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haar2006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haar2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speculation about Zhengde becoming a Muslim is remembered alongside his excessive and debauched behavior with his concubines of foreign origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Trentmann2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trentmann2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim Central Asian women were favored by Zhengde like how Korean women were favored by Yongle and Xuande.<sup id="cite_ref-Dardess2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dardess2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perdue2009_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdue2009-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mote2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mote2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qing">Qing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Qing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_XiaoYi.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empress_XiaoYi.PNG/220px-Empress_XiaoYi.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empress_XiaoYi.PNG/330px-Empress_XiaoYi.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empress_XiaoYi.PNG/440px-Empress_XiaoYi.PNG 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaoyichun" title="Empress Xiaoyichun">Empress Xiaoyichun</a>, better known as Consort Ling was the third empress of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83.jpg/220px-%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83.jpg/330px-%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83.jpg/440px-%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Noble Consort Keshun, better known as Consort Zhen or popularly as the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Consort" title="Pearl Consort">Pearl Consort</a>, was an imperial consort of the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> system was one of the simplest systems in Chinese history. Officially, there were eight ranks: </p> <ol><li>Empress (皇后; <i>huánghòu</i>)</li> <li>Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; <i>huángguìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Noble Consort (貴妃; <i>guìfēi</i>)</li> <li>Consort (妃; <i>fēi</i>)</li> <li>Imperial Concubine (嬪; <i>pín</i>)</li> <li>Noble Lady (貴人; <i>guìrén</i>)</li> <li>First Class Attendant (常在; <i>chángzài</i>)</li> <li>Second Class Attendant (答應; <i>dāyìng</i>)</li></ol> <p>There was no fixed number of holders for the three lowest ranks. <i>Lady-in-waiting</i> (官女子; <i>guānnǘzǐ</i>) was typically used to refer the palace maids whose been liked by the emperor and keep them at his side attending to him but, without a formal/proper title. It was not part of the official ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system was solid, but the number of imperial consorts an emperor actually had during the Qing dynasty is subject to wild variations. The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> holds the record for having the most imperial consorts with 79, while the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> holds the record for having the fewest, with one empress, his cousin, the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Longyu" title="Empress Dowager Longyu">Empress of Yeha Nara Clan</a> and 2 consorts who are sisters, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Consort" title="Pearl Consort">Consort Zhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Wenjing" title="Imperial Noble Consort Wenjing">Consort Jin</a>— a total of 3 imperial consorts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were limits placed on how many imperial consorts could hold the ranks of <i>concubine</i> and above. An emperor could have 1 empress, 1 imperial noble consort, 2 noble consorts, 4 consorts and 6 concubines at a time. The ranks of noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant were unlimited. </p><p>An imperial woman who had attained the rank of <i>concubine</i> and above would be given a residence in the main section of one of the palace in the inner court of the Forbidden City and become its mistress (主位, <i>zhǔwèi</i>), and when being addressed by lower ranked imperial concubines and servants, she would have to be called <i>your imperial highness</i> (娘娘; <i>níangníang</i>). All people were expected to use deprecating self-titles when addressing higher ranked people and imperial consorts were no different. While those imperial women whose ranks of noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant, can only live in the side halls of the palace. </p><p>Those imperial women whose ranks from concubine to empress, they can have a sedan chair, to be carried by designated eunuchs, followed by the banner holder, imperial guards, maids and eunuchs, bringing the royal regalias in a royal entourage. The empress entourage was called <i>yíjià</i> (仪驾), the imperial noble consort and noble consorts entourage was called <i>yízhàng</i> (仪仗) and the consorts and concubines entourage was called <i>cǎizhàng</i> (彩仗). Those ranks of noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant can't have a sedan chair, unless given/permitted by the emperor. </p><p>The empress was the only legal wife of the emperor, while his other women were considered imperial concubines. The empress' children was called <i>legitimate heir</i> (嫡子, <i>dízǐ</i>), on which the princes that was bore by the empress have the higher chance of inheriting the throne; while the children of the other imperial consorts were called <i>imperial concubine child</i> (庶子, <i>shùzǐ</i>). </p><p>When the crown prince ascended to the throne, he was allowed to posthumously promote his late wives (even the imperial wives of the late emperors) in the ranks. A primary consort could be honored as empress, while secondary consorts and mistresses could be elevated to any of the seven other ranks (from second class attendant to imperial noble consort). </p><p>A posthumous title (谥号;shìhào) is given to the empress and imperial noble consort after they die. The total characters in the empresses posthumous title is 16 while, there are only 2 characters in the imperial noble consort. For the empress given posthumous names, (孝; xiào) which means “filial”, is always initial and ended with the emperors name (号, hào); but the emperors name is only given to the empress after the emperor died. For the imperial noble consort given posthumous name, it uses their honor names (封号; fēnghào) and added one character (either initial or last).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An emperor would be careful when promoting an imperial consort to the rank of <i>imperial noble consort</i> because this rank was considered a deputy empress (副后; <i>fùhòu</i>). As such, the promotions mostly happened when an imperial consort (usually a noble consort) was hopelessly ill and the emperor wanted to console her (it was believed that a promotion was a blessing and could aid in dispelling the sickness), when the empress needed someone to assist her in managing the inner court or when the empress was dead and someone else was needed to manage the inner court. </p><p>An empress who outlived her husband would become empress dowager (皇太后; <i>huángtàihòu</i>) and would be known as <i>imperial mother, empress dowager</i> (母后皇太后; <i>mŭhòu huángtàihòu</i>). In the cases when the new emperor's birth mother was one of the former emperor's imperial consorts, she would also become empress dowager and would be known as <i>sage mother, empress dowager</i> (聖母皇太后; <i>shèngmŭ huángtàihòu</i>), as well as being posthumously honored as empress. An empress dowager who lived through the reigns of at least two subsequent emperors would be called <i>grand empress dowager</i> (太皇太后; <i>tàihuángtàihòu</i>). </p><p>The other imperial consorts of the former emperor would be addressed as <i>dowager</i> (太; <i>tài</i>) according to their rank, but it was not required. A concubine would be called <i>concubine dowager</i> (太嬪; <i>tàipín</i>), a consort would be called <i>consort dowager</i> (太妃; <i>tàifēi</i>), a noble consort would be called <i>noble consort dowager</i> (貴太妃; <i>guìtàifēi</i>) and an imperial noble consort would be called <i>imperial noble consort dowager</i> (皇貴太妃; <i>huángguìtàifēi</i>). The empress and imperial consorts were expected to pay respect to the elders who held the positions above. However, the former emperor's low-ranked imperial concubines (noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant) would simply be referred to as <i>palace woman of the late emperor</i> (先帝宮女; <i>xiāndì gōngnü</i>). </p><p>A prince's harem consists of only three ranks: </p> <ol><li>Primary Consort (嫡福晋; <i>dífújìn</i>)</li> <li>Secondary Consort (侧福晋; <i>cèfújìn</i>)</li> <li>Mistress (格格; <i>gége</i>)</li></ol> <p>The <i>primary consort</i> is the official wife of the prince and only one can have this position. The <i>secondary consort</i> are the second wives of the prince, on which only two can occupy the position. The <i>mistress</i> are the women of the princes on which, they came from the lower background family/clans, on which, they can came from the main and secondary consorts as dowry maids or a tribute of the government officials to the emperor and gifted as a maid to the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's <i>Records of the Three States</i> with Pei Songzhi's Commentary". <i>China Review International</i>, Vol. 8, No. 2, Fall 2001, pp. 358–363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">MacMahon, Keith (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gc_3IXkwG3QC"><i>Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao</i></a>, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442222908" title="Special:BookSources/9781442222908"><bdi>9781442222908</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Shall+Not+Rule%3A+Imperial+Wives+and+Concubines+in+China+from+Han+to+Liao&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781442222908&rft.aulast=MacMahon&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgc_3IXkwG3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHvyAwAAQBAJ&q=chinese+imperial+harem"><i>Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China</i></a>, Lexington Books, p. 296 n.3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739145166" title="Special:BookSources/9780739145166"><bdi>9780739145166</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concubinage+and+Servitude+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.pages=296+n.3&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780739145166&rft.aulast=Hsieh&rft.aufirst=Bao+Hua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHvyAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchinese%2Bimperial%2Bharem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zizhi Tongjian (1084), vol. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The table is after Wu Jo-shui's "Empress Wu and Proto-Feminist Sentiments in T'ang China," in <i>Imperial Rulership and Cultural Change in Traditional China</i>. Seattle: University of Washington press, pp. 77-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nüguan_女官_www.chinaknowledge.de-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nüguan_女官_www.chinaknowledge.de_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nüguan_女官_www.chinaknowledge.de_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/nvguan.html">"nüguan 女官 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=n%C3%BCguan+%E5%A5%B3%E5%AE%98+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fnvguan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&pg=PA48"><i>Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036086" title="Special:BookSources/9780674036086"><bdi>9780674036086</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Twilight%3A+Northeast+Asia+Under+the+Mongols&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674036086&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDjWpqU55eMC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi2013" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4MtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200"><i>Eurasian Influences on Yuan China</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814459723" title="Special:BookSources/9789814459723"><bdi>9789814459723</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Influences+on+Yuan+China&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789814459723&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4MtAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang201649-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang201649_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHwang2016">Hwang 2016</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang201648–49-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang201648–49_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHwang2016">Hwang 2016</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이용범" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이용범. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0008496">"기황후(奇皇后)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+as+Political+Strategy+and+Cultural+Expression%3A+Mongolian+Royal+Marriages+from+World+Empire+to+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781433102752&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=George+Qingzhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnIIbzweN7IC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHua2018" class="citation book cs1">Hua, Kaiqi (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA213">"Chapter 6 The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271 1358)"</a>. In Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (eds.). <i>Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004366152_008">10.1163/9789004366152_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004366152" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004366152"><bdi>978-9004366152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+The+Journey+of+Zhao+Xian+and+the+Exile+of+Royal+Descendants+in+the+Yuan+Dynasty+%281271+1358%29&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Encounters+and+Identities+Across+East+Asia&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004366152_008&rft.isbn=978-9004366152&rft.aulast=Hua&rft.aufirst=Kaiqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGdjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Dyson_Walker2012" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Dyson Walker (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA259"><i>East Asia: A New History</i></a>. AuthorHouse. pp. 259–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-6517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-6517-8"><bdi>978-1-4772-6517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=259-&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4772-6517-8&rft.au=Hugh+Dyson+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGBvRs-za0CIC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/10635/14136/Chapter%203.pdf?sequence=9">"ScholarBank@NUS: Terms of Use"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ScholarBank%40NUS%3A+Terms+of+Use&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarbank.nus.edu.sg%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10635%2F14136%2FChapter%25203.pdf%3Fsequence%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShih-shan_Henry_Tsai1996" class="citation book cs1">Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&q=eunuch+virgin+ming&pg=PA14"><i>The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2687-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2687-4"><bdi>0-7914-2687-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eunuchs+in+the+Ming+dynasty&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7914-2687-4&rft.au=Shih-shan+Henry+Tsai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKa6jNJcX_ygC%26q%3Deunuch%2Bvirgin%2Bming%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF규장각한국학연구원2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">규장각한국학연구원 (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ijo9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143"><i>조선 사람의 세계여행 (규장각 교양총서05)</i></a> (in Korean). 글항아리. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788967352790" title="Special:BookSources/9788967352790"><bdi>9788967352790</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0+%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C%EC%9D%98+%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%97%AC%ED%96%89+%28%EA%B7%9C%EC%9E%A5%EA%B0%81+%EA%B5%90%EC%96%91%EC%B4%9D%EC%84%9C05%29&rft.pub=%EA%B8%80%ED%95%AD%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788967352790&rft.au=%EA%B7%9C%EC%9E%A5%EA%B0%81%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%ED%95%99%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%9B%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjo9CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김운회2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">김운회 (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRxRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27"><i>몽골은 왜 고려를 멸망시키지 않았나</i></a> (in Korean). 역사의아침. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788993119916" title="Special:BookSources/9788993119916"><bdi>9788993119916</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8%EC%9D%80+%EC%99%9C+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EB%A5%BC+%EB%A9%B8%EB%A7%9D%EC%8B%9C%ED%82%A4%EC%A7%80+%EC%95%8A%EC%95%98%EB%82%98&rft.pub=%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98%EC%95%84%EC%B9%A8&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788993119916&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EC%9A%B4%ED%9A%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRxRCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2010" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Yuan-kang (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxVfTuKsaJQC&pg=PT244"><i>Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231522403" title="Special:BookSources/9780231522403"><bdi>9780231522403</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmony+and+War%3A+Confucian+Culture+and+Chinese+Power+Politics&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780231522403&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yuan-kang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxVfTuKsaJQC%26pg%3DPT244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardess2012" class="citation book cs1">Dardess, John W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA39"><i>Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442204904" title="Special:BookSources/9781442204904"><bdi>9781442204904</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming+China%2C+1368-1644%3A+A+Concise+History+of+a+Resilient+Empire&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781442204904&rft.aulast=Dardess&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vLn_IZZVMUC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHua2014" class="citation book cs1">Hua, Hsieh Bao (2014-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHvyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285"><i>Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739145166" title="Special:BookSources/9780739145166"><bdi>9780739145166</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concubinage+and+Servitude+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft.isbn=9780739145166&rft.aulast=Hua&rft.aufirst=Hsieh+Bao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHvyAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattLeidy2005" class="citation book cs1">Watt, James C. Y.; Leidy, Denise Patry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwWzKBy1UuQC&pg=PA12"><i>Defining Yongle: Imperial Art in Early Fifteenth-century China</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588391537" title="Special:BookSources/9781588391537"><bdi>9781588391537</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Yongle%3A+Imperial+Art+in+Early+Fifteenth-century+China&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781588391537&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=James+C.+Y.&rft.au=Leidy%2C+Denise+Patry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwWzKBy1UuQC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote2003" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Frederick W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA594"><i>Imperial China 900-1800</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674012127" title="Special:BookSources/9780674012127"><bdi>9780674012127</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+900-1800&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780674012127&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQWW7QgUH4gC%26pg%3DPA594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-ZcCcwz1QC&pg=PA661"><i>The Taiping Rebellion</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. 2001. p. 661. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765619532" title="Special:BookSources/9780765619532"><bdi>9780765619532</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiping+Rebellion&rft.pages=661&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780765619532&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLO-ZcCcwz1QC%26pg%3DPA661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swope-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swope_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swope_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swope_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwope2013" class="citation book cs1">Swope, Kenneth M. (29 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V6G50MaPJWMC&pg=PA44"><i>A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806185026" title="Special:BookSources/9780806185026"><bdi>9780806185026</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dragon%27s+Head+and+a+Serpent%27s+Tail%3A+Ming+China+and+the+First+Great+East+Asian+War%2C+1592-1598&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft.isbn=9780806185026&rft.aulast=Swope&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV6G50MaPJWMC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForgesMajor2005" class="citation book cs1">Forges, Roger V. Des; Major, John S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKHWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22whose+mother+may+have+been+a+Korean+secondary+wife+of+Taizu%27s%22"><i>The Asian World, 600-1500</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195178432" title="Special:BookSources/9780195178432"><bdi>9780195178432</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+World%2C+600-1500&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195178432&rft.aulast=Forges&rft.aufirst=Roger+V.+Des&rft.au=Major%2C+John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKHWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522whose%2Bmother%2Bmay%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Ba%2BKorean%2Bsecondary%2Bwife%2Bof%2BTaizu%2527s%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpDrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22who+was+probably+Korean+and+a+secondary+consort%22">"Arts of Asia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teleology+of+the+Modern+Nation-state%3A+Japan+and+China&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780812238204&rft.aulast=Fogel&rft.aufirst=Joshua+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwSFAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522but%2Bhis%2Breal%2Bmother%2Bwas%2Bmost%2Blikely%2Ba%2Bsecondary%2Bconsort%2Bof%2BKorean%2Borigin%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeKnightVinogradBartholomew2008" class="citation book cs1">He, Li; Knight, Michael; Vinograd, Richard Ellis; Bartholomew, Terese Tse; Chan, Dany; Culture, Asian Art Museum--Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and; Art, Indianapolis Museum of; Museum, St Louis Art (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3qAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lady+Qi%2C+who%2C+according+to+several+Ming+documents%2C+was+a+Korean%22"><i>Power and glory: court arts of China's Ming dynasty</i></a>. Asian Art Museum--Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939117420" title="Special:BookSources/9780939117420"><bdi>9780939117420</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+glory%3A+court+arts+of+China%27s+Ming+dynasty&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Asian+Art+Museum--Chong-Moon+Lee+Center+for+Asian+Art+and+Culture&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780939117420&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Knight%2C+Michael&rft.au=Vinograd%2C+Richard+Ellis&rft.au=Bartholomew%2C+Terese+Tse&rft.au=Chan%2C+Dany&rft.au=Culture%2C+Asian+Art+Museum--Chong-Moon+Lee+Center+for+Asian+Art+and&rft.au=Art%2C+Indianapolis+Museum+of&rft.au=Museum%2C+St+Louis+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAA3qAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Lady%2BQi%252C%2Bwho%252C%2Baccording%2Bto%2Bseveral%2BMing%2Bdocuments%252C%2Bwas%2Ba%2BKorean%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2003" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Kenneth Warren (7 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA47"><i>Firearms: A Global History to 1700</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521822749" title="Special:BookSources/9780521822749"><bdi>9780521822749</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms%3A+A+Global+History+to+1700&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-07-07&rft.isbn=9780521822749&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesnWJkYRCJ4C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2001" class="citation book cs1">Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OuSsxBuALQYC&pg=PA20"><i>Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295981093" title="Special:BookSources/9780295981093"><bdi>9780295981093</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Hawaii Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824816629" title="Special:BookSources/9780824816629"><bdi>9780824816629</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latter+Days+of+the+Law%3A+Images+of+Chinese+Buddhism%2C+850+-+1850%3B+%5Bexhibition%2C+August+27+-+October+9+1994+...%5D&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780824816629&rft.aulast=Weidner&rft.aufirst=Marsha+Smith&rft.au=Berger%2C+Patricia+Ann&rft.au=Art%2C+Helen+Foresman+Spencer+Museum+of&rft.au=Francisco%2C+Asian+Art+Museum+of+San&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6ffYIPn--wC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardess2012" class="citation book cs1">Dardess, John W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA34"><i>Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442204904" title="Special:BookSources/9781442204904"><bdi>9781442204904</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming+China%2C+1368-1644%3A+A+Concise+History+of+a+Resilient+Empire&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781442204904&rft.aulast=Dardess&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vLn_IZZVMUC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardess2012" class="citation book cs1">Dardess, John W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA39"><i>Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442204904" title="Special:BookSources/9781442204904"><bdi>9781442204904</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming+China%2C+1368-1644%3A+A+Concise+History+of+a+Resilient+Empire&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781442204904&rft.aulast=Dardess&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vLn_IZZVMUC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirokauerBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (6 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZQJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187"><i>A Brief History of Chinese Civilization</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133709251" title="Special:BookSources/978-1133709251"><bdi>978-1133709251</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1133709251&rft.aulast=Schirokauer&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft.au=Brown%2C+Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZQJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naquin2000-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naquin2000_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Naquin2000" class="citation book cs1">Susan Naquin (16 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bANasl7nayUC&pg=PA213"><i>Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 213–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92345-4"><bdi>978-0-520-92345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peking%3A+Temples+and+City+Life%2C+1400-1900&rft.pages=213-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92345-4&rft.au=Susan+Naquin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbANasl7nayUC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommitteeGoodrich1976_4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CommitteeGoodrich1976_4_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_for_Asian_Studies._Ming_Biographical_History_Project_CommitteeLuther_Carrington_Goodrich房兆楹1976" class="citation book cs1">Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich; 房兆楹 (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=067On0JgItAC&pg=PA309"><i>Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 309–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03801-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03801-0"><bdi>978-0-231-03801-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Ming+Biography%2C+1368-1644&rft.pages=309-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03801-0&rft.au=Association+for+Asian+Studies.+Ming+Biographical+History+Project+Committee&rft.au=Luther+Carrington+Goodrich&rft.au=%E6%88%BF%E5%85%86%E6%A5%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D067On0JgItAC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haar2006-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haar2006_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._J._ter_Haar2006" class="citation book cs1">B. J. ter Haar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PVPyPRcPBYC&pg=PA4"><i>Telling Stories: Witchcraft And Scapegoating in Chinese History</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14844-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14844-2"><bdi>90-04-14844-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telling+Stories%3A+Witchcraft+And+Scapegoating+in+Chinese+History&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-14844-2&rft.au=B.+J.+ter+Haar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PVPyPRcPBYC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trentmann2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trentmann2012_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Trentmann2012" class="citation book cs1">Frank Trentmann (22 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qlSOtYk_fIgC&pg=PT65"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 47–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162435-3"><bdi>978-0-19-162435-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Consumption&rft.pages=47-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162435-3&rft.au=Frank+Trentmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqlSOtYk_fIgC%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dardess2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dardess2012_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Dardess2012" class="citation book cs1">John W. Dardess (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQVzWT2iiUC&pg=PA47"><i>Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0491-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0491-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-0491-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming+China%2C+1368-1644%3A+A+Concise+History+of+a+Resilient+Empire&rft.pages=47-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0491-1&rft.au=John+W.+Dardess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROQVzWT2iiUC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perdue2009-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perdue2009_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C_Perdue2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA64"><i>China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 64–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5"><bdi>978-0-674-04202-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pages=64-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04202-5&rft.au=Peter+C+Perdue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4L-_cjmSqoC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mote2003-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mote2003_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_W._Mote2003" class="citation book cs1">Frederick W. Mote (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA657"><i>Imperial China 900-1800</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 657–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+900-1800&rft.pages=657-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01212-7&rft.au=Frederick+W.+Mote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQWW7QgUH4gC%26pg%3DPA657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">朔雪寒 (Shuoxuehan) (2015). 新清史 (New Qing History) (in Chinese). GGKEY:ZFQWEX019E4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&res=98755">https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&res=98755</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">欽定大清會典 (嘉慶朝) (Official Code of the Great Qing) (Jiaqing Era) (in Chinese). 1818. p. 1084.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tumblr.com/guzhuangheaven/185308453590/what-is-the-titles-of-a-princes-wife-and-concubine">https://www.tumblr.com/guzhuangheaven/185308453590/what-is-the-titles-of-a-princes-wife-and-concubine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <pre>42.</ref> Zizhi Tongjian (1084), vol. 203</ref><sup id="cite_ref-undefined_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undefined-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Chinese_harem_system&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137573599&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Kyung+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRjy7DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Chinese+harem+system" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_cycle" title="Dynastic cycle">Cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_empresses_and_queens" title="List of Chinese empresses and queens">Empress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consort_kin" title="Consort kin">Consort kin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Grand Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-official</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">Nine-rank system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Courts" title="Nine Courts">Nine Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Directorates" title="Five Directorates">Five Directorates</a></li> <li><a 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title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translated titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Bureau of Military Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shumishi" title="Shumishi">Shumishi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangshu_Sheng" title="Shangshu Sheng">Shangshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Menxia Sheng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bureaus" title="Three Bureaus">Three Bureaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrance_Bureau" title="Remonstrance Bureau">Remonstrance Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator and provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_square" title="Mandarin square">Mandarin square</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qing" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Qing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Imperial guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Tang Imperial Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Qing Imperial Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-undefined-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-undefined_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>undefined</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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