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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_minor-planet_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_minor-planet_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>List of minor-planet discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_minor-planet_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haumea_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haumea_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Haumea controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haumea_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_ninth_planet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_ninth_planet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Proposed ninth planet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_ninth_planet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors,_awards_and_accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors,_awards_and_accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honors, awards and accolades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors,_awards_and_accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Students_and_postdocs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students_and_postdocs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Students and postdocs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students_and_postdocs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael E. Brown</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A)" title="مايكل براون (فلكي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل براون (فلكي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayk_Braun" title="Mayk Braun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mayk Braun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_(%DA%AF%D8%A4%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AC%DB%8C)" title="مایک براون (گؤک‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌بیلیمجی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مایک براون (گؤک‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌بیلیمجی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC)" title="Майкъл Браун (астроном) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Майкъл Браун (астроном)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Brown" title="Mike Brown – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mike Brown" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3)" title="مایک براون (سیاره‌شناس) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایک براون (سیاره‌شناس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_E._%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4" title="마이클 E. 브라운 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 E. 브라운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AC_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF)" title="Մայքլ Բրաուն (աստղագետ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայքլ Բրաուն (աստղագետ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9D)" title="מייקל בראון (אסטרונום) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל בראון (אסטרונום)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikls_Brauns" title="Maikls Brauns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maikls Brauns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%87._%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA" title="മൈക്കൽ ഇ. ബ്രൗൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈക്കൽ ഇ. ബ്രൗൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3_(%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="マイケル・ブラウン (天文学者) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・ブラウン (天文学者)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC)" title="Браун, Майкл (астроном) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Браун, Майкл (астроном)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мајкл Браун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мајкл Браун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Michael E. Brown" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael E. 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searchaux" style="display:none">American astronomer (born 1965)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the former dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs, see <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown_(political_scientist)" title="Michael E. Brown (political scientist)">Michael E. Brown (political scientist)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Michael E. Brown</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mike_Brown_Caltech_2021_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mike_Brown_Caltech_2021_01.jpg/220px-Mike_Brown_Caltech_2021_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mike_Brown_Caltech_2021_01.jpg/330px-Mike_Brown_Caltech_2021_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mike_Brown_Caltech_2021_01.jpg/440px-Mike_Brown_Caltech_2021_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8736" data-file-height="11648" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Brown in 2021</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1965-06-05</span>) </span>June 5, 1965<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 59)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovery of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/How_I_Killed_Pluto_and_Why_It_Had_It_Coming" title="How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming">How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Diane Binney</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="2003-03-01">2003</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary astronomy">Planetary astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chad_Trujillo" title="Chad Trujillo">Chad Trujillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Kuchner" title="Marc Kuchner">Marc Kuchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megan_Schwamb" title="Megan Schwamb">Megan Schwamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batygin" title="Konstantin Batygin">Konstantin Batygin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mikebrown.caltech.edu/">mikebrown<wbr />.caltech<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Michael E. Brown</b> (born June 5, 1965) is an American <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, who has been professor of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary astronomy">planetary astronomy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Caltech) since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-cv_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His team has discovered many <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a> (TNOs), including the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, which was originally thought to be bigger than <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, triggering a debate on the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Schaller_2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Schaller_2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been referred to by himself and by others as the man who "killed Pluto",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because he furthered Pluto's being downgraded to a dwarf planet in the aftermath of his discovery of Eris and several other probable trans-Neptunian <a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">dwarf planets</a>. He is the author of <i><a href="/wiki/How_I_Killed_Pluto_and_Why_It_Had_It_Coming" title="How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming">How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming</a></i>, published in 2010. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> (shared with <a href="/wiki/Jane_Luu" title="Jane Luu">Jane Luu</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_C._Jewitt" title="David C. Jewitt">David C. Jewitt</a>) in 2012 "for discovering and characterizing the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper Belt">Kuiper Belt</a> and its largest members, work that led to a major advance in the understanding of the history of our planetary system." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown was raised in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Virgil_I._Grissom_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgil I. Grissom High School">Virgil I. Grissom High School</a> in 1983. He earned his <a href="/wiki/A.B." class="mw-redirect" title="A.B.">A.B.</a> in physics from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1987, where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tower_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton Tower Club">Princeton Tower Club</a>. Brown completed his senior thesis, titled "Simulating the measurement of the correlation function of the Shane–Wirtanen galaxy counts", under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Groth_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Groth (astronomer)">Edward Groth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did his graduate studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where he earned an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> degree in astronomy in 1990 and a <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> degree in astronomy in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-cv_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discoveries">Discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_Michael_E._Brown" title="Category:Discoveries by Michael E. Brown">Category:Discoveries by Michael E. Brown</a></div> <p>Brown is credited by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> with the discovery or co-discovery of 29 <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a>, not counting Haumea <i>(see list below)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Discoverers_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Discoverers-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known in the scientific community for his <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">surveys</a> for <a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">distant objects</a> orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. His team has discovered many <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a> (TNOs). Particularly notable are Eris, a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> and the only TNO known to be more massive than <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, leading directly to Pluto's demotion from <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> status;<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Schaller_2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Schaller_2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">planetoid</a> thought to be the first observed body of the inner <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Öpik–Oort cloud</a>; and <a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" class="mw-redirect" title="90482 Orcus">Orcus</a>. Brown's team famously named <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> and its moon <a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a> with the informal names <a href="/wiki/Xena" title="Xena">Xena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabrielle (moon)">Gabrielle</a>, respectively, after the two main characters of <i><a href="/wiki/Xena:_Warrior_Princess" title="Xena: Warrior Princess">Xena: Warrior Princess</a></i>. Together with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Margot" title="Jean-Luc Margot">Jean-Luc Margot</a> in 2001, he also discovered <a href="/wiki/Romulus_(moon)" title="Romulus (moon)">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linus_(moon)" title="Linus (moon)">Linus</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">minor-planet moons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_minor-planet_discoveries">List of minor-planet discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of minor-planet discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number and name</th> <th>Discovery date</th> <th></th> <th>Discovery team </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">50000 Quaoar</a></span></b></td> <td>June 4, 2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_49001%E2%80%9350000#000" title="List of minor planets: 49001–50000">list</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/65489_Ceto" title="65489 Ceto">65489 Ceto</a></span></b></td> <td>March 22, 2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_65001%E2%80%9366000#489" title="List of minor planets: 65001–66000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(84719)_2002_VR128" title="(84719) 2002 VR128">(84719) 2002 VR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">128</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>November 3, 2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_84001%E2%80%9385000#719" title="List of minor planets: 84001–85000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">90377 Sedna</a></span></b></td> <td>November 14, 2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_90001%E2%80%9391000#377" title="List of minor planets: 90001–91000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" class="mw-redirect" title="90482 Orcus">90482 Orcus</a></span></b></td> <td>February 17, 2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_90001%E2%80%9391000#482" title="List of minor planets: 90001–91000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(119951)_2002_KX14" title="(119951) 2002 KX14">(119951) 2002 KX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">14</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>May 17, 2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_119001%E2%80%93120000#951" title="List of minor planets: 119001–120000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(120178)_2003_OP32" title="(120178) 2003 OP32">(120178) 2003 OP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">32</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>July 26, 2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_120001%E2%80%93121000#178" title="List of minor planets: 120001–121000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">120347 Salacia</a></span></b></td> <td>September 22, 2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_120001%E2%80%93121000#347" title="List of minor planets: 120001–121000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[C]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[F]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(120348)_2004_TY364" title="(120348) 2004 TY364">(120348) 2004 TY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">364</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>October 3, 2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_120001%E2%80%93121000#348" title="List of minor planets: 120001–121000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(126154)_2001_YH140" title="(126154) 2001 YH140">(126154) 2001 YH<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">140</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>December 18, 2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_126001%E2%80%93127000#154" title="List of minor planets: 126001–127000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(126155)_2001_YJ140" title="(126155) 2001 YJ140">(126155) 2001 YJ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">140</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>December 20, 2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_126001%E2%80%93127000#155" title="List of minor planets: 126001–127000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[D]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/136108_Haumea" class="mw-redirect" title="136108 Haumea">136108 Haumea</a></span></b></td> <td>December 28, 2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_136001%E2%80%93137000#108" title="List of minor planets: 136001–137000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/136199_Eris" class="mw-redirect" title="136199 Eris">136199 Eris</a></span></b></td> <td>October 21, 2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_136001%E2%80%93137000#199" title="List of minor planets: 136001–137000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/136472_Makemake" class="mw-redirect" title="136472 Makemake">136472 Makemake</a></span></b></td> <td>March 31, 2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_136001%E2%80%93137000#472" title="List of minor planets: 136001–137000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(175113)_2004_PF115" title="(175113) 2004 PF115">(175113) 2004 PF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">115</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>August 7, 2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_175001%E2%80%93176000#113" title="List of minor planets: 175001–176000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(187661) 2007 JG<sub>43</sub></span></td> <td>May 10, 2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_187001%E2%80%93188000#661" title="List of minor planets: 187001–188000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(208996)_2003_AZ84" title="(208996) 2003 AZ84">(208996) 2003 AZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">84</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>January 13, 2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_208001%E2%80%93209000#996" title="List of minor planets: 208001–209000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/225088_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="225088 Gonggong">225088 Gonggong</a></span></b></td> <td>July 17, 2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_225001%E2%80%93226000#088" title="List of minor planets: 225001–226000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a></span></b></td> <td>July 17, 2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_229001%E2%80%93230000#762" title="List of minor planets: 229001–230000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(250112) 2002 KY<sub>14</sub></span></td> <td>May 19, 2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_250001%E2%80%93251000#112" title="List of minor planets: 250001–251000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(305543) 2008 QY<sub>40</sub></span></td> <td>August 25, 2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_305001%E2%80%93306000#543" title="List of minor planets: 305001–306000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(307251) 2002 KW<sub>14</sub></span></td> <td>May 17, 2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_307001%E2%80%93308000#251" title="List of minor planets: 307001–308000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">(307261) 2002 MS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>June 18, 2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_307001%E2%80%93308000#261" title="List of minor planets: 307001–308000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(315530)_2008_AP129" title="(315530) 2008 AP129">(315530) 2008 AP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">129</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>January 11, 2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_315001%E2%80%93316000#530" title="List of minor planets: 315001–316000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(386096) 2007 PR<sub>44</sub></span></td> <td>August 7, 2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_386001%E2%80%93387000#096" title="List of minor planets: 386001–387000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(504555) 2008 SO<sub>266</sub></span></td> <td>September 24, 2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_504001%E2%80%93505000#555" title="List of minor planets: 504001–505000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(523597) 2002 QX<sub>47</sub></span></td> <td>August 26, 2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_523001%E2%80%93524000#597" title="List of minor planets: 523001–524000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[A]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(523618) 2007 RT<sub>15</sub></span></td> <td>September 11, 2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_523001%E2%80%93524000#618" title="List of minor planets: 523001–524000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">(523629) 2008 SP<sub>266</sub></span></td> <td>September 26, 2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_523001%E2%80%93524000#629" title="List of minor planets: 523001–524000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(528381)_2008_ST291" title="(528381) 2008 ST291">(528381) 2008 ST<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">291</span></span></a></span></b></td> <td>September 24, 2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_523001%E2%80%93524000#629" title="List of minor planets: 523001–524000">list</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[E]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_codisc"><a href="#endnote_codisc">[B]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 11px;"><b>Co-discovery</b> made with:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_codisc"><sup>A</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Chad_Trujillo" title="Chad Trujillo">C. Trujillo</a> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_codisc"><sup>B</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/David_L._Rabinowitz" title="David L. Rabinowitz">D. L. Rabinowitz</a> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_codisc"><sup>C</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Roe" title="Henry G. Roe">H. G. Roe</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_codisc"><sup>D</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Smith" title="Glenn Smith">Glenn Smith</a> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_codisc"><sup>E</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Megan_Schwamb" title="Megan Schwamb">M. E. Schwamb</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_codisc"><sup>F</sup></span> K. M. Barkume </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haumea_controversy">Haumea controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Haumea controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_the_discovery_of_Haumea" title="Controversy over the discovery of Haumea">Controversy over the discovery of Haumea</a></div> <p>Brown and his team also had been observing the dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> for approximately six months before its announced discovery by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Ortiz_Moreno" title="José Luis Ortiz Moreno">José Luis Ortiz Moreno</a> and colleagues from the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Observatory" title="Sierra Nevada Observatory">Sierra Nevada Observatory</a> in Spain. Brown originally indicated his support for Ortiz's team's being given credit for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>. However, further investigation showed that a website containing archives of where the telescopes of Brown's team had been pointed while tracking Haumea had been accessed eight times in the three days preceding Ortiz's announcement, by computers with <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> that were traced back to the website of the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa" title="Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía">Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">CSIC</a>, Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia), where Ortiz works, and to e-mail messages sent by Ortiz and his student. These website accesses came a week after Brown had published an abstract for an upcoming conference talk at which he had planned to announce the discovery of Haumea; the abstract referred to Haumea by a code that was the same code used in the online telescope logs; and the Andalusia computers had accessed the logs containing that code directly, as would be the case after an internet search, without going through the home page or other pages of the archives.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about this online activity, Ortiz responded with an email to Brown that suggested Brown was at fault for "hiding objects", and said that "the only reason why we are now exchanging e-mail is because you did not report your object."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown says that this statement by Ortiz contradicts the accepted scientific practice of analyzing one's research until one is satisfied that it is accurate, then submitting it to <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> prior to any public announcement. However, the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> only needs precise enough orbit determination on the object in order to provide discovery credit, which Ortiz provided (see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons</a> to verify typical time scale of observation and publication of discoveries). </p><p>The then director of the IAA, José Carlos del Toro, distanced himself from Ortiz, insisting that its researchers have "sole responsibility" for themselves. Brown petitioned the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> to credit his team rather than Ortiz as the discoverers of Haumea. The IAU has deliberately not acknowledged a discoverer of Haumea. The discovery date and location are listed as March 7, 2003, at Ortiz's Sierra Nevada Observatory. However, the IAU accepted Brown's suggested name of Haumea, which fit the names of Haumea's two moons, rather than Ortiz's <i><a href="/wiki/Ataecina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataecina">Ataecina</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_ninth_planet">Proposed ninth planet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proposed ninth planet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2016, Brown and fellow Caltech astronomer, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batygin" title="Konstantin Batygin">Konstantin Batygin</a>, proposed the existence of <a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a>, a major planet between the size of Earth and Neptune.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence-of-ninth-planet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-of-ninth-planet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two astronomers gave a recorded interview in which they described their method and reasoning for proposing Planet 9 on January 20, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_work">Other work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010 Brown published a memoir of his discoveries and surrounding family life, <i><a href="/wiki/How_I_Killed_Pluto_and_Why_It_Had_It_Coming" title="How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming">How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors,_awards_and_accolades"><span id="Honors.2C_awards_and_accolades"></span>Honors, awards and accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honors, awards and accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown was named one of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 most influential people</a> of 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 he received Caltech's annual Feynman Prize, Caltech's most prestigious teaching honor. Asteroid <a href="/wiki/11714_Mikebrown" title="11714 Mikebrown">11714 Mikebrown</a>, discovered on April 28, 1998, was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Brown was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> in Astrophysics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Students_and_postdocs">Students and postdocs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Students and postdocs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown's former graduate students and postdocs include astrophysicists Adam Burgasser, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Margot" title="Jean-Luc Margot">Jean-Luc Margot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad_Trujillo" title="Chad Trujillo">Chad Trujillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Kuchner" title="Marc Kuchner">Marc Kuchner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-students_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-students-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antonin Bouchez, Emily Schaller,<sup id="cite_ref-students_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-students-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darin Ragozzine,<sup id="cite_ref-students_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-students-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Megan_Schwamb" title="Megan Schwamb">Megan Schwamb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-students_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-students-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also has created a course on Coursera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown married Diane Binney on March 1, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have one daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batygin" title="Konstantin Batygin">Konstantin Batygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+KAVLI+PRIZE+LAUREATES+IN+ASTROPHYSICS+Awarded+to+Michael+Edwards+Brown%2C+David+C.+Jewitt%2C+Jane+X.+Luu&rft.pub=Kavli+prize&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kavliprize.org%2Fprizes-and-laureates%2Fprizes%2F2012-kavli-prize-laureates-astrophysics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+E.+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-students-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-students_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-students_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-students_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-students_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._Brown" class="citation web cs1">Michael E. Brown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/research.html">"Research"</a>. Caltech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research&rft.pub=Caltech&rft.au=Michael+E.+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Fresearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+E.+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/mdfw/">"Mike and Diane's Fabulous Wedding Web Page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mike+and+Diane%27s+Fabulous+Wedding+Web+Page&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Fmdfw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+E.+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/lilah/">"Lilah Binney Brown"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lilah+Binney+Brown&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Flilah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+E.+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_E._Brown" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Michael E. Brown">Michael E. Brown</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/">Brown's homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3610426/">Michael E. Brown</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/plutokiller">Michael E. Brown</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298913#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (plutokiller)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/">Mike Brown's planets</a> Brown's blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findplanetnine.blogspot.com/">The Search for Planet Nine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124104719/http://www.findplanetnine.com/">Archived</a> November 24, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Konstantin Batygin's and Brown's blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pbj_llmiMg">Brown's Talk on How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming</a> Part of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lecture Series</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/24/the-tenth-planet">The Tenth Planet</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Alec_Wilkinson" title="Alec Wilkinson">Alec Wilkinson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, July 24, 2006</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/21px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/42px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" 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href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pluto" title="Climate of Pluto">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pluto" title="Geology of Pluto">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pluto" title="Geography of Pluto">Geography</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Pluto" title="List of geological features on Pluto">features</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pluto#The_Brass_Knuckles" title="Geography of Pluto">Brass Knuckles</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safronov_Regio" title="Safronov Regio">Safronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_Regio" title="Sharaf Regio">Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_Regio" title="Harrington Regio">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vucub-Came_Macula" title="Vucub-Came Macula">Vucub-Came</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Came_Macula" title="Hun-Came Macula">Hun-Came</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng-p%CA%BBo_Macula" class="mw-redirect" title="Meng-pʻo Macula">Meng-pʻo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belton_Regio" title="Belton Regio">Belton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadejo_Macula" title="Cadejo Macula">Cadejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Terra" title="Hayabusa Terra">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Regio" title="Lowell Regio">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth_Macula" title="Morgoth Macula">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Terra">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombaugh_Regio" title="Tombaugh Regio">Tombaugh "The Heart"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera Terra">Venera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Terra">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Terra" title="Voyager Terra">Voyager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Hills and<br /> mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baret_Montes" title="Baret Montes">Baret Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_Colles" title="Challenger Colles">Challenger Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleta_de_Dados_Colles" title="Coleta de Dados Colles">Coleta de Dados Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Montes" title="Hillary Montes">Hillary Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccard_Mons" title="Piccard Mons">Piccard Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Montes" title="Tenzing Montes">Tenzing Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Mons" title="Wright Mons">Wright Mons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Plains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Planitia" title="Sputnik Planitia">Sputnik Planitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Valleys and<br />depressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlivun_Cavus" title="Adlivun Cavus">Adlivun Cavus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Lineae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_Linea" title="Luna Linea">Luna Linea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burney_(crater)" title="Burney (crater)">Burney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pluto"><img alt="Pluto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Both to scale"><img alt="Both to scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg/90px-NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg/135px-NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg/180px-NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charon"><img alt="Charon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Official definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition of planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU definition of planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Scientist opinions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern#Planetary_classification" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Other_work">Michael E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson#Pluto" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Discovery_of_Pluto" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory" title="Lowell Observatory">Lowell Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell#Pluto" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tombaugh#Pluto" title="Clyde Tombaugh">Clyde Tombaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Putnam#Role_in_discovering_Pluto" title="Roger Putnam">Roger Putnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_in_fiction" title="Pluto in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney" title="Venetia Burney">Venetia Burney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kavli_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eedd82;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kavli_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kavli Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kavli_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kavli_Prize" title="Kavli Prize">Kavli Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Astrophysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lynden-Bell" title="Donald Lynden-Bell">Donald Lynden-Bell</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nelson_(astronomer)" title="Jerry Nelson (astronomer)">Jerry E. Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Wilson_(physicist)" title="Raymond Wilson (physicist)">Raymond N. Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Angel" title="Roger Angel">Roger Angel</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Jewitt" title="David C. Jewitt">David C. Jewitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Luu" title="Jane Luu">Jane Luu</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael E. Brown</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Andrei Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Starobinsky" title="Alexei Starobinsky">Alexei Starobinsky</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Drever" title="Ronald Drever">Ronald Drever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fabian" title="Andrew Fabian">Andrew Fabian</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Ulrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Ulrich (page does not exist)">Roger Ulrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Christensen-Dalsgaard" title="Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard">Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conny_Aerts" title="Conny Aerts">Conny Aerts</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Seager" title="Sara Seager">Sara Seager</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Charbonneau" title="David Charbonneau">David Charbonneau</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Nanoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Eigler" title="Don Eigler">Donald Eigler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadrian_Seeman" title="Nadrian Seeman">Nadrian Seeman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ebbesen" title="Thomas Ebbesen">Thomas Ebbesen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pendry" title="John Pendry">John Pendry</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Gerber" title="Christoph Gerber">Christoph Gerber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Quate" title="Calvin Quate">Calvin Quate</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginijus_%C5%A0ik%C5%A1nys" title="Virginijus Šikšnys">Virginijus Šikšnys</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondrej_Krivanek" title="Ondrej Krivanek">Ondrej Krivanek</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Sagiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Sagiv (page does not exist)">Jacob Sagiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_G._Nuzzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph G. Nuzzo">Ralph G. Nuzzo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_L._Allara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David L. Allara (page does not exist)">David L. Allara</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Paul Alivisatos">Armand Paul Alivisatos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad_A._Mirkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad A. Mirkin">Chad A. Mirkin</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#eedd82;">Neuroscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sten_Grillner" title="Sten Grillner">Sten Grillner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jessell" title="Thomas Jessell">Thomas Jessell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasko_Rakic" title="Pasko Rakic">Pasko Rakic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scheller" title="Richard Scheller">Richard Scheller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Bargmann" title="Cornelia Bargmann">Cornelia Bargmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winfried_Denk" title="Winfried Denk">Winfried Denk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Raichle" title="Marcus Raichle">Marcus Raichle</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_Marder" title="Eve Marder">Eve Marder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Merzenich" title="Michael Merzenich">Michael Merzenich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_J._Shatz" title="Carla J. Shatz">Carla J. Shatz</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._James_Hudspeth" title="A. James Hudspeth">A. James Hudspeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fettiplace" title="Robert Fettiplace">Robert Fettiplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Petit" title="Christine Petit">Christine Petit</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Mandel" title="Jean-Louis Mandel">Jean-Louis Mandel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_T._Orr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry T. Orr (page does not exist)">Harry T. Orr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Walsh" title="Christopher A. Walsh">Christopher A. Walsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi" title="Huda Zoghbi">Huda Zoghbi</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kanwisher" title="Nancy Kanwisher">Nancy Kanwisher</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winrich_Freiwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winrich Freiwald (page does not exist)">Winrich Freiwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Ying_Tsao" class="mw-redirect" title="Doris Ying Tsao">Doris Ying Tsao</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298913#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298913#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298913#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000036254927">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56047546">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1662578/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjT44QtWx7Tdr4RFTGbVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1023506793">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006094700">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001122947">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p332371549">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11031797">Norway</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-0545">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=227188">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57211828184">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6Z9Fo7sAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/627983">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c0956003-d969-4f44-b370-bca4f263f392">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1023506793">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/242545920">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&oldid=1257418151">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_E._Brown&oldid=1257418151</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Michael_E._Brown" title="Category:Michael E. Brown">Michael E. Brown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1965_births" title="Category:1965 births">1965 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_astronomers" title="Category:20th-century American astronomers">20th-century American astronomers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_astronomers" title="Category:21st-century American astronomers">21st-century American astronomers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:California_Institute_of_Technology_faculty" title="Category:California Institute of Technology faculty">California Institute of Technology faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_asteroids" title="Category:Discoverers of asteroids">Discoverers of asteroids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Category:Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects">Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_Michael_E._Brown" title="Category:Discoveries by Michael E. 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