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(botany)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="بشرة (علم النبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بشرة (علم النبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex%C3%ADu_epid%C3%A9rmico" title="Texíu epidérmico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Texíu epidérmico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Епидермис (ботаника) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епидермис (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderma_(botanika)" title="Epiderma (botanika) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Epiderma (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(bot%C3%A0nica)" title="Epidermis (botànica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epidermis (botànica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poko%C5%BEka_(rostliny)" title="Pokožka (rostliny) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pokožka (rostliny)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(Pflanze)" title="Epidermis (Pflanze) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epidermis (Pflanze)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderm" title="Epiderm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Epiderm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1_(%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC)" title="Επιδερμίδα (φυτά) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιδερμίδα (φυτά)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany) – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Epidermis (botany)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejido_epid%C3%A9rmico" title="Tejido epidérmico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tejido epidérmico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(landareak)" title="Epidermis (landareak) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epidermis (landareak)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="روپوست (گیاه‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روپوست (گیاه‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89piderme_(botanique)" title="Épiderme (botanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épiderme (botanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderme_(plantas)" title="Epiderme (plantas) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Epiderme (plantas)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%ED%94%BC_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="표피 (식물학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표피 (식물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4" title="Էպիդերմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էպիդերմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80)" title="बाह्यत्वचा (वानस्पतिकी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाह्यत्वचा (वानस्पतिकी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderma_(botanika)" title="Epiderma (botanika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Epiderma (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(tumbuhan)" title="Epidermis (tumbuhan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Epidermis (tumbuhan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermide_(botanica)" title="Epidermide (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epidermide (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მფარავი ქსოვილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მფარავი ქსოვილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Эпидерма (ботаника) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эпидерма (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epid%C3%A8m_(botanik)" title="Epidèm (botanik) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Epidèm (botanik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botanica)" title="Epidermis (botanica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epidermis (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="ഉപരിവൃതി (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപരിവൃതി (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE" title="表皮 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="表皮" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderma" title="Epiderma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Epiderma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderma" title="Epiderma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epiderma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderme_(bot%C3%A2nica)" title="Epiderme (botânica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epiderme (botânica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Эпидерма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпидерма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderma_(botanik%C3%AB)" title="Epiderma (botanikë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Epiderma (botanikë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poko%C5%BEka_(rastliny)" title="Pokožka (rastliny) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pokožka (rastliny)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiderm" title="Epiderm – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Epiderm" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Епидермис биљака – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епидермис биљака" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermi_(kasvitiede)" title="Epidermi (kasvitiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epidermi (kasvitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="மேற்றோல் (தாவரவியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்றோல் (தாவரவியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C)" title="อีพิเดอร์มิส (พฤกษศาสตร์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีพิเดอร์มิส (พฤกษศาสตร์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botanik)" title="Epidermis (botanik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Epidermis (botanik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Епідерміс (ботаніка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епідерміс (ботаніка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE%EF%BC%88%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%89" title="表皮（植物） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="表皮（植物）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="表皮組織 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="表皮組織" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="表皮 (植物) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="表皮 (植物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg/250px-Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg/375px-Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg/500px-Stem-histology-cross-section-tag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of a <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> plant stem:<br /> 1. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pith (not yet started)">pith</a><br /> 2. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoxylem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protoxylem (not yet started)">protoxylem</a><br /> 3. <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a><br /> 4. <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a><br /> 5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclerenchyma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sclerenchyma (not yet started)">sclerenchyma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bast_fibre" title="Bast fibre">bast fibre</a>)<br /> 6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortex_(botany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortex (botany) (not yet started)">cortex</a><br /> 7. epidermis </figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>epidermis</b> in <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a> is a single layer of <a href="/wiki/Cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Cells">cells</a>. It covers the <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> of plants. It divides the plant from the outside environment. The epidermis has more than one function. It protects the plant from loss of water. It controls <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a>. It makes <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Roots">roots</a> it takes in water and <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>. Some parts of a plant may have a different cover called a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periderm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periderm (not yet started)">periderm</a>. <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">Potatoes</a> have that kind of covering. </p><p>The epidermis is the outer cell layer of a plant. It is also the main part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dermal_tissue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dermal tissue (not yet started)">dermal tissue</a> of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-RayEic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RayEic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually <a href="/wiki/Transparency" title="Transparency">transparent</a>. </p><p>The cells of the epidermis can vary in the way they are made and how they work. Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick. Some plants, however, have an epidermis with more than one layer. Epidermal cells are linked tightly to each other. They give strength and protection to the plant. In the parts of the plant that are above ground, the epidermal cells contain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cutin (not yet started)">cutin</a> and are covered with a <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>. This cuticle reduces loss of water. It is sometimes covered with <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>. The wax gives some plants a whitish or bluish surface color. It also protects the plant from sunlight and wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven1981_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of fine scale leaf internal anatomy"><img alt="Diagram of fine scale leaf internal anatomy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg/600px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg/900px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg/1200px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of fine scale leaf internal anatomy</figcaption></figure> <p>The epidermis has more than one cell type. It can include epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (<a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichomes</a>). There are more epidermal cells than the other types. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of moderate scale leaf anatomy"><img alt="Diagram of moderate scale leaf anatomy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leaf_Structure.svg/600px-Leaf_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leaf_Structure.svg/900px-Leaf_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leaf_Structure.svg/1200px-Leaf_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of moderate scale leaf anatomy</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichomes</a> (or hairs) grow out from the epidermis in many plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermis_(botany)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermis_(botany)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark" title="Bark">Bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork cambium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periderm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periderm (not yet started)">Periderm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermis_(botany)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermis_(botany)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RayEic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RayEic_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evert, Ray F; Eichhorn, Susan E. 2006. <i>Esau's Plant Anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body: their structure, function, and development</i>. Wiley-Liss. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471738435" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0471738435</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven1981-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Raven1981_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raven, Peter H. <i>et al</i> 1981. <i>Biology of plants</i>. New York, N.Y. Worth Publishers, p427–28. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879011327" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87901-132-7</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermis_(botany)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermis_(botany)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa030101a.htm">Plant tissue systems</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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