CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html lang="en-US">  <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://iep.utm.edu/d/","20231209124824","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1702126104"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title>D | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</title> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://iep.utm.edu/xmlrpc.php">  <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 禄 Feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/feed/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 禄 Comments Feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/comments/feed/"/> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231209124824\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231209124824\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231209124824\/https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.4.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-quicklatex-format-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824cs_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-quicklatex/css/quicklatex-format.css?ver=6.4.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="awsm-ead-public-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824cs_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/css/embed-public.min.css?ver=2.7.4" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="twentyfourteen-lato-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824cs_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/fonts/font-lato.css?ver=20230328" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="genericons-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824cs_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.0.3" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="twentyfourteen-style-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824cs_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen-child/style.css?ver=20231107" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="twentyfourteen-block-style-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824cs_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/css/blocks.css?ver=20230630" type="text/css" media="all"/>  <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824js_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824js_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824js_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/stop-user-enumeration/frontend/js/frontend.js?ver=1.4.9" id="stop-user-enumeration-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824js_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/themes/twentyfourteen/js/functions.js?ver=20230526" id="twentyfourteen-script-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824js_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/wp-quicklatex/js/wp-quicklatex-frontend.js?ver=1.0" id="wp-quicklatex-frontend-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/333"/><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://iep.utm.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd"/> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.4.2"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/d/"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/?p=333"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fd%2F"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon-32x32.png?v=XBrrnd5baw" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon-16x16.png?v=XBrrnd5baw" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/fbrfg/manifest.json?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/fbrfg/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=XBrrnd5baw" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/fbrfg/favicon.ico?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/wp-content/media/fbrfg/browserconfig.xml?v=XBrrnd5baw"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css" id="twentyfourteen-header-css"> .site-title, .site-description { clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); /* IE7 */ clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute; } </style> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .headimage { width:34%; 聽height:auto; } h1{text-align:left} h2{text-align:left} h3{text-align:left} h4{text-align:left} h5{text-align:left} h6{text-align:left} ol{text-align:left} li{text-align:left} /* hyphenation */ p { font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif, sans-serif; -moz-hyphens: auto; -ms-hyphens: auto; -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; word-wrap: break-word; } </style> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-8636035-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </head> <body data-rsssl="1" class="page-template-default page page-id-333 wp-embed-responsive group-blog header-image full-width singular"> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <div id="site-header"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/" rel="home"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/iep-logo-1.png" width="1260" height="123" alt=""> </a> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="header-main"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/" rel="home">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></h1> <div class="search-toggle"> <a href="#search-container" class="screen-reader-text">Search</a> </div> <nav id="primary-navigation" class="site-navigation primary-navigation" role="navigation"> <button class="menu-toggle">Primary Menu</button> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="menu-toc-container"><ul id="menu-toc" class="nav-menu"><li id="menu-item-16644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16644"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/a/">A</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16645"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/b/">B</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16646" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16646"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/c/">C</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16647" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-333 current_page_item menu-item-16647"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/d/" aria-current="page">D</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16648" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16648"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/e/">E</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16649" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16649"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/f/">F</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16650"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/g/">G</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16651"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/h/">H</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16652" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16652"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/i/">I</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16653"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/j/">J</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16654"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/k/">K</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16655"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/l/">L</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16656"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/m/">M</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16657"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/n/">N</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16658"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/o/">O</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16659" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16659"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/p/">P</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16660" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16660"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/q/">Q</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16661" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16661"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/r/">R</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16662" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16662"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/s/">S</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16663"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/t/">T</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16664"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/u/">U</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16665"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/v/">V</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16666"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/w/">W</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16667"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/x/">X</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16668" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16668"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/y/">Y</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16669"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/z/">Z</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="search-container" class="search-box-wrapper hide"> <div class="search-box"> <script> (function() { var cx = '001101905209118093242:rsrjvdp2op4'; var gcse = document.createElement('script'); gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; gcse.async = true; gcse.src = (document.location.protocol == 'https:' ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://www.google.com/cse/cse.js?cx=' + cx; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); })(); </script> <gcse:searchbox-only></gcse:searchbox-only> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main" class="site-main"> <div id="main-content" class="main-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <article id="post-333" class="post-333 page type-page status-publish hentry">  <div class="entry-content"> <h1>D</h1> <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/angelique-de-saint-jean-arnauld-dandilly/" title="d鈥橝ndilly, Ang茅lique de Saint Jean Arnauld" rel="bookmark">d鈥橝ndilly, Ang茅lique de Saint Jean Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/amme-le-fevre-dacier/" title="Dacier, Anne Le F猫vre" rel="bookmark">Dacier, Anne Le F猫vre</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/dai-zhen-tai-chen/" title="Dai Zhen" rel="bookmark">Dai Zhen (Tai Chen)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/daoismdaoist-philosophy/" title="Daoist Philosophy" rel="bookmark">Daoist Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/darwin/" title="Darwin, Charles" rel="bookmark">Darwin, Charles</a></li> <li>Davidson, Donald Herbert <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/donald-davidson-anomalous-monism/" title="Davidson: Anomalous Monism" rel="bookmark">Anomalous Monism</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/donald-davidson-mind-action/" title="Davidson, Donald Herbert Mind and Action" rel="bookmark">Mind and Action</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/donald-davidson-language/" title="Davidson: Philosophy of Language" rel="bookmark">Philosophy of Language</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/simone-de-beauvoir/" title="Beauvoir, Simone de" rel="bookmark">De Beauvoir, Simone</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/jeanne-francoice-fremyot-de-chantal/" title="De Chantal, Jeanne-Fran莽oise Fr茅myot, baronne" rel="bookmark">De Chantal, Jeanne-Fran莽oise Fr茅myot, Baronne</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/sevigne-marquise-de-marie-de-rabutin-chantal/" title="de S茅vign茅" rel="bookmark">De聽S茅vign茅,聽Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/death-penalty-capital-punishment/" title="Capital Punishment" rel="bookmark">Death Penalty</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/deconstruction/" title="Deconstruction" rel="bookmark">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/natural-deduction/" title="Natural Deduction" rel="bookmark">Deduction, Natural</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/deductive-inductive-arguments/" title="Deductive and Inductive Arguments" rel="bookmark">Deductive and Inductive Arguments</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/deductive-theoretic-conceptions-of-logical-consequence/" title="Logical Consequence, Deductive-Theoretic Conceptions of" rel="bookmark">Deductive-Theoretic Conceptions of Logical Consequence</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/defeaters-in-epistemology/" title="Defeaters in Epistemology" rel="bookmark">Defeaters in Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/predicative-and-impredicative-definitions/" title="Predicative and Impredicative Definitions" rel="bookmark">Definitions, Predicative and Impredicative</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/gilles-deleuze/" title="Deleuze, Gilles" rel="bookmark">Deleuze, Gilles</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/demonstratives-and-indexicals/" title="Demonstratives and Indexicals" rel="bookmark">Demonstratives and Indexicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/jacques-derrida/" title="Derrida, Jacques" rel="bookmark">Derrida, Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes/" title="Descartes, Rene" rel="bookmark">Descartes, Ren茅</a> <ul class="index-list"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes-ethics/" title="Descartes: Ethics" rel="bookmark">Descartes: Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes-mind-body-distinction-dualism/" title="Descartes, Rene: Mind-Body Distinction" rel="bookmark">Descartes: Mind-Body Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes-scientific-method/" title="Descartes, Rene: Scientific Method" rel="bookmark">Descartes: Scientific Method</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/desert/" title="Desert" rel="bookmark">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/deshouliereas-antoinette-du-ligier-de-la-garde/" title="Deshoulieres, Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde" rel="bookmark">Deshoulieres, Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/design-arguments-for-existence-of-god/" title="Design Arguments for the Existence of God" rel="bookmark">Design Arguments for the Existence of God</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/theological-determinism/" title="Theological Determinism" rel="bookmark">Determinism, Theological</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/john-dewey/" title="Dewey, John" rel="bookmark">Dewey, John</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/dialogical-logic/" title="Dialogical Logic" rel="bookmark">Dialogical Logic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/differential-ontology/" title="Differential Ontology" rel="bookmark">Differential Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/human-dignity/" title="Human Dignity" rel="bookmark">Dignity, Human</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/diogenes-of-apollonia/" title="Diogenes of Apollonia" rel="bookmark">Diogenes of Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/diogenes-of-sinope/" title="Diogenes of Sinope" rel="bookmark">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/disjunctivism/" title="Disjunctivism" rel="bookmark">Disjunctivism</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/distributive-justice/" title="Distributive Justice" rel="bookmark">Distributive Justice</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/divine-command-theory/" title="Divine Command Theory" rel="bookmark">Divine Command Theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/divine-hiddenness-argument-against-gods-existence/" title="Divine Hiddenness Argument against God鈥檚 Existence" rel="bookmark">Divine Hiddenness Argument against God’s Existence</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/divine-immutability/" title="Divine Immutability" rel="bookmark">Divine Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/divine-simplicity/" title="Divine Simplicity" rel="bookmark">Divine Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/juan-donoso-cortes/" title="Donoso Cortes, Juan" rel="bookmark">Donoso Cort茅s, Juan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/doxastic-conservatism/" title="Doxastic Conservatism" rel="bookmark">Doxastic Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/doxastic-voluntarism/" title="Doxastic Voluntarism" rel="bookmark">Doxastic Voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/dreaming-philosophy/" title="Dreaming, Philosophy of" rel="bookmark">Dreaming, Philosophy of</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/web-dubois/" title="Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt" rel="bookmark">Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/dualism-and-mind/" title="Dualism and Mind" rel="bookmark">Dualism and Mind</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/duality-in-logic-and-language/" title="Duality in Logic and Language" rel="bookmark">Duality in Logic and Language</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/michael-dummett/" title="Dummett, Michael" rel="bookmark">Dummett, Michael</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/john-duns-scotus/" title="Scotus, John Duns" rel="bookmark">Duns Scotus, John</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/emile-durkheim/" title="Durkheim, Emile" rel="bookmark">Durkheim, 脡mile</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/dynamic-epistemic-logic/" title="Dynamic Epistemic Logic" rel="bookmark">Dynamic Epistemic Logic</a></li> </ul> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div id="secondary"> <h2 class="site-description">An encyclopedia of philosophy articles written by professional philosophers.</h2> <nav role="navigation" class="navigation site-navigation secondary-navigation"> <div class="menu-pages-container"><ul id="menu-pages" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-16670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16670"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/home/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16671"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/eds/">Editors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16674"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/submit/100-most-desired-articles/">Desired Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16677"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/submit/">Submissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16676"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/volunteer/">Volunteer</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <div id="primary-sidebar" class="primary-sidebar widget-area" role="complementary"> <aside id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"><h1 class="widget-title">Stay Connected</h1> <div class="textwidget"><p>   <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://www.facebook.com/iephilosophy"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/Facebook.png"></a>   <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://twitter.com/iephilosophy"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/X-1.png"></a>   <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/feed/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824im_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/Feed.png"></a> </p></div> </aside><aside id="categories-2" class="widget widget_categories"><h1 class="widget-title">Browse by Topic</h1><form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/" method="get"><label class="screen-reader-text" for="cat">Browse by Topic</label><select name="cat" id="cat" class="postform"> <option value="-1">Select Category</option> <option class="level-0" value="45">History of Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="49">   17th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="50">   18th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="51">   19th Century European</option> <option class="level-1" value="53">   Ancient Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="99">   History Misc.</option> <option class="level-1" value="60">   History of Analytic</option> <option class="level-1" value="64">   Medieval Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="102">   Philosophers</option> <option class="level-1" value="48">   Renaissance Philosophy</option> <option class="level-0" value="46">Metaphysics & Epistemology</option> <option class="level-1" value="57">   Epistemology</option> <option class="level-1" value="65">   Metaphysics</option> <option class="level-1" value="66">   Mind & Cognitive Science</option> <option class="level-1" value="67">   Philosophy of Language</option> <option class="level-1" value="70">   Philosophy of Religion</option> <option class="level-1" value="1">   Uncategorized</option> <option class="level-0" value="47">Philosophical Traditions</option> <option class="level-1" value="52">   American Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="55">   Chinese Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="56">   Continental Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="59">   Feminist Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="61">   Indian Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="62">   Islamic Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="100">   Tradition Misc.</option> <option class="level-0" value="74">Science, Logic, & Mathematics</option> <option class="level-1" value="63">   Logic</option> <option class="level-1" value="69">   Philosophy of Mathematics</option> <option class="level-1" value="71">   Philosophy of Science</option> <option class="level-0" value="41">Value Theory</option> <option class="level-1" value="98">   Aesthetics</option> <option class="level-1" value="54">   Bioethics</option> <option class="level-1" value="58">   Ethics</option> <option class="level-1" value="68">   Philosophy of Law</option> <option class="level-1" value="72">   Political Philosophy</option> <option class="level-1" value="101">   Value Misc.</option> </select> </form><script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "cat" ); function onCatChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value > 0 ) { dropdown.parentNode.submit(); } } dropdown.onchange = onCatChange; })(); </script> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824/https://iep.utm.edu/?p=601">漏 Copyright <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> and its Authors </a> | ISSN 2161-0002 </div> </footer> </div>  <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824js_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/js/pdfobject.min.js?ver=2.7.4" id="awsm-ead-pdf-object-js"></script> <script id="awsm-ead-public-js-extra"> var eadPublic = []; </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209124824js_/https://iep.utm.edu/wp-content/plugins/embed-any-document/js/embed-public.min.js?ver=2.7.4" id="awsm-ead-public-js"></script> </body> </html>