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src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/wow/1.1.2/wow.min.js"></script> </head> <body class="colour--navy not-front path--node page--lab"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="main-container"> <header class="page--lab page"> <div class="region__header--inner region--inner"> <section id="block-bccrc-breadcrumbs" class="block block--system-breadcrumb-block block-bccrc-breadcrumbs"> <nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li> <a href="/">GSC</a> </li> <li> Karsan Lab </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section id="block-bccrc-page-title" class="block block--page-title-block block-bccrc-page-title"> <h1><span>Karsan Lab</span> </h1> </section> </div> </header> <section class="region region__highlight"> <div class="region__highlight--inner region--inner"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </section> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="layout-content"> <section class="region region__content"> <div class="region__content--inner region--inner"> <section id="block-bccrc-content" class="block block--system-main-block block-bccrc-content"> <article role="article" about="/labs/karsan-lab" class="node node--lab full"> <div class="node__inner"> <footer class="node"> <aside> <a href="/people/aly-karsan" class="button"><span>Dr. Aly Karsan, MD</span> </a> <div class="field field--field_email_address"> <a href="mailto:akarsan@bcgsc.ca">akarsan@bcgsc.ca</a></div> <div class="field field--field_phone_number"><a href="tel:604-675-8033">604-675-8033</a></div> <div class="field field--field_admin_contact"> <div class="above field--label">Admin Contact</div> <div> <div class="field field--item field--field_admin_contact"><article role="article" about="/people/marietta-lao" class="node node--profile assistant"> <div class="field--name"> <span>Marietta Lao</span> </div> <div class="field field--field_profile_title"> <div class="field field--item field--field_profile_title">Administrative Assistant</div> </div> <div class="field field--field_email_address"> <a href="mailto:mlao@bcgsc.ca">mlao@bcgsc.ca</a></div> <div class="field field--field_phone_number"><a href="tel:604-675-8034">604-675-8034</a></div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--field_follow_links"> <div class="above field--label">Follow</div> <a href="https://scholar.google.ca/citations?hl=en&user=lIwkNJ4AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-google"></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/KarsanAly" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a> </div> </aside> <a href="https://www.bcgsc.ca/news?article_type=100" class="button"><span>Karsan Lab News</span></a> </footer> <div class="node__main"> <div class="field field--body"><p><img alt="Karsan Lab" data-entity-type="" data-entity-uuid="" src="https://www.bcgsc.ca/sites/default/files/2022-06/karsanlab-9338.png" class="align-center" /></p> <p>The Karsan Lab focuses on two major areas: </p> <ol><li>Understanding the molecular basis of myeloid malignancies, in particular the preleukemic bone marrow failure conditions called myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS); and </li> <li>Determining the role of the endothelium in the development of the hematopoietic system. With respect to both areas we have been studying the role of two pathways: innate immune signaling as represented by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, and the Notch signaling pathway.</li> </ol><h2>Trainees</h2> <p>Graduate students in the Karsan lab are in the UBC Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, UBC Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UBC Experimental Medicine Program, UBC Genome Sciences and Technology Program (GSAT), and the UBC Bioinformatics Training Program. Dr. Karsan also accepts graduate students through the School of Biomedical Engineering. Trainees conduct research on understanding aging changes that lead to the development of leukemias, mechanisms of therapy resistance in leukemias, understanding clonal interactions in leukemia that allow specific leukemic populations to expand or contract, and elucidating the signals that cause endothelial cells to transdifferentiate into blood stem cells.</p> <h2>Location</h2> <p><img alt="CRC" data-entity-type="" data-entity-uuid="" src="https://www.bcgsc.ca/sites/genomesciences/files/GSC/CRC.jpg" class="align-left" /><br /><br /> BC Cancer Research Centre<br /> 675 West 10<sup>th</sup> Avenue <br /> Vancouver, British Columbia <br /> V5Z 1L3 </p></div> </div> </div> </article> <section id="projects" class="layout layout__expanding layout__projects"><h2 class="section__title">Projects</h2><button class="icon" data-expand></button><div class="field field--field_text"> <article role="article" about="/projects/emergence-blood-stem-cells-developing-embryo" class="node node--project teaser"> <div class="node__inner"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="/projects/emergence-blood-stem-cells-developing-embryo" rel="bookmark" ><span>Emergence of blood stem cells in the developing embryo</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--body">The aim of this project is to understand how the scaffold protein, Sash1, generates signals from other cell types to activate hemogenic endothelial cells.</div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><a href="/projects/emergence-blood-stem-cells-developing-embryo" rel="tag" title="Emergence of blood stem cells in the developing embryo" hreflang="en">Learn more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Emergence of blood stem cells in the developing embryo</span></a></li></ul> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/projects/elucidating-mechanisms-clonal-interactions-aml" class="node node--project teaser"> <div class="node__inner"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="/projects/elucidating-mechanisms-clonal-interactions-aml" rel="bookmark" ><span>Elucidating the mechanisms of clonal interactions in AML</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--body">The aim of this project is to define the cell-cell signals through which leukemic cells interact thus causing some leukemic populations to expand and others to contract.</div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><a href="/projects/elucidating-mechanisms-clonal-interactions-aml" rel="tag" title="Elucidating the mechanisms of clonal interactions in AML" hreflang="en">Learn more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Elucidating the mechanisms of clonal interactions in AML</span></a></li></ul> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/projects/mechanisms-lenalidomide-resistance" class="node node--project teaser"> <div class="node__inner"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="/projects/mechanisms-lenalidomide-resistance" rel="bookmark" ><span>Mechanisms of Lenalidomide resistance </span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--body">The aim of this project is to understand the mechanisms of Lenalidomide resistance in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), as well as to potentially provide strategies to overcome or bypass resistance.</div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><a href="/projects/mechanisms-lenalidomide-resistance" rel="tag" title="Mechanisms of Lenalidomide resistance " hreflang="en">Learn more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Mechanisms of Lenalidomide resistance </span></a></li></ul> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/projects/hematopoietic-stem-cell-aging" class="node node--project teaser"> <div class="node__inner"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="/projects/hematopoietic-stem-cell-aging" rel="bookmark" ><span>Hematopoietic stem cell aging </span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--body">In this project, the Karsan laboratory aims to examine how miR-146a affects blood stem cell aging with a focus on the inflammatory molecules that it regulates in both mouse and human models.</div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><a href="/projects/hematopoietic-stem-cell-aging" rel="tag" title="Hematopoietic stem cell aging " hreflang="en">Learn more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Hematopoietic stem cell aging </span></a></li></ul> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/projects/terry-fox-new-frontiers-program-project-grant-exploiting-pathogenic-mechanisms-acute" class="node node--project teaser"> <div class="node__inner"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="/projects/terry-fox-new-frontiers-program-project-grant-exploiting-pathogenic-mechanisms-acute" rel="bookmark" ><span>The Terry Fox New Frontiers Program Project Grant in Exploiting Pathogenic Mechanisms in Acute Leukemia for Clinical Translation</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--body">The long term goal of this project is to better understand the difference between normal blood forming cells and leukemic cells. The lab aims to identify and exploit vulnerable disease causing pathways that may be shared across different types of acute leukemias.</div> <ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore"><a href="/projects/terry-fox-new-frontiers-program-project-grant-exploiting-pathogenic-mechanisms-acute" rel="tag" title="The Terry Fox New Frontiers Program Project Grant in Exploiting Pathogenic Mechanisms in Acute Leukemia for Clinical Translation" hreflang="en">Learn more<span class="visually-hidden"> about The Terry Fox New Frontiers Program Project Grant in Exploiting Pathogenic Mechanisms in Acute Leukemia for Clinical Translation</span></a></li></ul> </div> </article> </div></section> <section id="publications" class="layout layout__expanding layout__publications"><h2 class="section__title">Selected Publications</h2><button class="icon" data-expand></button><div class="field field--field_text"> <article role="article" about="/publications/elucidating-importance-and-regulation-key-enhancers-human-meis1-expression" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35624144" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Elucidating the importance and regulation of key enhancers for human MEIS1 expression</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Leukemia</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Xiang P, Yang X, Escano L, Dhillon I, Schneider E, Clemans-Gibbon J, Wei W, Wong J, Wang SX, Tam D, Deng Y, Yung E, Morin GB, Hoodless PA, Hirst M, Karsan A, Kuchenbauer F, Humphries RK, Rouhi A.</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>Myeloid ecotropic virus insertion site 1 (MEIS1) is essential for normal hematopoiesis and is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of a large subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite the clinical relevance of MEIS1, its regulation is largely unknown. To understand the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms contributing to human MEIS1 expression, we created a knock-in green florescent protein (GFP) reporter system at the endogenous MEIS1 locus in a human AML cell line. Using this model, we have delineated and dissected a critical enhancer region of the MEIS1 locus for transcription factor (TF) binding through in silico prediction in combination with oligo pull-down, mass-spectrometry and knockout analysis leading to the identification of FLI1, an E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factor, as an important regulator of MEIS1 transcription. We further show direct binding of FLI1 to the MEIS1 locus in human AML cell lines as well as enrichment of histone acetylation in MEIS1-high healthy and leukemic cells. We also observe a positive correlation between high FLI1 transcript levels and worse overall survival in AML patients. Our study expands the role of ETS factors in AML and our model constitutes a feasible tool for a more detailed understanding of transcriptional regulatory elements and their interactome.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/inflammation-and-myeloid-malignancy-quenching-flame" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468199" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Inflammation and myeloid malignancy: Quenching the flame</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Blood</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Ryan J Stubbins, Uwe Platzbecker, Aly Karsan</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>Chronic inflammation with aging ("inflammaging") plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies. Aberrant inflammatory activity impacts many different cells in the marrow, including normal blood and stromal marrow elements and leukemic cells, in unique and distinct ways. Inflammation can promote selective clonal expansion through differential immune-mediated suppression of normal hematopoietic cells and malignant clones. We review these complex roles, how they can be understood by separating cell-intrinsic from extrinsic effects, and how this informs future clinical trials.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/game-changer-health-professionals-views-clinical-utility-circulating-tumor-dna-testing" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35385106" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>"Game Changer": Health Professionals' Views on the Clinical Utility of Circulating Tumor DNA Testing in Hereditary Cancer Syndrome Management</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">The Oncologist</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Salma Shickh et al., (including Aly Karsan)</div> <div class="field field--body"><p><strong>Background: </strong>We explored health professionals' views on the utility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing in hereditary cancer syndrome (HCS) management.</p> <p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A qualitative interpretive description study was conducted, using semi-structured interviews with professionals across Canada. Thematic analysis employing constant comparison was used for analysis. 2 investigators coded each transcript. Differences were reconciled through discussion and the codebook was modified as new codes and themes emerged from the data.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-five professionals participated and included genetic counselors (n = 12), geneticists (n = 9), oncologists (n = 4), family doctors (n = 3), lab directors and scientists (n = 3), a health-system decision maker, a surgeon, a pathologist, and a nurse. Professionals described ctDNA as "transformative" and a "game-changer". However, they were divided on its use in HCS management, with some being optimistic (optimists) while others were hesitant (pessimists). Differences were driven by views on 3 factors: (1) clinical utility, (2) ctDNA's role in cancer screening, and (3) ctDNA's invasiveness. Optimists anticipated ctDNA testing would have clinical utility for HCS patients, its role would be akin to a diagnostic test and would be less invasive than standard screening (eg imaging). Pessimistic participants felt ctDNA testing would add limited utility; it would effectively be another screening test in the pathway, likely triggering additional investigations downstream, thereby increasing invasiveness.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Providers anticipated ctDNA testing will transform early cancer detection for HCS families. However, the contrasting positions on ctDNA's role in the care pathway raise potential practice variations, highlighting a need to develop evidence to support clinical implementation and guidelines to standardize adoption.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/incidence-and-socioeconomic-factors-older-adults-acute-myeloid-leukaemia-real-world" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35122325" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Incidence and Socioeconomic Factors in Older Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: Real-World Outcomes from a Population-Based Cohort</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">European Journal of Haemotology</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Ryan J Stubbins, Maria Stamenkovic, Claudie Roy, Judith Rodrigo, Shanee Chung, Florian C Kuchenbauer, Kevin A Hay, Jennifer White, Yasser Abou Mourad, Maryse M Power, Sujaatha Narayanan, Donna L Forrest, Cynthia L Toze, Heather J Sutherland, Stephen H Nantel, Thomas J Nevill, Aly Karsan, Kevin W Song, David S Sanford</div> <div class="field field--body"><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a disease of older adults, who are vulnerable to socioeconomic factors. We determined AML incidence in older adults and the impact of socioeconomic factors on outcomes.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 3024 AML patients (1996-2016) identified from a population-based registry.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>AML incidence in patients ≥60 years increased from 11.01 (2001-2005) to 12.76 (2011-2016) per 100,000 population. Amongst 879 patients ≥60 years in recent eras (2010-2016), rural residents (<100,000 population) were less likely to be assessed by a leukaemia specialist (39% rural, 47% urban, p=0.032); no difference was seen for lower (43%, quintile 1-3) versus higher (47%, quintile 4-5) incomes (p=0.235). Similar numbers received induction chemotherapy between residence (16% rural, 18% urban, p=0.578) and incomes (17% lower, 17% high, p=1.0). Differences between incomes were seen for hypomethylating agent treatment (14% low, 20% high, p=0.041); this was not seen for residence (13% rural, 18% urban, p=0.092). Amongst non-adverse karyotype patients ≥70 years, 2-year overall survival was worse for rural (5% rural, 12% urban, p=0.006) and lower income (6% low, 15% high, p=0.017) patients.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AML incidence in older adults is increasing, and outcomes are worse for older rural and low-income residents; these patients face treatment barriers.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/tirap-drives-myelosuppression-through-ifng-hmgb1-axis-disrupts-endothelial-niche-mice" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35089323" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>TIRAP drives myelosuppression through an Ifnγ-Hmgb1 axis that disrupts the endothelial niche in mice</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">The Journal of Experimental Medicine</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Aparna Gopal, Rawa Ibrahim, Megan Fuller, Patricia Umlandt, Jeremy Parker, Jessica Tran, Linda Chang, Joanna Wegrzyn-Woltosz, Jeffrey Lam, Jenny Li, Melody Lu, Aly Karsan</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>Inflammation is associated with bone marrow failure syndromes, but how specific molecules impact the bone marrow microenvironment is not well elucidated. We report a novel role for the miR-145 target, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), in driving bone marrow failure. We show that TIRAP is overexpressed in various types of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and suppresses all three major hematopoietic lineages. TIRAP expression promotes up-regulation of Ifnγ, leading to myelosuppression through Ifnγ-Ifnγr-mediated release of the alarmin, Hmgb1, which disrupts the bone marrow endothelial niche. Deletion of Ifnγ blocks Hmgb1 release and is sufficient to reverse the endothelial defect and restore myelopoiesis. Contrary to current dogma, TIRAP-activated Ifnγ-driven bone marrow suppression is independent of T cell function or pyroptosis. In the absence of Ifnγ, TIRAP drives myeloproliferation, implicating Ifnγ in suppressing the transformation of MDS to acute leukemia. These findings reveal novel, noncanonical roles of TIRAP, Hmgb1, and Ifnγ in the bone marrow microenvironment and provide insight into the pathophysiology of preleukemic syndromes.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/differentiation-therapy-myeloid-malignancies-beyond-cytotoxicity" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34864823" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Differentiation therapy for myeloid malignancies: beyond cytotoxicity</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Blood Cancer Journal</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Ryan J Stubbins, Aly Karsan</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>Blocked cellular differentiation is a central pathologic feature of the myeloid malignancies, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Treatment regimens promoting differentiation have resulted in incredible cure rates in certain AML subtypes, such as acute promyelocytic leukemia. Over the past several years, we have seen many new therapies for MDS/AML enter clinical practice, including epigenetic therapies (e.g., 5-azacitidine), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) inhibitors, fms-like kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors, and lenalidomide for deletion 5q (del5q) MDS. Despite not being developed with the intent of manipulating differentiation, induction of differentiation is a major mechanism by which several of these novel agents function. In this review, we examine the new therapeutic landscape for these diseases, focusing on the role of hematopoietic differentiation and the impact of inflammation and aging. We review how current therapies in MDS/AML promote differentiation as a part of their therapeutic effect, and the cellular mechanisms by which this occurs. We then outline potential novel avenues to achieve differentiation in the myeloid malignancies for therapeutic purposes. This emerging body of knowledge about the importance of relieving differentiation blockade with anti-neoplastic therapies is important to understand how current novel agents function and may open avenues to developing new treatments that explicitly target cellular differentiation. Moving beyond cytotoxic agents has the potential to open new and unexpected avenues in the treatment of myeloid malignancies, hopefully providing more efficacy with reduced toxicity.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/effect-preexamination-conditions-centralized-testing-model-non-invasive-prenatal" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34761647" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Effect of preexamination conditions in a centralized-testing model of non-invasive prenatal screening</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Chad Fibke, Sylvie Giroux, André Caron, Elizabeth Starks, Jeremy DK Parker, Lucas Swanson, Loubna Jouan, Sylvie Langlois, Guy Rouleau, François Rousseau, Aly Karsan</div> <div class="field field--body"><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Non-invasive prenatal testing requires the presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Understanding how preexamination conditions affect the integrity of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and fetal fraction (FF) are a prerequisite for test implementation. Therefore, we examined the adjusted effect that EDTA and Streck tubes have on the cfDNA quantity and FF.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 3,568 maternal blood samples across Canada were collected in either EDTA, or Streck tubes, and processing metrics, maternal body mass index (BMI), gestational age and fetal karyotype and sex were recorded. Plasma samples were sequenced using two different sequencing platforms in separate laboratories. Sequencing data were processed with SeqFF to estimate FF. Linear regression and multivariate imputation by chained equations were used to estimate the adjusted effect of tube type on cfDNA and FF.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a positive association between cfDNA quantity and blood shipment time in EDTA tubes, which is significantly reduced with the use of Streck tubes. Furthermore, we show the storage of plasma at -80 °C is associated with a 4.4% annual relative decrease in cfDNA levels. FF was not associated with collection tube type when controlling for confounding variables. However, FF was positively associated with gestational age and trisomy 21, while negatively associated with BMI, male fetus, trisomy 18, Turners syndrome and triploidy.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Preexamination, maternal and fetal variables are associated with cfDNA quantity and FF. The consideration of these variables in future studies may help to reduce the number of pregnant women with inconclusive tests as a result of low FF.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/rare-de-novo-pure-erythroid-leukemia-jak2-r683s-mutation" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34480614" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>A rare de novo pure erythroid leukemia with JAK2 R683S mutation</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Annals of Hematology</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Rebecca Z Xu, Aly Karsan, Zhaodong Xu, Brian R Berry</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/canadian-ros-proto-oncogene-1-study-cros-multi-institutional-implementation-ros1" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34509095" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Canadian ROS proto-oncogene 1 study (CROS) for multi-institutional implementation of ROS1 testing in non-small cell lung cancer</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Lung Cancer</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Carol C Cheung, Adam C Smith, Roula Albadine, Gilbert Bigras, Anna Bojarski, Christian Couture, Jean-Claude Cutz, Weei-Yuan Huang, Diana Ionescu, Doha Itani, Iyare Izevbaye, Aly Karsan, Margaret M Kelly, Joan Knoll, Keith Kwan, Michel R Nasr, Gefei Qing, Fariboz Rashid-Kolvear, Harmanjatinder S Sekhon, Alan Spatz, Tracy Stockley, Danh Tran-Thanh, Tracy Tucker, Ranjit Waghray, Hangjun Wang, Zhaolin Xu, Yasushi Yatabe, Emina E Torlakovic, Ming-Sound Tsao</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) gene rearrangements show dramatic response to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib. Current best practice guidelines recommend that all advanced stage non-squamous NSCLC patients be also tested for ROS1 gene rearrangements. Several studies have suggested that ROS1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the D4D6 antibody may be used to screen for ROS1 fusion positive lung cancers, with assays showing high sensitivity but moderate to high specificity. A break apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test is then used to confirm the presence of ROS1 gene rearrangement. The goal of Canadian ROS1 (CROS) study was to harmonize ROS1 laboratory developed testing (LDT) by using IHC and FISH assays to detect ROS1 rearranged lung cancers across Canadian pathology laboratories. Cell lines expressing different levels of ROS1 (high, low, none) were used to calibrate IHC protocols after which participating laboratories ran the calibrated protocols on a reference set of 24 NSCLC cases (9 ROS1 rearranged tumors and 15 ROS1 non-rearranged tumors as determined by FISH). Results were compared using a centralized readout. The stained slides were evaluated for the cellular localization of staining, intensity of staining, the presence of staining in non-tumor cells, the presence of non-specific staining (e.g. necrosis, extracellular mater, other) and the percent positive cells. H-score was also determined for each tumor. Analytical sensitivity and specificity harmonization was achieved by using low limit of detection (LOD) as either any positivity in the U118 cell line or H-score of 200 with the HCC78 cell line. An overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of up to 100% and 99% respectively was achieved for ROS1 IHC testing (relative to FISH) using an adjusted H-score readout on the reference cases. This study confirms that LDT ROS1 IHC assays can be highly sensitive and specific for detection of ROS1 rearrangements in NSCLC. As NSCLC can demonstrate ROS1 IHC positivity in FISH-negative cases, the degree of the specificity of the IHC assay, especially in highly sensitive protocols, is mostly dependent on the readout cut-off threshold. As ROS1 IHC is a screening assay for a rare rearrangements in NSCLC, we recommend adjustment of the readout threshold in order to balance specificity, rather than decreasing the overall analytical and diagnostic sensitivity of the protocols.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/use-treatment-focused-tumor-sequencing-screen-germline-cancer-predisposition" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34197922" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Use of Treatment-Focused Tumor Sequencing to Screen for Germline Cancer Predisposition</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Tammy TY Lau, Christina M May, Zahra J Sefid Dashti, Lucas Swanson, Elizabeth R Starks, Jeremy DK Parker, Richard A Moore, Tracy Tucker, Ian Bosdet, Sean S Young, Jennifer L Santos, Katie Compton, Nili Heidary, Lien Hoang, Kasmintan A Schrader, Sophie Sun, Janice S Kwon, Anna V Tinker, Aly Karsan</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>Next-generation sequencing assays are capable of identifying cancer patients eligible for targeted therapies and can also detect germline variants associated with increased cancer susceptibility. However, these capabilities have yet to be routinely harmonized in a single assay because of challenges with accurately identifying germline variants from tumor-only data. We have developed the Oncology and Hereditary Cancer Program targeted capture panel, which uses tumor tissue to simultaneously screen for both clinically actionable solid tumor variants and germline variants across 45 genes. Validation using 14 tumor specimens, composed of patient samples and cell lines analyzed in triplicate, demonstrated high coverage with sensitive and specific identification of single-nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions. Average coverage across all targets remained >2000× in 198 additional patient tumor samples. Analysis of 55 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples for the detection of known germline variants within a subset of cancer-predisposition genes, including one multiexon deletion, yielded a 100% detection rate, demonstrating that germline variants can be reliably detected in tumor samples using a single panel. Combining targetable somatic and actionable germline variants into a single tumor tissue assay represents a streamlined approach that can inform treatment for patients with advanced cancers as well as identify those with potential germline variants who are eligible for confirmatory testing, but would not otherwise have been identified.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/clinical-transcriptome-approach-patient-stratification-and-therapy-selection-acute" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33931648" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>A clinical transcriptome approach to patient stratification and therapy selection in acute myeloid leukemia</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Nature Communications, 2021</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">T Roderick Docking, Jeremy D K Parker, Martin Jädersten, Gerben Duns, Linda Chang, Jihong Jiang, Jessica A Pilsworth, Lucas A Swanson, Simon K Chan, Readman Chiu, Ka Ming Nip, Samantha Mar, Angela Mo, Xuan Wang, Sergio Martinez-Høyer, Ryan J Stubbins, Karen L Mungall, Andrew J Mungall, Richard A Moore, Steven J M Jones, İnanç Birol, Marco A Marra, Donna Hogge, Aly Karsan</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>As more clinically-relevant genomic features of myeloid malignancies are revealed, it has become clear that targeted clinical genetic testing is inadequate for risk stratification. Here, we develop and validate a clinical transcriptome-based assay for stratification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Comparison of ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-Seq) to whole genome and exome sequencing reveals that a standalone RNA-Seq assay offers the greatest diagnostic return, enabling identification of expressed gene fusions, single nucleotide and short insertion/deletion variants, and whole-transcriptome expression information. Expression data from 154 AML patients are used to develop a novel AML prognostic score, which is strongly associated with patient outcomes across 620 patients from three independent cohorts, and 42 patients from a prospective cohort. When combined with molecular risk guidelines, the risk score allows for the re-stratification of 22.1 to 25.3% of AML patients from three independent cohorts into correct risk groups. Within the adverse-risk subgroup, we identify a subset of patients characterized by dysregulated integrin signaling and RUNX1 or TP53 mutation. We show that these patients may benefit from therapy with inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase, encoded by PTK2, demonstrating additional utility of transcriptome-based testing for therapy selection in myeloid malignancy.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/germline-testing-and-somatic-tumor-testing-brca12-pathogenic-variants-ovarian-cancer" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="/publications/germline-testing-and-somatic-tumor-testing-brca12-pathogenic-variants-ovarian-cancer" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Germline testing and somatic tumor testing for BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants in ovarian cancer: What is the optimal sequence of testing?</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Journal of Clinical Oncology</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Janice S Kwon, Anna Tinker, Jennifer Santos, Katie Compton, Sophie Sun, Kasmintan A Schrader, Aly Karsan</div> <div class="field field--body"><p><strong>Background:</strong> In 2020 ASCO recommended that all women with epithelial ovarian cancer have germline testing (GT) for <em>BRCA1/2</em> mutations, and those without a germline pathogenic variant (PV) should have somatic tumor testing (TT), to determine eligibility for PARP inhibitor (PARPi) therapy (GT-TT strategy). An alternate strategy is to start with tumor testing first, and to conduct germline testing only in those with a PV in the tumor, or a significant family history (TT-GT strategy). The objective was to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the 2 testing strategies. <strong>Methods:</strong> A Markov Monte Carlo simulation model compared the costs (USD) and benefits of the 2 testing strategies. According to local empiric data, a sufficient tissue sample for TT was available in 99% of cases, otherwise the patient would only have GT. Sensitivity of TT was 99% for detecting germline PV. Only those with <em>BRCA1/2</em> PV were eligible for PARPi. Primary outcomes included the number of women eligible for PARPi, with progression-free years of life (PFLY) gained based on SOLO1 data, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Monte Carlo simulation estimated the number of women who would have GT and TT, and the total with germline or somatic <em>BRCA1/2</em> PV eligible for PARPi. Sensitivity analyses accounted for uncertainty around various parameters. <strong>Results:</strong> The GT-TT strategy was more effective but more costly than TT-GT in identifying patients eligible for PARPi. Table summarizes the average lifetime costs, benefits, and Monte Carlo simulation estimates for 10,000 women diagnosed with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer annually in the USA. The incremental benefit from the GT-TT strategy would be achieved at substantial cost to the health care system, with an ICER of $119,340 per PFLY gained relative to the TT-GT strategy. The results were highly sensitive to the sensitivity of TT to detect germline PV, and the costs of GT and TT. Assuming that GT was less than 50% of the cost of TT, the sensitivity of TT had to exceed 98% for the TT-GT strategy to be cost-effective. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Although the ASCO recommended strategy of <em>BRCA</em> germline testing followed by tumor testing for those without a pathogenic variant may be more effective in identifying ovarian cancer patients for PARP inhibitor therapy, it is more costly. The ASCO strategy is justified if the sensitivity of tumor testing is not sufficiently high. However, assuming high tumor testing performance rates, tumor testing first followed by germline testing if there is a PV in the tumor and/or family history is a cost-effective strategy.</p> <p><a href="https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.10585">Learn more</a></p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/met-exon-14-skipping-mutation-positive-non-small-cell-lung-cancer-response-systemic-0" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33667719" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>MET exon 14 skipping mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer: Response to systemic therapy</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Lung Cancer</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Selina K Wong, Deepu Alex, Ian Bosdet, Curtis Hughesman, Aly Karsan, Stephen Yip, Cheryl Ho</div> <div class="field field--body"><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>MET exon 14 skipping is a potentially targetable molecular alteration. The goals of this study were to identify patients treated in British Columbia with MET exon 14 skipping to understand prevalence, biology and response to treatment, and to identify molecular signatures that may predict for response or resistance to targeted MET therapy in the setting of advanced disease.</p> <p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective review was completed of patients found to have MET exon 14 skipping alterations between January 2016-September 2019. Information was collected on baseline characteristics, response to systemic treatments, and outcomes.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 1934 advanced, non-squamous and never-smoking squamous NSCLC patients tested, 41 patients were found to have MET exon 14 skipping (2.1 %). MET alteration types: 2% CBL binding-domain mutations, 34 % poly-pyrimidine tract deletions, 63 % splice donor mutations or deletions. The most common co-mutation was TP53 (22 %). Thirty-three patients received systemic therapy. Physician-assessed disease control was 68 % among 19 evaluable patients treated with crizotinib, 80 % among 10 evaluable patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy, and 70 % among 10 evaluable patients treated with immunotherapy. Median time to treatment discontinuation was 3.0, 2.8, and 2.4 months, respectively. Median overall survival for metastatic patients treated with any systemic therapy was 15.4 months. In this small cohort, there were no clear correlations between molecular aberrations and response, time to treatment discontinuation, or survival for crizotinib, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of MET exon 14 skipping in a North American population was 2.1 %. Unlike other targetable mutations, patients were older and more commonly current or former smokers. Patients with MET exon 14 skipping alteration demonstrate disease control with crizotinib, platinum-based chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Co-mutations with TP53 were commonly noted, but correlation between co-mutations and efficacy of therapy were not identified in this cohort.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/colorectal-cancer-detection-based-deep-learning" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33042607" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Colorectal Cancer Detection Based on Deep Learning</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Journal of Pathology Informatics</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Lin Xu, Blair Walker, Peir-In Liang, Yi Tong, Cheng Xu, Yu Chun Su, Aly Karsan</div> <div class="field field--body"><p><strong>Introduction:</strong> The initial point in the diagnostic workup of solid tumors remains manual, with the assessment of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue sections by microscopy. This is a labor-intensive step that requires attention to detail. In addition, diagnoses are influenced by an individual pathologist's knowledge and experience and may not always be reproducible between pathologists. <strong>Methods:</strong> We introduce a deep learning-based method in colorectal cancer detection and segmentation from digitized H&E-stained histology slides. <strong>Results:</strong> In this study, we demonstrate that this neural network approach produces median accuracy of 99.9% for normal slides and 94.8% for cancer slides compared to pathologist-based diagnosis on H&E-stained slides digitized from clinical samples. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Given that our approach has very high accuracy on normal slides, use of neural network algorithms may provide a screening approach to save pathologist time in identifying tumor regions. We suggest that this new method may be a powerful assistant for colorectal cancer diagnostics.</p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/quality-life-and-socioeconomic-indicators-associated-survival-myeloid-leukemias-canada" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="/publications/quality-life-and-socioeconomic-indicators-associated-survival-myeloid-leukemias-canada" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Quality of life and socioeconomic indicators associated with survival of myeloid leukemias in Canada</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">eJHaem</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Sonya Cressman, Donna E Hogge, Mark D Minden,Stephen Couban, Aly Karsan, Raewyn Broady, Emily McPherson, Khalif Halani, Jing Yi Weng, Stuart J Peacock</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>Understanding how patient-reported quality of life (QoL) and socioeconomic status (SES) relate to survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) may improve prognostic information sharing. This study explores associations among QoL, SES, and survival through administration of the Euro-QoL 5-Dimension, 3-level and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Leukemia and financial impact questionnaires to 138 adult participants with newly diagnosed AML or MDS in a longitudinal, pan-Canadian study. Cox regression and lasso variable selection models were used to explore associations among QoL, SES, and established predictors of survival. Secondary outcomes were changes in QoL, performance of the QoL instruments, and lost income. We found that higher QoL and SES were positively associated with survival. The Lasso model selected the visual analog scale of the EQ-5D-3L as the most important predictor among all other variables (<em>P</em> = .03; 92% selection). Patients with AML report improved QoL after treatment, despite higher mean out-of-pocket expenditures compared with MDS (up to $599 CDN/month for AML vs $239 for MDS; <em>P</em> = .05), greater loss of productivity-related income (reaching $1786/month for AML vs $709 for MDS; <em>P</em> < .05), and greater caregiver effects (65% vs 35% caregiver productivity losses for AML vs MDS; <em>P</em> < .05). Our results suggest that including patient-reported QoL and socioeconomic indicators can improve the accuracy of survival models.</p> <p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jha2.62">Learn more</a></p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/multicenter-validation-study-implement-plasma-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-t790m" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="/publications/multicenter-validation-study-implement-plasma-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-t790m" target="_blank" rel="bookmark"><span>Multicenter validation study to implement plasma epidermal growth factor receptor T790M testing in clinical laboratories</span> </a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">JCO Precision Oncology</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Natasha B Leighl, Suzanne Kamel-Reid, Parneet K Cheema, Janessa Laskin, Aly Karsan, Tong Zhang, Tracy Stockley, Tristan A Barnes, Roxana A Tudor, Geoffrey Liu, Scott Owen, Jeffrey Rothenstein, Ronald L Burkes, Mussawar Iqbal, Alan Spatz, Léon C van Kempen, Iyare Izevbaye, David Laurence, Lisa W Le, Ming-Sound Tsao</div> <div class="field field--body"><p>PURPOSE</p> <p>Plasma detection of <em>EGFR</em> T790M mutations is an emerging alternative to tumor rebiopsy in acquired epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Validation of analytical sensitivity and clinical utility is required before routine diagnostic use in clinical laboratories.</p> <p>PATIENTS AND METHODS</p> <p>Sixty-three patients with advanced <em>EGFR</em>-mutant lung cancer at 7 Canadian centers, who were being screened for the ASTRIS trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02474355" target="_blank">NCT02474355</a>), participated in this companion study. Plasma T790M mutation was detected using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, Cobas (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN), or next-generation sequencing in 4 laboratories. T790M concordance was assessed between plasma and tumor samples.</p> <p>RESULTS</p> <p>Assessment of T790M in tumor biopsy tissue was successful in 81% of patients; 49% had confirmed T790M results (tumor or plasma) for ASTRIS. Plasma testing in this companion study yielded T790M results in 97% of patients; 62% had T790M-positive results, 36% had negative results, and 2% had indeterminate results. Of 38 patients with negative or indeterminate biopsy results, 55% had positive plasma T790M results, increasing the proportion with T790M-positive results to 73%. Sensitivity of plasma T790M testing was 75%. Overall concordance between tissue and plasma was 64%, and concordance among laboratories was 90.3%. Response to osimertinib and duration of therapy were similar irrespective of testing method (overall response rate, 62.5% for tissue, 66.7% for plasma, and 70.6% for both).</p> <p>CONCLUSION</p> <p>This multicenter validation study demonstrates that plasma <em>EGFR</em> T790M testing can identify significantly more patients than biopsy alone who may benefit from targeted therapy.</p> <p><a href="https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/PO.19.00335">Learn more</a></p></div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/loss-lenalidomide-induced-megakaryocytic-differentiation-leads-therapy-resistance" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32251398" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Loss of lenalidomide-induced megakaryocytic differentiation leads to therapy resistance in del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Nature cell biology, 2020</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Martinez-Høyer, Sergio, Deng, Yu, Parker, Jeremy, Jiang, Jihong, Mo, Angela, Docking, T Roderick, Gharaee, Nadia, Li, Jenny, Umlandt, Patricia, Fuller, Megan, Jädersten, Martin, Kulasekararaj, Austin, Malcovati, Luca, List, Alan F, Hellström-Lindberg, Eva, Platzbecker, Uwe, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 (del(5q)) is the most common structural genomic variant in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS){{sup}}1{{/sup}}. Lenalidomide (LEN) is the treatment of choice for patients with del(5q) MDS, but half of the responding patients become resistant{{sup}}2{{/sup}} within 2 years. TP53 mutations are detected in ~20% of LEN-resistant patients{{sup}}3{{/sup}}. Here we show that patients who become resistant to LEN harbour recurrent variants of TP53 or RUNX1. LEN upregulated RUNX1 protein and function in a CRBN- and TP53-dependent manner in del(5q) cells, and mutation or downregulation of RUNX1 rendered cells resistant to LEN. LEN induced megakaryocytic differentiation of del(5q) cells followed by cell death that was dependent on calpain activation and CSNK1A1 degradation{{sup}}4,5{{/sup}}. We also identified GATA2 as a LEN-responsive gene that is required for LEN-induced megakaryocyte differentiation. Megakaryocytic gene-promoter analyses suggested that LEN-induced degradation of IKZF1 enables a RUNX1-GATA2 complex to drive megakaryocytic differentiation. Overexpression of GATA2 restored LEN sensitivity in the context of RUNX1 or TP53 mutations by enhancing LEN-induced megakaryocytic differentiation. Screening for mutations that block LEN-induced megakaryocytic differentiation should identify patients who are resistant to LEN.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/sample-tracking-using-unique-sequence-controls" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31837431" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Sample Tracking Using Unique Sequence Controls.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD, 2020</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Moore, Richard A, Zeng, Thomas, Docking, T Roderick, Bosdet, Ian, Butterfield, Yaron S, Munro, Sarah, Li, Irene, Swanson, Lucas, Starks, Elizabeth R, Tse, Kane, Mungall, Andrew J, Holt, Robert A, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">Sample tracking and identity are essential when processing multiple samples in parallel. Sequencing applications often involve high sample numbers, and the data are frequently used in a clinical setting. As such, a simple and accurate intrinsic sample tracking process through a sequencing pipeline is essential. Various solutions have been implemented to verify sample identity, including variant detection at the start and end of the pipeline using arrays or genotyping, bioinformatic comparisons, and optical barcoding of samples. None of these approaches are optimal. To establish a more effective approach using genetic barcoding, we developed a panel of unique DNA sequences cloned into a common vector. A unique DNA sequence is added to the sample when it is first received and can be detected by PCR and/or sequencing at any stage of the process. The control sequences are approximately 200 bases long with low identity to any sequence in the National Center for Biotechnology Information nonredundant database (<30 bases) and contain no long homopolymer (>7) stretches. When a spiked next-generation sequencing library is sequenced, sequence reads derived from this control sequence are generated along with the standard sequencing run and are used to confirm sample identity and determine cross-contamination levels. This approach is used in our targeted clinical diagnostic whole-genome and RNA-sequencing pipelines and is an inexpensive, flexible, and platform-agnostic solution.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/fixation-effects-variant-calling-clinical-resequencing-panel" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31055024" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Fixation Effects on Variant Calling in a Clinical Resequencing Panel.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD, 2019</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Parker, Jeremy D K, Yap, Shyong Quin, Starks, Elizabeth, Slind, Jillian, Swanson, Lucas, Docking, T Roderick, Fuller, Megan, Zhou, Chen, Walker, Blair, Filipenko, Douglas, Xiong, Wei, Karimuddin, Ahmer A, Phang, P Terry, Raval, Manoj, Brown, Carl J, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">Formalin fixation is the standard method for the preservation of tissue for diagnostic purposes, including pathologic review and molecular assays. However, this method is known to cause artifacts that can affect the accuracy of molecular genetic test results. We assessed the applicability of alternative fixatives to determine whether these perform significantly better on next-generation sequencing assays, and whether adequate morphology is retained for primary diagnosis, in a prospective study using a clinical-grade, laboratory-developed targeted resequencing assay. Several parameters relating to sequencing quality and variant calling were examined and quantified in tumor and normal colon epithelial tissues. We identified an alternative fixative that suppresses many formalin-related artifacts while retaining adequate morphology for pathologic review.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/endothelial-sash1-required-lung-maturation-through-nitric-oxide-signaling" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31067462" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Endothelial Sash1 Is Required for Lung Maturation through Nitric Oxide Signaling.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Cell reports, 2019</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Coulombe, Patrick, Paliouras, Grigorios N, Clayton, Ashley, Hussainkhel, Angela, Fuller, Megan, Jovanovic, Vida, Dauphinee, Shauna, Umlandt, Patricia, Xiang, Ping, Kyle, Alistair H, Minchinton, Andrew I, Humphries, R Keith, Hoodless, Pamela A, Parker, Jeremy D K, Wright, Joanne L, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">The sterile alpha motif (SAM) and SRC homology 3 (SH3) domain containing protein 1 (Sash1) acts as a scaffold in TLR4 signaling. We generated Sash1{{sup}}-/-{{/sup}} mice, which die in the perinatal period due to respiratory distress. Constitutive or endothelial-restricted Sash1 loss leads to a delay in maturation of alveolar epithelial cells causing reduced surfactant-associated protein synthesis. We show that Sash1 interacts with β-arrestin 1 downstream of the TLR4 pathway to activate Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in microvascular endothelial cells. Generation of nitric oxide downstream of Sash1 in endothelial cells affects alveolar epithelial cells in a cGMP-dependent manner, inducing maturation of alveolar type 1 and 2 cells. Thus, we identify a critical cell nonautonomous function for Sash1 in embryonic development in which endothelial Sash1 regulates alveolar epithelial cell maturation and promotes pulmonary surfactant production through nitric oxide signaling. Lung immaturity is a major cause of respiratory distress and mortality in preterm infants, and these findings identify the endothelium as a potential target for therapy.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/genomic-testing-myeloid-malignancy" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31069982" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Genomic testing in myeloid malignancy.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">International journal of laboratory hematology, 2019</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Docking, T Roderick, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">Clinical genetic testing in the myeloid malignancies is undergoing a rapid transition from the era of cytogenetics and single-gene testing to an era dominated by next-generation sequencing (NGS). This transition promises to better reveal the genetic alterations underlying disease, but there are distinct risks and benefits associated with different NGS testing platforms. NGS offers the potential benefit of being able to survey alterations across a wider set of genes, but analytic and clinical challenges associated with incidental findings, germ line variation, turnaround time, and limits of detection must be addressed. Additionally, transcriptome-based testing may offer several distinct benefits beyond traditional DNA-based methods. In addition to testing at disease diagnosis, research indicates potential benefits of genetic testing both prior to disease onset and at remission. In this review, we discuss the transition from the era of cytogenetics and single-gene tests to the era of NGS panels and genome-wide sequencing-highlighting both the potential and drawbacks of these novel technologies.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/mir-143145-differentially-regulate-hematopoietic-stem-and-progenitor-activity-through" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29925839" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">miR-143/145 differentially regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor activity through suppression of canonical TGFβ signaling.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Nature communications, 2018</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Lam, Jeffrey, van den Bosch, Marion, Wegrzyn, Joanna, Parker, Jeremy, Ibrahim, Rawa, Slowski, Kate, Chang, Linda, Martinez-Høyer, Sergio, Condorelli, Gianluigi, Boldin, Mark, Deng, Yu, Umlandt, Patricia, Fuller, Megan, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">Expression of miR-143 and miR-145 is reduced in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) of myelodysplastic syndrome patients with a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 5. Here we show that mice lacking miR-143/145 have impaired HSPC activity with depletion of functional hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but activation of progenitor cells (HPCs). We identify components of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway as key targets of miR-143/145. Enforced expression of the TGFβ adaptor protein and miR-145 target, Disabled-2 (DAB2), recapitulates the HSC defect seen in miR-143/145{{sup}}-/-{{/sup}} mice. Despite reduced HSC activity, older miR-143/145{{sup}}-/-{{/sup}} and DAB2-expressing mice show elevated leukocyte counts associated with increased HPC activity. A subset of mice develop a serially transplantable myeloid malignancy, associated with expansion of HPC. Thus, miR-143/145 play a cell context-dependent role in HSPC function through regulation of TGFβ/DAB2 activation, and loss of these miRNAs creates a preleukemic state.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/applications-bayesian-network-models-predicting-types-hematological-malignancies" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29725024" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Applications of Bayesian network models in predicting types of hematological malignancies.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Scientific reports, 2018</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Agrahari, Rupesh, Foroushani, Amir, Docking, T Roderick, Chang, Linda, Duns, Gerben, Hudoba, Monika, Karsan, Aly, Zare, Habil</div> <div class="field field--body">Network analysis is the preferred approach for the detection of subtle but coordinated changes in expression of an interacting and related set of genes. We introduce a novel method based on the analyses of coexpression networks and Bayesian networks, and we use this new method to classify two types of hematological malignancies; namely, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Our classifier has an accuracy of 93%, a precision of 98%, and a recall of 90% on the training dataset (n = 366); which outperforms the results reported by other scholars on the same dataset. Although our training dataset consists of microarray data, our model has a remarkable performance on the RNA-Seq test dataset (n = 74, accuracy = 89%, precision = 88%, recall = 98%), which confirms that eigengenes are robust with respect to expression profiling technology. These signatures are useful in classification and correctly predicting the diagnosis. They might also provide valuable information about the underlying biology of diseases. Our network analysis approach is generalizable and can be useful for classifying other diseases based on gene expression profiles. Our previously published Pigengene package is publicly available through Bioconductor, which can be used to conveniently fit a Bayesian network to gene expression data.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/identification-mir-145-and-mir-146a-mediators-5q-syndrome-phenotype" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19898489" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Identification of miR-145 and miR-146a as mediators of the 5q- syndrome phenotype.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Nature medicine, 2010</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Starczynowski, Daniel T, Kuchenbauer, Florian, Argiropoulos, Bob, Sung, Sandy, Morin, Ryan, Muranyi, Andrew, Hirst, Martin, Hogge, Donna, Marra, Marco, Wells, Richard A, Buckstein, Rena, Lam, Wan, Humphries, R Keith, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">5q- syndrome is a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by severe anemia and variable neutropenia but normal or high platelet counts with dysplastic megakaryocytes. We examined expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) encoded on chromosome 5q as a possible cause of haploinsufficiency. We show that deletion of chromosome 5q correlates with loss of two miRNAs that are abundant in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), miR-145 and miR-146a, and we identify Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF6) as respective targets of these miRNAs. TIRAP is known to lie upstream of TRAF6 in innate immune signaling. Knockdown of miR-145 and miR-146a together or enforced expression of TRAF6 in mouse HSPCs resulted in thrombocytosis, mild neutropenia and megakaryocytic dysplasia. A subset of mice transplanted with TRAF6-expressing marrow progressed either to marrow failure or acute myeloid leukemia. Thus, inappropriate activation of innate immune signals in HSPCs phenocopies several clinical features of 5q- syndrome.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/jagged1-mediated-notch-activation-induces-epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-through" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17984306" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Jagged1-mediated Notch activation induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through Slug-induced repression of E-cadherin.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">The Journal of experimental medicine, 2007</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Leong, Kevin G, Niessen, Kyle, Kulic, Iva, Raouf, Afshin, Eaves, Connie, Pollet, Ingrid, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">Aberrant expression of Jagged1 and Notch1 are associated with poor outcome in breast cancer. However, the reason that Jagged1 and/or Notch overexpression portends a poor prognosis is unknown. We identify Slug, a transcriptional repressor, as a novel Notch target and show that elevated levels of Slug correlate with increased expression of Jagged1 in various human cancers. Slug was essential for Notch-mediated repression of E-cadherin, which resulted in beta-catenin activation and resistance to anoikis. Inhibition of ligand-induced Notch signaling in xenografted Slug-positive/E-cadherin-negative breast tumors promoted apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis. This response was associated with down-regulated Slug expression, reexpression of E-cadherin, and suppression of active beta-catenin. Our findings suggest that ligand-induced Notch activation, through the induction of Slug, promotes tumor growth and metastasis characterized by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inhibition of anoikis.</div> </article> <article role="article" about="/publications/recent-insights-role-notch-signaling-tumorigenesis" class="node publication teaser"> <h2 class="node__title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291593" target="_blank" rel="bookmark">Recent insights into the role of Notch signaling in tumorigenesis.</a> </h2> <div class="field field--field_journal">Blood, 2006</div> <div class="field field--field_authors">Leong, Kevin G, Karsan, Aly</div> <div class="field field--body">Members of the Notch family of transmembrane receptors play an important role in cell fate determination. Over the past decade, a role for Notch in the pathogenesis of hematologic and solid malignancies has become apparent. Numerous cellular functions and microenvironmental cues associated with tumorigenesis are modulated by Notch signaling, including proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. It is becoming increasingly evident that Notch signaling can be both oncogenic and tumor suppressive. This review highlights recent findings regarding the molecular and functional aspects of Notch-mediated neoplastic transformation. In addition, cellular mechanisms that potentially explain the complex role of Notch in tumorigenesis are discussed.</div> </article> </div></section> <div class="field field--field_lab_members"> <div class="field field--item field--field_lab_members"> <section class="layout layout__text layout__parent__node paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default" id="paragraph--864"> <div class="field--field_paragraph_text"> <h2>Staff</h2> </div> </section> </div> <div class="field field--item field--field_lab_members"> <section class="layout layout__people layout__parent__node paragraph paragraph--type--people paragraph--view-mode--default" id="paragraph--865"> <div class="field field--field_people flexgrid"> <article role="article" about="/people/joshua-bridgers" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Joshua Bridgers </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/joshua-bridgers" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Staff Scientist </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/jennifer-crockett-grants" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Dr. Jennifer Crockett (Grants) </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/jennifer-crockett-grants" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Research Associate </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/deborah-deng" class="node node--profile teaser"> <figure> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/profile/public/2019-10/Deborah%20Deng_4193.jpg?itok=YCDho55A" width="580" height="460" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Deborah Deng </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/deborah-deng" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Lab Manager </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/pranav-garg" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Dr. Pranav Garg </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/pranav-garg" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Research Programmer </div> <div class="contact"> <div class="field field--field_email_address"> <a href="mailto:pgarg@bcgsc.ca">pgarg@bcgsc.ca</a></div> <div class="field field--field_phone_number"><a href="tel:604-675-7035">604-675-7035</a></div> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/jihong-jiang" class="node node--profile teaser"> <figure> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/profile/public/2019-10/Jihong%20Jiang_4202.jpg?itok=OJLfZVTH" width="580" height="460" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Dr. Jihong Jiang </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/jihong-jiang" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Research Assistant </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/maria-koh" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Maria Koh </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/maria-koh" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Research Assistant </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/tammy-lau" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Tammy Lau </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/tammy-lau" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Research Programmer </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/diana-lin" class="node node--profile teaser"> <figure> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/profile/public/2022-08/Diana%20Lin.png?itok=C6hX0XRR" width="580" height="460" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Diana Lin </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/diana-lin" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Research Programmer </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/christina-may" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Dr. Christina May </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/christina-may" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Research Associate </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/jessica-tran" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Jessica Tran </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/jessica-tran" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Research Assistant </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="field field--item field--field_lab_members"> <section class="layout layout__text layout__parent__node paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default" id="paragraph--866"> <div class="field--field_paragraph_text"> <h2>Postdoctoral Fellows</h2> </div> </section> </div> <div class="field field--item field--field_lab_members"> <section class="layout layout__people layout__parent__node paragraph paragraph--type--people paragraph--view-mode--default" id="paragraph--867"> <div class="field field--field_people flexgrid"> <article role="article" about="/people/gary-cole" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Dr. Gary Cole </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/gary-cole" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> Postdoctoral Fellow </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="field field--item field--field_lab_members"> <section class="layout layout__text layout__parent__node paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default" id="paragraph--868"> <div class="field--field_paragraph_text"> <h2>Trainees</h2> </div> </section> </div> <div class="field field--item field--field_lab_members"> <section class="layout layout__people layout__parent__node paragraph paragraph--type--people paragraph--view-mode--default" id="paragraph--869"> <div class="field field--field_people flexgrid"> <article role="article" about="/people/debajeet-ghosh" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Debajeet Ghosh </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/debajeet-ghosh" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> PhD Graduate Student </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/naomi-isak" class="node node--profile teaser"> <figure> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/profile/public/2024-05/Naomi%20Isak%20headshot_cropped_2024May9.jpg?itok=anELS2u6" width="580" height="460" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Naomi Isak </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/naomi-isak" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> UBC Co-op student </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/hayle-kincross" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Hayle Kincross </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/hayle-kincross" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> PhD graduate student </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/tian-liu" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Tian Liu </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/tian-liu" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> MSc Graduate Student </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/james-lo" class="node node--profile teaser"> <figure> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/profile/public/2024-01/Karsan%20Lab_James%20Lo%20headshot_2024Jan_1.jpg?itok=WZcULeqy" width="580" height="460" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </figure> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> James Lo </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/james-lo" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> MSc graduate student </div> <div class="contact"> <div class="field field--field_email_address"> <a href="mailto:jlo@bcgsc.ca">jlo@bcgsc.ca</a></div> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/franziska-mey" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Franziska Mey </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/franziska-mey" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> PhD graduate student </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/sara-singh" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Sara Singh </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/sara-singh" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> MSc graduate student </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/derek-tam" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Derek Tam </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/derek-tam" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> MSc graduate student </div> <div class="contact"> </div> </section> </article> <article role="article" about="/people/su-wei-vivian-wu" class="node node--profile teaser"> <section> <h3 class="node__title"> Su Wei (Vivian) Wu </h3> <div role="article" about="/people/su-wei-vivian-wu" class="node node--profile teaser field field--item field--field_profile_title"> PhD graduate student </div> <div class="contact"> <div class="field field--field_email_address"> <a href="mailto:viwu@bcgsc.ca">viwu@bcgsc.ca</a></div> </div> </section> </article> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> </div> </section> </div> <a class="top" href="#main-content">Back to top</a> </main> <footer class="page" role="contentinfo"> <section class="region region__footer"> <div class="region__footer--inner region--inner"> <section id="block-phsalogo" class="block block--block-content48cb2c10-5268-42da-903c-fe5116528b6f block-phsalogo"> <div class="field field--body"><p><img alt="PHSA Logo" data-entity-type="" data-entity-uuid="" src="https://www.bcgsc.ca/sites/default/files/phsa-transparent.png" /></p></div> </section> <section id="block-bccancerlogo" class="block block--block-content8696b82d-d847-4228-8127-4bdb6202840b block-bccancerlogo"> <div class="field 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class="published depth--3">Glossary</a></li></ul></li><li class="published depth--2"><a href="/students-trainees" class="published depth--2">Students & Trainees</a></li><li class="published depth--2"><a href="/careers" class="published depth--2">Careers</a></li><li class="published depth--2"><a href="/news" class="published depth--2">News</a></li><li class="published depth--2"><a href="/contact-us" class="published depth--2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li class="depth--1 external microsite"><a href="http://www.bccrc.ca/dept/tfl" class="depth--1 external microsite">Terry Fox Laboratory</a><ul class="depth--2 microsite" id="Terry-Fox-Laboratory"><li class="title"><button data-toggle-body="network--open" class="departments">Departments</button><h2 class="site__title"><a href="http://www.bccrc.ca/dept/tfl">Terry Fox Laboratory</a></h2></li> <li><a href="http://www.bccrc.ca/dept/tfl/about-us" target="_blank">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bccrc.ca/dept/tfl/people" 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