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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Taal</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Bodemhorizont&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Volgen</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bodemhorizont&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bewerken</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Een <b>bodemhorizont</b> of kortweg <b>horizont</b> is een door bodemvormende processen gevormde laag of zone in het bodemprofiel. Een horizont onderscheidt zich van de andere horizonten door kleur, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodemtextuur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Bodemtextuur">textuur</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodemstructuur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Bodemstructuur">structuur</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abiotische_factor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Abiotische factor">abiotische factoren</a>. Een bodemprofiel kan, behalve uit verschillende horizonten, ook uit verschillende <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laag_(stratigrafie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Laag (stratigrafie)">lagen</a> bestaan. (Afzettings)lagen in het profiel zijn ontstaan door sedimentatie, een proces van geogenese; horizonten zijn het gevolg van na de afzetting optredende <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodemvorming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Bodemvorming">bodemvorming</a> of pedogenese.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Soil_profile.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Soil_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="288"></a> <figcaption> Bodemprofiel met horizonten. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Horizonten zijn een belangrijk kenmerk voor de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodemclassificatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Bodemclassificatie">bodemclassificatie</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Indeling_in_horizonten">Indeling in horizonten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bodemhorizont&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Indeling in horizonten" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Bodems worden verdeeld in bodemhorizonten, aangeduid met hoofdletters: van boven naar onderen meestal in de volgorde A, E, B, C en R. Hierin bestaan enige verschillen, met name door verschillen in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodemclassificatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Bodemclassificatie">bodemclassificatiemethoden</a>. Horizonten verschillen van elkaar in diverse met het oog waarneembare kenmerken en veelal ook in hun <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scheikunde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Scheikunde">chemische</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natuurkunde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Natuurkunde">fysische</a> eigenschappen. De horizonten worden onderverdeeld in subhorizonten, waarbij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onderkast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Onderkast">kleine letters</a> en cijfers worden gebruikt. De kleine letter zegt iets over het karakter van de horizont, het cijfer is een verdere onderverdeling. Zie voor een compleet overzicht de onderstaande tabellen.<br> Een voorbeeld: de bovengrond is vaak een Ah horizont. Daarbij staat de A voor de bovenlaag en de h voor <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Humus">humus</a>. Zijn er binnen de Ah duidelijke verschillen waarneembaar dan kun je bijvoorbeeld spreken van een Ah1 en een Ah2. Veelvuldig voorkomend onder landbouwgronden is de Ap-horizont, waarbij de p staat voor ploegen.</p> <p>De B-horizont is de laag waarin bodemvormende processen zichtbaar zijn. Veel B-horizonten zijn inspoelingshorizonten. De laag tussen de A en de B waarin <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uitspoeling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Uitspoeling">uitspoeling</a> heeft plaatsgevonden, is de E-horizont. In een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Podzol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Podzol">podzol</a>, in Nederland veelvoorkomend op de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hogere_zandgronden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Hogere zandgronden">hogere zandgronden</a>, zijn complexen van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humuszuur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Humuszuur">humuszuren</a>, ijzer- en aluminiumverbindingen neergeslagen. Dit kunnen zeer dunne en bruine (ijzer)lagen zijn (in een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veldpodzolgronden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Veldpodzolgronden">veld-</a> of <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haarpodzolgronden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Haarpodzolgronden">haarpodzolgrond</a>), maar het kunnen ook donkere lagen van enkele decimeters dik zijn. Wanneer het ijzer grote, harde concreties heeft gevormd, spreekt men van oerbanken. Dit wordt veelal aangetroffen in natte gronden, de <i><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Gley">gleygronden</a></i>; zie ook: <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ijzeroer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijzeroer">ijzeroer</a>.<br> Een ander veelvoorkomend type is de klei-inspoelingshorizont, de Bt-horizont. Hierbij ontstaat een bodemprofiel met in de B-horizont een hoger kleipercentage dan in de boven- en onderliggende lagen. Deze gronden worden in de Nederlandse bodemclassificatie <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brikgronden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Brikgronden">brikgronden</a> genoemd.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> <b>Bodemhorizonten</b> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Horizont</th> <th>Beschrijving</th> </tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>Dit omvat een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moerig_materiaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Moerig materiaal">organische</a> laag bestaande uit een accumulatie van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisch_materiaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisch materiaal">organisch materiaal</a> aan het oppervlak, die gedurende langere tijd is verzadigd met water (tenzij er sprake is van kunstmatige <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontwatering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontwatering">ontwatering</a>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>O</td> <td>Dit omvat een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moerig_materiaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Moerig materiaal">organische</a> laag bestaande uit een accumulatie van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisch_materiaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisch materiaal">organisch materiaal</a> aan het oppervlak, die niet langer dan enkele dagen per jaar is verzadigd met water.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>Dit omvat een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineraal_materiaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Mineraal materiaal">minerale</a> laag die is gevormd aan of nabij het oppervlak met veelal een accumulatie van gehumificeerd organisch materiaal in de minerale fractie.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>Dit omvat een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineraal_materiaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Mineraal materiaal">minerale</a> laag ontstaan door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uitspoeling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Uitspoeling">uitspoeling</a>: klei, ijzer, humus en/of aluminium zijn door uitspoeling en bodemvormende processen uit deze horizont omlaag getransporteerd.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>B</td> <td>Dit omvat een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineraal_materiaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Mineraal materiaal">minerale</a> laag waarin de eigenschappen van het moedermateriaal nauwelijks of vaag zijn te herkennen door een van de volgende processen: <ul> <li>illuviale aanrijking van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Klei">klei</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IJzer_(element)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="IJzer (element)">ijzer</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Humus">humus</a> en/of <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aluminium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a></li> <li>residuele concentratie van ijzer- en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aluminiumoxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Aluminiumoxide">aluminiumoxiden</a>, door bodemvormende processen ontstaan uit het moedermateriaal</li> <li>verandering van het materiaal vanuit de uitgangssituatie, zichtbaar in de vorming van granulaire, blokvormige of prismatische <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodemstructuur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Bodemstructuur">structuren</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td>Dit omvat een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineraal_materiaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Mineraal materiaal">minerale</a> laag van ongeconsolideerd materiaal, dit is het moedermateriaal waaruit de bovenliggende horizonten zijn ontstaan.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>R</td> <td>Dit omvat een laag van hard <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gesteente?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Gesteente">gesteente</a>. Eventuele scheuren zijn te gering in aantal en te klein voor wortelontwikkeling. Grindrijk of stenig materiaal waarin wortels kunnen groeien wordt niet als R-horizont maar als C-horizont beschouwd.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Overgangshorizonten met eigenschappen van 2 horizonten worden aangeduid met 2 hoofdletters, bijvoorbeeld AE, BE, BC, AC of CR</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Een (door elkaar) gemengde horizont, waarbij de delen herkenbaar zijn wordt aangegeven met een /, bijvoorbeeld E/B, B/C</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>letter</th> <th>Beschrijving</th> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> <td colspan="2">Een toegevoegde <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onderkast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Onderkast">kleine letter</a> geeft meer informatie over de eigenschappen van een bodemhorizont. Er kunnen ook twee letters worden gecombineerd om meer eigenschappen aan te duiden, bijvoorbeeld Ahz, Btg, Cck.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>sterk omgezet organisch materiaal (<i>sapric</i>); bij een A horizont in de Nederlandse Bodemclassificatie: geheel of grotendeels door de mens van elders aangevoerd materiaal (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropogeen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Antropogeen">antropogeen</a>), b.v in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enkeerdgronden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Enkeerdgronden">enkeerdgronden</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>een begraven horizont</td> </tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>accumulatie van concreties; meestal gebruikt met een suffix die de aard van de concreties aangeeft, bijvoorbeeld Bcs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>organisch materiaal van intermediaire decompositie (<i>hemic</i>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Gley">gleyvlekken</a>, als gevolg van oxidatie en reductie</td> </tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td>accumulatie van organisch stof in minerale horizonten (bijvoorbeeld Ah, Bh), de horizont mag hierbij niet door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ploeg_(werktuig)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Ploeg (werktuig)">ploegen</a> zijn verstoord</td> </tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>licht omgezet organisch materiaal (<i>fibric</i>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td>accumulatie van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calciumcarbonaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Calciumcarbonaat">calciumcarbonaat</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td>sterk gecementeerd, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consolidatie_(gesteente)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Consolidatie (gesteente)">geconsolideerd</a> of verhard; meestal gebruikt met een suffix die de aard van het materiaal aangeeft, bijvoorbeeld Cmk voor een petrocalcic horizont</td> </tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td>accumulatie van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natrium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Natrium">natrium</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>verstoord door ploegen of andere <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grondbewerking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Grondbewerking">grondbewerking</a> (bijvoorbeeld Ap)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td>accumulatie van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siliciumdioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Siliciumdioxide">silica</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>sterke reductie door de invloed van het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grondwater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Grondwater">grondwater</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>accumulatie van ijzer- en/of aluminiumoxiden (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sesquioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Sesquioxide">sesquioxide</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td>aanrijking van klei door inspoeling (illiviatie)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>niet gespecificeerd; deze letter wordt gebruikt om verwarring met verouderde notaties (als A1, A2, B1, B2, B3) te voorkomen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td>verwering <i><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/In_situ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>, zichtbaar in kleigehalte, bodemkleur en bodemstructuur</td> </tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td>aanwezigheid van een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fragipan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Fragipan">fragipan</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td>accumulatie van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Gips">gips</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>accumulatie van zouten die beter oplosbaar zijn dan <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Gips">gips</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Cijfers kunnen worden gebruikt voor een verdere onderverdeling van de subhorizonten, bijvoorbeeld Bt1 - Bt2 - Bt3 - Bt4.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Is er sprake van een lithologische discontinuïteit dan wordt dat met een cijfer voor de horizontaanduiding aangegeven. Is bijvoorbeeld de C horizont verschillend van het materiaal waarin de bodem is gevormd, dan krijgt deze een 2 ervoor. Het bodemprofiel wordt dan bijvoorbeeld A, B, 2C.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Een (door elkaar) gemengde horizont, waarbij de delen herkenbaar zijn wordt aangegeven met een /, bijvoorbeeld E/B, B/C</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bodemhorizont&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul> <li>Soil Science Society of America. <i>Internet Glossary of Soil Science Terms</i>, Appendix 2, zie:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514174648/https://www.soils.org/publications/glossary/appendix/">[1]</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBodemhorizont%26oldid%3D68793458">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodemhorizont&oldid=68793458</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bodemhorizont&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Ouwejokke" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1737758700"> <span>Laatst bewerkt op 24 jan 2025, om 23:45</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Talen</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2581%25D9%2582_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9" title="أفق التربة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفق التربة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostick%25C3%25BD_p%25C5%25AFdn%25C3%25AD_horizont" title="Diagnostický půdní horizont – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diagnostický půdní horizont" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodenhorizont" title="Bodenhorizont – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bodenhorizont" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Soil horizon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundhorizonto" title="Grundhorizonto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grundhorizonto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonte_del_suelo" title="Horizonte del suelo – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horizonte del suelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullahorisont" title="Mullahorisont – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mullahorisont" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2582_%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9" title="افق خاک – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افق خاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(p%25C3%25A9dologie)" title="Horizon (pédologie) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horizon (pédologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25B3if%25C3%25ADl_ithreach" title="Próifíl ithreach – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próifíl ithreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonte_(edafolox%25C3%25ADa)" title="Horizonte (edafoloxía) – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Horizonte (edafoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A7_(%25D7%25A4%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%2592%25D7%2599%25D7%2594)" title="אופק (פדולוגיה) – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופק (פדולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="मृदा संस्तर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मृदा संस्तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orizon_s%25C3%25B2l" title="Orizon sòl – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Orizon sòl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orizzonte_pedologico" title="Orizzonte pedologico – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orizzonte pedologico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%259F%25E5%25A3%258C%25E5%25B1%25A4%25E4%25BD%258D" title="土壌層位 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="土壌層位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%25B0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598" title="ნიადაგის ჰორიზონტი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიადაგის ჰორიზონტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D2%259B_%25D2%259B%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%258B" title="Топырақ қабаты – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топырақ қабаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2586%25A0%25EC%2596%2591%25EC%25B8%25B5%25EC%259C%2584" title="토양층위 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토양층위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%259F%25E0%25A9%2580_%25E0%25A8%25A6%25E0%25A8%25BE_%25E0%25A8%2596%25E0%25A9%259C%25E0%25A9%258D%25E0%25A8%25B9%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2582_%25E0%25A8%2596%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਮਿੱਟੀ ਦਾ ਖੜ੍ਹਵਾਂ ਖਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੱਟੀ ਦਾ ਖੜ੍ਹਵਾਂ ਖਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poziom_genetyczny_gleby" title="Poziom genetyczny gleby – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poziom genetyczny gleby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonte_(solo)" title="Horizonte (solo) – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horizonte (solo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582" title="Почвенный горизонт – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Почвенный горизонт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B4dny_horizont" title="Pôdny horizont – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pôdny horizont" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="Хоризонти – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хоризонти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581" title="மண் அடுக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மண் அடுக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599" title="ช่วงชั้นดิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่วงชั้นดิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toprak_horizonlar%25C4%25B1" title="Toprak horizonları – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toprak horizonları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%2590%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="Ґрунтові горизонти – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґрунтові горизонти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuproq_gorizonti" title="Tuproq gorizonti – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tuproq gorizonti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%25E1%25BA%25ABu_di%25E1%25BB%2587n_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BA%25A5t" title="Phẫu diện đất – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phẫu diện đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=te&hl=te&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%259F%25E5%25B1%25A4" title="土層 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土層" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" 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