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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcții_oferite_rețelei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Funcții oferite rețelei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funcții_oferite_rețelei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mod_de_lucru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mod_de_lucru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mod de lucru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mod_de_lucru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porturile_TCP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porturile_TCP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Porturile TCP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porturile_TCP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmission Control Protocol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 71 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بروتوكول التحكم بالإرسال – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول التحكم بالإرسال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="ট্রান্সমিশন কন্ট্রোল প্রোটোকল – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রান্সমিশন কন্ট্রোল প্রোটোকল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisijski_kontrolni_protokol" title="Transmisijski kontrolni protokol – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Transmisijski kontrolni protokol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Πρωτόκολλο Ελέγχου Μεταφοράς – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόκολλο Ελέγχου Μεταφοράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_control_de_transmisi%C3%B3n" title="Protocolo de control de transmisión – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protocolo de control de transmisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edastusohje_protokoll" title="Edastusohje protokoll – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edastusohje protokoll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پروتکل هدایت انتقال – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتکل هدایت انتقال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2" title="પ્રસારણ નિયંત્રણ પ્રોટોકોલ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રસારણ નિયંત્રણ પ્રોટોકોલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="ट्रांसमिशन कंट्रोल प्रोटोकॉल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रांसमिशन कंट्रोल प्रोटोकॉल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Փոխանցման կառավարման հաղորդակարգ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոխանցման կառավարման հաղորդակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Kontrol_Transmisi" title="Protokol Kontrol Transmisi – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protokol Kontrol Transmisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%86%A1_%EC%A0%9C%EC%96%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C" title="전송 제어 프로토콜 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전송 제어 프로토콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ട്രാൻസ്മിഷൻ കൺട്രോൾ പ്രോട്ടോകോൾ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാൻസ്മിഷൻ കൺട്രോൾ പ്രോട്ടോകോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Kawalan_Penghantaran" title="Protokol Kawalan Penghantaran – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protokol Kawalan Penghantaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਟਰਾਂਸਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਕੰਟਰੋਲ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੋਕੋਲ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰਾਂਸਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਕੰਟਰੋਲ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੋਕੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protok%C3%B3%C5%82_sterowania_transmisj%C4%85" title="Protokół sterowania transmisją – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protokół sterowania transmisją" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_Controle_de_Transmiss%C3%A3o" title="Protocolo de Controle de Transmissão – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protocolo de Controle de Transmissão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisioni_kontrolni_protokol" title="Transmisioni kontrolni protokol – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transmisioni kontrolni protokol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_riadenia_prenosu" title="Protokol riadenia prenosu – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protokol riadenia prenosu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трансмисиони контролни протокол – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансмисиони контролни протокол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itifaki_ya_Kidhibiti_Peleshi" title="Itifaki ya Kidhibiti Peleshi – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Itifaki ya Kidhibiti Peleshi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="பரப்புகை கட்டுப்பாடு நெறிமுறை – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரப்புகை கட்டுப்பாடு நெறிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5" title="ทีซีพี – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทีซีพี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تضبیط ترسیل دستور – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تضبیط ترسیل دستور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP" title="TCP – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="TCP" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="传输控制协议" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="传输控制协议" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Transmission Control Protocol" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0" title="傳輸控制協議 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傳輸控制協議" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGumelo_lokulawula_ukufufukisa" title="IGumelo lokulawula ukufufukisa – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGumelo lokulawula ukufufukisa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><p><b>Transmission Control Protocol</b> (sau <b>TCP</b>, în traducere liberă din engleză <i>Protocolul de Control al Transmisiei</i>) este un <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(informatic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (informatică)">protocol</a> folosit de obicei de <a href="/wiki/Aplica%C8%9Bie_software" title="Aplicație software">aplicații</a> care au nevoie de confirmare de primire a <a href="/wiki/Dat%C4%83" title="Dată">datelor</a>. Efectuează o conectare virtuală full duplex între două puncte terminale, fiecare punct fiind definit de către o <a href="/wiki/Adres%C4%83_IP" title="Adresă IP">adresă IP</a> și de către un port TCP. </p><p>Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) este unul dintre protocoalele de bază ale suitei de protocoale Internet. TCP este unul dintre cele două componente originale ale suitei (celalalt fiind Protocolul Internet, sau IP), astfel încât întreaga suita este frecvent menționată ca <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP">stiva TCP/IP</a>. În special, TCP oferă încredere, asigura livrarea ordonata a unui flux de octeți de la un program de pe un computer la alt program de pe un alt computer aflat în rețea. Pe lângă sarcinile sale de gestionare a traficului, TCP controlează mărimea segmentului de date, debitul de informație, rata la care se face schimbul de date, precum și evitarea congestionării traficului de rețea. Printre aplicațiile cele mai uzuale ce utilizează TCP putem enumera <a href="/wiki/WWW" class="mw-redirect" title="WWW">World Wide Web</a> (WWW), posta electronica (<a href="/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>) și <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">transferul de fișiere</a> (FTP). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcții_oferite_rețelei"><span id="Func.C8.9Bii_oferite_re.C8.9Belei"></span>Funcții oferite rețelei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Funcții oferite rețelei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Funcții oferite rețelei"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protocolul corespunde <i>nivelului transport</i> din <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP">stiva TCP/IP</a>. TCP oferă un serviciu de comunicare la un nivel intermediar între un program de aplicație și <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Internet">Protocolul Internet</a> (IP). Atunci când un program de aplicare dorește sa trimită o bucată mare de date pe Internet, în loc sa fragmenteze datele în pachete IP de dimensiuni mici și sa emită o serie de cereri pentru protocolul IP, software-ul poate emite o cerere unică pentru TCP și sa lase protocolul TCP sa se ocupe de detaliile de manipulare. </p><p>Protocolul Internet (IP) se ocupa cu schimbul de blocuri de informații numite pachete. Un pachet este o secvență de octeți și constă dintr-un antet, urmată de secțiunea de date propriu-zise. Antetul furnizează informații despre destinația pachetului și, opțional, informații de rutare utilizate pentru transmitere, până când acesta ajunge la destinația sa finală. Secțiunea de date conține informația necesara pe care IP trebuie sa o transmită. </p><p>Datorită congestiilor din rețea, încărcarea traficului, sau alte comportamente imprevizibile, pachetele IP pot fi pierdute, duplicate, sau livrate în alta ordine la destinație. TCP-ul detectează aceste probleme, solicita retransmisia pachetelor pierdute, rearanjează pachetele în ordine, ajută la minimizarea traficul din rețea în vederea reducerii apariției altor probleme. Odată ce la recepție, protocolul TCP termina de reasamblat secventa de octeți transmisa inițial, o pasează mai sus către programul de aplicație. Prin urmare, TCP va ascunde nivelului aplicație detaliile de transmise specifice nivelului inferior, rețea. </p><p>TCP este folosit pe scară largă de multe de aplicații de Internet cele mai populare, inclusiv a <a href="/wiki/WWW" class="mw-redirect" title="WWW">World Wide Web</a> (WWW), E-mail, <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP), Secure Shell, de tip peer-to-peer file sharing, precum și unele aplicații media de streaming. </p><p>TCP este optimizat, mai degrabă, pentru livrarea exacta decât livrarea la timp a datelor, și prin urmare, TCP înregistrează uneori, întârzieri relativ mari de timp (de ordinul secundelor), în timpul de așteptare pentru unele mesaje ce sosesc în alta ordine sau pentru retransmisia de mesaje pierdute. Acesta nu este deosebit de potrivit pentru aplicații în timp real, cum ar fi Voice over IP. Pentru acest gen de aplicații, sunt recomandate protocoale cum ar fi Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), ce rulează peste User Datagram Protocol (<a href="/wiki/UDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UDP">UDP</a>). </p><p>TCP este un serviciu de încredere care garantează livrarea unui flux de date trimis de la o gazdă la alta fără duplicarea sau pierderea de date. Din moment ce transferul de pachete de date pe rețea, nu este sigur, o tehnică cunoscută sub numele de <b>confirmare pozitivă cu retransmitere</b> este folosita pentru a garanta fiabilitatea transferurilor de pachete. Aceasta tehnica fundamentala, consta în faptul ca receptorul răspunde cu un mesaj de confirmare (<i>acknowledgement</i>) de fiecare data când primește un pachet de date. Expeditorul păstrează o copie a fiecarui pachet trimis, și așteaptă confirmarea înainte de a trimite pachetul următor. Expeditorul păstrează, de asemenea, și un timer, atunci când pachetul a fost trimis, și va relua retransmiterea pachetului în cazul în care timer-ul expira iar confirmarea recepției întârzie sa apară. Contorul de timp este necesar în cazul în care un pachet se pierde sau este deteriorat. </p><p>TCP constă într-un set de reguli: pentru protocol, el este totdeauna asociat cu Protocolul Internet, iar pentru Protocolul Internet, reprezinta o metoda de a trimite datele, pe baza unui "<i>sir de unități de mesaj</i>" între calculatoare prin Internet. În timp ce <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Internet">IP-ul</a> se ocupa doar de livrarea efectiva a datelor, TCP-ul are grija ca un mesaj sa fie împărțit în unități individuale de date, numite <i>segmente</i>, și sa tina evidenta segmentelor transmise, pentru dirijarea eficientă prin intermediul rețelei. De exemplu, când un fișier HTML este trimis de la un server web, stratul software TCP de pe acel server împarte secvența de octeți al acelui fișier, în segmente și le transmite în mod individual către stratul software IP (Nivelul Internet). Nivelul Internet încapsulează fiecare segment TCP într-un pachet IP prin adăugarea unui antet, care include (printre alte date) adresa IP destinație. Chiar dacă fiecare pachet are aceeași adresă de destinație, acestea pot fi rutate pe căi diferite prin intermediul rețelei. În cazul în care programul client pe computerul destinație le primește, stratul TCP (Nivelul Transport) reasamblează segmentele individuale asigurându-se totodată de ordonarea corecta și fără erori a acestora, înainte de a fi livrate către nivelul aplicație. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mod_de_lucru">Mod de lucru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mod de lucru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mod de lucru"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modul de operare al protocolului TCP implica existenta a trei faze. In prima faza, <b>conexiunea</b> trebuie <b>stabilita</b> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Connection establishement</span>), urmând un proces de confirmare pe baza mai multor pași. Imediat ce conexiunea a fost realizata, urmează <b>transferul datelor</b> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Data transfer</span>). Odată ce transferul datelor s-a încheiat, <b>conexiunea</b> trebuie <b>terminata</b> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Connection termination</span>) în ideea de a închide calea virtuala și de a elibera resursele hardware/software implicate în proces. </p><p>O conexiune TCP implica mai multe <a href="/wiki/Automat_finit" title="Automat finit">stări</a>; câteva dintre ele sunt descrise mai jos: </p> <ul><li><b>LISTEN</b> - în cazul unui server se așteaptă o solicitare din partea unui client</li> <li><b>SYN-SENT</b> - se așteaptă din partea nodului pereche trimiterea unui segment TCP cu flagurile de SYN și ACK setate (starea este specifica clienților ce rulează protocolul TCP)</li> <li><b>SYN-RECEIVED</b> - așteaptă din partea nodului pereche a confirmării ca răspuns la confirmarea de conectare trimisa către acesta (stare specifica serverelor cu TCP)</li> <li><b>ESTABLISHED</b> - portul este pregătit pentru a trimite/primi date către/dinspre nodul pereche</li> <li><b>FIN-WAIT-1</b> - Serverul așteaptă din partea procesul aplicație propriu, indicația de pregătire a închiderii conexiunii</li> <li><b>FIN-WAIT-2</b> - clientul așteaptă recepția segmentului TCP de finalizare a conexiunii (aceasta indica faptul ca serverul va demara faza de <i>închidere a conexiunii</i>)</li> <li><b>CLOSE WAIT</b> - serverul primește notificare din partea aplicației ca s-a încheiat procesul de închidere; el va informa clientul prin trimiterea unui segment de finalizare</li> <li><b>LAST-ACK</b> - Indica faptul ca serverul se afla în procesul de transmitere a segmentului de finalizare a conexiunii</li> <li><b>TIME-WAIT</b> - reprezinta starea de așteptare a unui timp ceva mai lung (aproximativ 4 minute, în concordanta cu <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793">RFC 793</a>) ca o metoda de asigurare a faptului ca nodul pereche a primit confirmarea de terminare a conexiunii.</li> <li><b>CLOSED</b> - Conexiunea este închisa</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Porturile_TCP">Porturile TCP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Porturile TCP" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Porturile TCP"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TCP utilizează noțiunea de <b>numere de port</b> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">port numbers</span>) pentru a identifica trimiterea și recepția aplicațiilor punctelor finale (<i>end-points</i>) de la o gazdă, sau a prizelor de Internet (<i>Internet sockets</i>). Fiecare parte a unei conexiuni TCP are asociat un număr de port pe 16 biți, fără semn (0-65535) rezervat pentru expedierea sau primirea datelor de aplicație. Sosirea pachetelor de date TCP sunt identificate ca aparținând unei anumite conexiuni TCP, după priza sa (<a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">socket</span>), care este o combinație dintre adresa gazdei sursă, portul sursă, adresa gazdei destinație, și portul de destinație. Aceasta înseamnă că un computer server poate susține pentru o multitudine de clienți, simultan mai multe servicii per client, atât timp cât fiecare client are grija de a iniția simultan mai multe conexiuni către un port de destinație din porturi sursă diferite. </p><p>Numerele de porturi sunt clasificate în trei categorii de bază: <i>bine-cunoscute</i>, <i>înregistrate</i>, precum și <i>dinamice/private</i>. <i>Porturile "bine-cunoscute"</i> sunt atribuite de către <b>Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</b> (IANA) și sunt, de obicei utilizate de nivele sistem sau procese rădăcină. Aplicațiile bine cunoscute care rulează ca servere și care asculta în mod pasiv pentru conexiuni, de obicei folosesc aceste porturi. Câteva exemple includ: <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> (20 și 21), SSH (22), Telnet (23), SMTP (25) și HTTP (80). <i>Porturile înregistrate</i> sunt de obicei utilizate de aplicații ale utilizatorului final, ca porturi sursa efemere atunci când contactează servere, dar pot identifica, de asemenea, anumite servicii care au fost înregistrate de către o terță parte. <i>Porturile dinamice/private</i> pot fi, de asemenea, utilizate de aplicații ale utilizatorul final, dar acest lucru este mai puțin frecvent. Porturile dinamice/private nu-și au nici un sens în afara unei conexiuni TCP de aceea e ceva normal, sigur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Andrew S. Tannenbaum ("2004"). <i>Retele de calculatoare</i>. Editura Byblos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retele+de+calculatoare&rft.pub=Editura+Byblos&rft.au=Andrew+S.+Tannenbaum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Control+Protocol" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><i>CCNA - Ghid de studiu independent</i>. Editura All. "2007".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CCNA+-+Ghid+de+studiu+independent&rft.pub=Editura+All&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Control+Protocol" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCTP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCTP — pagină inexistentă">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_de_re%C8%9Bea" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol de rețea">Protocol de rețea</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&oldid=14301646">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Control_Protocol&oldid=14301646</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Protocoale_de_nivel_transport" title="Categorie:Protocoale de nivel transport">Protocoale de nivel transport</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Erori_CS1:_date" title="Categorie:Erori CS1: date">Erori CS1: date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_ce_folosesc_leg%C4%83turi_automate_c%C4%83tre_RFC" title="Categorie:Pagini ce folosesc legături automate către RFC">Pagini ce folosesc legături automate către RFC</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 23 august 2021, ora 08:50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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