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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firmware_and_bootloader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firmware_and_bootloader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Firmware and bootloader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firmware_and_bootloader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kernel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kernel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kernel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kernel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AmigaDOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaDOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>AmigaDOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaDOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphical_user_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphical_user_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Graphical user interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphical_user_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_manager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_manager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>File manager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_manager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Graphics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Scripting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries_and_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_and_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Libraries and devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_and_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handlers,_AmigaDOS_and_filesystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handlers,_AmigaDOS_and_filesystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Handlers, AmigaDOS and filesystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handlers,_AmigaDOS_and_filesystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_paging_and_a_swap_partition_in_later_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_paging_and_a_swap_partition_in_later_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Memory paging and a swap partition in later versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_paging_and_a_swap_partition_in_later_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Versions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AmigaOS_1.0_–_1.4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaOS_1.0_–_1.4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>AmigaOS 1.0 – 1.4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaOS_1.0_–_1.4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AmigaOS_2.0,_2.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaOS_2.0,_2.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>AmigaOS 2.0, 2.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaOS_2.0,_2.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AmigaOS_3.0,_3.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaOS_3.0,_3.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>AmigaOS 3.0, 3.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaOS_3.0,_3.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AmigaOS_3.5,_3.9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaOS_3.5,_3.9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>AmigaOS 3.5, 3.9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaOS_3.5,_3.9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AmigaOS_3.1.4,_3.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaOS_3.1.4,_3.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>AmigaOS 3.1.4, 3.2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaOS_3.1.4,_3.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AmigaOS_4.0,_4.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaOS_4.0,_4.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>AmigaOS 4.0, 4.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaOS_4.0,_4.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on other operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="أميغا أو إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أميغا أو إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_OS" title="Amiga OS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amiga OS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آمیگااواس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمیگااواس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EA%B0%80OS" title="아미가OS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아미가OS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അമിഗഒഎസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമിഗഒഎസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="अमिगाओएस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमिगाओएस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="AmigaOS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q380526#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">AmigaOS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmigaOS_4.1_Update_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/AmigaOS_4.1_Update_2.png/300px-AmigaOS_4.1_Update_2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/AmigaOS_4.1_Update_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of AmigaOS 4.1</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a>, <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data">Amiga</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">Closed source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">July 23, 1985<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985-07-23</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.1 Final Edition Update 2 / January 12, 2021<span class="noprint">; 3 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-01-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">M68K</a>: versions 1.0 through 3.9<br /><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>: versions 4.0 through 4.1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Graphical_User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical User Interface">Graphical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)">Workbench</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amigaos.net">www<wbr />.amigaos<wbr />.net</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>AmigaOS</b> is a family of proprietary native <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> and <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a> personal computers. It was developed first by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a> and introduced with the launch of the first Amiga, the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a>, in 1985. Early versions of AmigaOS required the Motorola <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68000 family">68000 series</a> of <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> and <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> microprocessors. Later versions, after Commodore's demise, were developed by <a href="/wiki/Haage_%26_Partner" title="Haage & Partner">Haage & Partner</a> (AmigaOS 3.5 and 3.9) and then <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a> (AmigaOS 4.0-4.1). A <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> microprocessor is required for the most recent release, <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a>. </p><p>AmigaOS is a <a href="/wiki/Single-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-user">single-user</a> operating system based on a <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive multitasking">preemptive multitasking</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes an abstraction of the Amiga's hardware, a disk operating system called <i><a href="/wiki/AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> called <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)"><i>Intuition</i></a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">file manager</a> called <a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)"><i>Workbench</i></a>. </p><p>The Amiga intellectual property is fragmented between <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga Inc.">Amiga Inc.</a>, Cloanto, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a>. The copyrights for works created up to 1993 are owned by Cloanto.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Amiga Inc. contracted AmigaOS 4 development to Hyperion Entertainment, and in 2009 they granted Hyperion an exclusive, perpetual, worldwide license to AmigaOS 3.1 in order to develop and market AmigaOS 4 and subsequent versions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (September 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS Research Operating System</a> are modern implementations of the original AmigaOS that are compatible with it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AmigaOS is a single-user operating system based on a <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive multitasking">preemptive multitasking</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a>. AmigaOS provides an abstraction of the Amiga's hardware, a disk operating system called AmigaDOS, a <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> called <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)"><i>Intuition</i></a> and a desktop <a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">file manager</a> called <a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)"><i>Workbench</i></a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> (CLI), called AmigaShell, is also integrated into the system, though it also is entirely window-based. The CLI and Workbench components share the same privileges. Notably, AmigaOS lacks any built-in <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a>. </p><p>AmigaOS is formed from two parts, namely, a firmware component called <i><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></i> and a software portion usually referred to as <i>Workbench</i>. Up until AmigaOS 3.1, matching versions of Kickstart and Workbench were typically released together. However, since AmigaOS 3.5, the first release after Commodore's demise, only the software component has been updated and the role of Kickstart has been diminished somewhat. Firmware updates may still be applied by <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patching</a> at system boot. That was until 2018 when Hyperion Entertainment (license holder to AmigaOS 3.1) released AmigaOS 3.1.4 with an updated Kickstart ROM to go with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firmware_and_bootloader">Firmware and bootloader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Firmware and bootloader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart (Amiga)</a></div> <p><b>Kickstart</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootstrapping (computing)">bootstrap</a> firmware, usually stored in <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a>. Kickstart contains the code needed to boot standard Amiga hardware and many of the core components of AmigaOS. The function of Kickstart is comparable to the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> plus the main <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> kernel in <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>. However, Kickstart provides more functionality available at boot time than would typically be expected on PC, for example, the full windowing environment. </p><p>Kickstart contains many core parts of the Amiga's operating system, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a></i>, the core of <i>AmigaDOS</i> and functionality to initialize <a href="/wiki/Autoconfig" title="Autoconfig">Autoconfig</a>-compliant expansion hardware. Later versions of the Kickstart contained drivers for <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Drive_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Drive Electronics">IDE</a> and <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> controllers, <a href="/wiki/PC_card" class="mw-redirect" title="PC card">PC card</a> ports and other built-in hardware. </p><p>Upon start-up or reset the Kickstart performs a number of diagnostic and system checks and then initializes the Amiga chipset and some core OS components. It will then examine connected boot devices and attempt to boot from the one with the highest boot priority. If no boot device is present a screen will be displayed asking the user to insert a boot disk, typically a floppy disk. </p><p>At start-up Kickstart attempts to boot from a bootable device (typically, a floppy disk or hard disk drive). In the case of a floppy, the system reads the first two sectors of the disk (the <i>bootblock</i>), and executes any boot instructions stored there. Normally this code passes control back to the OS (invoking AmigaDOS and the GUI) and using the disk as the system boot volume. Any such disk, regardless of the other contents of the disk, was referred to as a "boot disk" or "bootable disk". A bootblock could be added to a blank disk by use of the <code>install</code> command. Some games and <a href="/wiki/Demo_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demo (computer programming)">demos</a> on floppy disk used custom bootblocks, which allowed them to take over the boot sequence and manage the Amiga's hardware without AmigaOS. </p><p>The bootblock became an obvious target for <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">virus</a> writers. Some games or demos that used a custom bootblock would not work if infected with a bootblock virus, as the code of the virus replaced the original. The first such virus was the <a href="/wiki/SCA_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="SCA virus">SCA virus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-virus_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-virus software">Anti-virus</a> attempts included custom bootblocks. These amended bootblock advertised the presence of the virus checker while checking the system for tell-tale signs of memory-resident viruses and then passed control back to the system. Unfortunately these could not be used on disks that already relied on a custom bootblock, but did alert users to potential trouble. Several of them also replicated themselves across other disks, becoming little more than viruses in their own right.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernel">Kernel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kernel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec (Amiga)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Macintosh should have had multitasking. I can't stress enough what a big contribution it makes to the elegant design of system software. The Amiga has an excellent multitasking system, and I think it will have twice the product life of the Macintosh because of it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adam Brooks Webber, the programmer responsible for porting <a href="/wiki/TrueBASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="TrueBASIC">TrueBASIC</a> to the Amiga and Macintosh, <i>Byte</i>, September 1986<sup id="cite_ref-webber198609_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webber198609-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><b>Exec</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multi-tasking</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> of AmigaOS. Exec provides functionality for multi-tasking, memory allocation, <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> handling and handling of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_linker" title="Dynamic linker">dynamic shared libraries</a>. It acts as a <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">scheduler</a> for tasks running on the system, providing pre-emptive multitasking with prioritized <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">round-robin scheduling</a>. Exec also provides access to other libraries and high-level <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> via <a href="/wiki/Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a>. Other comparable microkernels have had performance problems because of the need to copy messages between address spaces. Since the Amiga has only one address space, Exec message passing is quite efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-amiga_rkm_libs_exec_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amiga_rkm_libs_exec-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holloway_oo_amiga_exec_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holloway_oo_amiga_exec-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: AmigaDOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a></div> <p><b>AmigaDOS</b> provides the <a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">disk operating system</a> portion of the AmigaOS. This includes <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>, file and directory manipulation, the <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a>, file redirection, console windows, and so on. Its interfaces offer facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Redirection_(computing)" title="Redirection (computing)">command redirection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">piping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a> with <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> primitives, and a system of global and local <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variables</a>. </p><p>In AmigaOS 1.x, the AmigaDOS portion was based on <a href="/wiki/TRIPOS" title="TRIPOS">TRIPOS</a>, which is written in <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>. Interfacing with it from other languages proved a difficult and error-prone task, and the port of TRIPOS was not very efficient. </p><p>From AmigaOS 2.x onwards, AmigaDOS was rewritten in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembler</a>, retaining 1.x BCPL program compatibility, and it incorporated parts of the third-party <i>AmigaDOS Resource Project</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had already written replacements for many of the BCPL utilities and interfaces. </p><p>ARP also provided one of the first standardized <a href="/wiki/File_dialog" title="File dialog">file requesters</a> for the Amiga, and introduced the use of more friendly UNIX-style wildcard (<a href="/wiki/Glob_(programming)" title="Glob (programming)">globbing</a>) functions in command-line parameters. Other innovations were an improvement in the range of date formats accepted by commands and the facility to make a command resident, so that it only needs to be loaded into memory once and remains in memory to reduce the cost of loading in subsequent uses. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4.0" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaOS 4.0">AmigaOS 4.0</a>, the DOS abandoned the BCPL legacy completely and, starting from <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4.1" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaOS 4.1">AmigaOS 4.1</a>, it has been rewritten with full <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> support. </p><p><a href="/wiki/File_extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="File extensions">File extensions</a> are often used in AmigaOS, but they are not mandatory and they are not handled specially by the DOS, being instead just a conventional part of the file names. Executable programs are recognized using a <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">magic number</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical_user_interface">Graphical user interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Graphical user interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition (Amiga)</a></div> <p>The native Amiga <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a>, which handles input from the keyboard and mouse and rendering of screens, windows and <a href="/wiki/Widget_(GUI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Widget (GUI)">widgets</a>. </p><p>Prior to AmigaOS 2.0, there was no standardized <a href="/wiki/Look_and_feel" title="Look and feel">look and feel</a>, application developers had to write their own non-standard widgets. Commodore added the GadTools library and <a href="/wiki/BOOPSI" title="BOOPSI">BOOPSI</a> in AmigaOS 2.0, both of which provided standardized widgets. Commodore also published the <i>Amiga User Interface Style Guide</i>, which explained how applications should be laid out for consistency. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Stuntz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Stuntz (page does not exist)">Stefan Stuntz</a> created a popular third-party widget library, based on BOOPSI, called <a href="/wiki/Magic_User_Interface" title="Magic User Interface">Magic User Interface</a>, or MUI. <a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a> uses MUI as its official toolkit, while <a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a> uses a MUI clone called <a href="/wiki/Zune_(GUI_toolkit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zune (GUI toolkit)">Zune</a>. AmigaOS 3.5 added another widget set, <a href="/wiki/ReAction_GUI" title="ReAction GUI">ReAction</a>, also based on BOOPSI. </p><p>An unusual feature of AmigaOS is the use of multiple screens shown on the same display. Each screen may have a different video resolution or color depth. AmigaOS 2.0 added support for <i>public screens</i>, allowing applications to open windows on other applications' screens. Prior to AmigaOS 2.0, only the Workbench screen was shared.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A widget in the top-right corner of every screen allows screens to be cycled through. Screens can be overlaid by dragging each up or down by their title bars. AmigaOS 4 introduced screens that are draggable in any direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_manager">File manager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: File manager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)">Workbench (AmigaOS)</a></div> <p><b>Workbench</b> is the native graphical <a href="/wiki/Spatial_file_manager" title="Spatial file manager">file manager</a> and desktop environment of AmigaOS. Though the term Workbench was originally used to refer to the entire operating system, with the release of AmigaOS 3.1 the operating system was renamed AmigaOS and subsequently Workbench refers to the desktop manager only. As the name suggests, the <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Workbench" title="Workbench">workbench</a> is used, rather than that of a desktop; directories are depicted as <i>drawers</i>, executable files are <i>tools</i>, data files are <i>projects</i> and GUI widgets are <i>gadgets</i>. In many other aspects the interface resembles <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a>, with the main desktop showing icons of inserted disks and hard drive partitions, and a single menu bar at the top of every screen. Unlike the Macintosh mouse available at the time, the standard Amiga mouse has two buttons – the right mouse button operates the pull-down menus, with a "release to select" mechanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics">Graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the release of version 3, AmigaOS only natively supported the <a href="/wiki/Original_Amiga_chipset" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Amiga chipset">native Amiga graphics chipset</a>, via <i>graphics.library</i>, which provides an API for <a href="/wiki/Geometric_primitive" title="Geometric primitive">geometric primitives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Raster graphic">raster graphic</a> operations and handling of sprites. As this API could be bypassed, some developers chose to avoid OS functionality for rendering and directly program the underlying hardware for gains in efficiency. </p><p>Third-party graphics cards were initially supported via proprietary unofficial solutions. A later solution where AmigaOS could directly support any graphics system, was termed <i><a href="/wiki/ReTargetable_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="ReTargetable Graphics">retargetable graphics</a></i> (RTG).<sup id="cite_ref-amigau_com_amigartg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amigau_com_amigartg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With AmigaOS 3.5, some RTG systems were bundled with the OS, allowing the use of common hardware cards other than the native Amiga chipsets. The main RTG systems are <a href="/wiki/CyberGraphX" title="CyberGraphX">CyberGraphX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picasso_96" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso 96">Picasso 96</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Graphics System">EGS</a>. Some vector graphic libraries, like <a href="/wiki/Cairo_(graphics)" title="Cairo (graphics)">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Grain_Geometry" title="Anti-Grain Geometry">Anti-Grain Geometry</a>, are also available. Modern systems can use cross-platform <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> (simple DirectMedia Layer) engine for games and other multimedia programs. </p><p>The Amiga did not have any inbuilt <a href="/wiki/3D_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphics">3D graphics</a> capability, and so had no standard 3D graphics <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a>. Later, graphics card manufacturers and third-party developers provided their own standards, which included <a href="/wiki/MiniGL" title="MiniGL">MiniGL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warp3D" title="Warp3D">Warp3D</a>, Storm<a href="/wiki/Mesa_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa 3D">Mesa</a> (<i>agl.library</i>) and CyberGL. </p><p>The Amiga was launched at a time when there was little support for 3D graphics libraries to enhance desktop GUIs and computer rendering capabilities. However, the Amiga became one of the first widespread 3D development platforms. <a href="/wiki/VideoScape_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="VideoScape 3D">VideoScape 3D</a> was one of the earliest 3D rendering and animation systems, and Silver/<a href="/wiki/TurboSilver" title="TurboSilver">TurboSilver</a> was one of the first ray-tracing 3D programs. Then Amiga boasted many influential applications in 3D software, such as <a href="/wiki/Imagine_(3D_modeling_software)" title="Imagine (3D modeling software)">Imagine</a>, maxon's <a href="/wiki/Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realsoft_3D" title="Realsoft 3D">Realsoft 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/VistaPro" title="VistaPro">VistaPro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_4D" class="mw-redirect" title="Aladdin 4D">Aladdin 4D</a> and NewTek's <a href="/wiki/LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">Lightwave</a> (used to render movies and television shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i>). </p><p>Likewise, while the Amiga is well known for its ability to easily <a href="/wiki/Genlock" title="Genlock">genlock</a> with video, it has no built-in <a href="/wiki/Video_capture" title="Video capture">video capture</a> interface. The Amiga supported a vast number of third-party interfaces for video capture from American and European manufacturers. There were internal and external hardware solutions, called frame-grabbers, for capturing individual or sequences of video frames, including: Newtronic Videon, <a href="/wiki/Newtek" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtek">Newtek</a> DigiView,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graffiti external <span class="nowrap">24-bit</span> <a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</a>, the Digilab, the Videocruncher, Firecracker 24, Vidi Amiga 12, Vidi Amiga 24-bit and 24RT (Real Time), Newtek <a href="/wiki/Video_Toaster" title="Video Toaster">Video Toaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_Products" title="Great Valley Products">GVP</a> Impact Vision IV24, MacroSystem VLab Motion and VLab PAR, DPS <a href="/wiki/Personal_Animation_Recorder" title="Personal Animation Recorder">PAR</a> (Personal Animation Recorder), VHI (Video Hardware Interface) by IOSPIRIT GmbH, DVE-10, etc. Some solutions were hardware plug-ins for Amiga graphics cards like the Merlin XCalibur module, or the DV module built for the Amiga clone <a href="/wiki/DraCo" title="DraCo">Draco</a> from the German firm Macrosystem. Modern <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> bus TV expansion cards and their capture interfaces are supported through <i>tv.library</i> by Elbox Computer and <i>tvcard.library</i> by Guido Mersmann. </p><p>Following modern trends in evolution of graphical interfaces, <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4.1" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaOS 4.1">AmigaOS 4.1</a> uses the 3D hardware-accelerated <a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">Porter-Duff</a> image composition engine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to version 3.5, AmigaOS only officially supported the Amiga's native <a href="/wiki/Paula_(computer_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paula (computer chip)">sound chip</a>, via <i>audio.device</i>. This facilitates playback of sound samples on four <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a>-driven 8-bit <a href="/wiki/PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM">PCM</a> sound channels. The only supported hardware sample format is signed linear 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Two%27s_complement" title="Two's complement">two's complement</a>. </p><p>Support for third-party audio cards was vendor-dependent, until the creation and adoption of <a href="/wiki/AHI_(Amiga)" title="AHI (Amiga)">AHI</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a de facto standard. AHI offers improved functionality, such as seamless audio playback from a user-selected audio device, standardized functionality for audio recording and efficient software mixing routines for combining multiple sound channels, thus overcoming the four-channel hardware limit of the original Amiga chipset. AHI can be installed separately on AmigaOS v2.0 and later.<sup id="cite_ref-ahi-bin_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahi-bin-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AmigaOS itself did not support <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> until version 3.1, when Roger Dannenberg's <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Amiga_MIDI_Driver" title="Commodore Amiga MIDI Driver">camd.library</a> was adapted as the standard MIDI API. Commodore's version of camd.library also included a built-in driver for the serial port. The later open source version of camd.library by Kjetil Matheussen did not provide a built-in driver for the serial port, but provided an external driver instead. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Amiga_speech_synthesis.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Amiga_speech_synthesis.flac"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Amiga_speech_synthesis.flac/Amiga_speech_synthesis.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Amiga_speech_synthesis.flac/Amiga_speech_synthesis.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Amiga_speech_synthesis.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAmiga_speech_synthesis.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Example of speech synthesis with the included Say utility in Workbench 1.3</figcaption></figure> <p>AmigaOS was one of the first operating systems to feature <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a> with software developed by SoftVoice, Inc., which allowed text-to-speech conversion of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had three main components: <i>narrator.device</i>, which modulates the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> used in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <i>translator.library</i>, which translates English text to American English phonemes using a set of rules, and a high-level <i>SPEAK:</i> handler, which allows command-line users to redirect text output to speech. A utility called <i>Say</i> was included with the OS, which allowed text-to-speech synthesis with some control of voice and speech parameters. A demo was also included with <a href="/wiki/AmigaBASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaBASIC">AmigaBASIC</a> programming examples. Speech synthesis was occasionally used in third-party programs, particularly educational software. For example, the word processors Prowrite and Excellence! could read out documents using the synthesizer. These speech synthesis components remained largely unchanged in later OS releases and Commodore eventually removed speech synthesis support from AmigaOS 2.1 onward because of licensing restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Amiga_Workbench_2.1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amiga_Workbench_2.1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the American English limitation of the <i>narrator.device'</i>s phonemes, Francesco Devitt developed an unofficial version with multilingual speech synthesis. This made use of an enhanced version of the <i>translator.library</i> which could translate a number of languages into phonemes, given a set of rules for each language.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AmigaOS has a dynamically sized <a href="/wiki/RAM_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM disk">RAM disk</a>, which resizes itself automatically to accommodate its contents. Starting with AmigaOS 2.x, operating system configuration files were loaded into the RAM disk on boot, greatly speeding operating system usage. Other files could be copied to the RAM disk like any standard device for quick modification and retrieval. Also beginning in AmigaOS 2.x, the RAM disk supported file-change notification, which was mostly used to monitor configuration files for changes. </p><p>Starting with AmigaOS 1.3,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is also a fixed-capacity recoverable RAM disk, which functions as a standard RAM disk but can maintain its contents on soft restart. It is commonly called the <i>RAD disk</i> after its default device name, and it can be used as a boot disk (with boot sector). Previously, a recoverable RAM disk, commonly called the <i>ASDG RRD</i> or <i>VD0</i>, was introduced in 1987;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at first, it was locked to ASDG expansion memory products. Later, the ASDG RRD was added to the <a href="/wiki/Fred_Fish" title="Fred Fish">Fred Fish</a> series of freeware, shareware, and public domain software (disks 58<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 241<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripting">Scripting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scripting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ARexx" title="ARexx">ARexx</a></div> <p>The AmigaOS has support for the <a href="/wiki/Rexx" title="Rexx">Rexx</a> language, called ARexx (short for "Amiga Rexx"), and is a script language which allows for full OS scripting, similar to <a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a>; intra-application scripting, similar to <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>; as well as inter-program communication. Having a single scripting language for any application on the operating system is beneficial to users, instead of having to learn a new language for each application. </p><p>Programs can listen on an "ARexx port" for string messages. These messages can then be interpreted by the program in a similar fashion to a user pushing buttons. For example, an ARexx script run in an e-mail program could save the currently displayed email, invoke an external program which could extract and process information, and then invoke a viewer program. This allows applications to control other applications by sending data back and forth directly with memory handles, instead of saving files to disk and then reloading them. </p><p>Since AmigaOS 4, the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> language is included with the operating system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_overview">Technical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_C._Dvorak" title="John C. Dvorak">John C. Dvorak</a> stated in 1996: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The AmigaOS "remains one of the great operating systems of the past 20 years, incorporating a small kernel and tremendous <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> capabilities the likes of which have only recently been developed in <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>. The biggest difference is that the AmigaOS could operate fully and multitask in as little as 250 K of address space. Even today, the OS is only about 1 MB in size. And to this day, there is very little a memory-hogging CD-ROM-loading OS can do the Amiga can't. Tight code — there's nothing like it.<br /> I've had an Amiga for maybe a decade. It's the single most reliable piece of equipment I've ever owned. It's amazing! You can easily understand why so many fanatics are out there wondering why they are alone in their love of the thing. The Amiga continues to inspire a vibrant — albeit cultlike — community, not unlike that which you have with Linux, the Unix clone."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_devices">Libraries and devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Libraries and devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AmigaOS provides a <a href="/wiki/Modularity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modularity (programming)">modular</a> set of system functions through <a href="/wiki/Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">dynamically loaded shared libraries</a>, either stored as a file on disk with a "<code>.library</code>" filename extension, or stored in the Kickstart firmware. All library functions are accessed via an indirect <a href="/wiki/Jump_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Jump table">jump table</a>, which is a negative offset to the library base pointer. That way, every library function can be <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patched</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hooking" title="Hooking">hooked</a> at run-time, even if the library is stored in ROM. The core library of AmigaOS is the <i>exec.library</i> (<a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a>), which provides an interface to functions of the Amiga's <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a> are also libraries, but they implement a standardized interface. Applications do not usually call devices directly as libraries, but use the <i>exec.library</i> I/O functions to indirectly access them. Like libraries, devices are either files on disk (with the "<code>.device</code>" extension), or stored in the Kickstart ROM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handlers,_AmigaDOS_and_filesystems"><span id="Handlers.2C_AmigaDOS_and_filesystems"></span>Handlers, AmigaDOS and filesystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Handlers, AmigaDOS and filesystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The higher-level part of device and resource management is controlled by <i>handlers</i>, which are not libraries, but <a href="/wiki/Task_(computing)" title="Task (computing)">tasks</a>, and communicate by passing messages. One type of handler is a <a href="/wiki/Filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Filesystem">filesystem</a> handler. The AmigaOS can make use of any filesystem for which a handler has been written, a possibility that has been exploited by programs like <a href="/wiki/CrossDOS" title="CrossDOS">CrossDOS</a> and by a few "alternative" file systems to the standard <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">OFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">FFS</a>. These file systems allow one to add new features like <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">journaling</a> or <a href="/wiki/File_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="File privilege">file privileges</a>, which are not found in the standard operating system. Handlers typically expose a <i>device name</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">DOS</a>, which can be used to access the peripheral (if any) associated with the handler. As an example of these concepts is the <i>SPEAK: handler</i> which could have text redirected to spoken speech, through the speech synthesis system. </p><p>Device names are <a href="/wiki/Case_sensitivity" title="Case sensitivity">case insensitive</a> (uppercase by convention) strings followed by a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>. After the colon a <i>specifier</i> can be added, which gives the handler additional information about <i>what</i> is being accessed and <i>how</i>. In the case of filesystem, the specifier usually consists of a <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">path</a> to a file in the filesystem; for other handlers, specifiers usually set characteristics of the desired input/output channel (for the <i>SER:</i> serial port driver, for example, the specifier will contain <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_start-stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous start-stop">start and stop bits</a>, etc.). Filesystems expose <i>drive names</i> as their device names. For example, <i>DF0:</i> by default refers to the first floppy drive in the system. On many systems <i>DH0:</i> is used to refer to the first hard drive. Filesystems also expose <i>volume names</i>, following the same syntax as device names: these identify the specific medium in the file system-managed drive. If <i>DF0:</i> contains a disk named "Workbench", then <i>Workbench:</i> will be a volume name that can be used to access files in <i>DF0:</i>. If one wanted to access a file named "Bar" located in directory "Foo" of the disk with name "Work" in drive <i>DF0:</i>, one could write "<code>DF0:Foo/Bar</code>" or "<code>Work:Foo/Bar</code>". However, these are not completely equivalent, since when the latter form is used, the system knows that the wanted volume <b>is</b> "Work" and not just any volume in <i>DF0:</i>. Therefore, whenever a requested file on "Work" is being accessed without volume "Work" being present in any drive, it will say something to the effect of: <code>Please insert volume Work in any drive</code>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">Programs</a> often need to access files without knowing their physical location (either the drive or the volume): they only know the "logical path" of the file, i.e. whether the file is a library, a documentation file, a translation of the program's messages, and so on. This is solved in AmigaOS by the use of <i>assigns</i>. An assign follows, again, the same syntax as a device name; however, it already points to a directory inside the filesystem. The place an assign points to can be changed at any time by the user (this behavior is similar to, but nevertheless distinct from, the <code>subst</code> command in <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, for example). Assigns were also convenient because one logical assign could point to more than one different physical location at the same time, thereby allowing an <i>assign</i>′s contents to expand logically, while still maintaining a separate physical organization. Standard assigns that are generally present in an AmigaOS system include: </p> <ul><li><i>SYS:</i>, which points to the boot drive's root directory.</li> <li><i>C:</i>, which points to a directory containing shell commands. At boot time, this is SYS:C, if it exists, otherwise SYS:. The <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)#PATH_variable" title="Path (computing)">command path</a> defaults to C: and the current working directory, so putting executables in C: allows them to be executed simply by typing their name.</li> <li><i>DEVS:</i>, which points to a directory containing the system's devices. At boot time, this is SYS:Devs if that directory exists, otherwise SYS:.</li> <li><i>L:</i>, which points to a directory containing AmigaDOS handlers and filesystems. At boot time, this is SYS:L if it exists, otherwise L: is not automatically created.</li> <li><i>LIBS:</i>, which points to a directory containing the system's libraries. At boot time, this is SYS:Libs if that directory exists, otherwise SYS:.</li> <li><i>S:</i>, which points to a directory with scripts, including the <code>startup-sequence</code> which is executed automatically at boot time, if it exists. At boot time, this is SYS:S if it exists, otherwise S: is not automatically created.</li> <li><i>T:</i>, which points to a <a href="/wiki/Temporary_folder" title="Temporary folder">temporary folder</a>.</li> <li><i>PROGDIR:</i>, a special assign that always points to the directory containing the currently running executable. IFor example, if a user runs "SYS:Tools/Multiview" and "SYS:System/Format", PROGDIR: points at SYS:Tools for Multiview while simultaneously pointing at SYS:System for the Format command. This feature was introduced in Workbench 2.0.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_paging_and_a_swap_partition_in_later_versions">Memory paging and a swap partition in later versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memory paging and a swap partition in later versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a> introduced new system for allocating RAM and defragmenting it "on the fly" during system inactivities. It is based on <a href="/wiki/Slab_allocation" title="Slab allocation">slab allocation method</a> and there is also present a memory pager that arbitrates paging memory and allows the swapping of large portions of physical RAM on mass storage devices as a sort of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-operative <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">paging</a> was finally implemented in <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4.1" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaOS 4.1">AmigaOS 4.1</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_versions" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaOS versions">AmigaOS versions</a></div> <p>Since the introduction of AmigaOS in 1985 there have been four major versions and several minor revisions. Up until release 3.1 of the Amiga's operating system, Commodore used <i>Workbench</i> to refer to the entire Amiga operating system. As a consequence Workbench was commonly used to refer to both the operating system and the file manager component. For end users Workbench was often synonymous with AmigaOS. From version 3.5 the OS was renamed "AmigaOS" and pre-3.5 versions were also retroactively referred to as "AmigaOS" (rather than Workbench). Subsequently, "Workbench" refers to the native graphical file manager only. </p><p>From its inception, Workbench offered a highly customizable interface. The user could change the aspect of program icons replacing it with newer ones with different color combinations. Users could also take a "snapshot" of icons and windows so the icons will remain on the desktop at coordinates chosen by user and windows will open at the desired size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaOS_1.0_–_1.4"><span id="AmigaOS_1.0_.E2.80.93_1.4"></span>AmigaOS 1.0 – 1.4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: AmigaOS 1.0 – 1.4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga_Workbench_1_3_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Amiga_Workbench_1_3_large.png/250px-Amiga_Workbench_1_3_large.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e4/Amiga_Workbench_1_3_large.png 1.5x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>AmigaOS 1.3 (1988)</figcaption></figure> <p>AmigaOS 1.0 was released with the first Amiga, the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a>, in 1985. The 1.x versions of AmigaOS by default used a blue and orange color scheme, designed to give high contrast on even the worst of television screens (the colors can be changed by the user). Version 1.1 consists mostly of bug fixes and, like version 1.0, was distributed for the Amiga 1000 only. </p><p>The display was highly customizable for the era. The user was free to create and modify system and user icons, which could be of arbitrary size and design and can have two image states to produce a pseudo-animated effect when selected. Users could customize four display colors and choose from two resolutions: <span class="nowrap">640×200</span> or <span class="nowrap">640×400</span> (interlaced) on <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, or <span class="nowrap">640×256</span> or <span class="nowrap">640×512</span> on <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> systems. In later revisions, the TV or monitor overscan could be adjusted. </p><p>Several features were deprecated in later versions. For example, the gauge meter showing the free space on a file system was replaced with a percentage in AmigaOS 2.0 before being restored in 3.5. The default "busy" pointer (a comic balloon showing "Zzz...") was replaced with a stopwatch in later versions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaOS_2.0,_2.1"><span id="AmigaOS_2.0.2C_2.1"></span>AmigaOS 2.0, 2.1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: AmigaOS 2.0, 2.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AmigaOS 2.0 was released with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">Amiga 3000</a> in 1990. Until AmigaOS 2.0 there was no unified <a href="/wiki/Look_and_feel" title="Look and feel">look and feel</a> design standard and application developers had to write their own widgets (both buttons and menus) if they wished to enhance the already-meager selection of standard basic widgets provided by Intuition. With AmigaOS 2.0 <i>gadtools.library</i> was created, which provided standard widget sets. The <i>Amiga User Interface Style Guide</i>, was published which explained how applications should be laid out for consistency. Intuition was improved with <a href="/wiki/BOOPSI" title="BOOPSI">BOOPSI</a> (Basic Object Oriented Programming System for Intuition) which enhanced the system with an <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a> interface to define a system of classes in which every class individuates a single widget or describes an interface event. It can be used to program object oriented interfaces into Amiga at any level. </p><p>AmigaOS 2.0 also added support for <i>public screens</i>. Instead of the AmigaOS screen being the only shareable screen, applications could create their own named screens to share with other applications. </p><p>AmigaOS 2.0 rectified the problem of applications <a href="/wiki/Hooking" title="Hooking">hooking</a> directly into the input-events stream to capture keyboard and mouse movements, sometimes locking up the whole system. AmigaOS 2.0 provided <i>Commodities</i>, a standard interface for modifying or scanning input events. This included a standard method for specifying global "hotkey" key-sequences, and a <i>Commodities Exchange</i> registry for the user to see which commodities were running. </p><p>AmigaOS 2.1 introduced <i><a href="/wiki/AmigaGuide" title="AmigaGuide">AmigaGuide</a></i>, a simple text-only <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> markup scheme and browser, for providing online help inside applications. It also introduced <i>Installer</i>, a standard software installation program, driven by a <a href="/wiki/LISP" class="mw-redirect" title="LISP">LISP</a>-like scripting language. </p><p>AmigaOS 2.1 introduced multi-lingual locale support through <i>locale.library</i> and for the first time AmigaOS was translated to different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Amiga_Workbench_2.1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amiga_Workbench_2.1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaOS_3.0,_3.1"><span id="AmigaOS_3.0.2C_3.1"></span>AmigaOS 3.0, 3.1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: AmigaOS 3.0, 3.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Version 3.0 was originally shipped with the Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000 computers. Version 3.0 added datatypes support which allowed any application that supported datatypes to load any file format supported by datatypes. Workbench could load any background image in any format if the required datatype was installed. A tiny application called Multiview was included that could open and display any supported file. Its capabilities were directly related to the datatypes installed in Devs:Datatypes. The established AmigaGuide hypertext system gained more usability by using document links pointing to media files, for example pictures or sounds, all recognized by the datatypes. </p><p>On December 29, 2015, the AmigaOS 3.1 <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> <a href="/wiki/Source_code_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Source code leak">leaked</a> online; this was confirmed by the licensee, <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaOS_3.5,_3.9"><span id="AmigaOS_3.5.2C_3.9"></span>AmigaOS 3.5, 3.9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: AmigaOS 3.5, 3.9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around six years after AmigaOS 3.1 was released, following Commodore's demise, <a href="/wiki/Haage_%26_Partner" title="Haage & Partner">Haage & Partner</a> were granted a license to update AmigaOS, which was released in 1999 as a software-only update for existing systems, that ran at least on a 68(EC)020 processor. </p><p>The AmigaOS <a href="/wiki/Look_and_feel" title="Look and feel">look and feel</a>, though still largely based on the earlier 3.1 release was revised somewhat, with an improved user interface based on ReAction, improved icon rendering and official support for <a href="/wiki/24-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit color">true color</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_wallpaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer wallpaper">backdrops</a>. These releases included support for existing third-party GUI enhancements, such as <a href="/wiki/NewIcons" title="NewIcons">NewIcons</a>, by integrating these patches into the system. The 3.5 and 3.9 releases included a new set of 256 color icons and a choice of desktop wallpaper. These replaced the default all-metal gray 4/8 color scheme used on AmigaOS from release 2.0 to 3.1. </p><p>The 3.9 release of AmigaOS was again developed by Haage&Partner and released in 2000. The main improvements were the introduction of a program start bar called AmiDock, revised user interfaces for system settings and improved utility programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaOS_3.1.4,_3.2"><span id="AmigaOS_3.1.4.2C_3.2"></span>AmigaOS 3.1.4, 3.2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: AmigaOS 3.1.4, 3.2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmigaOS3.2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AmigaOS3.2.png/220px-AmigaOS3.2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AmigaOS3.2.png/330px-AmigaOS3.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AmigaOS3.2.png/440px-AmigaOS3.2.png 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>AmigaOS 3.2 (2021)</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 2018, Hyperion Entertainment released AmigaOS 3.1.4; this was both a software and hardware update for all Amigas. In 2019, AmigaOS 3.1.4.1 was released as a software only update to Amiga 3.1.4, mainly as a bug fix.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It includes many fixes, modernizes several system components previously upgraded in OS 3.9, introduces support of larger hard drives (including at bootup), supports the entire line of Motorola 680x0 CPUs up to (and including) the Motorola 68060, and includes a modernized Workbench with a new, optional icon set. Unlike AmigaOS 3.5 / 3.9, AmigaOS 3.1.4 still supports the Motorola 68000 CPU. </p><p>In May 2021, Hyperion Entertainment released AmigaOS 3.2, which includes all features of the previous version (3.1.4.1) and adds several new improvements such as support for <a href="/wiki/ReAction_GUI" title="ReAction GUI">ReAction GUI</a>, management of <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Disk_File" title="Amiga Disk File">Amiga Disk File</a> images, help system and improved datatypes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2021, an update was released named AmigaOS 3.2.1, with bug fixes and other improvements. A second update, named AmigaOS 3.2.2, was released in March 2023 with more improvements and bug fixes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaOS_4.0,_4.1"><span id="AmigaOS_4.0.2C_4.1"></span>AmigaOS 4.0, 4.1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: AmigaOS 4.0, 4.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmigaOS4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/AmigaOS4.png/220px-AmigaOS4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/AmigaOS4.png/330px-AmigaOS4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/AmigaOS4.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>AmigaOS 4.0 (2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>This new AmigaOS, called AmigaOS 4.0 has been rewritten to become fully <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> compatible. It was initially developed on Cyberstorm PPC, as making it independent of the old Amiga chipsets was nontrivial.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS4#AmigaOS_4.0_(Developer_Pre-release_Update_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaOS4">fourth Developer Pre-Release Update</a> a new technique was adopted and the screens are draggable in any direction.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Drag_and_drop" title="Drag and drop">Drag and drop</a> of Workbench icons between different screens is possible too. </p><p>Also in AmigaOS 4.0 were a new version of Amidock, <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a>/<a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> fonts, and a movie player with <a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> support. </p><p>In AmigaOS 4.1, a new Start-up preferences feature was added which replaced the old WBStartup drawer. Additional enhancements were a new icon set to complement higher screen resolutions, new window themes including drop shadows, a new version of AmiDock with true transparency, scalable icons and AmigaOS with auto-update feature.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, AmigaOS developer <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a> released an SDK for AmigaOS 4.1.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_other_operating_systems">Influence on other operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Influence on other operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmigaOS_3_and_clones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AmigaOS_3_and_clones.svg/220px-AmigaOS_3_and_clones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AmigaOS_3_and_clones.svg/330px-AmigaOS_3_and_clones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AmigaOS_3_and_clones.svg/440px-AmigaOS_3_and_clones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>AmigaOS and compatibles</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS Research Operating System</a> (AROS) implements the AmigaOS API in a portable open-source operating system. Although not binary-compatible with AmigaOS (unless running on 68k), users have reported it to be highly source-code-compatible. </p><p><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a> is a PowerPC native operating system which also runs on some Amiga hardware. It implements AmigaOS API and provides binary compatibility with "OS-friendly" AmigaOS applications (that is, those applications which do not access any native, legacy Amiga hardware directly just as AmigaOS 4.x unless executed on real Amiga models). </p><p><i>pOS</i> was a multiplatform closed-source operating system with source code-level compatibility with existing Amiga software.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> features also a centralized datatype structure similar to MacOS Easy Open after old Amiga developers requested Be to adopt Amiga datatype service. It allows the entire OS to recognize all kinds of files (text, music, videos, documents, etc.) with standard <a href="/wiki/File_descriptor" title="File descriptor">file descriptors</a>. The datatype system provides the entire system and any productivity tools with standard loaders and savers for these files, without the need to embed multiple file-loading capabilities into any single program.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/AtheOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS">AtheOS</a> was inspired by AmigaOS, and originally intended to be a clone of AmigaOS.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Syllable_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable (operating system)">Syllable</a> is a fork of AtheOS, and includes some AmigaOS- and <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a>-like qualities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friend_Unifying_Platform_(Friend_UP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friend Unifying Platform (Friend UP)">FriendUP</a> is a cloud based meta operating system. It has many former Commodore and Amiga developers and employees working on the project. The operating system retains several AmigaOS-like features, including DOS Drivers, mount lists, a TRIPOS based CLI and screen dragging.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the operating system of the <a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO Interactive Multiplayer</a> bore a very strong resemblance to AmigaOS and was developed by <a href="/wiki/RJ_Mical" title="RJ Mical">RJ Mical</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the creator of the Amiga's <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a> user interface.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hyperion-entertainment.com&rft.atitle=New+Update+2+of+AmigaOS+3.2+available+for+download+NOW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyperion-entertainment.com%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2F1-latest-news%2F307-new-update-2-of-amigaos-32-available-for-download-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmigaOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Doyle" class="citation web cs1">David Doyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=39217&forum=2&start=100&viewmode=flat&order=0#758800">"Amigaworld.net – The Amiga Computer Community Portal Website"</a>. <i>amigaworld.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amigaworld.net&rft.atitle=Amigaworld.net+%E2%80%93+The+Amiga+Computer+Community+Portal+Website&rft.au=David+Doyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famigaworld.net%2Fmodules%2Fnewbb%2Fviewtopic.php%3Fmode%3Dviewtopic%26topic_id%3D39217%26forum%3D2%26start%3D100%26viewmode%3Dflat%26order%3D0%23758800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmigaOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown" class="citation web cs1">Unknown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004204749/http://www.intuitionbase.com/static.php?section=en_os4up4-review">"IntuitionBase – Your Guide To AmigaOS4.x And The AmigaOne"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AtheOS+comments&rft.pub=ANN.lu&rft.date=2000-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fann.lu%2Fcomments2.cgi%3Fview%3D0957529072%26category%3Dnews%26start%3D1%2637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmigaOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://friendup.cloud/">"Home"</a>. <i>friendup.cloud</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=friendup.cloud&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffriendup.cloud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmigaOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMical_resume" class="citation web cs1">Mical resume. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mical.org/workhistory/">"Mical Page"</a>. <i>Mical.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+Amiga%2C+part+3%3A+The+first+prototype&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Farticles%2Fculture%2Fa-history-of-the-amiga-part-3.ars%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmigaOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaOS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amigaos.net">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" 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title="AmigaGuide">AmigaGuide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARexx" title="ARexx">ARexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitter_object" title="Blitter object">Blitter object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Amiga_MIDI_Driver" title="Commodore Amiga MIDI Driver">CAMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a>/<a href="/wiki/WarpOS" title="WarpOS">WarpOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Meditation" title="Guru Meditation">Guru Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Hunk" title="Amiga Hunk">Hunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(programming_language)" title="Installer (programming language)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_drive" title="RAM drive">RAM disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAD_(software)" title="XAD (software)">XAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_(desktop_environment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient (desktop environment)">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_User_Interface" title="Magic User Interface">MUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Opus" title="Directory Opus">Opus Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReAction_GUI" title="ReAction GUI">ReAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalos" title="Scalos">Scalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)">Workbench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_(widget_toolkit)" title="Zune (widget toolkit)">Zune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrossDOS" title="CrossDOS">CrossDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">SFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_version_history" title="AmigaOS version history">AmigaOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software packs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Forever" title="Amiga Forever">Amiga Forever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmiKit" title="AmiKit">AmiKit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Amiga_software" title="Amiga software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminet" title="Aminet">Aminet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Reflections" title="Amiga Reflections">Amiga Reflections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_demos" title="Amiga demos">Demos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amiga_games" title="List of Amiga games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(programming_language)" title="Hollywood (programming language)">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Disk_File" title="Amiga Disk File">ADF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHDLoad" title="WHDLoad">WHDLoad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_(emulator)" title="UAE (emulator)">WinUAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAM_(Yet_Another_Mailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="YAM (Yet Another Mailer)">YAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmiZilla" title="AmiZilla">AmiZilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS">AtheOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllable_Desktop" title="Syllable Desktop">Syllable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:AmigaOS" title="Category:AmigaOS">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amiga_hardware_(history)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amiga_hardware" title="Template:Amiga hardware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amiga_hardware" title="Template talk:Amiga hardware"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga_hardware" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga hardware"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amiga_hardware_(history)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> hardware <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Amiga" title="History of the Amiga">history</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amiga_models_and_variants" title="Amiga models and variants">Amiga models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_500_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 500 Plus">500 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_600" title="Amiga 600">600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 1500">1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_2500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 2500">2500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000T" title="Amiga 3000T">3000T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000UX" title="Amiga 3000UX">3000UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000" title="Amiga 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000T" title="Amiga 4000T">4000T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_CD32" title="Amiga CD32">CD32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_CDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore CDTV">CDTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AmigaOne models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam460ex" title="Sam460ex">AmigaOne 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOne_X1000" title="AmigaOne X1000">AmigaOne X1000</a></li> <li>AmigaOne X5000</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial 68k models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimig" title="Minimig">Minimig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natami" class="mw-redirect" title="Natami">Natami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial PPC models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasos" title="Pegasos">Pegasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efika" title="Efika">Efika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam440ep" title="Sam440ep">Sam440ep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam440ep" title="Sam440ep">Sam440ep-flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam460ex" title="Sam460ex">Sam460ex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam460ex_Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam460ex Lite">Sam460ex Lite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Walker" title="Amiga Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_A5000" title="Power A5000">Power A5000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga chipsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_Chip_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Chip Set">Original Chip Set (OCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Ranger_Chipset" title="Amiga Ranger Chipset">Ranger Chipset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Enhanced_Chip_Set" title="Amiga Enhanced Chip Set">Enhanced Chipset (ECS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" title="Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture">Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Architecture_chipset" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga Advanced Architecture chipset">Amiga Advanced Architecture chipset (AAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_AA%2B_Chipset" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore AA+ Chipset">Commodore AA+ Chipset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Hombre_chipset" title="Amiga Hombre chipset">Amiga Hombre chipset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga custom chips</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_Agnus" title="MOS Technology Agnus">Agnus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitter_(OCS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blitter (OCS)">Blitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_(OCS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper (OCS)">Copper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_(computer_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice (computer chip)">Alice (AGA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_(OCS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denise (OCS)">Denise (OCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_(computer_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa (computer chip)">Lisa (AGA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_(computer_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paula (computer chip)">Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_custom_chips" title="Amiga custom chips">other Amiga custom chips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Chip_RAM" title="Amiga Chip RAM">Chip RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold-And-Modify" title="Hold-And-Modify">Hold-And-Modify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Halfbrite_mode" title="Amiga Halfbrite mode">Extra Half-Brite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd Party Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flicker_fixer" title="Flicker fixer">Flicker fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Replay" title="Action Replay">Action Replay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Sidecar" title="Amiga Sidecar">Amiga Sidecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Amiga Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Amiga Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_video_connector" title="Amiga video connector">Amiga video connector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amiga_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amiga_companies" title="Template:Amiga companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amiga_companies" title="Template talk:Amiga companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amiga_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Property owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga,_Inc." title="Amiga, Inc.">Amiga, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original developer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Corporation" title="Amiga Corporation">Amiga Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainly hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACube_Systems_Srl" title="ACube Systems Srl">ACube Systems Srl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesi" title="Genesi">Genesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewTek" title="NewTek">NewTek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainly software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaComCo" title="MetaComCo">MetaComCo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other companies - Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga,_Inc._(South_Dakota)" title="Amiga, Inc. (South Dakota)">Amiga, Inc. (South Dakota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escom_(computer_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Escom (computer company)">Escom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyetech" title="Eyetech">Eyetech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway,_Inc." title="Gateway, Inc.">Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_Products" title="Great Valley Products">Great Valley Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase5" title="Phase5">Phase5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xetec" title="Xetec">Xetec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amiga_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amiga_people" title="Template:Amiga people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amiga_people" title="Template talk:Amiga people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amiga_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> people</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original creators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Haynie" title="Dave Haynie">Dave Haynie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RJ_Mical" title="RJ Mical">RJ Mical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Miner" title="Jay Miner">Jay Miner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Needle" title="Dave Needle">Dave Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Morse_(executive)" title="Dave Morse (executive)">Dave Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sassenrath" title="Carl Sassenrath">Carl Sassenrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Tyschtschenko" title="Petro Tyschtschenko">Petro Tyschtschenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dillon" title="Matthew Dillon">Matthew Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Fish" title="Fred Fish">Fred Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Follin" title="Tim Follin">Tim Follin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Hare" title="Jon Hare">Jon Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Huelsbeck" title="Chris Huelsbeck">Chris Huelsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Joseph" title="Richard Joseph">Richard Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lionet" title="François Lionet">François Lionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whittaker_(video_game_composer)" title="David Whittaker (video game composer)">David Whittaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Williams_(game_designer)" title="Bill Williams (game designer)">Bill Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wright_(Welsh_musician)" title="Tim Wright (Welsh musician)">Tim Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bielby" title="Matt Bielby">Matt Bielby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieron_Gillen" title="Kieron Gillen">Kieron Gillen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amiga_magazines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Amiga_Format" title="Amiga Format">Amiga Format</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Force" title="Amiga Force">Amiga Force</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Power" title="Amiga Power">Amiga Power</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Survivor" title="Amiga Survivor">Amiga Survivor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amiga_User_International" title="Amiga User International">Amiga User International</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amiga_World" title="Amiga World">Amiga World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C-lehti" title="C-lehti">C-lehti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Shopper_(UK_magazine)" title="Computer Shopper (UK magazine)">Computer Shopper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commodore_User#CU_Amiga" title="Commodore User">CU Amiga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/.info_(magazine)" title=".info (magazine)">.info</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miggybyte" title="Miggybyte">Miggybyte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_(magazine)" title="The One (magazine)">The One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ST/Amiga_Format" title="ST/Amiga Format">ST/Amiga Format</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Amiga_magazines" title="Category:Amiga magazines">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microkernels-nanokernels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microkernel" title="Template:Microkernel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microkernel" title="Template talk:Microkernel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microkernel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microkernel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microkernels-nanokernels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernels</a>-<a href="/wiki/Microkernel#Nanokernel" title="Microkernel">nanokernels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eumel" title="Eumel">Eumel</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/L3_microkernel" class="mw-redirect" title="L3 microkernel">L3</a></i> → <a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">OKL4</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_nanokernel" title="Mac OS nanokernel">Mac OS nanokernel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NuKernel" class="mw-redirect" title="NuKernel">NuKernel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/EKA1" title="EKA1">EKA1</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/EKA2" title="EKA2">EKA2</a></i>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)#ExecSG" title="Exec (Amiga)">ExecSG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_(kernel)" title="Quark (kernel)">Quark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WarpOS" title="WarpOS">WarpOS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems" title="Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems">ADEOS</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a></i>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K42" title="K42">K42</a></i>°</li> <li>Little Kernel</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></i>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Mach" title="GNU Mach">GNU Mach</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MicroEmpix" title="MicroEmpix">MicroEmpix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_Software#Real-time_operating_systems" title="Green Hills Software">µ-velOSity</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(operating_system)#The_nucleus" title="Spring (operating system)">nucleus</a></i></li> <li>Off++ → Plan B</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taligent#Pink_system" title="Taligent">Opus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PowerUP_(accelerator)#PowerUP_software" title="PowerUP (accelerator)">PowerUP</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI-RTOS#RTOS_kernel_overview" title="TI-RTOS">TI-RTOS kernel</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARX_(operating_system)" title="ARX (operating system)">ARX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lites" title="Lites">Lites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meiko_Scientific#MeikOS" title="Meiko Scientific">MeikOS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minix-vmd" class="mw-redirect" title="Minix-vmd">Minix-vmd</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multi-Environment_Real-Time" title="Multi-Environment Real-Time">Multi-Environment Real-Time</a></i>^ (<i>MERT</i> – <i>Unix-RT</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OS2000" title="OS2000">OS2000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(operating_system)" title="Spring (operating system)">Spring</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinix" title="Tinix">Tinix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UNICOS" title="UNICOS">UNICOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VSTa" title="VSTa">VSTa</a></i></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a>^</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity_(operating_system)" title="Integrity (operating system)">Integrity</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_RTOS" title="Nucleus RTOS">Nucleus RTOS</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuttX" title="NuttX">NuttX</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_System_Embedded" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating System Embedded">OSE</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIOT_(operating_system)" title="RIOT (operating system)">RIOT</a>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">Capability-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/KeyKOS" title="KeyKOS">KeyKOS</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a></i> → CapROS</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(operating_system)" title="Hydra (operating system)">Hydra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family#High_assurance:_seL4" title="L4 microkernel family">seL4</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony#Oniro_OS" title="OpenHarmony">Oniro OS</a>)</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L<sup>4</sup>Linux</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/REX_OS" title="REX OS">REX OS</a></i>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wombat_(operating_system)" title="Wombat (operating system)">Wombat</a>^°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/JavaOS" title="JavaOS">JavaOS</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/JavaOS#Chorus/Jazz" title="JavaOS">Chorus/Jazz</a></i>^ integrates <i><a href="/wiki/ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a></i>^)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JX_(operating_system)" title="JX (operating system)">JX</a></i>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Unix-like" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacMach" title="MacMach">MacMach</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8#Mac_OS_8.6" title="Mac OS 8">Classic Mac OS</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> kernel)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> OS</i>^°</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AmigaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#AspireOS" title="AROS Research Operating System">AspireOS</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#Broadway" title="AROS Research Operating System">Broadway</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System#Icaros_Desktop" title="AROS Research Operating System">Icaros Desktop</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThreadX" title="ThreadX">ThreadX</a>^</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verve_(operating_system)" title="Verve (operating system)">Verve</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Pink</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a> OS</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BeRTOS" title="BeRTOS">BeRTOS</a></i>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChibiOS/RT" title="ChibiOS/RT">ChibiOS/RT</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelenOS" title="HelenOS">HelenOS</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-Controller_Operating_Systems" title="Micro-Controller Operating Systems">µC/OS</a>^°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQX" title="MQX">MQX</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenComRTOS" title="OpenComRTOS">OpenComRTOS</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_OS" title="Phantom OS">Phantom OS</a>^°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RC_4000_multiprogramming_system" title="RC 4000 multiprogramming system">RC 4000</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharpOS" title="SharpOS">SharpOS</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPIN_(operating_system)" title="SPIN (operating system)">SPIN</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoth_(operating_system)" title="Thoth (operating system)">Thoth</a></i>^ → <i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(operating_system)" title="Harmony (operating system)">Harmony</a></i>^ → <i><a href="/wiki/V_(operating_system)" title="V (operating system)">V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Real-Time_Executive" title="Versatile Real-Time Executive">VRTX</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(operating_system)" title="Zephyr (operating system)">Zephyr</a>^°</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">kits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(operating_system)" title="Cosmos (operating system)">Cosmos</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genode" title="Genode">Genode</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI-RTOS" title="TI-RTOS">TI-RTOS</a>^°</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell_(QNX)" title="Gordon Bell (QNX)">Gordon Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bushnell" title="Thomas Bushnell">Thomas Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Dodge" title="Dan Dodge">Dan Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Per Brinch Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gernot_Heiser" title="Gernot Heiser">Gernot Heiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Liedtke" title="Jochen Liedtke">Jochen Liedtke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Mitchell" title="James G. Mitchell">James G. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Nassi" title="Ike Nassi">Ike Nassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wulf" title="William Wulf">William Wulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b></li> <li><b>^ = <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></b></li> <li><b>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Microkernel-based_operating_systems" title="Category:Microkernel-based operating systems">Category: Microkernel-based operating systems</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Microkernels" title="Category:Microkernels">Category: Microkernels</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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