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<li id="toc-Early_history_(1891–1910s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_(1891–1910s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history (1891–1910s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_(1891–1910s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916_Pancho_Villa_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916_Pancho_Villa_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1916 Pancho Villa raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916_Pancho_Villa_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1926_to_the_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1926_to_the_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>From 1926 to the 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1926_to_the_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_gun-smuggling_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_gun-smuggling_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2011 gun-smuggling scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_gun-smuggling_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbus_Village_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbus_Village_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Columbus Village Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbus_Village_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_of_the_Sun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_of_the_Sun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>City of the Sun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_of_the_Sun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbus, New Mexico</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Nieu-Meksiko" title="Columbus, Nieu-Meksiko – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Columbus, Nieu-Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88)" title="كولومبوس (نيومكسيكو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولومبوس (نيومكسيكو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="کلمبوس، نیومکزیکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلمبوس، نیومکزیکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(New_Mexico)" title="Columbus (New Mexico) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Columbus (New Mexico)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(Nou_M%C3%A8xic)" title="Columbus (Nou Mèxic) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Columbus (Nou Mèxic)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Columbus, New Mexico" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Columbus, New Mexico" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(New_Mexico)" title="Columbus (New Mexico) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbus (New Mexico)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico)" title="Columbus (Nuevo México) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columbus (Nuevo México)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(Mexiko_Berria)" title="Columbus (Mexiko Berria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Columbus (Mexiko Berria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88)" title="کلمبوس (نیومکزیکو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلمبوس (نیومکزیکو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(Nouveau-Mexique)" title="Columbus (Nouveau-Mexique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Columbus (Nouveau-Mexique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A4%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D9%8A%DB%8A%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A4)" title="کؤلؤمبؤس (نيۊمکزيکؤ) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کؤلؤمبؤس (نيۊمکزيکؤ)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Novi_Meksiko" title="Columbus, Novi Meksiko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Columbus, Novi Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(Nuovo_Messico)" title="Columbus (Nuovo Messico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbus (Nuovo Messico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(New_Mexico)" title="Columbus (New Mexico) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Columbus (New Mexico)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(Neuvo_Mescico)" title="Columbus (Neuvo Mescico) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Columbus (Neuvo Mescico)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3,_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="بلده كولومبوس, الولايات المتحدة – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلده كولومبوس, الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(New_Mexico)" title="Columbus (New Mexico) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columbus (New Mexico)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(Novo_M%C3%A9xico)" title="Columbus (Novo México) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Columbus (Novo México)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Коламбус (Нови Мексико) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коламбус (Нови Мексико)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Columbus, New Mexico" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Коламбус (Нью-Мексико) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коламбус (Нью-Мексико)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="کولمبس، نیو میکسیکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولمبس، نیو میکسیکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Columbus, New Mexico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83_(%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%B7%9E)" title="哥伦布 (新墨西哥州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥伦布 (新墨西哥州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1112742#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbus,_New_Mexico&params=31_49_50_N_107_38_28_W_region:US-NM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°49′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">107°38′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.83056°N 107.64111°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.83056; -107.64111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Village in New Mexico, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Columbus, New Mexico</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Village_(United_States)" title="Village (United States)">Village</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_New_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Columbus from Pancho Villa State Park"><img alt="View of Columbus from Pancho Villa State Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Columbus_New_Mexico.jpg/250px-Columbus_New_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Columbus_New_Mexico.jpg/375px-Columbus_New_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Columbus_New_Mexico.jpg/500px-Columbus_New_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="308" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View of Columbus from <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancho Villa State Park">Pancho Villa State Park</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luna_County_New_Mexico_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Columbus_Highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Columbus, New Mexico"><img alt="Location of Columbus, New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Luna_County_New_Mexico_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Columbus_Highlighted.svg/250px-Luna_County_New_Mexico_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Columbus_Highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Luna_County_New_Mexico_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Columbus_Highlighted.svg/375px-Luna_County_New_Mexico_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Columbus_Highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Luna_County_New_Mexico_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Columbus_Highlighted.svg/500px-Luna_County_New_Mexico_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Columbus_Highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Columbus, New Mexico</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbus, New Mexico is located in the United States"><img alt="Columbus, New Mexico is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.206%;left:28.637%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Columbus, New Mexico"><img alt="Columbus, New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Columbus, New Mexico</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbus,_New_Mexico&params=31_49_50_N_107_38_28_W_region:US-NM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°49′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">107°38′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.83056°N 107.64111°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.83056; -107.64111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_Mexico" title="List of counties in New Mexico">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luna_County,_New_Mexico" title="Luna County, New Mexico">Luna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1891</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Esequiel Salas</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.67 sq mi (12.09 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">4.67 sq mi (12.09 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0.00 sq mi (0.00 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,072 ft (1,241 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,442</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">309.04/sq mi (119.32/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-7">UTC-7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain (MST)</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-6">UTC-6</a> (MDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">88029</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_575" title="Area code 575">575</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35-17050</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">2413542<sup id="cite_ref-gnis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicvillageofcolumbus.org/index.html">www<wbr />.historicvillageofcolumbus<wbr />.org<wbr />/index<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Columbus</b> is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_New_Mexico" title="List of municipalities in New Mexico">incorporated village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luna_County,_New_Mexico" title="Luna County, New Mexico">Luna County</a>, New Mexico, United States, about 3 miles (5 km) north of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexican border</a>. It is considered a place of historical interest, as the scene of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Columbus_(1916)" title="Battle of Columbus (1916)">a 1916 attack</a> by Mexican general <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Francisco "Pancho" Villa</a> that caused the United States to send 10,000 troops there in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Expedition">Mexican Expedition</a> (originally referred to as the "punitive Mexican Expedition"). Columbus's population was 1,664 at the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(1891–1910s)"><span id="Early_history_.281891.E2.80.931910s.29"></span>Early history (1891–1910s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history (1891–1910s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbus was established in 1891 just across the Mexican border from <a href="/wiki/Palomas,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Palomas, Chihuahua">Palomas, Chihuahua</a>, and named after 15th-century explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. In 1902, the village center was moved 3 miles (5 km) north when the <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_and_Southwestern_Railroad" title="El Paso and Southwestern Railroad">El Paso and Southwestern Railroad</a> built its Columbus station. This station is now converted into a museum run by the Columbus Historical Society.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 1905, it was a very small town with a population of about 100, two of those early settlers being Colonel Andrew O. Bailey and Louis Heller. By this time, Columbus had only one general store, a saloon, and a society inspector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In time, a high school was built, and Perrow G. Mosely established the <i>Columbus News</i>, which later was renamed the <i>Columbus Courier</i>. By 1915, the town had 700 residents, the Columbus State Bank was built, four hotels were constructed, and several stores and a Baptist church were also established. At that time, the area around Columbus also had rich silver, copper, lead, and zinc deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1916_Pancho_Villa_raid">1916 Pancho Villa raid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1916 Pancho Villa raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Columbus_(1916)" title="Battle of Columbus (1916)">Battle of Columbus (1916)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Columbus.jpg/220px-Columbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Columbus.jpg/330px-Columbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Columbus.jpg/440px-Columbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Columbus after Villa's raid</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 9, 1916, on the orders of Mexican revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a>, Colonel Francisco Beltrán, Colonel Candelario Cervantes, General Nicolás Fernández, General Pablo López, and others led 500 men in an attack against the town, which was garrisoned by a detachment of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Cavalry Regiment">13th Cavalry Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villa's army burned a part of the town and killed seven or eight soldiers and 10 residents before retreating back into Mexico. </p><p>United States President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> responded to the Columbus raid by sending 10,000 troops under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> to Mexico to pursue Villa. This was known as the Punitive Mexican Expedition or <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a>. The expedition was eventually called off after failing to find Villa, who had escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pershing expedition brought prosperity and international attention to Columbus and a realization that war had come to the border of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1926_to_the_1990s">From 1926 to the 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From 1926 to the 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926 after the Punitive Expedition ended, Columbus started to change and decay over the decades. Camp Furlong activity was greatly reduced. The army decided to close their camp, and the <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_and_Southwestern_Railroad" title="El Paso and Southwestern Railroad">El Paso and Southwestern Railroad</a> stopped service in Columbus. After all these events, the economy naturally faded over time. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, Columbus started to revitalize, with the development of city and state parks, museums, RV parks, and history involving the city.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_gun-smuggling_scandal">2011 gun-smuggling scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2011 gun-smuggling scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2011, Columbus dissolved its police force after a gun-smuggling scandal that involved its village officials and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor, a village trustee, a former police chief, and nine other people were indicted in the scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was prosecuted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> from <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>, before <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Mexico" title="United States District Court for the District of New Mexico">United States District Court</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Brack" title="Robert C. Brack">Robert Brack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces, New Mexico</a>. Of the 11 people charged, 10 pleaded guilty, with one person still at large. Sentences ranged from five years in federal prison to two years' probation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbus is in southern Luna County about 3 miles (5 km) north of the border between the United States and Mexico. The village limits extend south to the international border. The Mexican village of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Palomas,_Chihuahua" title="Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua">Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua</a>, is across the border. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_11" title="New Mexico State Road 11">New Mexico State Road 11</a> leads north from Columbus 32 miles (51 km) to <a href="/wiki/Deming,_New_Mexico" title="Deming, New Mexico">Deming</a>, the Luna <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a>, while <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_9" title="New Mexico State Road 9">State Road 9</a> leads east 59 miles (95 km) to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Teresa, New Mexico">Santa Teresa</a> and west 44 miles (71 km) to <a href="/wiki/Hachita,_New_Mexico" title="Hachita, New Mexico">Hachita</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the village of Columbus has a total area of 4.7 square miles (12.1 km<sup>2</sup>), all land.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>BSk</i>) like much of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>'s lower elevations outside <a href="/wiki/El_Paso%E2%80%93Ju%C3%A1rez" title="El Paso–Juárez">El Paso–Juárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Columbus (<a href="/wiki/Columbus_Municipal_Airport_(New_Mexico)" title="Columbus Municipal Airport (New Mexico)">Columbus Municipal Airport</a>), elevation: 1,268 m or 4,160 ft, 1981–2010 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1923–2011 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">111<br />(44) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">109<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107<br />(42) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">111<br />(44) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5<br />(24.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.4<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.4<br />(31.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.9<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104.2<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103.9<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100.0<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.5<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.3<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">105.0<br />(40.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.4<br />(15.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8<br />(18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.9<br />(22.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.0<br />(26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.1<br />(31.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.9<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.1<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.0<br />(33.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.2<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.2<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0<br />(20.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6<br />(14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.9<br />(26.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2<br />(7.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.6<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.8<br />(22.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3<br />(27.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.5<br />(28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.1<br />(26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.0<br />(18.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.0<br />(11.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(7.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64.1<br />(17.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.1<br />(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.6<br />(13.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.6<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.9<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.3<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.3<br />(9.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(−9.4) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(−6.9) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(−4.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(5.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.6<br />(11.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2<br />(16.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.7<br />(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.9<br />(9.4) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(−5.7) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(−8.8) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.6<br />(−11.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−12<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(−15) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(−12) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(−7) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(−2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br />(11) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(4) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(−8) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(−17) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7<br />(−22) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12<br />(−24) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.54<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.47<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.33<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.27<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.27<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.61<br />(15) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.17<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.20<br />(56) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.25<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.88<br />(22) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.55<br />(14) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.80<br />(20) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.34<br />(262.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.77<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.40<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.23<br />(0.58) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.06<br />(0.15) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.25<br />(0.64) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.28<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.99<br />(7.67) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Western_Regional_Climate_Center" title="Western Regional Climate Center">WRCC</a><sup id="cite_ref-wrcc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrcc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>2,110</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>391</td><td></td><td>−81.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>265</td><td></td><td>−32.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>251</td><td></td><td>−5.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>307</td><td></td><td>22.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>241</td><td></td><td>−21.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>414</td><td></td><td>71.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>641</td><td></td><td>54.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>1,765</td><td></td><td>175.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>1,664</td><td></td><td>−5.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>1,442</td><td></td><td>−13.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>As of the census<sup id="cite_ref-GR2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 2000, there were 1,765 people, 536 households, and 411 families residing in the village. The population density was 635.3 inhabitants per square mile (245.3/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 720 housing units at an average density of 259.2 per square mile (100.1/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the village was 70.4% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 0.7% <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</a>, 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 25.5% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 2.8% from two or more races. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race were 83.4% of the population. </p><p>There were 536 households, out of which 50.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.89. </p><p>In the village, the population was spread out, with 39.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males. </p><p>The median income for a household in the village was $13,773, and the median income for a family was $14,318. Males had a median income of $16,912 versus $12,344 for females. The per capita income for the village was $6,721. About 56.7% of families and 57.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 67.0% of those under age 18 and 20.2% of those age 65 or over. </p><p>In 2010, Columbus had the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_poorest_places_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the poorest places in the United States">21st-lowest median household income</a> of all places in the United States with a population over 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbus Elementary School is part of the <a href="/wiki/Deming_Public_Schools" title="Deming Public Schools">Deming Public Schools</a> District. </p><p>Columbus Elementary School is located 30 miles south of <a href="/wiki/Deming,_New_Mexico" title="Deming, New Mexico">Deming, New Mexico</a> and 3 miles north of Palomas, Chihuahua, across the border in Mexico. About 90% of the students come from homes where Spanish is the dominant language. The staff at Columbus Elementary is required to be bilingually endorsed or working toward bilingual endorsement. The mission of Columbus Elementary School is to build on the students' bicultural and bilingual environment; they work in partnership with the parents and the community to enable students to reach their full potential.<sup id="cite_ref-SchoolReportCard_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoolReportCard-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students from Columbus and Puerto Palomas attend Columbus Elementary from preschool up to fifth grade. Students then move on to attend Deming Intermediate School (6) in Deming, Red Mountain Middle School (7–8), and Deming High School (9–12).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deming Public Schools buses U.S. citizen students residing in Mexico (including the city of Palomas) from the United States-Mexico border to Columbus Elementary and to upper grades in Deming.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Columbus_Village_Library">Columbus Village Library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Columbus Village Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbus Village Library, the town's only public library, is located at 112 West Broadway. Around 22,386 visits to this local library occur annually. Columbus Village Library has 14,989 books and serial volumes, 343 audios, 1,428 videos, and 30 computers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City_of_the_Sun">City of the Sun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: City of the Sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional community</a> called <a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Sun,_New_Mexico" title="City of the Sun, New Mexico">City of the Sun</a> is on the northern edge of Columbus. Started in 1972, the community has many unique, experimental homes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the community aim "to serve the Divine Purpose in community living with other Light Seekers."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pancho Villa's raid on Columbus is depicted in the novel <i>The Friends of Pancho Villa</i> (1996) by <a href="/wiki/James_Carlos_Blake" title="James Carlos Blake">James Carlos Blake</a>. In <i>Spring Break Adventure</i>, the sixth film in The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones series, Indiana Jones and his cousin are in town during Pancho Villa's raid, and he ends up joining Pancho Villa's army. </p><p>Columbus features in the 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd:_Border_Patrol" title="The Shepherd: Border Patrol">The Shepherd: Border Patrol</a></i> starring Jean-Claude Van Damme. The 1989 cult classic <i>Sonny Boy</i> has Columbus-based locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Columbus_and_Camp_Furlong" title="Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong">Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong</a>, a U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> District</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Air_Force" title="Columbus Air Force">Columbus Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Parks">Susan Parks</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE%3D%2735%27&outFields=NAME%2CSTATE%2CPLACE%2CAREALAND%2CAREAWATER%2CLSADC%2CCENTLAT%2CCENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531092538/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE%3D%2735%27&outFields=NAME%2CSTATE%2CPLACE%2CAREALAND%2CAREAWATER%2CLSADC%2CCENTLAT%2CCENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+REST+Services+Directory&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FTIGERweb%2FPlaces_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD%2FMapServer%2F5%2Fquery%3Fwhere%3DSTATE%253D%252735%2527%26outFields%3DNAME%252CSTATE%252CPLACE%252CAREALAND%252CAREAWATER%252CLSADC%252CCENTLAT%252CCENTLON%26orderByFields%3DPLACE%26returnGeometry%3Dfalse%26returnTrueCurves%3Dfalse%26f%3Djson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2413542">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Columbus, New Mexico</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:35&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108">"Census Population API"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525062130/https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:35&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Population+API&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.census.gov%2Fdata%2F2020%2Fdec%2Fpl%3Fget%3DP1_001N%2CNAME%26for%3Dplace%3A%2A%26in%3Dstate%3A35%26key%3D5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2010_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3517050&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1">"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Columbus village, New Mexico"</a>. <i>data.census.gov</i>. U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030022820/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3517050&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.census.gov&rft.atitle=Total+Population%3A+2010+Census+DEC+Summary+File+1+%28P1%29%2C+Columbus+village%2C+New+Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fg%3D1600000US3517050%26tid%3DDECENNIALSF12010.P1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Joyce. <i>Pancho Villa & Columbus, NM</i>. JReynolds Photo & Computer Works, Deming NM. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pancho+Villa+%26+Columbus%2C+NM&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=JReynolds+Photo+%26+Computer+Works%2C+Deming+NM&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSherman,_James_E.Sherman,_Barbara_H.1975" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, James E.; Sherman, Barbara H. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeLucnQnl5QC"><i>Ghost towns and mining camps of New Mexico</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Publishing Divisinon. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1106-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1106-2"><bdi>0-8061-1106-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Campaigns%3A+Mexican+Expedition&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Freference%2Farmy_flag%2Fmexex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719220950/http://web.nmsu.edu/~publhist/colhist.htm">"Columbus New Mexico"</a>. <i>History of the Columbus Raid</i>. NMSU Board of Regents. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Columbus+Raid&rft.atitle=Columbus+New+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.nmsu.edu%2F~publhist%2Fcolhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbusnewmexico.com/columbus_new_mexico_united_states_history.htm">"The Village of Columbus NewMexico"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302225821/http://www.columbusnewmexico.com/columbus_new_mexico_united_states_history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Village+of+Columbus+NewMexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbusnewmexico.com%2Fcolumbus_new_mexico_united_states_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yahoo-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yahoo_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yahoo_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiz_Goodwin2011" class="citation news cs1">Liz Goodwin (July 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/lookout/mexico-town-dissolves-police-dept-gun-smuggling-scandal-184408968.html#more-13679">"New Mexico town dissolves police dept after gun smuggling scandal"</a>. Yahoo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Mexico+town+dissolves+police+dept+after+gun+smuggling+scandal&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.au=Liz+Goodwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Flookout%2Fmexico-town-dissolves-police-dept-gun-smuggling-scandal-184408968.html%23more-13679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-news/ci_20858191/former-columbus-mayor-sentenced-gun-smuggling-case">Brian Fraga. Former Columbus, N.M., mayor sentenced in gun-smuggling case. <i>Las Cruces Sun-News</i>. Posted: June 14, 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616213718/http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-news/ci_20858191/former-columbus-mayor-sentenced-gun-smuggling-case">Archived</a> June 16, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazetteer_2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_35.txt">"U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: New Mexico"</a>. <i>U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519091258/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_35.txt">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau+Geography+Division&rft.atitle=U.S.+Gazetteer+Files%3A+2019%3A+Places%3A+New+Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2019_Gazetteer%2F2019_gaz_place_35.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-united-states.php">"Interactive United States Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map"</a>. <i>www.plantmaps.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122182229/https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-united-states.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.plantmaps.com&rft.atitle=Interactive+United+States+Koppen-Geiger+Climate+Classification+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantmaps.com%2Fkoppen-climate-classification-map-united-states.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrcc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wrcc_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?nm2024">"Columbus, New Mexico – Climate Summary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Regional_Climate_Center" title="Western Regional Climate Center">WRCC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208103332/https://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?nm2024">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbus%2C+New+Mexico+%E2%80%93+Climate+Summary&rft.pub=WRCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwrcc.dri.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FcliMAIN.pl%3Fnm2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212210359/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03&prodType=table">"US Census"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03&prodType=table">the original</a> on February 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_12_5YR_DP03%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchoolReportCard-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchoolReportCard_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbus.demingps.org/site_res_view_template.aspx?id=7db3dcca-556d-4d10-87d3-364cb2b02be0">"Columbus Elementary School Report Card"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbus+Elementary+School+Report+Card&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumbus.demingps.org%2Fsite_res_view_template.aspx%3Fid%3D7db3dcca-556d-4d10-87d3-364cb2b02be0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622015632/http://www.demingps.org/www/demingps/site/hosting/Deming%20GE%20Final.pdf">"Growth/Enrollment Analysis 2006–2017 Deming Public Schools"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demingps.org/www/demingps/site/hosting/Deming%20GE%20Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 22, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growth%2FEnrollment+Analysis+2006%E2%80%932017+Deming+Public+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demingps.org%2Fwww%2Fdemingps%2Fsite%2Fhosting%2FDeming%2520GE%2520Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLayton2013" class="citation news cs1">Layton, Lyndsey (September 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/children-cross-mexican-border-to-receive-a-us-education/2013/09/20/1237862a-1bdd-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html">"Children cross Mexican border to receive a U.S. education"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922145351/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/children-cross-mexican-border-to-receive-a-us-education/2013/09/20/1237862a-1bdd-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Children+cross+Mexican+border+to+receive+a+U.S.+education&rft.date=2013-09-22&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Lyndsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Fchildren-cross-mexican-border-to-receive-a-us-education%2F2013%2F09%2F20%2F1237862a-1bdd-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViren2007" class="citation news cs1">Viren, Sarah (August 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/immigration/4758501.html">"Mexican children cross border to go to school"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502033838/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/immigration/4758501.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Mexican+children+cross+border+to+go+to+school&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.aulast=Viren&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fdisp%2Fstory.mpl%2Fspecial%2Fimmigration%2F4758501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homefacts.com/libraries/New-Mexico/Luna-County/Columbus/Columbus-Village-Library.html">"Columbus Village Library"</a>. <i>Homefacts</i>. Hidden Rocks, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301103536/http://www.homefacts.com/libraries/New-Mexico/Luna-County/Columbus/Columbus-Village-Library.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homefacts&rft.atitle=Columbus+Village+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homefacts.com%2Flibraries%2FNew-Mexico%2FLuna-County%2FColumbus%2FColumbus-Village-Library.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maryandkeith.blogspot.jp/2010/04/city-of-sun.html">"City of the Sun"</a>. Mary and Keith's Excellent Adventure!. April 12, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320045251/http://maryandkeith.blogspot.jp/2010/04/city-of-sun.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+the+Sun&rft.pub=Mary+and+Keith%27s+Excellent+Adventure%21&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaryandkeith.blogspot.jp%2F2010%2F04%2Fcity-of-sun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320013114/http://cosf.unternet.net/bylaws/2006_bylaws.txt">"Bylaws (readopted 2006)"</a>. Member's webpage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosf.unternet.net/bylaws/2006_bylaws.txt">the original</a> on March 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bylaws+%28readopted+2006%29&rft.pub=Member%27s+webpage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosf.unternet.net%2Fbylaws%2F2006_bylaws.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except snowfall (1909–2012)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus,_New_Mexico&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Brandon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol89/iss4/4/">"Columbus, New Mexico: The Creation of a Border Place Myth, 1888–1916"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Mexico_Historical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Mexico Historical Review (page does not exist)">New Mexico Historical Review</a></i>. <b>89</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a>: <span class="nowrap">481–</span>504.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Mexico+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Columbus%2C+New+Mexico%3A+The+Creation+of+a+Border+Place+Myth%2C+1888%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalrepository.unm.edu%2Fnmhr%2Fvol89%2Fiss4%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2504&context=nmhr">PDF</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Brandon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/56/">"Columbus, New Mexico, and Palomas, Chihuahua: Transnational Landscapes of Violence, 1888-1930"</a>. <i>History Etds</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Etds&rft.atitle=Columbus%2C+New+Mexico%2C+and+Palomas%2C+Chihuahua%3A+Transnational+Landscapes+of+Violence%2C+1888-1930&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalrepository.unm.edu%2Fhist_etds%2F56%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbus%2C+New+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span> - PhD Thesis - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1055&context=hist_etds">PDF</a></li></ul> <div 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style="width:1%;background:#E7D9A9;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (New Mexico)">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deming,_New_Mexico" title="Deming, New Mexico">Deming</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of New Mexico highlighting Luna County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Map_of_New_Mexico_highlighting_Luna_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_Mexico_highlighting_Luna_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Map_of_New_Mexico_highlighting_Luna_County.svg/270px-Map_of_New_Mexico_highlighting_Luna_County.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Sun,_New_Mexico" title="City of the Sun, New Mexico">City of the Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeler_Farm,_New_Mexico" title="Keeler Farm, New Mexico">Keeler Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Hacienda,_New_Mexico" title="La Hacienda, New Mexico">La Hacienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_Luna_County,_New_Mexico" title="Mountain View, Luna County, New Mexico">Mountain View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_New_Mexico" title="Old Town, New Mexico">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_Park,_New_Mexico" title="Pecan Park, New Mexico">Pecan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpotio_Bareas,_New_Mexico" title="Pulpotio Bareas, New Mexico">Pulpotio Bareas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine,_New_Mexico" title="Sunshine, New Mexico">Sunshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura,_New_Mexico" title="Ventura, New Mexico">Ventura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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