CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lobbying in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4a1b55eb-791c-49c5-96a2-0311a736d8b0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom","wgTitle":"Lobbying in the United Kingdom","wgCurRevisionId":1247981439,"wgRevisionId":1247981439,"wgArticleId":19512487,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2021","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Use British English from January 2019","Lobbying in the United Kingdom"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom","wgRelevantArticleId":19512487, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6663603","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lobbying in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom rootpage-Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1800s_to_1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800s_to_1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1800s to 1994</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800s_to_1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994_to_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_to_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1994 to 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_to_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000_to_2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_to_2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>2000 to 2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_to_2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lobbying in the United Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6663603#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1247981439" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&id=1247981439&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6663603" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: updates since 2013, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Greensill_scandal" title="Greensill scandal">Greensill scandal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson" title="Owen Paterson">Owen Paterson</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lesser arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/203px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rule of law in the United Kingdom">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Separation of powers in the United Kingdom">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom#Principles" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Other constitutional principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Monarch</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">list</a>)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prince of Wales's feathers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/30px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/45px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/60px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="383" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Heir apparent</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom">Prerogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsellor_of_State" title="Counsellor of State">Counsellors of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_Crown_%26_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/20px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/30px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/40px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a>)</b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">HM Government</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a>)<br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Starmer_ministry" title="Starmer ministry">Starmer ministry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)<br /> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)<br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)<br /> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)<br /> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislatures_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legislatures of the United Kingdom">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a>)<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowned_Portcullis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowned portcullis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/50px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/75px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/100px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">King</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Lords_composition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Composition diagram of the House of Lords" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/100px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/150px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/200px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="199" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/John_McFall,_Baron_McFall_of_Alcluith" title="John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith">The Lord McFall of Alcluith</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Composition diagram of the House of Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/100px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/150px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/200px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="164" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle" title="Lindsay Hoyle">Sir Lindsay Hoyle</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">C</a>)<br /></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">59th Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition" title="His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">List of MPs</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">King-on-the-Bench</a>)</b> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/45px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="691" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">President</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir" title="Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir">The Lord Reed</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Deputy President</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hodge,_Lord_Hodge" title="Patrick Hodge, Lord Hodge">The Lord Hodge</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Justices of the Supreme Court</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Courts of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(banker)" title="Andrew Bailey (banker)">Andrew Bailey</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Deputy Governor of the Bank of England">Deputy governors</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_currencies" title="List of British currencies">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coins</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">referendums</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament constituencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies">2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties,_Elections_and_Referendums_Act_2000" title="Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000">Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions">Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Senedd constituencies and electoral regions">Senedd constituencies and electoral regions</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_general_elections" title="List of United Kingdom general elections">UK general elections</a></b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="First Parliament of the United Kingdom">1801 co-option</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1802_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1802 United Kingdom general election">1802</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">1807</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1826 United Kingdom general election">1826</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832–33</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">1852</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Jan–Feb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Dec)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Feb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Oct)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Endorsements</b></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">2024</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>European Parliament elections (1979–2019)</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1984</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1989</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2004</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Scottish Parliament elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="1999 Scottish Parliament election">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="Next Scottish Parliament election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Northern Ireland Assembly elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election">1998</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2011 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2016 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2017 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="Next Northern Ireland Assembly election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Senedd elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="1999 National Assembly for Wales election">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2003 National Assembly for Wales election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2007 National Assembly for Wales election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2011 National Assembly for Wales election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2016 National Assembly for Wales election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Senedd_election" title="2021 Senedd election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Senedd_election" title="Next Senedd election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>UK referendums</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_relations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom">Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_consent_motion" title="Legislative consent motion">Legislative consent motions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_and_Heads_of_Devolved_Governments_Council" title="Prime Minister and Heads of Devolved Governments Council">Prime Minister and Heads of Devolved Governments Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nations_and_Regions" title="Council of the Nations and Regions">Council of the Nations and Regions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_votes_for_English_laws" title="English votes for English laws">English votes for English laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Greater_London_Authority_referendum" title="1998 Greater London Authority referendum">1998 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority_Act_1999" title="Greater London Authority Act 1999">Greater London Authority Act 1999</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority_Act_2007" title="Greater London Authority Act 2007">2007 Act</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Mayor_of_London" title="Deputy Mayor of London">Mayoral cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">Combined authorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England#Combined_Authority_("Metro")_Mayors" title="Directly elected mayors in England">Metro mayors</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(St_Andrews_Agreement)_Act_2006" title="Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006">2006 Act</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister</a> </b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">deputy First Minister</a> </b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Little-Pengelly" title="Emma Little-Pengelly">Emma Little-Pengelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="List of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly">Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">1997 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2012" title="Scotland Act 2012">2012 Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">2016 Act</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Act of the Scottish Parliament">Act of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_statutory_instrument" title="Scottish statutory instrument">Scottish statutory instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Welsh devolution referendum">1997 referendum</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="2011 Welsh devolution referendum">2011 referendum on law-making powers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">2006 Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2014" title="Wales Act 2014">Wales Act 2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2017" title="Wales Act 2017">Wales Act 2017</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eluned_Morgan,_Baroness_Morgan_of_Ely" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely">Eluned Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_of_the_National_Assembly_for_Wales" title="Measure of the National Assembly for Wales">Measure of the National Assembly for Wales</a> (1999–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Senedd_Cymru" title="Act of Senedd Cymru">Act of Senedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">England</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts" title="List of English districts">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London Borough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">Civil parishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic counties</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland#History" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Northern Ireland">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Northern Ireland">Districts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Scotland</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">Sheriffdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">Council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_council_areas_in_Scotland" title="List of community council areas in Scotland">Community council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Scotland" title="List of civil parishes in Scotland">Civil parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" title="Shires of Scotland">Shires of Scotland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Wales</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">Preserved counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Principal areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">Communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Wales" title="List of communities in Wales">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">Historic counties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <br /></li></ul> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></span>)</li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">UK-CD Customs Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li><li><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></span><br /> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></small></li><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></small></li><li><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>)</small></li><li><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Overseas Territories citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_British_Overseas_Territories_citizens" title="Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policies_of_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Visa policies of British Overseas Territories">Visa policies</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_Act_2002" title="British Overseas Territories Act 2002">British Overseas Territories Act 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK%E2%80%93Overseas_Territories_Joint_Ministerial_Council" title="UK–Overseas Territories Joint Ministerial Council">UK-OT JMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Gibraltar sovereignty dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the United Kingdom">Foreign policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">history</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom">in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">UK passport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)_passport" title="British National (Overseas) passport">British National (Overseas) passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens" title="Visa requirements for British citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">UK–CD Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Visa policy of the United Kingdom">Visa policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Australia–United Kingdom relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Barbados–United Kingdom relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belgium–United Kingdom relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belize–United Kingdom relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Brunei–United Kingdom relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Cyprus–United Kingdom relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Denmark–United Kingdom relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Israel–United Kingdom relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Italy–United Kingdom relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Japan–United Kingdom relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Kenya–United Kingdom relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malaysia–United Kingdom relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malta–United Kingdom relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Netherlands–United Kingdom relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="New Zealand–United Kingdom relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Norway–United Kingdom relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Singapore–United Kingdom relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Spain–United Kingdom relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="South Africa–United Kingdom relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Palestine–United Kingdom relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Pakistan–United Kingdom relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Portugal–United Kingdom relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">politics of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">UK–Ireland border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">history</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">UK–EU withdrawal agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">The Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_United_Nations" title="United Kingdom and the United Nations">United Kingdom and the United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">P5</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div style="font-size:85%;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_England" title="Category:Politics of England">England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Scotland" title="Category:Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Wales" title="Category:Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lobbying in the United Kingdom</b> plays a significant role in the formation of legislation and a wide variety of commercial organisations, <a href="/wiki/Lobby_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobby group">lobby groups</a> "<a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a>" for particular policies and decisions by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> and other political organs at national, regional and local levels. </p><p>The phrase "lobbying" comes from the gathering of <a href="/wiki/Members_of_parliament#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of parliament">Members of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers</a> in the hallways (or lobbies) of <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> before and after parliamentary debates.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-Lobby_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Lobby-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The now-defunct <a href="/wiki/UK_Public_Affairs_Council" title="UK Public Affairs Council">UK Public Affairs Council</a> (UKPAC) defined lobbying as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>in a professional capacity, attempting to influence, or advising those who wish to influence, the UK Government, Parliament, the devolved legislatures or administrations, regional or local government or other public bodies on any matter within their competence.<sup id="cite_ref-CIPR-ukpac_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIPR-ukpac-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Formal procedures enable individual members of the public to lobby their <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> but most lobbying activity centres on corporate, charity and trade association lobbying, where organisations seek to amend government policy through <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a>. </p><p>Companies and individuals who operate in this sector commonly use the terms "<a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>", "public affairs", "political consultancy" or "corporate affairs" to describe their activities (though this was also a reaction to the negative publicity surrounding the word "lobbyists" following the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair" title="Cash-for-questions affair">Cash-for-questions affair</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional public affairs agencies, representing multiple clients, undertake a significant proportion of lobbying activity in addition to individual organisations conducting lobbying on an in-house basis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The professional lobbying industry has been rapidly growing since the mid-1990s and in 2007 was estimated to be worth £1.9 billion, employing 14,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-hansard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report also suggested that some MPs are approached over 100 times a week by lobbyists. </p><p>Since 1994 there have been various complaints by MPs about unacceptable lobbying and several police investigations. Current levels of lobbying are causing concern as is the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">revolving door</a>" by which industry professionals move rapidly between legislative and commercial roles in the same sectors, creating potential <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interests</a>. Ministers are making increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Special_advisers_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Special advisers in the United Kingdom">Special Advisors</a> (staff members employed by the minister personally, but paid for from the public purse) who are often selected from the related private sector industries and have sometimes been criticised for engaging in campaigning while still on the government payroll or for moving directly between lobbying roles and the advisor role.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Administration Select Committee">Public Administration Select Committee</a> recommended creation of a statutory register of lobbying companies and activities (similar to the one required <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">in the United States</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-pasc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the government rejected that recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-Civil_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Parliament passed the Transparency of Lobbying, Non-Party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act, requiring statutory registration of professional lobbyists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office of the Registrar of Consultant Lobbyists (ORCL) maintains the register as an independent statutory office.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Public_Relations" title="Chartered Institute of Public Relations">Chartered Institute of Public Relations</a> (CIPR) launched the UK Lobbying Register to replace a joint voluntary register previously run in conjunction with The Public Relations Consultants Association and the Association of Professional Political Consultants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_The_Parliament_-_2773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/London_-_The_Parliament_-_2773.jpg/220px-London_-_The_Parliament_-_2773.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/London_-_The_Parliament_-_2773.jpg/330px-London_-_The_Parliament_-_2773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/London_-_The_Parliament_-_2773.jpg/440px-London_-_The_Parliament_-_2773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The lobby of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800s_to_1994">1800s to 1994</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1800s to 1994"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1800s <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a> were a popular way of raising issues with parliament and in 1839, 13,657 public petitions were presented on more than 90 different subjects with a total of over 4.5 million signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866 a group of "Suffragists" unsuccessfully petitioned and lobbied parliament that women should have the same political rights as men.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903 the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragettes</a>, whose motto was "Deeds not Words", heckled ministers, displayed banners, and used both violent and non-violent <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>; equal voting rights for women were achieved with the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1928">Representation of the People Act 1928</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> acted as a highly paid lobbyist for <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil" title="Burmah Oil">Burmah Oil</a> to persuade the British government to allow Burmah to have exclusive rights to Persian (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a>) oil resources, which were successfully granted.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994_to_2000">1994 to 2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1994 to 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported that parliamentary lobbyist <a href="/wiki/Ian_Greer_(lobbyist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Greer (lobbyist)">Ian Greer</a> of Ian Greer Associates had bribed two <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> in exchange for their asking parliamentary questions (and performing other tasks) on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Al-Fayed" title="Mohamed Al-Fayed">Mohamed Al-Fayed</a> in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair" title="Cash-for-questions affair">Cash-for-questions affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-claim_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claim-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a lengthy legal case brought by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Neil Hamilton (politician)">Neil Hamilton</a> and Greer and a parliamentary investigation it was found that "Mr Hamilton's conduct fell seriously and persistently below the standards which the House is entitled to expect of its Members."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also found that <a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(UK_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Brown (UK politician)">Michael Brown</a> MP had "failed to register an introduction payment in relation to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Smokeless_Tobacco_Company" title="U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company">US Tobacco</a>" and had "persistently and deliberately failed to declare his interests in dealing with Ministers and officials over the <a href="/wiki/Skoal_(tobacco)" title="Skoal (tobacco)">Skoal Bandits</a> issue." Others were also criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Ecclestone" title="Bernie Ecclestone">Bernie Ecclestone</a> the head of <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> donated £1 million to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. After Labour's victory and a meeting between Ecclestone and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (United Kingdom)">Department of Health</a> sought exemption for Formula One from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s proposed ban on <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco advertising">tobacco advertising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event was cited as one of the reasons for the 2008 inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-pasc_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Jonathan Aitken</a>, previously <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a> for <a href="/wiki/Defence_Procurement_Agency" title="Defence Procurement Agency">Defence Procurement</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> in 1992 was jailed in 1999 in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms-to-Iraq">Arms-to-Iraq</a> scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to becoming minister he had been a director of an arms company <a href="/wiki/BMARC" title="BMARC">BMARC</a>, and after losing his seat at the 1997 election he was appointed as a representative for the arms company <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">GEC-Marconi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_to_2010">2000 to 2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2000 to 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Fuel on the Fire</i>, Greg Muttitt argues that disclosed <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">minutes</a> from 2002 to 2003 (leading up to the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Iraq">war in Iraq</a>) showed that many oil companies wanted a war in Iraq to seize Iraqi oil reserves. For example, <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> allegedly said in the minutes that they "are desperate to get in", describing Iraq as "the big oil prospect".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Select_Committee_on_Standards_and_Privileges" class="mw-redirect" title="Select Committee on Standards and Privileges">Select Committee on Standards and Privileges</a> published a report following a complaint about the conduct of <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> regarding his "Leader's Group". The complaint related back to August 2007 when <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>'s chief fundraiser used a researcher pass allotted to a Conservative peer (<a href="/wiki/Philip_Harris,_Baron_Harris_of_Peckham" title="Philip Harris, Baron Harris of Peckham">Lord Harris of Peckham</a>) to gain access to facilities inside the Palace of Westminster. The committee also investigated a series of fundraising events which allowed donors to meet Cameron. The investigation concluded that it was improper to employ parliamentary staff for fund-raising purposes and that it was "ill-advised to link directly, in promoting the Leader's Group, the issues of access to his office and party fund-raising". <a href="/wiki/Lord_McNally" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord McNally">Lord McNally</a>, a member of the Lords Committee, said that this was "yet another example of how pressure on political parties to raise ever larger sums from private sources pollutes our politics". Using passes in this way does not however break any written rule.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A July 2007 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">freedom of information</a> request <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings" title="Heathrow Airport Holdings">Heathrow Airport Holdings</a> (BAA) executives met the Department for Transport 117 times between 2002 and 2007, including 24 meetings with the Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2007 <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hoyle,_Baron_Hoyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Hoyle, Baron Hoyle">Lord Hoyle</a>, a member of the House of Lords, was paid an undisclosed sum to introduce an arms lobbyist, a former RAF officer who worked for <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, to the Defence Minister, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Drayson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Drayson">Lord Drayson</a>. The lobbyist had also a security pass as a "research assistant" from another MP. Accepting money for introductions is "frowned on", but not illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, supporters of the anti-aviation lobby group <a href="/wiki/Plane_Stupid" title="Plane Stupid">Plane Stupid</a> managed to get onto the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and dropped a banner reading 'BAA HQ' as a reference to the close relationship <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings" title="Heathrow Airport Holdings">BAA</a> had with government. Stunts such as this had become a relatively common lobbying tactic, having been used by Fathers for Justice previously. Prime Minister Gordon Brown referred to the stunt saying: "The message should go out today very clearly that decisions in this country should be made in the chamber of this House and not on the roof of this House".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2009 Labour MP <a href="/wiki/John_Grogan_(UK_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Grogan (UK politician)">John Grogan</a> claimed there was an "intricate web" linking BAA, <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> which had a direct influence on government policy resulting in the approval of a third runway at Heathrow Airport. Liberal Democrat MP, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Kramer" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Kramer">Susan Kramer</a> MP said that Commons investigation was "a matter of public interest and is imperative."<sup id="cite_ref-fury_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fury-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2009 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> claimed that when a reporter had posed as a lobbyist that <a href="/wiki/Lord_Snape" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Snape">Lord Snape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Moonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Moonie">Lord Moonie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor,_Baron_Taylor_of_Blackburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Taylor, Baron Taylor of Blackburn">Lord Taylor of Blackburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Truscott" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Truscott">Lord Truscott</a> had offered to influence legislation in return for payment (main:<a href="/wiki/2009_cash_for_influence_scandal" title="2009 cash for influence scandal">Cash for influence</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Metropolitan Police said that no action would be taken, noting that "The application of the criminal law to members of the House of Lords in the circumstances that have arisen here is far from clear," and "there are very clear difficulties in gathering and adducing evidence in these circumstances in the context of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">parliamentary privilege</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Lords voted to suspend Lord Taylor and Lord Truscott for six months in the first such action since the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2010 there were several separate developments: </p> <ol><li>The Department for Transport were being investigated by the <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a> and could face a criminal investigation over allegations that it had deleted or concealed records re Heathrow to prevent them from being disclosed under the Freedom of Information Act. The investigation followed a complaint by <a href="/wiki/Justine_Greening" title="Justine Greening">Justine Greening</a> MP.<sup id="cite_ref-criminal_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criminal-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_MacKay" title="Andrew MacKay">Andrew MacKay</a>, a conservative MP and previously a senior advisor to Cameron's team was reported to be joining the lobbying firm <a href="/wiki/Burson-Marsteller" class="mw-redirect" title="Burson-Marsteller">Burson-Marsteller</a> after quitting parliament at the next election with a salary in excess of £100,000; His wife, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Kirkbride" title="Julie Kirkbride">Julie Kirkbride</a>, also an MP was reported to be looking for a lobbying job as well at a similar salary. The couple were both stepping down at the next general election following their part in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliamentary_expenses_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal">MP's expenses scandal</a> which they had claimed second-home allowances on separate houses. They had been ordered to repay £60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson_(Labour_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Watson (Labour politician)">Tom Watson</a> complained of "unprecedented and relentless lobbying" around the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2010" title="Digital Economy Act 2010">Digital Economy Bill</a> sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mandelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mandelson">Lord Mandelson</a>. He suggested that over 100 people were probably working full-time to "bounce it" through parliament and possibly only two people representing the interests of the nation's youth. He observed that it was difficult when being lobbied by people you respect and admire.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Puttnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Puttnam">Lord Puttnam</a> accused the government of attempting to push through the legislation without allowing for proper discussion, and that the bill as it stands was not fit for purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, the conservative leader predicted that it was "the next big scandal waiting to happen. It’s an issue that crosses party lines and has tainted our politics for too long, an issue that exposes the far-too-cosy relationship between politics, government, business and money". He suggested that he would shine "the light of transparency" on lobbying so that politics "comes clean about who is buying power and influence."<sup id="cite_ref-next_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-next-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cameron himself had moved from the role of ministerial <a href="/wiki/Special_advisers_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Special advisers in the United Kingdom">special adviser</a> (first for <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Lamont (1942)">Norman Lamont</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lamont's_Spad_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamont's_Spad-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then for Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Howard's_Spad_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard's_Spad-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to become Director of Corporate Affairs at <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Communications" title="Carlton Communications">Carlton Communications</a> at a time when the company bid successfully with <a href="/wiki/Granada_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada television">Granada television</a> for license with to launch the world's first <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a> service (<a href="/wiki/ONdigital" class="mw-redirect" title="ONdigital">ONdigital</a> - later branded ITV digital).<sup id="cite_ref-Carlton_DTT_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlton_DTT-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cameron resigned as a director of Carlton to run for parliament but remained on as a consultant to the company. During a 1998-round table discussion on the future of broadcasting he criticised the effect of overlapping different regulators on the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Regulatory_overlap_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regulatory_overlap-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In March 2010 <a href="/wiki/Dispatches_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispatches (TV series)">Dispatches</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> recorded four <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> offering <a href="/wiki/2010_Cash_for_Influence_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Cash for Influence Scandal">lobbying in return for influence with the Cabinet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Byers" title="Stephen Byers">Stephen Byers</a>, a former member of the cabinet was recorded as saying he would work for up to £5,000 a day and was like a "cab for hire".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Business_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Business Appointments">Advisory Committee on Business Appointments</a> revealed that <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, who had resigned as prime minister and MP on 27 June 2007<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had acted as a paid business consultant to an oil firm with interests in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> just 14 months after leaving office. In July 2008 he had requested to the committee that his relationship with <a href="/wiki/UI_Energy_Corporation" title="UI Energy Corporation">UI Energy Corporation</a> should be kept secret for reasons of "market sensitivity" and the committee agreed to postpone publication for three months against normal procedures; the committee then had to then "chase" Blair and send a formal letter to his office in November 2009, which he responded in February 2010 requesting continued secrecy. The committee chairman <a href="/wiki/Ian_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Lang">Lord Lang</a> disagreed and the information was published on their website with the note "Publication delayed due to market sensitivities". The news raised concerns that he had profited financially from contacts he made during the Iraq war.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blair also earned money from the ruling family in Kuwait December 2007 for whom he produced a report on the oil state's future over the next 30 years for a reported £1,000,000 fee. A 2009 investigation by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> found that he had put his multimillion-pound income through "an obscure partnership structure called Windrush Ventures, which enabled him to avoid publishing normal company accounts".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> newspaper reported that lobbying agency <a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a> claimed to have been responsible for a variety of activities on behalf of clients that were considered not in the public interest including the manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> searches and Wikipedia pages. One allegation was that Bell Pottinger, acting on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Dyson_(company)" title="Dyson (company)">Dyson</a>, used its influence with the Prime Minister and the Foreign Office to get the Prime Minister to raise concerns about counterfeit goods with the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Prime Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Two years ago anyone who had set foot in Conservative HQ could get a highly paid job, there was panic-hiring of Tories", said one lobbyist; however, with the Con-Lib coalition struggling and Labour ahead in opinion polls by about 10%, lobbying firms naturally wanted to boost their links with Labour: "About half the agencies I work with have specific requirements for people with Labour contacts."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2009 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Administration Select Committee">Public Administration Select Committee</a> published a report, <i>Lobbying: Access and Influence in Whitehall,</i> which contained the following conclusions and evidence: </p> <ul><li>The practice of lobbying in order to influence political decisions is a legitimate and necessary part of the democratic process. Individuals and organisations reasonably want to influence decisions that may affect them, those around them, and their environment. Government in turn needs access to the knowledge and views that lobbying can bring.<sup id="cite_ref-pasc_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Evidence was given by <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">revolving door</a> where many former Members and Ministers now working for lobbying firms in particular for the nuclear sector. The report listed <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Norris" title="Geoffrey Norris">Geoffrey Norris</a> (special policy adviser to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Reed" title="Jamie Reed">Jamie Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cunningham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cunningham">Jack Cunningham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_McCartney" title="Ian McCartney">Ian McCartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caborn" title="Richard Caborn">Richard Caborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson_(Labour_politician)" title="Brian Wilson (Labour politician)">Brian Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Donnelly" title="Alan Donnelly">Alan Donnelly</a>. They also noted that some ran PR and lobbying firms including <a href="/wiki/Alan_Donnelly" title="Alan Donnelly">Alan Donnelly</a> who runs Sovereign Strategy and employs <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cunningham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cunningham">Jack Cunningham</a>.</li> <li>A complaint by Greenpeace into the access <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings" title="Heathrow Airport Holdings">BAA</a> had to the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> the committee said that while it welcomed wider engagement in the policy process it was important that engagement was even-handed and was seen to be even-handed, also that token engagement bred cynicism and was "worse than no engagement at all".</li></ul> <p>The report recommended "A <a href="/wiki/Statutory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory">statutory</a> register of lobbying activity to bring greater transparency to the dealings between <a href="/wiki/UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">Whitehall</a> decision makers and outside interests."<sup id="cite_ref-pasc2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasc2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also concluded that the self-regulation of the professional lobbying industry was "fragmented" and appeared to "involve very little regulation of any substance".<sup id="cite_ref-pasc_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2009 the government responded to the PASC report rejecting a mandatory register of lobby groups. Instead:<sup id="cite_ref-Civil_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>All departments will have to publish online quarterly reports detailing ministerial meetings with interest groups and hospitality received by ministers and their advisers. Details of meetings between officials and outside groups will not have to be published.</li> <li>The list of civil servants who will have to publish details of hospitality and expenses will be extended</li> <li>The industry should be given more time to self-regulate (but there was no recommendation of a time after which self-regulation should be reviewed).</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Lobbying_Transparency" title="Alliance for Lobbying Transparency">Alliance for Lobbying Transparency</a> criticised the decisions saying "self-regulation is no regulation"; they compared the situation to that of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliamentary_expenses_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal">MPs Expenses scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Civil_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2009 <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> UK received a grant from the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Charitable_Trust" title="Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust">Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust</a> to assess the level of corruption in the United Kingdom for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One motivation for research, which is expected to take 12 months is the "anecdotal evidence and reports in the media suggest that: a) there is a widespread belief that certain institutions and processes within the United Kingdom are vulnerable to corruption, for example, funding of political parties".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to the <a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_Lobbying,_Non-party_Campaigning_and_Trade_Union_Administration_Act_2014" title="Transparency of Lobbying, Non-party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014">Transparency of Lobbying, Non-party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014</a> (the “Act”), the United Kingdom lobbying sector was mainly self-regulated by the <a href="/wiki/UK_Public_Affairs_Council" title="UK Public Affairs Council">UK Public Affairs Council</a>. This was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Professional_Political_Consultants" title="Association of Professional Political Consultants">Association of Professional Political Consultants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Relations_Consultants_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Relations Consultants Association">Public Relations Consultants Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Public_Relations" title="Chartered Institute of Public Relations">Chartered Institute of Public Relations</a>, and held its first meeting in July 2010, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_France" title="Elizabeth France">Elizabeth France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UKPAC_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKPAC-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the PRCA resigned from the UKPAC less than 18 months later, in December 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-CIPR_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIPR-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing concerns about the accuracy and completeness of the UKPAC's register of individual lobbyists. </p><p>The Act was first introduced in the House of Commons in 2013 and it came into force in full on 1 April 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Act only requires the registration of consultant lobbying, as proscribes in Section 1 of the Act<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For definition of Consultant lobbying, see Section 2 of the Act<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.) In addition to statutory registration, individual lobbyists or lobbying organizations can register at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lobbying-register.uk/">the UK Lobbying Register</a>, which aims to promote transparency and professional standards in this industry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_(Scotland)_Act_2016" title="Lobbying (Scotland) Act 2016">Lobbying (Scotland) Act 2016</a>, the Scottish Government and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Members of the Scottish Parliament</a> have been subject to stricter regulation, but even this legislation has large exemptions, such as exemptions for lobbying by telephone, email and letter.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_cash_for_influence_scandal" title="2009 cash for influence scandal">2009 cash for influence scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensill_scandal" title="Greensill scandal">Greensill scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Paterson scandal">Owen Paterson scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">Bribery Act 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_for_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash for Honours">Cash for Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair" title="Cash-for-questions affair">Cash-for-questions affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pressure_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of pressure groups in the United Kingdom">List of pressure groups in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Reform">Reform of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">Revolving door</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Lobby-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Lobby_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/82529.stm">"Lobbying"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. BBC. 2008-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Lobbying&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F82529.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIPR-ukpac-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIPR-ukpac_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipr.co.uk/sites/default/files/Definition%20of%20Lobbying.pdf">"UKPAC Definition of Lobbying"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UKPAC: Definition of Lobbying and Related Matters</i>. CIPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UKPAC%3A+Definition+of+Lobbying+and+Related+Matters&rft.atitle=UKPAC+Definition+of+Lobbying&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipr.co.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDefinition%2520of%2520Lobbying.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicaffairsnews.com/">"Public Affairs News - Essential reading for lobbyists..."</a> <i>Public Affairs News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Affairs+News&rft.atitle=Public+Affairs+News+-+Essential+reading+for+lobbyists...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicaffairsnews.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansard_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Phil_Parvin2007" class="citation web cs1">Dr Phil Parvin (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221132011/http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/files/folders/357/download.aspx">"Friend or Foe? Lobbying in British democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard_Society" title="Hansard Society">Hansard Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/files/folders/357/download.aspx">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> on 2008-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friend+or+Foe%3F+Lobbying+in+British+democracy&rft.pub=Hansard+Society&rft.date=2007-01&rft.au=Dr+Phil+Parvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hansardsociety.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Ffolders%2F357%2Fdownload.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1397040/Advisers-move-to-lobby-firm-attacked.html">"Adviser's move to lobby firm attacked"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. 2002-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Adviser%27s+move+to+lobby+firm+attacked&rft.date=2002-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1397040%2FAdvisers-move-to-lobby-firm-attacked.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pasc-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pasc_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasc_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasc_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasc_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Administration_Select_Committee2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Administration Select Committee">Public Administration Select Committee</a> (5 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmpubadm/36/36i.pdf">"Lobbying: Access and influence in Whitehall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lobbying%3A+Access+and+influence+in+Whitehall&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.au=Public+Administration+Select+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200809%2Fcmselect%2Fcmpubadm%2F36%2F36i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Civil-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Civil_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Civil_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Civil_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilsociety.co.uk/finance/news/content/5391/government_rejects_call_for_lobbying_register">"Government rejects call for lobbying register"</a>. <i>Civil Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308134303/http://www.civilsociety.co.uk/finance/news/content/5391/government_rejects_call_for_lobbying_register">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Society&rft.atitle=Government+rejects+call+for+lobbying+register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilsociety.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2F5391%2Fgovernment_rejects_call_for_lobbying_register&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/lobbying-disclosure/unitedkingdom.php">"Lobbying Disclosure Laws"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. Feikert-Ahalt, Clare. March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Lobbying+Disclosure+Laws&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Flobbying-disclosure%2Funitedkingdom.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registrarofconsultantlobbyists.org.uk">"ORCL"</a>. <i>registrarofconsultantlobbyists.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=registrarofconsultantlobbyists.org.uk&rft.atitle=ORCL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregistrarofconsultantlobbyists.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prweek.com/article/1354041/ukpac-closes-hands-responsibility-lobbying-register-cipr">"UKPAC closes and hands responsibility for lobbying register to CIPR"</a>. <i>www.prweek.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prweek.com&rft.atitle=UKPAC+closes+and+hands+responsibility+for+lobbying+register+to+CIPR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweek.com%2Farticle%2F1354041%2Fukpac-closes-hands-responsibility-lobbying-register-cipr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423161956/http://www.parliament.uk/about/livingheritage/transformingsociety/chartists/overview/participationthroughpetition.cfm">"Participation through petition"</a>. Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/livingheritage/transformingsociety/chartists/overview/participationthroughpetition.cfm">the original</a> on 2010-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Participation+through+petition&rft.pub=Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Flivingheritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Fchartists%2Foverview%2Fparticipationthroughpetition.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401105821/http://www.parliament.uk/about/livingheritage/transformingsociety/womenvote.cfm">"Women and the vote"</a>. Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/livingheritage/transformingsociety/womenvote.cfm">the original</a> on 2010-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+vote&rft.pub=Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Flivingheritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Fwomenvote.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520131844/http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/archives___the_suffragettes.cfm">"The campaign for suffrage - a historical background"</a>. The British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/archives___the_suffragettes.cfm">the original</a> on 2009-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+campaign+for+suffrage+-+a+historical+background&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fparliamentary_publications_and_archives%2Fparliamentary_archives%2Farchives___the_suffragettes.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/kevin-myers/the-greatest-20th-century-beneficiary-of-popular-mythology-has-been-the-cad-churchill-1876680.html">"The greatest 20th century beneficiary of popular mythology has been the cad Churchill - Kevin Myers, Columnists"</a>. Independent.ie. 2009-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+greatest+20th+century+beneficiary+of+popular+mythology+has+been+the+cad+Churchill+-+Kevin+Myers%2C+Columnists&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fkevin-myers%2Fthe-greatest-20th-century-beneficiary-of-popular-mythology-has-been-the-cad-churchill-1876680.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-claim-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-claim_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHencke1994" class="citation news cs1">Hencke, David (1994-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/conservatives/story/0,,536101,00.html">"Tory MPs were paid to plant questions says Harrods chief"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tory+MPs+were+paid+to+plant+questions+says+Harrods+chief&rft.date=1994-10-20&rft.aulast=Hencke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.guardian.co.uk%2Fconservatives%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C536101%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/261viii/sp0803.htm">"Complaints from Mr Mohamed Al Fayed, the Guardian and others against 25 members and former members:Second further report: Mr Neil Hamilton"</a>. Parliament.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complaints+from+Mr+Mohamed+Al+Fayed%2C+the+Guardian+and+others+against+25+members+and+former+members%3ASecond+further+report%3A+Mr+Neil+Hamilton&rft.pub=Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm199798%2Fcmselect%2Fcmstnprv%2F261viii%2Fsp0803.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/240vii/sp0703.htm">"Complaints from Mr Mohamed Al Fayed, the Guardian and others against 25 members and former members"</a>. Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complaints+from+Mr+Mohamed+Al+Fayed%2C+the+Guardian+and+others+against+25+members+and+former+members&rft.pub=Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm199798%2Fcmselect%2Fcmstnprv%2F240vii%2Fsp0703.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliverOakeshott2008" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Jonathan; Oakeshott, Isabel (2008-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110604194553/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4926737.ece">"Secret papers reveal Tony Blair's F1 tobacco deal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4926737.ece">the original</a> on June 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Secret+papers+reveal+Tony+Blair%27s+F1+tobacco+deal&rft.date=2008-10-12&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Oakeshott%2C+Isabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle4926737.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/mar/04/uk">"Jonathan Aitken: a timeline"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. 1999-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jonathan+Aitken%3A+a+timeline&rft.date=1999-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F1999%2Fmar%2F04%2Fuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuttitt2012" class="citation book cs1">Muttitt, Greg (2012). <i>Fuel on the fire : oil and politics in occupied Iraq</i> (Rev. and update ed.). London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099541738" title="Special:BookSources/9780099541738"><bdi>9780099541738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuel+on+the+fire+%3A+oil+and+politics+in+occupied+Iraq&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Rev.+and+update&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780099541738&rft.aulast=Muttitt&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacIntyre2007" class="citation news cs1">MacIntyre, James (2007-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084525/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mystery-of-camerons-chief-fundraiser-and-his-commons-pass-459798.html">"Mystery of Cameron's chief fundraiser and his Commons pass"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mystery-of-camerons-chief-fundraiser-and-his-commons-pass-459798.html">the original</a> on December 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mystery+of+Cameron%27s+chief+fundraiser+and+his+Commons+pass&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.aulast=MacIntyre&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fmystery-of-camerons-chief-fundraiser-and-his-commons-pass-459798.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_for_Transport" class="citation web cs1">Department for Transport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081107073126/http://www.dft.gov.uk/foi/responses/2007/july2007/aviationmeetings/aviationmeetings">"Ministers and senior officials meetings"</a>. National Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/foi/responses/2007/july2007/aviationmeetings/aviationmeetings">the original</a> on 2008-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministers+and+senior+officials+meetings&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.au=Department+for+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Ffoi%2Fresponses%2F2007%2Fjuly2007%2Faviationmeetings%2Faviationmeetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planestupid.com/blogs/2007/09/27/dft-aviation-industry-meetings">"DfT / aviation industry meetings"</a>. Plane Stupid<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DfT+%2F+aviation+industry+meetings&rft.pub=Plane+Stupid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planestupid.com%2Fblogs%2F2007%2F09%2F27%2Fdft-aviation-industry-meetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh2007" class="citation news cs1">Leigh, David (2007-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/oct/26/lords.immigrationpolicy">"Peer was paid to introduce lobbyist to minister"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peer+was+paid+to+introduce+lobbyist+to+minister&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2007%2Foct%2F26%2Flords.immigrationpolicy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/20080641307277">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Plane Stupid' Activists Freed On Bail"</a>. <i>Sky News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=%27Plane+Stupid%27+Activists+Freed+On+Bail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fskynews%2FHome%2FSky-News-Archive%2FArticle%2F20080641307277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fury-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fury_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm2009" class="citation news cs1">Helm, Toby (2009-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/jan/18/heathrow-third-runway">"Fury at airport lobby links to No 10"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fury+at+airport+lobby+links+to+No+10&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2009%2Fjan%2F18%2Fheathrow-third-runway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2009" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Sadie (25 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227100910/http://www.timesonline.co.uk//tol//news//politics//article5581547.ece">"Revealed: Labour lords change laws for cash"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article5581547.ece">the original</a> on February 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Labour+lords+change+laws+for+cash&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Sadie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle5581547.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7884091.stm">"Police decide against peers probe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 29 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+decide+against+peers+probe&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F7884091.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8060003.stm">"Lords vote to suspend two peers"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2009-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Lords+vote+to+suspend+two+peers&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F8060003.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-criminal-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-criminal_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterworth2010" class="citation news cs1">Butterworth, Myra (2010-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7181879/DfT-could-face-criminal-investigation-over-Heathrow-airport.html">"DfT could face criminal investigation over Heathrow airport"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=DfT+could+face+criminal+investigation+over+Heathrow+airport&rft.date=2010-02-07&rft.aulast=Butterworth&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F7181879%2FDfT-could-face-criminal-investigation-over-Heathrow-airport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ft.com/westminster/2010/02/julie-kirkbride-looking-for-a-lobbying-job/">"Julie Kirkbride looking for a lobbying job"</a>. <i>The Finincial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Finincial+Times&rft.atitle=Julie+Kirkbride+looking+for+a+lobbying+job&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ft.com%2Fwestminster%2F2010%2F02%2Fjulie-kirkbride-looking-for-a-lobbying-job%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303021038/http://www.tom-watson.co.uk/2010/02/digital-economy-bill-unprecedented-lobbying-operation/">"Digital Economy Bill – unprecedented lobbying operation"</a>. <i>Tom Watson</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tom-watson.co.uk/2010/02/digital-economy-bill-unprecedented-lobbying-operation/">the original</a> on 2010-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tom+Watson&rft.atitle=Digital+Economy+Bill+%E2%80%93+unprecedented+lobbying+operation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tom-watson.co.uk%2F2010%2F02%2Fdigital-economy-bill-unprecedented-lobbying-operation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmagazineuk.com/digital-economy-bill-criticised-by-the-house-of-lords-as-details-revealed-on-whether-internet-cafes-libraries-and-universities-are-service-providers/article/164973/">"Digital Economy Bill criticised by the House of Lords, as details revealed on whether internet cafes, libraries and universities are service providers"</a>. <i>SC Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Digital+Economy+Bill+criticised+by+the+House+of+Lords%2C+as+details+revealed+on+whether+internet+cafes%2C+libraries+and+universities+are+service+providers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmagazineuk.com%2Fdigital-economy-bill-criticised-by-the-house-of-lords-as-details-revealed-on-whether-internet-cafes-libraries-and-universities-are-service-providers%2Farticle%2F164973%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-next-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-next_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2010" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Andrew (2010-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/election-2010/7189466/David-Cameron-warns-lobbying-is-next-political-scandal.html">"David Cameron warns lobbying is next political scandal"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+warns+lobbying+is+next+political+scandal&rft.date=2010-02-08&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Felection-2010%2F7189466%2FDavid-Cameron-warns-lobbying-is-next-political-scandal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamont's_Spad-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamont's_Spad_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brats on the move", <i>The Times</i>, 14 April 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard's_Spad-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard's_Spad_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"No score flaw", <i>The Times</i>, 22 June 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlton_DTT-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carlton_DTT_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Confident Carlton shrugs off digital licence doubts", <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">The Express</a></i>, 22 May 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regulatory_overlap-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Regulatory_overlap_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We can't wait any longer to map the digital mediascape", <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>, 3 April 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefort2010" class="citation news cs1">Lefort, Rebecca (2010-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324103119/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/7490787/Four-Labour-MPs-implicated-in-cash-for-influence-scandal.html">"Four Labour MPs implicated in cash for influence scandal"</a>. London: The telegraph online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/7490787/Four-Labour-MPs-implicated-in-cash-for-influence-scandal.html">the original</a> on March 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Four+Labour+MPs+implicated+in+cash+for+influence+scandal&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft.aulast=Lefort&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fpolitics%2Flabour%2F7490787%2FFour-Labour-MPs-implicated-in-cash-for-influence-scandal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2010" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Sadie (2010-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100506033631/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7068820.ece">"Revealed: Labour's cash for influence scandal"</a>. London: The Times online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7068820.ece">the original</a> on May 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Labour%27s+cash+for+influence+scandal&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Sadie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle7068820.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8578597.stm">"Ex-ministers in 'cash for influence' row under fire"</a>. The BBC online. 2010-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ex-ministers+in+%27cash+for+influence%27+row+under+fire&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F8578597.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6245682.stm">"Brown is UK's new prime minister"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brown+is+UK%27s+new+prime+minister&rft.date=2007-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F6245682.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/03/20/blair-s-secret-pay-deal-with-iraq-oil-firm-115875-22125177/">"Tony Blair's secret lucrative advisory job with Iraq oil firm"</a>. <i>Daily Mirror</i>. 20 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Tony+Blair%27s+secret+lucrative+advisory+job+with+Iraq+oil+firm&rft.date=2010-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2F2010%2F03%2F20%2Fblair-s-secret-pay-deal-with-iraq-oil-firm-115875-22125177%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendick2009" class="citation news cs1">Mendick, Robert (2009-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091116162533/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/6568625/Gordon-Brown-urged-to-investigate-Tony-Blair-over-web-of-companies.html">"Gordon Brown urged to investigate Tony Blair over web of companies"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/6568625/Gordon-Brown-urged-to-investigate-Tony-Blair-over-web-of-companies.html">the original</a> on November 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Gordon+Brown+urged+to+investigate+Tony+Blair+over+web+of+companies&rft.date=2009-11-14&rft.aulast=Mendick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fpolitics%2Flabour%2F6568625%2FGordon-Brown-urged-to-investigate-Tony-Blair-over-web-of-companies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmanWright2011" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Melanie; Wright, Oliver (2011-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/caught-on-camera-top-lobbyists-boasting-how-they-influence-the-pm-6272760.html">"Caught on camera: top lobbyists boasting how they influence the PM"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Caught+on+camera%3A+top+lobbyists+boasting+how+they+influence+the+PM&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Wright%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fcaught-on-camera-top-lobbyists-boasting-how-they-influence-the-pm-6272760.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickard2013" class="citation web cs1">Pickard, Jim (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/80f31d84-880f-11e2-8e3c-00144feabdc0.html">"Lobbyists beef up Labour links"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">FT.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lobbyists+beef+up+Labour+links&rft.pub=FT.com&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.aulast=Pickard&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F80f31d84-880f-11e2-8e3c-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027094520/http://www.industry-forum.org/biography.cfm?speakerid=43">"Geoffrey Norris"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.industry-forum.org/biography.cfm?speakerid=43">the original</a> on 2009-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geoffrey+Norris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.industry-forum.org%2Fbiography.cfm%3Fspeakerid%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pasc2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pasc2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Administration_Select_Committee2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Administration Select Committee">Public Administration Select Committee</a> (5 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202090306/http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/public_administration_select_committee/pasc0809pn6.cfm">"PASC calls for a register of lobbying activity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/public_administration_select_committee/pasc0809pn6.cfm">the original</a> on 2 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PASC+calls+for+a+register+of+lobbying+activity&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.au=Public+Administration+Select+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fparliamentary_committees%2Fpublic_administration_select_committee%2Fpasc0809pn6.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108194724/http://www.transparency.org.uk/ti-uk-programmes/domestic-corruption-and-reform-of-corruption-law">"Domestic Corruption and Reform of Corruption Law"</a>. Transparency International UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org.uk/ti-uk-programmes/domestic-corruption-and-reform-of-corruption-law">the original</a> on 2010-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domestic+Corruption+and+Reform+of+Corruption+Law&rft.pub=Transparency+International+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org.uk%2Fti-uk-programmes%2Fdomestic-corruption-and-reform-of-corruption-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107102207/http://www.transparency.org.uk/attachments/106_UK%20corruption%20TI-UK%20PROJECT.doc">"Assessing the extent of corruption in the UK"</a>. Transparency International UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org.uk/attachments/106_UK%20corruption%20TI-UK%20PROJECT.doc">the original</a> on 2010-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assessing+the+extent+of+corruption+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Transparency+International+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org.uk%2Fattachments%2F106_UK%2520corruption%2520TI-UK%2520PROJECT.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKPAC-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UKPAC_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicaffairscouncil.org.uk/en/about-ukpac/history.cfm">"The History of UKPAC"</a>. <i>UK Public Affairs Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Public+Affairs+Council&rft.atitle=The+History+of+UKPAC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicaffairscouncil.org.uk%2Fen%2Fabout-ukpac%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIPR-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIPR_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024174418/http://www.cipr.co.uk/content/news-opinion/statements/105122/cipr-responds-to-prca-decision-to-leave-ukpac">"CIPR responds to PRCA decision to leave UKPAC"</a>. <i>CIPR news, 9 December 2011</i>. CIPR. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipr.co.uk/content/news-opinion/statements/105122/cipr-responds-to-prca-decision-to-leave-ukpac">the original</a> on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIPR+news%2C+9+December+2011&rft.atitle=CIPR+responds+to+PRCA+decision+to+leave+UKPAC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipr.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Fnews-opinion%2Fstatements%2F105122%2Fcipr-responds-to-prca-decision-to-leave-ukpac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klgates.com/the-uk-lobbying-act---do-you-have-to-register-and-name-your-clients-05-10-2016/">"The UK Lobbying Act - Do you have to Register and Name your Clients?"</a>. <i>K&L Gate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=K%26L+Gate&rft.atitle=The+UK+Lobbying+Act+-+Do+you+have+to+Register+and+Name+your+Clients%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klgates.com%2Fthe-uk-lobbying-act---do-you-have-to-register-and-name-your-clients-05-10-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/4/section/1/enacted">Section 1 of the Act</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/4/section/2/enacted">Section 2 of the Act</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lobbying-register.uk/about-.html">"About the Register - UKLR"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Register+-+UKLR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lobbying-register.uk%2Fabout-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2020" class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerald, Susannah (2020-11-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org.uk/scotland-lobbying-register-transparency-zoom-loophole">"Closing the loopholes – an opportunity to fix Scotland's lobbying register"</a>. <i>Transparency International UK</i>. Transparency International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-15</span></span>. <q>One witness described the current register as a 'rabbit hole of loopholes.' Exemptions mean that switching your camera off on a Zoom call could mark the distinction between regulated and unregulated lobbying, regardless of the content of the conversation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transparency+International+UK&rft.atitle=Closing+the+loopholes+%E2%80%93+an+opportunity+to+fix+Scotland%E2%80%99s+lobbying+register&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org.uk%2Fscotland-lobbying-register-transparency-zoom-loophole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinWatch2008" class="citation book cs1">SpinWatch (23 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinwatch.org/images/spinning%20the%20wheels.pdf"><i>Spinning the Wheels: A guide to the PR and lobbying industry</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SpinWatch. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spinning+the+Wheels%3A+A+guide+to+the+PR+and+lobbying+industry&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=SpinWatch&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.au=SpinWatch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spinwatch.org%2Fimages%2Fspinning%2520the%2520wheels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1474">Lobbying and public affairs in the UK: The relationship to political marketing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lobbyingtransparency.org/">Alliance for Lobbying Transparency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicaffairscouncil.org.uk/">UK Public Affairs Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050716081352/http://www.againstcorruption.org/BriefingsItem.asp?id=13093">Revolving Doors in the UK Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630094343/http://www.againstcorruption.org/BriefingsItem.asp?id=12433">Revolving Doors in Health in the UK</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_Office" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Office" title="Template:Cabinet Office"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Cabinet_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Cabinet Office (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Office" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Office"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_Office" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office#Ministers" title="Cabinet Office">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Cabinet_Office" title="Minister for the Cabinet Office">Minister for the Cabinet Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_General" title="Paymaster General">Paymaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary_for_the_Cabinet_Office" title="Parliamentary Secretary for the Cabinet Office">Parliamentary Secretary for the Cabinet Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary_to_the_Cabinet_Office" title="Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Cabinet Office">Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Cabinet Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office_Permanent_Secretary" title="Cabinet Office Permanent Secretary">Cabinet Office Permanent Secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministerial departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Leader of the House of Commons">Office of the Leader of the House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Office of the Leader of the House of Lords">Office of the Leader of the House of Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-ministerial department</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Commercial_Service" title="Crown Commercial Service">Crown Commercial Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Property_Agency_(United_Kingdom)" title="Government Property Agency (United Kingdom)">Government Property Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-departmental public bodies">Non-departmental<br />public bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service Commission (United Kingdom)">Civil Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Business_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Business Appointments">Advisory Committee on Business Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Commission for England">Boundary Commission for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Commission_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary Commission for Wales">Boundary Commission for Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life" title="Committee on Standards in Public Life">Committee on Standards in Public Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Appointments_Commission" title="House of Lords Appointments Commission">House of Lords Appointments Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Security_Vetting_Appeals_Panel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Security Vetting Appeals Panel (page does not exist)">Security Vetting Appeals Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Salaries_Review_Body" title="Senior Salaries Review Body">Senior Salaries Review Body</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Public_Appointments" title="Commissioner for Public Appointments">Commissioner for Public Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Car_Service" title="Government Car Service">Government Car Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministerial_Car" title="Prime Ministerial Car">Prime Ministerial Car</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Equalities_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Equalities Office">Government Equalities Office</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Estates_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Estates Management (page does not exist)">Government Estates Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Projects_Authority" title="Infrastructure and Projects Authority">Infrastructure and Projects Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Parliamentary_Counsel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (United Kingdom)">Office of the Parliamentary Counsel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Office of the Registrar of Consultant Lobbyists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council Office (United Kingdom)">Privy Council Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretariats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Contingencies_Secretariat" title="Civil Contingencies Secretariat">Civil Contingencies Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office_Briefing_Rooms" title="Cabinet Office Briefing Rooms">Cabinet Office Briefing Rooms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_and_Overseas_Secretariat" title="Defence and Overseas Secretariat">Defence and Overseas Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Domestic_Affairs_Secretariat" title="Economic and Domestic Affairs Secretariat">Economic and Domestic Affairs Secretariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Cabinet_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Category:Cabinet Office (United Kingdom)">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1247981439">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1247981439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Lobbying in the United Kingdom">Lobbying in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_December_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2021">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use British English from January 2019">Use British English from January 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 September 2024, at 01:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qdh76","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.689","walltime":"0.869","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4113,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":218801,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5343,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":260314,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 674.646 1 -total"," 43.11% 290.873 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.76% 160.322 1 Template:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom"," 23.32% 157.316 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 22.40% 151.120 20 Template:Cite_news"," 14.07% 94.939 30 Template:Cite_web"," 10.61% 71.611 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.51% 70.915 8 Template:Main_other"," 10.03% 67.679 12 Template:Hlist"," 8.61% 58.068 1 Template:Update"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.394","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6594709,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-ft7q7","timestamp":"20241123051127","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lobbying in the United Kingdom","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6663603","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6663603","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-09-28T20:34:09Z","dateModified":"2024-09-27T01:05:16Z","headline":"national lobbying overview"}</script> </body> </html>