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class="panel-body collapse ming-share" id="share"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Citation%20from%20American%20Elements&body=Courtesy%20of%20American%20Elements:%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Email <span class="share-icon mail-16"></span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=via%20%40AmericanElement%3A%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Tweet<span class="share-icon twitter-16"></span></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Facebook<span class="share-icon facebook-16"></span></a></div></div><div class="follow-us" data-parent="#ming"> Follow Us <div id="social"><a class="ming-link social twitter" href="https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid" id="main-content"> <div id="page-content">   <div class="banner">  <h1 class="short">Carbon</h1> <span class="element-item2 post-transition nonmetal" aria-hidden="true"><span class="symbol2">C</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="weight">12.0107</span></span>  </div>   <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li><a href="#about" id="tab1" role="tab" aria-controls="about" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About Carbon</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="#products" id="tab2" role="tab" aria-controls="products" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Products</a></li> <li><a href="#properties" id="tab3" role="tab" aria-controls="properties" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#safety" id="tab4" role="tab" aria-controls="safety" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="#isotopes" id="tab5" role="tab" aria-controls="isotopes" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Isotopes</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="content"> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Carbon</h2> <img src="images_graphics/element-bohr-models/carbon-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Carbon Bohr Model" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /> <p>Carbon is far from the most common element in the universe; at 0.5% it is less abundant than hydrogen, helium, and oxygen, yet it is arguably the most important element on earth. The basis for life as we define it, carbon is not only critical to all processes both biological and environmental, but is also the basis for all technology used by society, from energy for transportation to industrial manufacturing, and is playing an increasingly more important role in the advanced high technology <a href="semiconductors.html">semiconductors</a>, <a href="electronics-materials.html">electronics</a>, nanotechnology, and <a href="green-technology-alternative-energy.html">green technology</a>.</p> <p>The diversity of uses for carbon is mirrored by its equally diverse number of forms. Elemental carbon, a nonmetal (though sometimes classified as a semimetal or metalloid), exists in several different structural forms known as allotropes that differ widely in appearance and properties: graphite and diamond, the most classically well-known forms, are only two of a set that has been expanded by additional recently discovered or artificially synthesized forms using advanced technology such as <a href="thin-film-evaporation-materials.html">chemical vapor deposition</a>.</p> <h3>Elemental Forms</h3> <p><a href="graphite-powder-7782-42-5">Graphite</a> is an opaque black form of carbon with a layered hexagonal crystal structure (in alpha form) that is extremely soft, thermodynamically stable, and electrically conductive. The beta form of graphite forms in the trigonal or rhombohedral lattice system; both forms have similar properties and can be converted via either mechanical or heat treatment. Graphite occurs naturally in various rocks and minerals around the world, but it can also be artificially synthesized by subjecting <a href="silicon-carbide-409-21-2">silicon carbide</a> (or <a href="silicon-carbide-409-21-2">carborundum</a>) to temperatures high enough to vaporize the silicon, leaving the graphitized carbon behind. It is perhaps most widely recognized as the soft gray 鈥渓ead" in pencils. Its softness also makes it an excellent lubricant in powdered form. Because it is the most stable form of carbon under standard temperature and pressure ranges and remains intact even when subjected to extremely high temperatures, graphite often composes items such as heat shields, <a href="nuclear-energy.html">nuclear</a> reactor components, and melting crucibles for high temperature processes such as <a href="metallurgy.html">metallurgy</a> and crystal growth. Its other major metallurgic use is as an additive in <a href="steel.html">steelmaking</a>.</p> <p><a href="pyrolytic-graphite">Pyrolytic graphite</a>, or PG, is a chemically inert, high purity form of graphite artificially synthesized via chemical vapor deposition and considered to be a refractory <a href="ceramics.html">ceramic material</a>. It is extremely anisotropic, exhibiting both directional electrical and thermal conductivity, and extremely heat resistant, in addition to being lightweight and flexible; for these reasons it is typically commercially employed in coatings and heat spreaders for <a href="electronics-materials.html">electronics</a> components. <a href="pyrolytic-graphite">Pyrolytic graphite</a> also possesses the unusual property of diamagnetism, which causes it to float in mid-air above a high-powered magnet.</p> <p><a href="carbon-black-nanoparticles-nanopowder-1333-86-4">Black carbon</a>, also known as soot or coal, was the earliest form recognized and utilized by humans. Coal has been used for thousands of years as fuel, and is still primarily applied as fuel today. This form of carbon usually has a black appearance, and varying structures depending on the amount of heat and pressure that has been applied to the material. There are a few different ranks of coal that depend on the pressurization such as Peat, Lignite, Sub-bituminous coal, Bituminous coal, Steam coal and Anthracite, with Anthracite as the highest rank. There are many different forms of this type of carbon including solids, powders and nanopowders.</p> <p><a href="diamond-monocrystalline-powder-7782-40-3">Diamond</a> is a transparent crystalline form of carbon and is the hardest known naturally occurring material on the planet. Though well known as a precious gemstone, like other gemstones such as sapphire (<a href="sapphire-powder-1344-28-1">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a>), diamond has technical applications. Diamond saws are used to cut industrial materials, slice <a href="semiconductors.html">semiconductor wafers</a> and single crystals. Diamonds are also used in the precision cutting and grinding of <a href="optical-materials.html">optical glass</a> and <a href="steel.html">steel</a>. Though it is the hardest material known to man, the cost of the material and associated production costs are commercially prohibited. Diamond is often found in crystalline solid structures, but it can also be ground down into powders and nanopowders.</p> <p><a href="graphite-natural-amorphous-7782-42-5">Amorphous carbon</a> is a reactive form of carbon that lacks a defined crystal structure. Typically amorphous carbon refers to coal and other carbide derived carbons that are impure and neither graphite nor diamond. These forms contain significant amounts of other elements such as oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur. Amorphous carbon has a few applications such as antireflective coatings on crystalline silicon <a href="solar-energy-materials.html">solar cells</a> .</p> <p><a href="carbon-spherical-powder-glassy-7440-44-0">Glassy carbon</a>, or <a href="vitreous-carbon-crucibles-7440-44-0">vitreous carbon</a>, is a non-graphitizing carbon which combines <a href="ceramics.html">ceramic</a> and glassy characteristics with those of graphite. This gives glassy carbon many important properties, such as high temperature resistance, hardness, low density, low electrical resistance, low friction, low thermal resistance, extreme resistance to chemical attack and impermeability to gases and liquids. One of the most prominent applications of glassy carbon is as an electrode material in electrochemistry. Other applications include use as high temperature crucibles and components in <a href="medical-devices.html">prosthetic devices</a>.</p> <h3>Nanostructured Forms</h3> <p><a href="graphene-1034343-98-0">Graphene</a> is a two dimensional, single layer of carbon atoms in hexagonal lattice. It is the basis of other discovered two dimensional elemental forms such as <a href="boron-nitride-10043-11-5">hexagonal boron nitride</a>, and the applications for these materials are numerous. Some of these include development in <a href="electronics-materials.html">electronics</a>, biological engineering, filtration, lightweight and strong composite materials, photovoltaics and energy storage. Graphene has many unique properties which include strength that is 200 times more than that of <a href="steel.html">steel</a> by weight, near transparence and extremely efficient heat and electrical conductivity. The material was first explored in 1947 by P.R. Wallace while he was studying three-dimensional graphite. However, extensive research on graphene was not prominent until the turn of the century. Graphene is also the basic structural element of other carbon allotropes including <a href="graphite-powder-7782-42-5">graphite</a>, charcoal, <a href="carbon-nanotubes-308068-56-6">carbon nanotubes</a> and <a href="fullerene-powder-115383-22-7">fullerenes</a>. Other forms of graphene include <a href="graphene-oxide-paper">graphene oxide</a>, which has enhanced photo-conducting properties, and <a href="nitrogen-doped-graphene-1034343-98-0">nitrogen-doped graphene</a>, which features efficient growth, structure and electronic properties.</p> <p><a href="carbon-nanotubes-308068-56-6">Carbon nanotubes</a> are another allotrope of carbon with a cylindrical <a href="nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanostructure</a>. Nanotubes have a significantly larger length-to-diameter ratio than any other material, with ratios of up to 132,000,000:1 having been constructed. <a href="carbon-nanotubes-308068-56-6">Carbon nanotubes</a> have very unique properties that are valuable in fields such as nanotechnology, <a href="electronics-materials.html">electronics</a>, <a href="optical-materials.html">optics</a> and other fields of technology and materials sciences. These properties include extraordinary thermal conductivity and other mechanical and electrical properties. Other properties appear depending on the radius and rolling angle of the <a href="nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanotubes</a>, either making it a <a href="metals.html">metal</a> or a <a href="semiconductors.html">semiconductor</a>. <a href="carbon-nanotubes-308068-56-6">Carbon nanotubes</a> are classified according to their wall thickness, either single-walled or multi-walled. Carbon nanotubes were first discovered by L.V. Radushkevich and V.M. Lukyanovich in 1952.</p> <p><a href="fullerene-powder-115383-22-7">Fullerenes</a>, or <a href="fullerene-c60-99685-96-8">buckeyballs</a>, are molecules of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube and a variety of other shapes. Fullerenes have a similar structure to graphite, which is made up of stacked graphene sheets in linked hexagonal rings. The first fullerene molecule discovered was a buckminsterfullerene by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O鈥橞rien and Harold Kroto in 1985. This discovery greatly expanded the amount of known carbon allotropes from just graphite, diamond and amorphous carbon to many different <a href="nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanomaterials</a> and other varieties of carbon. Fullerenes have many technological applications in materials science, <a href="electronics-materials.html">electronics</a> and nanotechnology.</p> <p>There are more and more carbon <a href="nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanomaterials</a> that are being developed every day. These include <a href="carbon-nanohoops-1092522-75-2">nanohoops</a>, nanobuds, <a href="carbon-nanohorns-7440-44-0">nanohorns</a> and many others that have a large variety of applications.</p> <h3>Organometallics & Metalorganics</h3> <p><a href="organometallics.html">Organometallic</a> chemistry is the study of <a href="chemicals.html">chemical</a> compounds that have a minimum of one bond between a <a href="metals.html">metal</a> and a carbon atom of an organic compound. <a href="organometallics.html">Organometallic</a> chemistry incorporates characteristics of both inorganic and organic chemistry. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the elements that make up organic molecules. When organic molecules are bonded to other atoms of the inorganic variety, molecules known as organometallics are created. The true classification of an organometallics is dependent on the specific location of the carbon bond. Molecules known as <a href="organometallics.html">Organometallic</a> refer to complexes in which the site of the carbon bond occurs with a metal atom. The first <a href="metals.html">metal</a> complex identified as an organometallic was <a href="potassium-trichloro-ethylene-platinate-ii-monohydrate-12012-50-9">Potassium trichloro(ethene)platinate(II)</a> - or <a href="potassium-trichloro-ethylene-platinate-ii-monohydrate-12012-50-9">Zeise鈥檚 salt</a> - which is a salt that was obtained from a reaction of ethylene with <a href="chloro-2-2-6-2-terpyridine-platinum-ii-chloride-dihydrate-151120-25-1">platinum(II) chloride</a>. These materials have common properties such as low melting points, insolubility in water, solubility in ether, toxicity, oxidizability and high reactivity. When the <a href="metals.html">metal</a> is bonded to a different element like oxygen or hydrogen, the resulting material is classified roughly as a Metalorganic. Examples of organometallics include tetracarbonyl nickel, <a href="ferrocene-102-54-5">ferrocene</a>, diethylmagnesium, iodo(methyl)magnesium and <a href="diethylzinc-557-20-0">diethylzinc</a> among others. Metalorganics include beta-diketonates, alkoxides, and dialkylamides.</p> <p>The main applications of organometallics are in stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Organometallics are extremely useful as catalysts or reagents in the synthesis of <a href="pharmaceuticals-cosmetics.html">pharmaceutical</a> products and other organic compounds. The earliest application of <a href="organometallics.html">Organometallics</a> in <a href="Bio-Medical.html">biomedicine</a> was with the discovery of organoarsenical Salvarsan, which was the first antisyphilitic agent. Metalorganics have applications in <a href="materials-science">material science</a> for <a href="thin-film-evaporation-materials.html">metalorganic vapor deposition</a> and sol-gel processing.</p> <h3>Compounds</h3> <p><a href="Carbonates.html">Carbonates</a> are salts of carbonic acid that consist of one carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms, with two single bonds between the carbon atom and the two negative oxygen atoms, and one short double bond between the carbon atom and the remaining neutral oxygen atom. This allows the oxygen atoms to link with other <a href="metals.html">metal</a> atoms in order to form compounds such as <a href="calcium-carbonate-nanoparticles-471-34-1">calcium carbonate</a> and <a href="magnesium-carbonate-546-93-0">magnesium carbonate</a>. Carbonates can also refer to functional groups within larger molecules in organic chemistry. Some of the more important carbonates in organic chemistry are dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and triphosgene, and are referred to as organocarbonates. Organocarbonates are widely used as solvents such as those used in lithium <a href="Battery-Technology.html">batteries</a>, which, due to their high polarity, can dissolve lithium salts.</p> <p><a href="Carbide.html">Carbides</a> are very strong and heat resistant materials used in industrial cutting, high melting crucibles and furnace equipment. Carbides are composed of carbon and a less electronegative element with examples such as <a href="calcium-carbide-75-20-7">calcium carbide</a>, <a href="silicon-carbide-409-21-2">silicon carbide</a>, <a href="tungsten-carbide-12070-13-2">tungsten carbide</a> and <a href="iron-carbide-12011-67-5">iron carbide</a>. Carbides are generally classified by chemical bonding type into four categories: Salt-like, covalent compounds, interstitial compounds and transition <a href="metals.html">metal</a> carbides. Additionally, carbides can have crystalline forms such as that of silicon carbide, which has applications in <a href="electronics-materials.html">electronic</a> equipment such as power electronic devices and <a href="lighting.html">light emitting diodes</a>.</p> <p>Other compound forms of carbon include cyanides, which are molecules that consist of a carbon atom triple bonded to a nitrogen atom, and carbonyls, which are formed with a carbon atom triple bonded to an oxygen atom. Cyanides have applications within industrial organic chemistry, the mining industry, medicine, pest control and as food additives. Carbonyls are used in <a href="metallurgy.html">metallurgy</a>, as catalysts and as carbon monoxide releasing molecules.</p> <h3>Alloys</h3> <p>There are many carbon <a href="alloys.html">alloys</a>, with the most common being <a href="steel.html">steel</a>. According to the American Iron and Steel Institute the true name for steel is in fact <a href="carbon-steel-cut-wire-shot">carbon steel</a>. Steel has many applications but the most important are within the construction, transportation, energy, packaging and appliance industries. There is typically a small amount of carbon in steel, ranging from about .12% - 2.0%, but levels can be as low as .05% or as high as 3.0% depending on the intended application. As the carbon percentage rises, <a href="steel.html">steel</a> becomes harder and stronger, but sacrifices ductility.</p> <p>Other <a href="alloys.html">alloys</a> containing carbon include stellite, which is used in saw teeth, hardfacing and acid-resistant machine parts; cast iron, which is primarily used in kitchen appliances; pig iron, which is used to make ductile iron; spiegeleisen, which is used in <a href="steel.html">steelmaking</a>; staballoy, which are primarily used in munitions; and nickel-carbon.</p> <h3>Applications for Carbon</h3> <p>Carbon has many applications throughout an immense number of industries. The most prominent of these is the fossil fuel industry, where hydrocarbons in methane <a href="oil-gas.html">gas and petroleum</a> are used for fuel. Other valuable sources of carbon are in carbon-containing polymers that are produced in plants in the form of cotton, linen and hemp. These carbon-containing polymers can also be procured from animals in the form of wool, cashmere and silk. Carbon-containing polymers have obvious applications in the clothing industry. </p> <p>A new application for carbon that is being developed is within <a href="Battery-Technology.html">battery</a> anodes. Carbon-coated particles are used specifically in lithium ion <a href="Battery-Technology.html">batteries</a>, in which the carbon coating on the particles allow lithium ions to pass through freely, while limiting the movement of the particle within its shell. Carbon materials are also finding applications within the <a href="defense.html">defense</a> industry, with <a href="carbon-nanotubes-308068-56-6">carbon nanotubes</a> being substituted for <a href="copper-wire-7440-50-8">copper wire</a> and cables in <a href="aerospace-aircraft.html">aerospace</a> and <a href="defense.html">defense</a> <a href="electronics-materials.html">electronics</a> due to its significantly lighter weight. Another carbon form that is finding new uses is <a href="carbon-foam-7440-44-0">carbon foam</a>, which is applicable as a container for active materials with needs for thermal energy storage, electric energy storage, absorbents for large molecules and others including microwave absorption.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" id="products" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Products</h2> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#compound-products"><span class="panel-title">Carbon Compounds</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="compound-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-bromide-558-13-4">Carbon Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-chloride-56-23-5">Carbon Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"><a 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</ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><a class="panel-heading activate-panel" href="Carbide.html"><span class="panel-title">Carbides</span><span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><a class="panel-heading activate-panel" href="Carbonates.html"><span class="panel-title">Carbonates</span><span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#elemental-products"><span class="panel-title">Elemental Forms</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div> <div id="elemental-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-aerogel-7440-44-0">Carbon Aerogel</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-chopped-fiber-7440-44-0">Carbon Chopped Fiber</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-electrodes-7440-44-0">Carbon 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Dispersion</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-carbon-nanotubes">Tin Carbon Nanotube</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-silver-copper-nanoparticles">Tin Silver Copper Nanoparticles</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-carbon-nanoparticles-12070-08-05">Titanium Carbon Nanoparticles</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-carbon-nanotubes-12070-08-05">Titanium Carbon Nanotube</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tunable-nanoporous-carbon-7440-44-0">Tunable Nanoporous Carbon</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sputtering-target-products"><span class="panel-title">Sputtering Targets</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="sputtering-target-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid2 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-boron-nitride-sputtering-target">Carbon/Boron Nitride Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-graphite-rotatable-sputtering-targets-7782-42-5">Carbon Graphite Rotatable Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-graphite-sputtering-targets-7782-42-5">Carbon (Graphite) Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="carbon-sputtering-target-7440-44-0">Carbon Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="copper-lead-graphite-alloy-sputtering-target">Copper-Lead-Graphite Alloy Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="pyrolytic-graphite-sputtering-target-7782-42-5">Pyrolytic Graphite Sputtering Target</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="openclose"> <div class="openall">+ Open All</div> <div class="closeall">- Close All</div> </div> </div> <div id="products-intro"> <p> Due to their extreme hardness and resistance to heat and pressure, diamond and diamond micropowder have numerous industrial applications in geological drilling <a href="carbon-powder-7440-44-0"><img src="carbon-powder.png" alt="Ultra High Purity (99.999%) Carbon (C) Powder" width="115" height="150" class="image-left" /></a>bits, grinding media and as a high-strength/ high-temperature abrasive. Carbon also finds application in steel alloys, in various filtering and purification technologies, and as a neutron moderator in nuclear power plants. Carbon is available in its elemental form and as compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to <a href="Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm">ultra-high purity</a>). Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Carbon <a href="nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html">nanoparticles and nanopowders</a> provide ultra-high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits. Oxides are available in powder and dense pellet form for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications.<a href="oxides.html"> Oxides</a> tend to be insoluble. <a href="Fluorides.html">Fluorides</a> are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Carbon is also available in soluble forms including <a href="chemicals.html">chlorides, nitrates and acetates</a>. These compounds can be manufactured as <a href="solutions">solutions</a> at specified stoichiometries.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Carbon Properties</h2> <p><img src="carbon-block.png" alt="Carbon (C) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbol" hspace="10" class="image-left" /><strong>Carbon</strong> is a Block P, Group 14, Period 2 element. <img src="carbon-bohr.jpg" alt="Carbon Bohr Model" width="95" height="93" class="image-right" />The number of electrons in each of Carbon's shells is 2, 4 and its electron configuration is [He] 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup>. In its elemental form, carbon's CAS number is 7440-44-0. Carbon is at the same time one of the softest (graphite) and hardest (diamond) materials found in nature. It is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element (by mass) in the universe after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon was discovered by the Egyptians and Sumerians circa 3750 BC. It was first recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789.</p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td>C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>12.01</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>nonmetal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>14, 2, p</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>black (graphite), transparent/colourless (diamond)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>Carbone, Carbonio</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td>3825 °C, 6917 °F, 4098.15 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>Sublimes</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>2.267 g/cm<sup>3</sup> @ 20 掳C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>2.267 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (gr), 3.513 g/cm<sup>3</sup>(di)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>2267 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>4600 K, 10800 kPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>105</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>710.9</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>711.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>119-165 W/m/K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>(25 掳C) 0.8 (diamond) 碌m路m<sup>-1</sup>路K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>8.517 (graphite) J路mol<sup>-1</sup>路K<sup>-1</sup>, 6.155 (diamond) J路mol<sup>-1</sup>路K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>1050 (diamond) GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>478 (diamond) GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>442 (diamond) GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>0.1 (diamond)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>10 (diamond) 1-2 (graphite)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>(20 掳C) 18350 (diamond) m路s<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.55</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.75</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.48 (sp3 orbital)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.544</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>1.45</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>27</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>2.417 (diamond)</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>6</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td> [He] 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br /> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>1.7</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>77(sp鲁), 73(sp虏), 69(sp) pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>0.75</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>170 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>2, 4, -4</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>simple hexagonal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>121.733</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1086.46 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1086.46 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>2352.6 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td>7440-44-0</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>231-153-3</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>MFCD00133992</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>297</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>4575370</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td>446 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>5.1 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>468 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth聽-聽Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>28000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth聽-聽Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>14400</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth聽-聽 Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>1800000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth聽-聽 Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>3100000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>3000000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>300000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>1200</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>100</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>15000000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>18000000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td>Egyptians and Sumerians</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>circa 3750 BC</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <h2>Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Carbon</h2> <p>Carbon in its purest form has very low toxicity. Carbon black dust, such as soot or coal dust, can cause irritation and damage to the lungs when inhaled in large quantities. Safety data for Carbon and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to graphitic carbon in bulk (non-powdered) form.</p> <table class="safety-table"> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#signalword" >Signal Word </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#hazardstatements" >Hazard Statements </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html#hazardcodes" >Hazard Codes</a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#riskcodes" >Risk Codes </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#safetyprecautions" >Safety Precautions </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#rtecs" >RTECS Number </a></th> <td>FF5250100</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#transportation" >Transport Information</a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#wgk" >WGK Germany </a></th> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html" >Globally Harmonized System of <br /> Classification and Labelling (GHS) </a></th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion4"> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading panel-heading-sds activate-panel active-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sds"><span class="panel-title">Review and Print SDS for Carbon (Graphite)</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div> <div id="sds" class="panel-body collapse in row"> <div class="view view-sds-pane view-id-sds_pane view-display-id-block sds-content view-dom-id-a6baf63f2631585b0dd35705ab30760a"> <div class="view-header"> <div class="link-container"> <span class="print_pdf"><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/printpdf/graphite-plate-7782-42-5/sds" title="Display a PDF version of this page." class="print-pdf" rel="nofollow">Create Printable PDF</a></span></div> <h2 class="centered">SAFETY DATA SHEET</h2> <div id="sds-date"> <div><strong>Date Created:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> <div><strong>Date Revised:</strong> 05/15/2015</div> </div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <hr><h3>SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p><strong>Product Name:</strong> (Carbon) Graphite</p> <p><strong>Product Number:</strong> All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. C-GR-01, C-GR-02, C-GR-03, C-GR-04, C-GR-05</p> <p><strong>CAS #:</strong> 7782-42-5 </p> <p><strong>Relevant identified uses of the substance: </strong> Scientific research and development </p> <p>Supplier details:<br /> American Elements<br /> 1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000<br /> Los Angeles, CA 90024<br /> Tel: +1 310-208-0551<br /> Fax: +1 310-208-0351<br /> <br /> Emergency telephone number:<br /> Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300<br /> International +1 703-527-3887</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p>Classification of the substance or mixture<br /> Not a hazardous substance or mixture.<br /> GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements<br /> Not a hazardous substance or mixture.<br /> Hazards not otherwise classified (HNOC) or not covered by GHS - none</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS</h3> <p>Substances<br /> Formula: C<br /> Molecular weight: 12.01 g/mol<br /> CAS-No.: 7782-42-5<br /> EC-No.: 231-955-3</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES</h3> <p>Description of first aid measures<br /> If inhaled<br /> If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.<br /> In case of skin contact<br /> Wash off with soap and plenty of water.<br /> In case of eye contact<br /> Flush eyes with water as a precaution.<br /> If swallowed<br /> Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.<br /> Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed<br /> The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling (see section 2) and/or in section 11<br /> Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed<br /> No data available</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES </h3> <p>Extinguishing media<br /> Suitable extinguishing media<br /> Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.<br /> Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture<br /> Carbon oxides<br /> Advice for firefighters<br /> Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.<br /> Further information<br /> No data available</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES </h3> <p>Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures<br /> Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.<br /> For personal protection see section 8.<br /> Environmental precautions<br /> Do not let product enter drains.<br /> Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up<br /> Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.<br /> Reference to other sections<br /> For disposal see section 13.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE </h3> <p>Precautions for safe handling<br /> Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs.<br /> Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.<br /> For precautions see section 2.2.<br /> Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities<br /> Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.<br /> Specific end use(s)<br /> Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION </h3> <p>Exposure controls<br /> Appropriate engineering controls<br /> General industrial hygiene practice.<br /> Personal protective equipment<br /> Eye/face protection<br /> Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).<br /> Skin protection<br /> Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.<br /> Body Protection<br /> Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place., The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.<br /> Respiratory protection<br /> Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).<br /> Control of environmental exposure<br /> Do not let product enter drains.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES</h3> <p>Information on basic physical and chemical properties<br /> Appearance<br /> Form: Solid in various forms<br /> Colour: Black/ Dark grey<br /> Odour<br /> odourless<br /> Odour Threshold<br /> No data available<br /> pH<br /> No data available<br /> Melting point/freezing point<br /> Melting point/range: 3,652 -3,697 掳C (6,606 -6,687 掳F)-lit.<br /> Initial boiling point and boiling range<br /> No data available<br /> Flash point<br /> No data available<br /> Evaporation rate<br /> No data available<br /> Flammability (solid, gas)<br /> No data available<br /> Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits<br /> No data available<br /> Vapour pressure<br /> No data available<br /> Vapour density<br /> No data available<br /> Relative density<br /> No data available<br /> Water solubility<br /> slightly soluble<br /> Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water<br /> No data available<br /> Auto-ignition<br /> temperature<br /> No data available<br /> Decomposition temperature<br /> No data available<br /> Viscosity<br /> No data available<br /> Explosive properties<br /> No data available<br /> Oxidizing properties<br /> No data available<br /> Other safety information<br /> No data available</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY </h3> <p>Reactivity<br /> No data available<br /> Chemical stability<br /> Stable under recommended storage conditions.<br /> Possibility of hazardous reactions<br /> No data available<br /> Conditions to avoid<br /> No data available<br /> Incompatible materials<br /> Strong oxidizing agents<br /> Hazardous decomposition products<br /> Other decomposition products - No data available<br /> In the event of fire: see section 5</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Information on toxicological effects<br /> Acute toxicity<br /> LD50 Oral - Rat - female - > 2,000 mg/kg<br /> (OECD Test Guideline 423)<br /> LC50 Inhalation - Rat - male and female - 4 h - 2,000 mg/m3<br /> (OECD Test Guideline 403)<br /> Dermal:<br /> No data available<br /> No data available<br /> Skin corrosion/irritation<br /> Skin - Rabbit<br /> Result: No skin irritation<br /> (OECD Test Guideline 404)<br /> Serious eye damage/eye irritation<br /> Eyes - Rabbit<br /> Result: No eye irritation<br /> (OECD Test Guideline 405)<br /> Respiratory or skin sensitisation<br /> - Mouse<br /> Did not cause sensitisation on laboratory animals.<br /> (OECD Test Guideline 429)<br /> Germ cell mutagenicity<br /> in vitro assay<br /> S. typhimurium<br /> Result: negative<br /> Carcinogenicity<br /> IARC:<br /> No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as<br /> probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen by IARC.<br /> ACGIH:<br /> No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a<br /> carcinogen or potential carcinogen by ACGIH.<br /> NTP:<br /> No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a known or anticipated carcinogen by NTP.<br /> OSHA:<br /> No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen by OSHA.<br /> Reproductive toxicity<br /> No data available<br /> No data available<br /> Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure<br /> No data available<br /> Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure<br /> No data available<br /> Aspiration hazard<br /> No data available<br /> Additional Information<br /> Repeated dose toxicity - Rat - male - Feed - No observed adverse effect level - 813 mg/kg<br /> RTECS: MD9659600<br /> To the best of our knowledge, the chemical, physical, and toxicological properties have not been thoroughly investigated.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION </h3> <p>Toxicity<br /> Toxicity to fish<br /> semi - static test LC50 - Danio rerio (zebra fish) - > 100 mg/l - 96 h<br /> (OECD Test Guideline 203)<br /> Toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates<br /> static test EC50 - Daphnia magna (Water flea) - > 100 mg/l - 48 h<br /> (OECD Test Guideline 202)<br /> Toxicity to algae<br /> static test EC50 - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata - > 100 mg/l - 72 h<br /> (OECD Test Guideline 201)Persistence and degradability<br /> No data available<br /> Bioaccumulative potential<br /> No data available<br /> Mobility in soil<br /> No data available<br /> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br /> PBT/vPvB assessment not available as chemical safety assessment not required/not conducted<br /> Other adverse effects<br /> No data available</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS </h3> <p>Waste treatment methods<br /> Product<br /> Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.<br /> Contaminated packaging<br /> Dispose of as unused product.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 14. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION </h3> <p>DOT (US)<br /> Not dangerous goods<br /> IMDG<br /> Not dangerous goods<br /> IATA<br /> Not dangerous goods</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION </h3> <p>SARA 302 Components<br /> No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III, Section 302.<br /> SARA 313 Components<br /> This material does not contain any chemical components with known CAS numbers that exceed the threshold (De Minimis) reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section 313.<br /> SARA 311/312 Hazards<br /> No SARA Hazards<br /> Massachusetts/Pennsylvania/New Jersey Right To Know Components<br /> Graphite<br /> CAS-No.: 7782-42-5<br /> Revision Date: 1989-08-11<br /> California Prop. 65 Components<br /> This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or any other reproductive harm.</p> <hr><h3>16. OTHER INFORMATION</h3> <p>Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY. </p> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab5"> <h2>Carbon Isotopes</h2> <p>Carbon has two stable isotopes: <sup>12</sup>C and <sup>13</sup>C.</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br /> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>8</sup>C</th> <td>8.037675(25)</td> <td>2.0(4) x 10-21 s [230(50) keV]</td> <td>2p to <sup>6</sup>Be</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>22.87</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>9</sup>C</th> <td>9.0310367(23)</td> <td>126.5(9) ms</td> <td>EC to <sup>9</sup>B; EC + p to <sup>8</sup>Be; EC + 2a to <sup>2</sup>H</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>37.1</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>10</sup>C</th> <td>10.0168532(4)</td> <td>19.290(12) s</td> <td>EC to <sup>10</sup>B</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>59.15</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>11</sup>C</th> <td>11.0114336(10)</td> <td>20.334(24) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>11</sup>B</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>-0.964</td> <td>71.89</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>12</sup>C</th> <td>12 exactly</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>0</td> <td>90.21</td> <td>98.93</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>13</sup>C</th> <td>13.0033548378(10)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>1/2-</td> <td>0.702411</td> <td>95.5</td> <td>1.07</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>14</sup>C</th> <td>14.003241989(4)</td> <td>5.70(3) x 103 yeyrs</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>14</sup>N</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>103.57</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>15</sup>C</th> <td>15.0105993(9)</td> <td>2.449(5) s</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>15</sup>N</td> <td>1/2+</td> <td>1.32</td> <td>105.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>16</sup>C</th> <td>16.014701(4)</td> <td>0.747(8) s</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>16</sup>N</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>109.48</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>17</sup>C</th> <td>17.022586(19)</td> <td>193(5) ms</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>17</sup>N; 脽<sup>-</sup>聽+ n to <sup>16</sup>N</td> <td>(3/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>110.11</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>18</sup>C</th> <td>18.02676(3)</td> <td>92(2) ms</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>18</sup>N; 脽<sup>-</sup>聽+ n to <sup>17</sup>N</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>114.46</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>19</sup>C</th> <td>19.03481(11)</td> <td>46.2(23) ms</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽+ n to <sup>18</sup>N; 脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>19</sup>N; 脽<sup>-</sup>聽+ 2n to <sup>17</sup>N</td> <td>(1/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>115.09</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>20</sup>C</th> <td>20.04032(26)</td> <td>16(3) ms [14(+6-5) ms]</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽+ n to <sup>19</sup>N; 脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>20</sup>N</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>117.58</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>21</sup>C</th> <td>21.04934(54)#</td> <td><30 ns</td> <td>n to <sup>20</sup>C</td> <td>(1/2+)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>117.27</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>22</sup>C</th> <td>22.05720(97)#</td> <td>6.2(13) ms [6.1(+14-12) ms]</td> <td>脽<sup>-</sup>聽to <sup>22</sup>N</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>117.9</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup">^</div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); 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