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id="toc-1960s_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_residential_school_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_residential_school_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Indigenous residential school system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_residential_school_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Abrahamic religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglican_Church_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_Church_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Anglican Church of Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_Church_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelicalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelicalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Evangelicalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelicalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anabaptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabaptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Anabaptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hutterian_Brethren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hutterian_Brethren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.1 Hutterian Brethren </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hutterian_Brethren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mennonites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mennonites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.2 Mennonites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mennonites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Eastern Orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Oriental Orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Druze Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Indian religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indian religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_Paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Modern Paganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neo-Druidism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Druidism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Neo-Druidism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Druidism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irreligion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irreligion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Irreligion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irreligion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada-origin_or_centred_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada-origin_or_centred_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Canada-origin or centred movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canada-origin_or_centred_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Canada-origin or centred movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Canada-origin_or_centred_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hutterites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hutterites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Hutterites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hutterites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Tidings_Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Tidings_Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 New Tidings Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Tidings_Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toronto_Blessing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toronto_Blessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Toronto Blessing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toronto_Blessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lev_Tahor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lev_Tahor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Lev Tahor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lev_Tahor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Age and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Census results </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Census_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Census results subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Census_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_trends_since_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_trends_since_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Historical trends since 1900 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_trends_since_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Raw data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_province/territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_province/territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 By province/territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_province/territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Religion in Canada</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الدين في كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Canad%C3%A1" title="Religión en Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="دین در کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین در کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_au_Canada" title="Religion au Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion au Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A8_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կրոնը Կանադայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոնը Կանադայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कनाडा में धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कनाडा में धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Kanada" title="Agama di Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Canada" title="Religioni in Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reli%C4%A3ija_Kan%C4%81d%C4%81" title="Reliģija Kanādā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reliģija Kanādā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Kanadzie" title="Religia w Kanadzie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Kanadzie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_no_Canad%C3%A1" title="Religião no Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião no Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_%C3%AEn_Canada" title="Religia în Canada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Religia în Canada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Религия в Канаде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Канаде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Kanada" title="Feja në Kanada – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Kanada" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Religion in Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Релігія в Канаді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Canada (<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>)<a href="#cite_note-religion2021d-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a><a href="#cite_note-religion-2">[a]</a> (53.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">No religion</a> (34.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (4.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (2.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (2.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (1.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (0.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Indigenous</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (0.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Largest_Religious_Affiliation_Distribution_in_Canada,_2021_Census.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Largest_Religious_Affiliation_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg/220px-Largest_Religious_Affiliation_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Largest_Religious_Affiliation_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg/330px-Largest_Religious_Affiliation_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Largest_Religious_Affiliation_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg/440px-Largest_Religious_Affiliation_Distribution_in_Canada%2C_2021_Census.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Population distribution of largest religious affiliation in Canada by largest group by census division, 2021 census</figcaption></figure> Religion in Canada encompasses a wide range of beliefs and customs that historically has been dominated by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HalesLauzon2009-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornelissen_2021-4">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">constitution of Canada</a> refers to 'God', however Canada has no official church and the government is officially committed to <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Freedom of religion in Canada</a> is a constitutionally protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Rates of religious adherence have steadily decreased since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Cornelissen_2021-4">[3]</a> After having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2005w-7">[6]</a> Canada has become a <a href="/wiki/Postchristianity" title="Postchristianity">post-Christian</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-BramadatSeljak2009-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowen2004-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-GregoryJohnston2009-10">[9]</a> Although the majority of Canadians consider <a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">religion to be unimportant</a> in their daily lives,<a href="#cite_note-Punnett2015-11">[10]</a> they still believe in God.<a href="#cite_note-Haskell2009-12">[11]</a> The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state.<a href="#cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-13">[12]</a> Before the European colonization, a wide diversity of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native religions</a> and belief systems of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> were largely <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shamanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanist">shamanistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Underhill-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hultkrantz-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Native_American_Religions-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2018_p213-17">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization</a> beginning in the 16th century established a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> French population in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McShea_2022_p._15-18">[17]</a> During the colonial period, the French settled along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> Catholics, including a number of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuits</a> dedicated to converting indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-b015-19">[18]</a> These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">forced integration through state-funded boarding schools</a> run by both Catholics and Protestants that attempted to assimilate Indigenous children.<a href="#cite_note-Truth-20">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization</a> brought waves of <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Choquette_2004_p._160-21">[20]</a> The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">the West</a> brought significant <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> immigrants from Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> immigrants from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_c555-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hindu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhist</a> communities—although small—are as old as the nation itself.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2013_p.-23">[22]</a> According to the 2021 census, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> is the largest religion in Canada, with Catholics representing 29.9 percent of the population having the most adherents. <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> overall representing 53.3 percent of the population,<a href="#cite_note-religion-2">[a]</a> are followed by people reporting <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">irreligion or having no religion</a> at 34.6 percent.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Other faiths include <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (4.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (2.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (2.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (1.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (0.9 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous spirituality</a> (0.2 percent).<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Canada has the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">second-largest national Sikh population</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_pluralism">Religious pluralism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Religious pluralism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Freedom of religion in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_of_Religion_(38007857792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/220px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/330px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/440px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Freedom of religion sculpture by Marlene Hilton Moore at the McMurtry Gardens of Justice in Toronto<a href="#cite_note-McMurtry_Gardens_of_Justice-30">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> Canada today has no <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> is officially committed to <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moon2008-31">[30]</a> While the Canadian government's official ties to religion, specifically <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> are few, the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> makes reference to "the supremacy of God."<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">national anthem</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">official languages</a> also refers to God.<a href="#cite_note-Resnick2012-33">[32]</a> Nevertheless, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">irreligion</a> within the country and influx of non-Christian peoples has led to a greater separation of government and religion,<a href="#cite_note-RobertsClifton2005-34">[33]</a> demonstrated in forms like "Christmas holidays" being called "winter festivals" in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-Die2001-35">[34]</a> Some religious schools are government-funded as per <a href="/wiki/Section_Twenty-nine_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Twenty-nine of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Twenty-nine of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BayefskyWaldman2007-36">[35]</a> Canada is a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> is shared with 14 other countries. As such, Canada follows the United Kingdom's succession laws for its monarch, which bar <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> from inheriting the throne.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Within Canada, the monarch's title includes the phrases "By the Grace of God".<a href="#cite_note-m243-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> are nationwide holidays, and while <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> and other religious groups are allowed to take their holy days off work, they do not share the same official recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Boyle1997-39">[38]</a> In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Canada)" title="Thanksgiving (Canada)">Thanksgiving</a> "a day of general thanksgiving to almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed."<a href="#cite_note-FahlbuschBromiley1999-40">[39]</a> There was an ongoing battle in the late 20th century to have religious garb accepted throughout Canadian society, mostly focused on <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a>. The Canadian Armed Forces authorized the wearing of turbans in 1986, eventually the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> followed in 1988 and eventually other federal government agencies accepted members wearing turbans. In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom;<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> it was noted that in 2019, a new law was put in place stating that some government employees in positions of authority were not allowed to wear religious symbols. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="History of freedom of religion in Canada">History of freedom of religion in Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1800s">Before 1800s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before 1800s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America">Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls,_Halifax.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/St_Pauls%2C_Halifax.JPG/220px-St_Pauls%2C_Halifax.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/St_Pauls%2C_Halifax.JPG/330px-St_Pauls%2C_Halifax.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/St_Pauls%2C_Halifax.JPG/440px-St_Pauls%2C_Halifax.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Church (Halifax)">St. Paul's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church in Canada still standing, built in 1750</figcaption></figure> Before the arrival of Europeans, the Indigenous peoples followed a wide array of mostly <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> religions and spirituality;<a href="#cite_note-Underhill-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tooker1979m-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hultkrantz-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Müller-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Native_American_Religions-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller2000s-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paper-45">[44]</a> "including the presence of <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation stories</a>, the role of tricksters or of supernatural beings in folklore and the importance of sacred organizations".<a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2018_p213-17">[16]</a> Common concept is the supernatural world of <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>, spirits and wonders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> manitou.<a href="#cite_note-Underhill-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hultkrantz-15">[14]</a> The first Europeans to settle in great numbers in Canada were French Catholics, including a large number of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> who established several <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">missions in North America</a>. They were dedicated to converting the Indigenous peoples; an effort that eventually proved successful.<a href="#cite_note-Marquis1935-46">[45]</a> The first large <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> communities were formed in the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritimes</a> after they were conquered by the British.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeodPoutanen2004-47">[46]</a> Unable to convince enough British immigrants to go to the region, the government decided to import continental Protestants from Germany and Switzerland to populate the region and counterbalance the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KaufmanMacpherson2005b-48">[47]</a> This group was known as the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants" title="Foreign Protestants">Foreign Protestants</a>. This effort proved successful and today the <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Nova_Scotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Shore (Nova Scotia)">South Shore</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> is still largely <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a> beginning in 1755 a large number of <a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">New England Planters</a> settled on the vacated lands bringing with them their <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> belief.<a href="#cite_note-MurphyPerin1996h-49">[48]</a> During the 1770s, guided by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Alline" title="Henry Alline">Henry Alline</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Lights" title="Old and New Lights">New Light</a> movement of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> swept through the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic region</a> converting many of the Congregationalists to the new theology.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers2008k-50">[49]</a> After Alline's death many of these Newlights eventually became <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, thus making Maritime Canada the heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptist movement</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> of 1774 acknowledged the rights of the Catholic Church throughout <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> in order to keep the <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadians</a> loyal to <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Britannic Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LippyWilliams2010n-54">[53]</a> Catholicism is still the main religion of French Canadians today. The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> beginning in 1765 brought a large influx of Protestants to Canada when <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a>, fleeing the rebellious United States, moved in large numbers to Upper Canada and the Maritimes.<a href="#cite_note-Press2010-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800s_to_1900s">1800s to 1900s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1800s to 1900s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Caughey,_Montreal,_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/James_Caughey%2C_Montreal%2C_1863.jpg/220px-James_Caughey%2C_Montreal%2C_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/James_Caughey%2C_Montreal%2C_1863.jpg/330px-James_Caughey%2C_Montreal%2C_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/James_Caughey%2C_Montreal%2C_1863.jpg/440px-James_Caughey%2C_Montreal%2C_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Caughey" title="James Caughey">James Caughey</a> (9 April 1810 – 30 January 1891) was a Methodist minister and evangelist who was active in Canada.</figcaption></figure> While <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> consolidated their hold on the upper classes, workingmen and farmers responded to the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist revivals</a>, often sponsored by visiting preachers from the United States. Typical was Rev. <a href="/wiki/James_Caughey" title="James Caughey">James Caughey</a>, an American sent by the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a> from the 1840s through 1864. He brought in the converts by the score, most notably in the revivals in Western Canada from 1851 to 1853. His technique combined restrained emotionalism with a clear call for personal commitment, coupled with follow-up action to organize support from converts. It was a time when the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a> caught fire, with the revitalized interest of men and women in <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a>. Caughey successfully bridged the gap between the style of earlier camp meetings and the needs of more sophisticated Methodist congregations in the emerging cities.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In the early nineteenth century in the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church</a> held the same official position it did in England. This caused tension within <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a>, as much of the populace was not Anglican. Increasing immigration from Scotland created a very large <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> community and they and other groups demanded equal rights. This was an important cause of the <a href="/wiki/1837_Rebellion_in_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada">1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada</a>. With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government#Canada" title="Responsible government">responsible governments</a>, the Anglican monopoly was ended.<a href="#cite_note-ScobieRawlyk1997-57">[56]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, the Catholic Church was officially pre-eminent and had a central role in the colony's culture and politics. Unlike English Canada, <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">nationalism</a> became very closely associated with Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown2-58">[57]</a> During this period, the Catholic Church in the region became one of the most reactionary in the world. Known as <a href="/wiki/Ultramontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramontane">Ultramontane</a> Catholicism, the church adopted positions condemning all manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lahey2002-59">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Notre-Dame,_Montreal,_Canad%C3%A1,_2017-08-11,_DD_26-28_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Notre-Dame%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_26-28_HDR.jpg/220px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Notre-Dame%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_26-28_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Notre-Dame%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_26-28_HDR.jpg/330px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Notre-Dame%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_26-28_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Notre-Dame%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_26-28_HDR.jpg/440px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Notre-Dame%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_26-28_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6577" data-file-height="4978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Basilica_(Montreal)" title="Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)">Notre-Dame Basilica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></figcaption></figure> In politics, those aligned with the Catholic clergy in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> were known as <a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">les bleus</a> (the blues). They formed a curious alliance with the staunchly monarchist and pro-British Anglicans of English Canada (often members of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">Orange Order</a>) to form the basis of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative Party</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)" title="Reform movement (Upper Canada)">Reform Party</a>, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a>, was largely composed of the anti-clerical French Canadians, known as <a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">les rouges</a> (the reds) and the non-Anglican <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> groups. In those times, right before elections, parish priests would give sermons to their flock where they said things like Le ciel est bleu et l'enfer est rouge ("the sky (heaven) is blue and hell is red").<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In 1871, national census revealed 56.45% as Protestants, 42.80% as Catholic, 0.05% as Pagans, 0.03% as Jewish, 0.02% as Mormons, 0.15% as irreligious and 0.49% as unspecified.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> By the late nineteenth century, Protestant pluralism had taken hold in English Canada. While much of the elite were still Anglican, other groups, including the Methodists, had become very prominent as well. The schools and universities created at this time reflected this pluralism with major centres of learning being established for each faith. One, King's College, later the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, was set up as a non-denominational school. The influence of the Orange Order was strong, especially among <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Irish Protestant</a> immigrants, and comprised a powerful anti-Catholic force in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> politics; its influence faded away after 1920.<a href="#cite_note-HoustonSmyth1980-62">[61]</a> The late nineteenth century also saw the beginning of a large shift in Canadian immigration patterns. Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern European</a> immigrants were creating new Catholic communities in English Canada. Western Canada saw the arrival of significant <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> immigrants from the United States and Ireland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900s_to_1960s">1900s to 1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1900s to 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Denomination </th> <th>Pop, 1951<a href="#cite_note-auto-63">[62]</a> </th> <th>% of total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic</a> </td> <td align="right">6,069,496 </td> <td align="right">43.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a> </td> <td align="right">2,867,271 </td> <td align="right">20.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a> </td> <td align="right">2,060,720 </td> <td align="right">14.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Canada" title="Presbyterian Church in Canada">Presbyterian</a> </td> <td align="right">781,747 </td> <td align="right">5.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Canada" title="Baptists in Canada">Baptist</a> </td> <td align="right">519,585 </td> <td align="right">3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> </td> <td align="right">444,923 </td> <td align="right">3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Jewish</a> </td> <td align="right">204,836 </td> <td align="right">1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Winnipeg" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg">Ukrainian (Greek) Catholic</a> </td> <td align="right">190,831 </td> <td align="right">1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Greek Orthodox</a> </td> <td align="right">172,271 </td> <td align="right">1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Church_Canada" title="Mennonite Church Canada">Mennonite</a> </td> <td align="right">125,938 </td> <td align="right">0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> </td> <td align="right">95,131 </td> <td align="right">0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army,_Canada" title="The Salvation Army, Canada">Salvation Army</a> </td> <td align="right">70,275 </td> <td align="right">0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> </td> <td align="right">50,900 </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td align="right">34,596 </td> <td align="right">0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Canada" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada">Mormon</a> </td> <td align="right">32,888 </td> <td align="right">0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> </td> <td align="right">59,679 </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other/not recorded </td> <td align="right">260,625 </td> <td align="right">1.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1919–20 Canada's five major <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>) cooperatively undertook the "Forward Movement." The goal was to raise funds and to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian spirituality</a> in Canada. The movement invoked <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Anglophone</a> nationalism by linking donations with the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Savings_Bond#World_War_I" title="Canada Savings Bond">Victory Loan campaigns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and stressed the need for funds to <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Canadianize</a> immigrants. Centred in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, the campaign was a clear financial success, raising over $11 million. However the campaign exposed deep divisions among Protestants, with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelists</a> speaking of a personal relationship with <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and the more liberal denominations emphasizing the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Both factions (apart from the Anglicans) agreed on prohibition, which was demanded by the <a href="/wiki/WCTU" class="mw-redirect" title="WCTU">WCTU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> As of 1931, Catholics were the largest religious body in Canada, with 4 million people. Following it were the United Church of Canada (including Methodists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians), with 2 million; the Anglican Church, with nearly 2 million; and the Presbyterian Church, with approximately 870,000. The Canada Year Book 1936 reported that "of the non-Christian sects, 155,614 or 1.50% were Jews, 24,087 or 0.23% were Confucians, 15,784 or 0.15% were Buddhists and 5,008 or 0.05% were pagans.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Domination of Canadian society by Protestant and Catholic elements continued until well into the 20th century. Until the 1960s, most parts of Canada still had extensive <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day_Act_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord's Day Act (Canada)">Lord's Day</a> laws that limited what one could do on a Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2009-67">[66]</a> The English Canadian elite were still dominated by Protestants, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> and Catholics were often excluded.<a href="#cite_note-Levitt2002-68">[67]</a> A slow process of liberalization began after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in English Canada. Overtly Christian laws were expunged, including those against <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>. Policies favouring Christian immigration were also abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Moon2008v-69">[68]</a> In 1951, a nationwide census was taken after incorporation of predominantly Protestant province of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>. According to statistics provided by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, Protestants held a slight majority in the country between 1871 and 1961. Despite Canada's large Catholic population, this fact is confirmed by nine consecutive national censuses. By 1961, Catholics overtook Protestants as the most numerous religious group, although—unlike Protestants—they never reached the absolute majority status (>50%).<a href="#cite_note-auto-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_and_after">1960s and after</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1960s and after">edit</a>]</div> The most overwhelming change was the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in the 1960s. Up through the 1950s, the province was one of the most traditional <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> areas in the world. Church attendance rates were high, and the schools were largely controlled by the Church. In the 1960s, the Catholic Church lost most of its influence in Quebec, and religiosity declined sharply.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown3-70">[69]</a> While the majority of Québécois are still professed Latin Church Catholics, rates of church attendance have decreased dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-Gill2003-71">[70]</a> Since then, <a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">common-law</a> relationships, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, and support for <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> are much more common in Quebec than previously, exceeding levels in some other areas of Canada. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Church_of_Canada_inauguration_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/United_Church_of_Canada_inauguration_1925.jpg/220px-United_Church_of_Canada_inauguration_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/United_Church_of_Canada_inauguration_1925.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>Inauguration of United Church at Mutual Street Arena, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, on June 10, 1925</figcaption></figure> English Canada also underwent <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>, the country's largest <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denomination, became one of the most liberal major Protestant churches in the world. Flatt argues that in the 1960s Canada's rapid cultural changes led the United Church to end its <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> programs and change its identity. It made revolutionary changes in its evangelistic campaigns, educational programs, moral stances, and theological image. However, membership declined sharply as the United Church affirmed a commitment to gay rights including marriage and ordination, and to the ordination of women.<a href="#cite_note-Cairns1996-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 1971, Canada was 47% Catholic, 41% Protestant, 4% other religion and 4% unaffiliated.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-74">[73]</a> Meanwhile, a strong current of evangelical Protestantism emerged. The largest groups are found in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and the Southern interior and <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a> region of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, also known as the "Canadian Bible Belt", as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>. The social environment is more conservative, somewhat more in line with that of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, and same-sex marriage, abortion, and common-law relationships are less widely accepted. The evangelical movement has grown sharply after 1960, and increasingly influences public policy. Nevertheless, the overall proportion of evangelicals in Canada remains considerably lower than in the United States, and the polarization much less intense. There are very few evangelicals in Quebec and in the largest urban areas, which are generally secular, although there are several congregations above 1000 members in most large cities.<a href="#cite_note-Rawlyk1997-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_residential_school_system">Indigenous residential school system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indigenous residential school system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School,_Fort_Resolution,_NWT_(14112957392).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Indigenous children working at long desks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg/220px-Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg/330px-Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg/440px-Study_period_at_Roman_Catholic_Indian_Residential_School%2C_Fort_Resolution%2C_NWT_%2814112957392%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Study period at a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> Indian Residential School in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Resolution" title="Fort Resolution">Fort Resolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NWT</a></figcaption></figure> Administered by various Christian churches and funded by the Canadian government from 1828 to 1997 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a> attempted to assimilate Indigenous children into <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians#Culture" title="European Canadians">Euro-Canadian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r354-76">[75]</a> The residential school system was established by Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> with the express purpose of converting Indigenous children to Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-k646-77">[76]</a> schools often had nearby mission where possible graves of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">hundreds of Indigenous people were discovered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g076-78">[77]</a> A period of redress began with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-trc-79">[78]</a> This included recognition of past <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples#Canada" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples"> colonial genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Residential_Schools_Settlement_Agreement" title="Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement">settlement agreements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-y023-80">[79]</a> In October 2022, the Canadian House of Commons unanimously passed a motion calling on the federal Canadian government to recognize the residential school system as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> This acknowledgment was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Visit_by_Pope_Francis_to_Canada" title="Visit by Pope Francis to Canada">visit by Pope Francis who apologized</a> for Church members' role in what he labeled the "oppression, mistreatment and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> of indigenous people".<a href="#cite_note-d404-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-2022-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity in Canada</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province/Territory </th> <th>Christians </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Newfoundland and Labrador</td> <td>82.44%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021NL-84">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /> Nunavut</td> <td>73.53%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021NU-85">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /> Prince Edward Island</td> <td>67.62%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021PEI-86">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /> New Brunswick</td> <td>67.52%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021NB-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Quebec</td> <td>64.82%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021QC-88">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Nova Scotia</td> <td>58.18%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021NS-89">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /> Saskatchewan</td> <td>56.31%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021SK-90">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Manitoba</td> <td>54.23%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021MB-91">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Northwest Territories</td> <td>55.16%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021NWT-92">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canada</td> <td style="background:silver">53.33%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021d-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>52.14%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021ON-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Alberta</td> <td>48.11%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021AB-94">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /> Yukon</td> <td>35.01%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021YK-95">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> British Columbia</td> <td>34.27%<a href="#cite_note-religion2021BC-96">[95]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_Christians_per_Canadian_Province_gradient_map_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Percent_Christians_per_Canadian_Province_gradient_map_%282021%29.svg/220px-Percent_Christians_per_Canadian_Province_gradient_map_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Percent_Christians_per_Canadian_Province_gradient_map_%282021%29.svg/330px-Percent_Christians_per_Canadian_Province_gradient_map_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Percent_Christians_per_Canadian_Province_gradient_map_%282021%29.svg/440px-Percent_Christians_per_Canadian_Province_gradient_map_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Christians per Canadian province or territory based on 2021 Census data <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–89.9% Christian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70–79.9% Christian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60–69.9% Christian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–59.9% Christian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40–49.9% Christian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  30–39.9% Christian</div></figcaption></figure> The majority of Canadian Christians attend <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a> infrequently. Cross-national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that, on average, Canadian Christians are less observant than those of the United States but are still more overtly religious than their counterparts in Western Europe. In 2002, 30% of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was "very important" to them. A 2005 Gallup poll showed that 28% of Canadians consider religion to be "very important" (55% of Americans and 19% of Britons say the same).<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Regional differences within Canada exist, however, with <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> reporting especially low metrics of traditional religious observance, as well as a significant urban-rural divide, while <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and rural <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> saw high rates of religious attendance. The rates for weekly church attendance are contested, with estimates running as low as 11% as per the latest Ipsos-Reid poll and as high as 25% as per <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a> magazine. This American magazine reported that three polls conducted by <a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a>, Time Canada and the Vanier Institute of the Family showed church attendance increasing for the first time in a generation, with weekly attendance at 25 per cent. This number is similar to the statistics reported by premier Canadian sociologist of religion, Prof. <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bibby" title="Reginald Bibby">Reginald Bibby</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge" title="University of Lethbridge">University of Lethbridge</a>, who has been studying Canadian religious patterns since 1975. Although lower than in the US, which has reported weekly church attendance at about 40% since the Second World War, weekly church attendance rates are higher than those in Northern Europe. As well as the large churches—Catholic, United, and Anglican, which together count more than half of the Canadian population as nominal adherents—Canada also has many smaller Christian groups, including Eastern Orthodoxy. The Egyptian population in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Toronto">Greater Toronto</a> in particular) has seen a large influx of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a> population in just a few decades. The relatively large <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> has produced many followers of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox Churches</a>, while southern Manitoba has been settled largely by Mennonites. The concentration of these smaller groups often varies greatly across the country. Baptists are especially numerous in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Maritimes">Maritimes</a>. The Maritimes, prairie provinces, and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">southwestern Ontario</a> have significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a>. Southwest <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> has seen large numbers of German and Russian immigrants, including many <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, as well as a significant contingent of Dutch Reformed. <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> has seen considerable immigration from the American plains, creating a significant <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> minority in that province. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> claimed to have 178,102 members (74,377 of whom in Alberta) at the end of 2007.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> And according to the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> year report there are 111,963 active members (members who actively preach) in Canada. Canada as a nation is becoming increasingly religiously diverse, especially in large urban centres such as <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, where minority groups and new immigrants who make up the growth in most religious groups congregate. Two significant trends become clear when the current religious landscape is examined closely. One is the loss of ‘secularized' Canadians as active and regular participants in the churches and denominations they grew up in, which were overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, while these churches remain a part of Canadians' cultural identity. The other is the increasing presence of ethnically diverse immigration within the religious makeup of the country. As Mainline <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> and Catholics have experienced drastic losses over the past 30 years, others have been expanding rapidly: overall by 144% in ‘Eastern' religions during the 1981–1991 decade.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Considering Canada's increasing reliance on immigration to bolster a low birth rate, the situation is only likely to continue to diversify. This increased influx of ethnic immigrants not only affects the types of religions represented in the Canadian context but also the increasingly multicultural and multilingual makeup of individual Christian denominations. From <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> or Korean <a href="/wiki/United_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Church">United Church</a> communities, to the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> focus on providing much needed services to immigrants new to the Canadian context and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, immigration is making changes.<a href="#cite_note-BramadatSeljak2008-100">[99]</a> Much as many Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> ignore the Church's stance on <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a>, the churches do not dictate much of the daily lives of regular Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> For some Protestant <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>, adapting to a new <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> context has meant adjusting to their non-institutional roles in society by increasingly focusing on <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> However the pull between conservative religious members and the more radical among the church members is complicated by the numbers of immigrant communities who may desire a church that fulfils a more ‘institutionally complete' role as a buffer in this new country over the current tension filled debates over <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> of women and homosexuals, or the role of women in the church. This of course will depend on the background of the immigrant population, as in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> context where <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Li_Tim_Oi" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Li Tim Oi">Florence Li Tim Oi</a> happened long before women's ordination was ever raised on the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church level.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> As well a <a href="/wiki/Multicultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural">multicultural</a> focus on the churches part may include non-Christian elements (such as the inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> priest in one incident) which are unwelcome to the transplanted religious community.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Serving the needs and desires of different aspects of the Canadian and newly Canadian populations makes a difficult balancing act for the various mainline churches which are starved for money and active parishioners in a time when 16% of Canadians identify as non-religious and up to two-thirds of those who do identify with a denomination use the church only for its life-cycle rituals governing birth, marriage, and death.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The church retains that hold in their <a href="/wiki/Parishioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Parishioner">parishioners</a>' lives but not the commitment of time and energy necessary to support an aging institution. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> portions of the Protestant groups proclaim their growth as well but as Roger O'Tool notes they make up 7% of the Canadian population and seem to gain most of their growth from a higher birthrate.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> What is significant is the higher participation of their members in contrast to Mainline Protestants and Catholics. This high commitment would seem to translate into the kind of political power evangelicals in the United States enjoy but despite Canada's historically <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> background as <a href="/wiki/Lori_Beaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lori Beaman">Beaman</a> notes neatly "...[forming] the backdrop for social process"<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> explicit religiosity appears to have not effectively moved the government towards legal discrimination against gay marriage. There was a major religious revival in Toronto in the nineties known as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blessing" title="Toronto Blessing">Toronto Blessing</a> at a small <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard Church">Vineyard Church</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>. This religious event was the largest tourist attraction to Toronto<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> in 1994. This event was characterized by unusual religious ecstasy such as being <a href="/wiki/Slain_in_the_Spirit" title="Slain in the Spirit">slain in the Spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_laughter" title="Holy laughter">laughing uncontrollably</a>, and other odd behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> A 2015 study estimates some 43,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background in Canada, most of whom belong to the evangelical tradition.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglican_Church_of_Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anglican Church of Canada">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a> is the only official church of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion in Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Across Canada there are approximately 1,700 individual <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">churches</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Parishes">parishes</a>, which are organized into 30 different <a href="/wiki/Dioceses" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioceses">dioceses</a>, each led by a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>. The national church office is known as the <a href="/wiki/General_Synod" title="General Synod">General Synod</a>. The Primate is the Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Linda_Nicholls" title="Linda Nicholls">Linda Nicholls</a>, national pastoral leader.<a href="#cite_note-anglican.ca-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evangelicalism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Fellowship_of_Canada" title="Evangelical Fellowship of Canada">Evangelical Fellowship of Canada</a>, a national evangelical alliance, member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a> was founded in 1964 in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> It brings together 43 <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_Canada" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada">Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada</a> were founded in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Baptist_Ministries" title="Canadian Baptist Ministries">Canadian Baptist Ministries</a> were founded in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anabaptism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hutterian_Brethren">Hutterian Brethren</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hutterian Brethren">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hutterer-Neue_Kolonie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hutterer-Neue_Kolonie.jpg/220px-Hutterer-Neue_Kolonie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hutterer-Neue_Kolonie.jpg/330px-Hutterer-Neue_Kolonie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hutterer-Neue_Kolonie.jpg/440px-Hutterer-Neue_Kolonie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Hutterite colony in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></div> In the mid-1870s Hutterites moved from Europe to the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> in the United States to avoid military service and other persecutions.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Hutterites suffered from persecutions in the United States because they are pacifist and refused military service.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-wwi-124">[123]</a> They then moved almost all of their communities to Canada in the Western provinces of Alberta and Manitoba in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-wwi-124">[123]</a> In the 1940s, there were 52 Hutterite colonies in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-wwi-124">[123]</a> Today, more than 75% of the world's Hutterite colonies are located in Canada, mainly in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the rest being almost exclusively in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The Hutterite population in North America is about 45,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mennonites">Mennonites</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mennonites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Church_Canada" title="Mennonite Church Canada">Mennonite Church Canada</a></div> First Mennonites arrived in Canada in 1786 from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, but following Mennonites arrived directly from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-USA2012-127">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Church_Canada" title="Mennonite Church Canada">Mennonite Church Canada</a> had about 35,000 members in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Kraybill2010-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic Church in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John%27s_Basilica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_John%27s_Basilica.jpg/220px-St_John%27s_Basilica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_John%27s_Basilica.jpg/330px-St_John%27s_Basilica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_John%27s_Basilica.jpg/440px-St_John%27s_Basilica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>Front of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist" title="Basilica of St. John the Baptist">Basilica of St. John the Baptist</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church in Canada, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops">Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> has the largest number of adherents to a religion in Canada, with 38.7% of Canadians (13.07 million) reported as Catholics in the 2011 National Household Survey, in 72 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Canada">dioceses</a> across the provinces and territories, served by about 8,000 priests. It was the first European faith in what is now Canada, arriving in 1497 when <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> landed on <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for his sponsor King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>, while recognizing the religious authority of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The entire Catholic Church in Canada is placed under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec#Primate_of_Canada" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Primate of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> which corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Quebec">Archdiocese of Quebec</a> and its bishop, the Primate of Canada. Currently, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Cyprien_Lacroix" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérald Cyprien Lacroix">Gérald Cyprien Lacroix</a> is the Primate of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-cccb.ca-132">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> is represented in Canada by the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nunciature in Canada">Apostolic Nunciature in Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">Eastern Orthodoxy in North America</a></div> Adherents of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christianity in Canada belong to several ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Historically, Eastern Orthodoxy was introduced to Canada during the course of 19th century, mainly through emigration of Christians from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the Middle East. Honouring such diverse heritage, Eastern Orthodoxy in Canada is traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> Eastern Orthodox Churches, each of them having its own hierarchy with dioceses and parishes. According to 2011 census data, there were 550,690 Orthodox Christians. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> community constitutes the largest Eastern Orthodox community in Canada, with 220,255 adherents, followed by other communities: Russian Orthodox (25,245), Ukrainian Orthodox (23,845), <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Canada" title="Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Canada">Serbian Orthodox</a> (22,780), <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Orthodox Eparchy of Canada">Romanian Orthodox</a> (7,090), <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_America_and_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Eparchy of America and Canada">Macedonian Orthodox</a> (4,945), <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Eastern_Orthodox_Diocese_of_the_USA,_Canada_and_Australia" title="Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Diocese of the USA, Canada and Australia">Bulgarian Orthodox</a> (1,765), <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Archdiocese_of_North_America" title="Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America">Antiochian Orthodox</a> (1,220) and several other minor communities within Eastern Orthodoxy. A number of 207,480 adherents reported only as Christian Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriental_Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodoxy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in North America">Oriental Orthodoxy in North America</a></div> Adherents of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christianity in Canada also belong to several ethnic communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. According to 2011 census data, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Canada" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada">Coptic Orthodox</a> community constitutes the largest Oriental Orthodox community in Canada, with 16,255 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Armenian Orthodox (13,730), Ethiopian Orthodox (3,025), Syriac Orthodox (3,060) and several other minor communities within Oriental Orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Canada" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardston_Alberta_Canada_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cardston_Alberta_Canada_Temple.jpg/220px-Cardston_Alberta_Canada_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cardston_Alberta_Canada_Temple.jpg/330px-Cardston_Alberta_Canada_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cardston_Alberta_Canada_Temple.jpg/440px-Cardston_Alberta_Canada_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cardston_Alberta_Temple" title="Cardston Alberta Temple">Cardston Alberta Temple</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">LDS</a> temple outside the United States</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) has had a presence in Canada since its organization in New York State in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-Card1990-135">[134]</a> Canada has been used as a refuge territory by members of the LDS Church to avoid enforcement of anti-polygamy laws by the United States government.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelman2006-136">[135]</a> The first LDS Church in Canada was established in 1895 in what would become Alberta; it was the first stake of the Church to be established outside the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Bryan2011-137">[136]</a> The LDS Church has founded several communities in Alberta. In the 2021 census sampling, about 0.2% of the population (equal to about 87,725 people) claimed to be members of the LDS Church.<a href="#cite_note-religion2021d-1">[1]</a> In 2021, the LDS Church claimed around 200,000 members in Canada;<a href="#cite_note-LDSnews-138">[137]</a> It has congregations in all Canadian provinces and territories and possesses at least one temple in six of the ten provinces, including the oldest LDS temple outside the United States. Alberta is the province with the most members of the LDS Church in Canada, having approximately 40% of the total of Canadian LDS Church members and representing 2% of the total population of the province (the National Household survey of 2011 has Alberta with over 50% of the Canadian Mormons and 1.6% of the province's population<a href="#cite_note-NHS-2011-139">[138]</a>), followed by Ontario and British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam in Canada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Islam in Canada</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1854 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1871_Canadian_census" title="1871 Canadian census">1871</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+333.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">47</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+261.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_census" title="1911 Canadian census">1911</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">797</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1595.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_census" title="1921 Canadian census">1921</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">478</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−40.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1931_Canadian_census" title="1931 Canadian census">1931</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">645</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">33,430</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5082.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">98,160</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+193.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1991_Canadian_census" title="1991 Canadian census">1991</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">253,260</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+158.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">579,645</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+128.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,053,945</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+81.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,775,715</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+68.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> <a href="#cite_note-mslm-141">[140]</a> <a href="#cite_note-religion1901to1921-142">[141]</a>: 571  <a href="#cite_note-religion1931-143">[142]</a> <a href="#cite_note-religion1971-144">[143]</a>{<a href="#cite_note-religion1981-145">[144]</a> <a href="#cite_note-religion1991-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion2011-147">[146]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Four years after Canada's founding in 1867, the 1871 Canadian Census found 13 Muslims among the population.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The first Canadian <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> in 1938, when there were approximately 700 Muslims in the country.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> This building is now part of the museum at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton_Park" title="Fort Edmonton Park">Fort Edmonton Park</a>. The years after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> saw a small increase in the Muslim population. However, Muslims were still a distinct minority. It was only with the removal of European immigration preferences in the late 1960s that Muslims began to arrive in significant numbers. According to <a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">Canada's 2001 census</a>, there were 579,740 <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> in Canada, just under 2% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In 2006, the Muslim population was estimated to be 0.8 million or about 2.6%. In 2010, the Pew Research Centre estimated there were about 0.9 million Muslims in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-environics-152">[151]</a> In the 2011 National Housing Survey, Muslims constituted 3.2% of the population<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> making them largest religious adherents after Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Sunni Islam is followed by the majority while there are significant numbers of Shia Muslims. Ahmadiyya also has a significant proportion with more than 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a> living in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> There are also <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> As of the 2021 census, the percentage of Muslims in Canada is 4.9%.<a href="#cite_note-religion2021m-157">[156]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC</a> introduced a popular television sitcom called <a href="/wiki/Little_Mosque_on_the_Prairie" title="Little Mosque on the Prairie">Little Mosque on the Prairie</a>, a contemporary reflection and critical commentary on attitudes towards <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> In 2008, the Prime Minister of Canada, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, visited the <a href="/wiki/Baitun_Nur" class="mw-redirect" title="Baitun Nur">Baitun Nur</a> Mosque, the largest mosque in Canada for its inaugural session with the Head of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canada1-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism in Canada</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province or territory</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td style="background:silver">391,665</td> <td style="background:silver">1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>226,610</td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>93,625</td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td>35,005</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td>15,795</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td>14,345</td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td>2,910</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /> <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td>1,905</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td> <td>860</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td> <td>220</td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></td> <td>185</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td> <td>145</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /> <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AaronHart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/AaronHart.jpg/220px-AaronHart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/AaronHart.jpg/330px-AaronHart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/AaronHart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hart_(businessman)" title="Aaron Hart (businessman)">Aaron Hart</a> is considered to be the father of Canadian Jewry.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community in Canada is almost as old as the nation itself. The earliest documentation of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in Canada is British Army records from the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> from 1754. In 1760, General <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst</a> attacked and won <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> for the British. In his regiment there were several Jews, including four among his officer corps, most notably Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hart_(businessman)" title="Aaron Hart (businessman)">Aaron Hart</a> who is considered the father of Canadian Jewry.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> In 1807, <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Hart" title="Ezekiel Hart">Ezekiel Hart</a> was elected to the legislature of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, becoming the first Jew in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> to hold an <a href="/wiki/Official_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Official position">official position</a>. Hart was sworn in on a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The next day an objection was raised that Hart had not taken the oath in the manner required for sitting in the assembly – an oath of abjuration, which would have required Hart to swear "on the true faith of a Christian".<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Hart was expelled from the assembly, only to be re-elected two more times. In 1768, the first synagogue in Canada was built in Montreal, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue_of_Montreal" title="Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal">Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal</a>. In 1832, partly because of the work of Ezekiel Hart, a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians. The Jewish population saw a growth during the 1880s due to the <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> of Russia and growing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>. Between the years of 1880 and 1930 the Jewish population grew to 155,000. In 1872, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Nathan,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Nathan, Jr.">Henry Nathan, Jr.</a> became the first Jewish <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, BC">Victoria, BC</a> area in the newly created <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> halted the flow of immigrants into Canada, and after the War there was a change in Canada's immigration policy to limit the immigration of people from "non-preferred nations", i.e., those not from the United Kingdom or otherwise <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">White Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a> nations. In June 1939 Canada and the United States were the last hope for 907 Jewish refugees aboard the steamship <a href="/wiki/SS_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="SS St. Louis">SS St. Louis</a> which had been denied landing in Havana although the passengers had entry visas. The Canadian government ignored the protests of Canadian Jewish organizations. King said the crisis was not a "Canadian problem" and Blair added in a letter to O.D. Skelton, Undersecretary of State for External Affairs, dated June 16, 1939, "No country could open its doors wide enough to take in the hundreds of thousands of Jewish people who want to leave Europe: the line must be drawn somewhere." The ship finally had to return to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> almost twenty thousand Canadian Jews volunteered to fight overseas. Nearly 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivors moved to Canada in the late 1940s to rebuild their lives. In 2010, the Canadian Jewish community was the fourth largest in the world<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> and practises in both of the official languages of Canada. There is an increase in the number of people that use <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, other than for religious ceremonies, while there is a decline in the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> language. Most of Canada's Jews live in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> being the largest Jewish population centre. In 2009, anti-Semitic incidents jumped fivefold.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montreal_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Montreal_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Shrine.jpg/220px-Montreal_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Montreal_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Shrine.jpg/330px-Montreal_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Montreal_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Shrine.jpg/440px-Montreal_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Shrine" title="Montréal Bahá'í Shrine">Montréal Bahá'í Shrine</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_North_America#Canada" title="Baháʼí Faith in North America">Baháʼí Faith in North America § Canada</a></div> The Canadian community is one of the earliest western communities of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, at one point sharing a joint National Spiritual Assembly with the United States, and is a co-recipient of <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_the_Divine_Plan" title="Tablets of the Divine Plan">Tablets of the Divine Plan</a>. The first North American woman to declare herself a Baháʼí was Kate C. Ives, of Canadian ancestry, though not living in Canada at the time. Moojan Momen, in reviewing "The Origins of the Baháʼí Community of Canada, 1898–1948" notes that "the Magee family... are credited with bringing the Baháʼí Faith to Canada. Edith Magee became a Baháʼí in 1898 in Chicago and returned to her home in London, Ontario, where four other female members of her family became Baháʼís. This predominance of women converts became a feature of the Canadian Baháʼí community..."<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze_Faith">Druze Faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Druze Faith">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, there were 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> living in Canada, and fewer than 5,000 of them live in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Toronto">Greater Toronto</a> Area. They are mostly of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a> descent. <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> practise Druzism, a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion encompasses aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism and Greek philosophy, among influences.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Indian religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236656977"><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Hinduism populations</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">460</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,790</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2028.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">69,505</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+610.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">157,015</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+125.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">297,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+89.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">497,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+67.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">828,195</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+66.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">1961 and 1971 are partial and based on immigration data, real figures are substantially higher.<a href="#cite_note-religion1961-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion1971-144">[143]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hinduism is a minority religion followed by 2.3% of the population of the Canada. According to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021 census</a>, there are 828,195 Hindus in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_Religion-170">[169]</a> Hindus in Canada are generally Indian <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> (mainly Punjabi, Gujarati, and Haryanvi) from India who began arriving in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> about 100 years ago and continue to immigrate today. There is a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus</a> in Canada who immigrated from Sri Lanka during the <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">1983 communal riots</a> in Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali Hindus</a>, Caribbean Hindus from <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritian</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mauritians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Mauritians">Hindus</a> represent sizeable subgroups . There are also Canadian converts to the various sects of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> through the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna movement">Hare Krishna movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurus">Gurus</a> during the last 50 years, and other organizations. The vast majority of Hindus reside in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> (primarily in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a>, Brampton, Hamilton, Windsor and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (primarily around the <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> area) and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, (primarily around the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> area).<a href="#cite_note-Stats-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236656977"><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Buddhism populations</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">51,955</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">163,415</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+214.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">300,345</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+83.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">366,830</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">356,975</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.7%</td></tr></tbody></table> According to the 2011 Census, Buddhism is followed by 1.1% of the population of the Canada.<a href="#cite_note-religion2011d-172">[171]</a> Buddhism has been practised in Canada for more than a century and in recent years has grown dramatically. Buddhism arrived in Canada with the arrival of Chinese labourers in the territories during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-encyc-173">[172]</a> Modern Buddhism in Canada traces to Japanese immigration during the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-encyc-173">[172]</a> The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built at the Ishikawa Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver</a> in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Over time, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> branch of Buddhism became the prevalent form of Buddhism in Canada<a href="#cite_note-encyc-173">[172]</a> and established the largest Buddhist organization in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-encyc-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236656977"><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Sikh Population<a href="#cite_note-population-179">[nb 1]</a></caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">95</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,330</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1300.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+275.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">67,715</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1254.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">454,965</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+571.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">771,790</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+69.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> <a href="#cite_note-population1911to1921-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-population1931-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion1981-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion1991-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion2001-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion2011-147">[146]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sikhism has nearly 800,000 adherents who account for 2.1% of Canada's population <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">as of 2021</a>, forming the country's fastest-growing and fourth-largest religious group.<a href="#cite_note-religion2021-24">[23]</a> The largest Sikh populations in Canada are found in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-religion2021-24">[23]</a> As of the 2021 Census, more than half of Canada's Sikhs can be found in one of four cities: <a href="/wiki/Brampton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brampton, Ontario">Brampton</a> (163,260),<a href="#cite_note-bramptoncity2021-183">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey, BC">Surrey</a> (154,415),<a href="#cite_note-surreycity2021-184">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> (49,465),<a href="#cite_note-calgarycity2021-185">[183]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> (41,385).<a href="#cite_note-edmonton2021-186">[184]</a> Canada is home to the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">largest national Sikh proportion in the world</a> (2.1%), and also has the second-largest Sikh population in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a>. British Columbia has the third-largest Sikh proportion (5.9%) amongst all global <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions">administrative divisions</a>, behind only <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> in India. British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> hold the distinction of being three of the only four <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions">administrative divisions</a> in the world with Sikhism as the second most followed religion among the population.<a href="#cite_note-189">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Jainism in Canada</a></div> The first official Jain temple was established in Toronto in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-mcateer-190">[187]</a> This temple served both the <a href="/wiki/Digambar" class="mw-redirect" title="Digambar">Digambar</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Paganism">Modern Paganism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern Paganism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_in_Canada" title="Heathenry in Canada">Heathenry in Canada</a></div> Census data showed <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Modern Paganism</a> grew by 281 per cent between 1991 and 2001, making it the fastest growing religion in Canada during that decade.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Druidism">Neo-Druidism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Neo-Druidism">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">Neo-Druid</a> history a notable community was the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Druids_of_North_America" title="Reformed Druids of North America">Reformed Druids of North America</a>, one of whose four founders was Canadian, which served both the US Druid community and the Canadian Druid community. Neo-Druidism largely spread in Canada through the Ancient Order of the Druids during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irreligion">Irreligion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Irreligion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion in Canada</a></div> Irreligious Canadians include <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostics">agnostics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanists">humanists</a>. The surveys may also include those who are <a href="/wiki/Spirtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirtuality">spiritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deists">deists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheists">pantheists</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Consultants_on_Religious_Tolerance" title="Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance">Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance</a>, among those estimated 4.9 million Canadians of no religion, an estimated 1.9 million would specify atheist, 1.8 million would specify agnostic, and 1.2 million humanist.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> In 1991 the irreligious made up 12.3% of the Canadian population. The <a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021 Canadian census</a> reported that 34.6% of Canadians declare <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious</a> affiliation, which is up from 23.9% in the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 Canadian census</a> and 16.5% in the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001 Canadian census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census2021-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-census2011-196">[193]</a> Some non-religious Canadians have formed associations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Association_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist Association of Canada">Humanist Association of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_la%C3%AFque_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Mouvement laïque québécois">Mouvement laïque québécois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Secular_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Secular Alliance">Toronto Secular Alliance</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Inquiry_Canada" title="Centre for Inquiry Canada">Centre for Inquiry Canada</a>, as well as a number of University Campus Groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada-origin_or_centred_movements">Canada-origin or centred movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Canada-origin or centred movements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hutterites">Hutterites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hutterites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hutterer-Frauen_bei_der_Arbeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hutterer-Frauen_bei_der_Arbeit.jpg/220px-Hutterer-Frauen_bei_der_Arbeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hutterer-Frauen_bei_der_Arbeit.jpg/330px-Hutterer-Frauen_bei_der_Arbeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hutterer-Frauen_bei_der_Arbeit.jpg/440px-Hutterer-Frauen_bei_der_Arbeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Hutterite women at communal work</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> are a communal German-origin <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a>, after series of migrations, almost all of them live in colonies in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Tidings_Religion">New Tidings Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: New Tidings Religion">edit</a>]</div> The New Tidings Religion or <a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a> of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux peoples</a> is a reform <a href="/wiki/Revitalization_movement" title="Revitalization movement">revitalization movement</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">indigenist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretistic</a>, within <a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux Faith</a> that appeared in 1900 and practiced until the present.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toronto_Blessing">Toronto Blessing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Toronto Blessing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Freshwind_Band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Freshwind band" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Freshwind_Band.jpg/220px-The_Freshwind_Band.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Freshwind_Band.jpg/330px-The_Freshwind_Band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Freshwind_Band.jpg/440px-The_Freshwind_Band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Freshwind band leading worship at Toronto Airport Church in 2008</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blessing" title="Toronto Blessing">Toronto-Blessing</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">neo-charismatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Christian revival</a> that began in January 1994 at the <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> Airport <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Vineyard church</a> that later became a flagship church of global <a href="/wiki/Catch_the_Fire_World" title="Catch the Fire World">Catch the Fire World</a> ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt-199">[196]</a> The primary speaker at these meetings for the first few months was pastor Randy Clark. The Toronto Blessing appears to share activities of laughter, crying, falling down, shaking and claims of miraculous healings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lev_Tahor">Lev Tahor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Lev Tahor">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tahor" title="Lev Tahor">Lev Tahor</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalist</a> sect formed in the 1980s in Israel by Israeli-Canadian rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Helbrans" title="Shlomo Helbrans">Shlomo Helbrans</a>. In 2001 he fled to Canada, where he reestablished his community in <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts" title="Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts">Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts</a>, Quebec. From 2003 to 2013, the movement located in Canada. It follows a strict version of halakha, including its own unique practices such as lengthy prayer sessions, <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> between teenagers, and head-to-toe coverings for females.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_and_religion">Age and religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Age and religion">edit</a>]</div> According to the 2001 census, the major religions in Canada have the following median age. Canada has a median age of 37.3.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <ul><li>Presbyterian 46.1</li> <li>United Church 44.1</li> <li>Anglican 43.8</li> <li>Lutheran 43.3</li> <li>Jewish 41.5</li> <li>Greek Orthodox 40.7</li> <li>Baptist 39.3</li> <li>Buddhist 38.0</li> <li>Catholic 37.8</li> <li>Pentecostal 33.5</li> <li>No religion 31.9</li> <li>Hindu 30.2</li> <li>Sikh 29.7</li> <li>Muslim 28.1</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Census_results">Census results</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Census results">edit</a>]</div> Census information about religious affiliation is derived from the long form census question on religious affiliation (question 30) which is asked once every ten years on every second census. The actual question is; "What is this person's religion? The question indicated which denomination or belief the person identified with, even if this person is not currently a practising member of that group.<a href="#cite_note-l715-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_trends_since_1900">Historical trends since 1900</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Historical trends since 1900">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Sources: Based on National trajectory Census since end's XIX Century,<a href="#cite_note-auto-63">[62]</a> specially 1991, 2001 and 2011 Census, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic membership evolution since 1901</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Overall Muslim membership evolution since 1901</a>, Pew Center Research<a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> and Historical information from the Canadian Encyclopedia<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raw_data">Raw data</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Raw data">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_National_Household_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 National Household Survey">Canada 2011 National Household Survey</a> (the 2011 census did not ask about religious affiliation but the survey sent to a subset of the population did), 69% of the Canadian population list <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholicism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> or another <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian denomination</a> as their religion, down 8% from the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">Canada 2001 Census</a>, where 77% of the population listed a Christian religion.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> Representing two out of five Canadians, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic Church in Canada</a> is by far the country's largest single denomination. Secularization has been growing since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> In 2011, 23.9% declared <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious affiliation</a>, compared to 16.5% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> In recent years there have been substantial rises in non-Christian religions in Canada. From the 1991 to 2011, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> grew by 316%, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> 217%, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> 209%, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> 124%. The growth of non-Christian religions expressed as a percentage of Canada's population rose from 4% in 1991 to 8% in 2011. In terms of the ratio of non-Christians to Christians, it rose from 19 Christians (95% of religious population) to 1 non-Christian (5% of religious population) in 1991 to 8 Christians (89%) to 1 non-Christian (11%) in 2011, a rise of 135% of the ratio of non-Christians to Christians, or a decline of 6.5% of Christians to non-Christians, in 20 years. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Religious denominations in Canada<a href="#cite_note-2011NHSreligiondetailed-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-74">[73]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><big>1991</big>1 </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><big>2001</big>2 </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><big>2011</big>3 </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><big>2021</big> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Total population</th> <th>26,944,040</th> <th>100</th> <th>29,639,035</th> <th>100</th> <th>32,852,320</th> <th>100</th> <th>36,328,480</th> <th>100 </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Christian</th> <th>22,503,360</th> <th>83</th> <th>22,851,825</th> <th>77</th> <th>22,102,700</th> <th>67.3</th> <th>19,373,330</th> <th>53.3 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic</a></td> <td>12,203,625</td> <td>45.3</td> <td>12,793,125</td> <td>43.2</td> <td>12,810,705</td> <td>39.0</td> <td>10,799,070</td> <td>29.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Total Protestant</td> <td>9,427,675</td> <td>35.0</td> <td>8,654,845</td> <td>29.2</td> <td>c. 7,910,000</td> <td>24.1</td> <td>4,456,925</td> <td>12.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;">– <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a></td> <td>3,093,120</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>2,839,125</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>2,007,610</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>1,214,185</td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;">– <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a></td> <td>2,188,110</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>2,035,495</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>1,631,845</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>1,134,310</td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;">– <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Canada" title="Baptists in Canada">Baptist</a></td> <td>663,360</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>729,470</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>635,840</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>436,940</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;">– <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></td> <td>636,205</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>606,590</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>478,185</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>328,045</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;">– <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a></td> <td>636,295</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>409,830</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>472,385</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>301,400</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;">– Protestant, not included elsewhere3</td> <td>628,945</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>549,205</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>c. 2,000,000</td> <td>c. 6</td> <td>1,042,045</td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></td> <td>387,395</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>495,245</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>550,690</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>623,005</td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Christian, not included elsewhere4</td> <td>353,040</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>780,450</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>c. 960,000</td> <td>c. 3</td> <td>3,333,170</td> <td>9.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">No religious affiliation</th> <th>3,397,000</th> <th>12.6</th> <th>4,900,095</th> <th>16.5</th> <th>7,850,605</th> <th>23.9</th> <th>12,577,475</th> <th>34.6 </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Other</th> <th>1,093,690</th> <th>4.1</th> <th>1,887,115</th> <th>6.4</th> <th>2,703,200</th> <th>8.8</th> <th>4,377,675</th> <th>12.1 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a></td> <td>253,265</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>579,645</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>1,053,945</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>1,775,715</td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a></td> <td>157,010</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>297,200</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>497,960</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>828,195</td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a></td> <td>147,440</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>278,415</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>454,965</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>771,790</td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a></td> <td>163,415</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>300,345</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>366,830</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>356,975</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a></td> <td>318,185</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>329,990</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>329,495</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>335,295</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Traditional (Indigenous) Spirituality</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>29,820</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>64,940</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>80,690</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Personal faith or spiritual beliefs, n.o.s.</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>60,190</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Pagan beliefs</a>5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>21,080</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>25,490</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>41,785</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Other religion6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>50,620</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>105,340</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>123,500</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;">1 For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries. 2 The 2011 data is from the National Household Survey<a href="#cite_note-religion2011d-172">[171]</a> and so numbers are estimates. 3 Includes persons who report only "Protestant". 4 Includes persons who report "Christian", and those who report "Apostolic", "Born-again Christian" and "Evangelical". 5 Includes <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidism</a> 6 Religions include <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualist</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_province/territory">By province/territory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: By province/territory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_religious_affiliation_in_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Canadian_religious_affiliation_in_2021.png/440px-Canadian_religious_affiliation_in_2021.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Canadian_religious_affiliation_in_2021.png/660px-Canadian_religious_affiliation_in_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Canadian_religious_affiliation_in_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>A map of Canada by province and territory showing the distribution of the population by religious affiliation in 2021</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province/territory</a><a href="#cite_note-2021religion-212">[209]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></th> <th>%</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-religious">Non-religious</a></th> <th>%</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a></th> <th>%</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></th> <th>%</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a></th> <th>%</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></th> <th>%</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a></th> <th>%</th> <th>Traditional (Aboriginal) spirituality</th> <th>%</th> <th>Other religions1</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Alberta</td> <td>2,009,820 </td> <td>48.1</td> <td>1,676,045</td> <td>40.1</td> <td>202,535</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>11,390</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>42,830</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>78,520</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>103,600</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>19,755</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>33,220</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> British Columbia</td> <td>1,684,870</td> <td>34.3</td> <td>2,559,250</td> <td>52.1</td> <td>125,915</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>26,850</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>83,860</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>81,320</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>290,870</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>11,570</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>51,440</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Manitoba</td> <td>708,850</td> <td>54.2</td> <td>480,315</td> <td>36.7</td> <td>26,430</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>11,565</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>7,440</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>18,355</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>35,470</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>10,190</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>8,570</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /> New Brunswick</td> <td>512,645</td> <td>67.5</td> <td>225,125</td> <td>29.7</td> <td>9,190</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1,120</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>3,340</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>1,780</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>1,005</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>3,990</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Newfoundland and Labrador</td> <td>413,915</td> <td>82.4</td> <td>80,330</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>3,995</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>240</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>490</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1,200</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>855</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>105</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>965</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Northwest Territories</td> <td>22,275</td> <td>55.2</td> <td>16,065</td> <td>39.8</td> <td>730</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>50</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>250</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>200</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>110</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>330</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>370</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Nova Scotia</td> <td>556,115</td> <td>58.2</td> <td>359,395</td> <td>37.6</td> <td>14,715</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>2,195</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>2,955</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>8,460</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>4,735</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1,090</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>6,195</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /> Nunavut</td> <td>26,915</td> <td>73.5</td> <td>9,115</td> <td>24.9</td> <td>140</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>35</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>15</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>55</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>10</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>180</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>135</td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> Ontario</td> <td>7,315,810</td> <td>52.1</td> <td>4,433,675</td> <td>31.6</td> <td>942,990</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>196,100</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>164,215</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>573,700</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>300,435</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>15,985</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>88,845</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /> Prince Edward Island</td> <td>101,755</td> <td>67.6</td> <td>42,830</td> <td>28.5</td> <td>1,720</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>165</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>755</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>1,245</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1,165</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>75</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>765</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Quebec</td> <td>5,385,240</td> <td>64.8</td> <td>2,267,720</td> <td>27.3</td> <td>421,710</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>84,530</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>48,365</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>47,390</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>23,345</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>3,790</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>26,385</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /> Saskatchewan</td> <td>621,250</td> <td>56.3</td> <td>403,960</td> <td>36.6</td> <td>25,455</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>1,105</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>4,410</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>14,150</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>9,040</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>16,300</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>7,540</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /> Yukon</td> <td>13,860</td> <td>35.0</td> <td>23,640</td> <td>59.7</td> <td>185</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>70</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>260</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>265</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>380</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>325</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>600</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> 1Includes Pagan, Wicca, Unity – New Thought – Pantheist, Scientology, Rastafarian, New Age, Gnostic, Satanist, etc.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Canada" title="Humanist Canada">Humanist Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada_by_religious_affiliation" title="List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation">List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_la%C3%AFque_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Mouvement laïque québécois">Mouvement laïque québécois</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-religion-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion_2-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Canada">Catholic Church</a> (29.9%), <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a> (3.3%), <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church</a> (3.1%), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (1.7%), <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Canada" title="Baptists in Canada">Baptist</a> (1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism and other Charismatic</a> (1.1%) <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> (0.4), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a> (0.4), <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a> (0.2), <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> (0.9), <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan</a> (Holiness) (0.3), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> (0.8), <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed</a> (0.2)<a href="#cite_note-religion2021-24">[23]</a> (7.6%) simply identified as “Christians".<a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2022_z483-25">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Sikhism is the second-largest religion in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Yukon.<a href="#cite_note-religion2021-24">[23]</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian census">2011 Indian census</a>, Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh. These are the only two Indian states/UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-179"><a href="#cite_ref-population_179-0">^</a> 1901-1951 populations are 95% of the total South Asian Canadian population enumerated in each decadal census during the timeframe, based on the quote "From 1904 to the 1940s, 95% of all South Asian immigrants to Canada were Sikhs from the Punjab region of India.", taken from page 4 of the book "A Social History of South Asians in British Columbia".<a href="#cite_note-History-175">[174]</a>: 4  Figures for 1961 and 1971 use a falling decadal average of the Sikh proportion of the total South Asian Canadian between 95% in 1951,<a href="#cite_note-History-175">[174]</a> compared with 31.5% in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-demography1981-176">[175]</a>: 40  This results in Sikhs forming 73.8% of the total South Asian Canadian population in 1961 and forming 52.6% of the total South Asian Canadian population in 1971. The total South Asian Canadian population in the 1961 census was 6,774 persons,<a href="#cite_note-population1961-177">[176]</a>: 5  and 67,925 persons in the 1971 census.<a href="#cite_note-population1971-178">[177]</a>: 2  Immigration data collected on the 2001 and 2011 census indicate there were 1,290 Sikh immigrants in Canada in 1961,<a href="#cite_note-religion1961-169">[168]</a> and 9,655 Sikh immigrants in Canada in 1971,<a href="#cite_note-religion1971-144">[143]</a> an undercount as this did not include the native-born population. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-religion2021d-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion2021d_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion2021d_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion2021d_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=0&SearchText=Canada">"Religions in Canada—Census 2021"</a>. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0516-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-0516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+Canadians&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0516-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jamie+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbZJ2ZszYw8C%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts2005w-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2005w_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLance_W._Roberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Lance W. 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McGill-Queen's Press. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2955-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2955-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-2955-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Social+Trends+in+Canada%2C+1960%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2955-7&rft.au=Lance+W.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnPOqwsR5UsC%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BramadatSeljak2009-8"><a href="#cite_ref-BramadatSeljak2009_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_BramadatDavid_Seljak2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul Bramadat; David Seljak (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VymssyK1Hs0C&pg=PA3">Religion and Ethnicity in Canada</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1056-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1056-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-1056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Human+Geography&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1056-6&rft.au=Derek+Gregory&rft.au=Ron+Johnston&rft.au=Geraldine+Pratt&rft.au=Michael+Watts&rft.au=Sarah+Whatmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5liCbG4J9LYC%26pg%3DPT672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punnett2015-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Punnett2015_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetty_Jane_Punnett2015" class="citation book cs1">Betty Jane Punnett (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tG2mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management</a>. 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Nebraska. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-2908-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-2908-3"><bdi>978-1-4962-2908-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostles+of+Empire%3A+The+Jesuits+and+New+France&rft.series=France+Overseas%3A+Studies+in+Em&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Nebraska&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4962-2908-3&rft.aulast=McShea&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXpKEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b015-19"><a href="#cite_ref-b015_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlingThackeray2010" class="citation book cs1">Findling, John E.; Thackeray, Frank W. 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Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-621-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-621-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/639162714">639162714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Happened%3F+An+Encyclopedia+of+Events+That+Changed+America+Forever+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F639162714&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-621-8&rft.aulast=Findling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Thackeray%2C+Frank+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truth-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Truth_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_de_vérité_et_réconciliation_du_Canada2016" class="citation book cs1">Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada (January 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gWQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume I</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9818-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-9818-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Residential+Schools%3A+The+History%2C+Part+1%2C+Origins+to+1939%3A+The+Final+Report+of+the+Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+Canada%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9818-8&rft.au=Commission+de+v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9+et+r%C3%A9conciliation+du+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gWQCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choquette_2004_p._160-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Choquette_2004_p._160_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoquette2004" class="citation book cs1">Choquette, R. 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October 27, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fchristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA">"Religions in Canada—Census 2011"</a>. Statistics Canada. 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October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+by+visible+minority+and+generation+status%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+metropolitan+areas+and+census+agglomerations+with+parts&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810034201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/AnnualStatutes/2019_5/FullText.html">"Sikh Heritage Month Act"</a>. laws.justice.gc.ca. 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UBC Press. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1497-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-1497-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Religious+Pluralism+in+Canada&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1497-3&rft.au=Richard+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dah66SQsk4hAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVLFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA284">Religion as a Category of Governance and Sovereignty</a>. BRILL. May 27, 2015. pp. 284–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29059-4"><bdi>978-90-04-29059-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+as+a+Category+of+Governance+and+Sovereignty&rft.pages=284-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29059-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVLFCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resnick2012-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Resnick2012_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Resnick2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Resnick" title="Philip Resnick">Philip Resnick</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/labyrinthofnorth0000resn">The Labyrinth of North American Identities</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/labyrinthofnorth0000resn/page/17">17</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0552-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0552-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-0552-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labyrinth+of+North+American+Identities&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0552-7&rft.au=Philip+Resnick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flabyrinthofnorth0000resn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertsClifton2005-34"><a href="#cite_ref-RobertsClifton2005_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLance_W._RobertsRodney_A._CliftonBarry_Ferguson2005" class="citation book cs1">Lance W. Roberts; Rodney A. Clifton; Barry Ferguson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qnPOqwsR5UsC&pg=PA359">Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000</a>. McGill-Queens. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2955-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2955-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-2955-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Social+Trends+in+Canada%2C+1960%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=McGill-Queens&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2955-7&rft.au=Lance+W.+Roberts&rft.au=Rodney+A.+Clifton&rft.au=Barry+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnPOqwsR5UsC%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Die2001-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Die2001_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarguerite_Van_Die2001" class="citation book cs1">Marguerite Van Die (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxZqGT-IrJ4C&pg=PA289">Religion and Public Life in Canada: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8245-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-8245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Life+in+Canada%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8245-9&rft.au=Marguerite+Van+Die&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxZqGT-IrJ4C%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BayefskyWaldman2007-36"><a href="#cite_ref-BayefskyWaldman2007_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_F._BayefskyArieh_Waldman2007" class="citation book cs1">Anne F. Bayefsky; Arieh Waldman (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statesupport_baye_2007_000_8665274">State Support of Religious Education: Canada Versus the United Nations</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statesupport_baye_2007_000_8665274/page/n0">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14980-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14980-9"><bdi>978-90-04-14980-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Support+of+Religious+Education%3A+Canada+Versus+the+United+Nations&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14980-9&rft.au=Anne+F.+Bayefsky&rft.au=Arieh+Waldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatesupport_baye_2007_000_8665274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/28/uk-royal-succession-rules_n_1064062.html">"U.K. Royal Succession Rules To Change"</a>. Huffington Post. October 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=U.K.+Royal+Succession+Rules+To+Change&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F10%2F28%2Fuk-royal-succession-rules_n_1064062.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-m243-38"><a href="#cite_ref-m243_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/king-charles-title-change-1.6813865">"Canadian budget bill reveals change to King Charles's title"</a>. CBC. January 22, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Canadian+budget+bill+reveals+change+to+King+Charles%27s+title&rft.date=2023-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fking-charles-title-change-1.6813865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyle1997-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Boyle1997_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Boyle1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Boyle_(lawyer)" title="Kevin Boyle (lawyer)">Kevin Boyle</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC&pg=PA103">Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15978-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15978-4"><bdi>978-0-415-15978-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+and+Belief%3A+A+World+Report&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15978-4&rft.au=Kevin+Boyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFUZkWWgOtMC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FahlbuschBromiley1999-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FahlbuschBromiley1999_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin_FahlbuschGeoffrey_William_Bromiley1999" class="citation book cs1">Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA501">The Encyclopedia of Christianity: E-I. Volume 2</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity%3A+E-I.+Volume+2&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11695-5&rft.au=Erwin+Fahlbusch&rft.au=Geoffrey+William+Bromiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaecVMhMWaEC%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/canada/freedom-world/2022">Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tooker1979m-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Tooker1979m_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisabeth_Tooker1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Tooker" title="Elisabeth Tooker">Elisabeth Tooker</a>, ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBKoyY455PQC&pg=PA20">Native North American Spirituality of the Eastern Woodlands: sacred myths, dreams, visions, speeches, healing formulas, rituals, and ceremonials</a>. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2256-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2256-1"><bdi>0-8091-2256-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+North+American+Spirituality+of+the+Eastern+Woodlands%3A+sacred+myths%2C+dreams%2C+visions%2C+speeches%2C+healing+formulas%2C+rituals%2C+and+ceremonials&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8091-2256-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLBKoyY455PQC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müller-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Müller_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Müller1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_M%C3%BCller_(ethnologist)" title="Werner Müller (ethnologist)">Werner Müller</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/north-american-indians-indians-far-north">"North American Indians: Indians of the Far North"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 10. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-909810-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-909810-6"><bdi>0-02-909810-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Indians%3A+Indians+of+the+Far+North&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-02-909810-6&rft.au=Werner+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnorth-american-indians-indians-far-north&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2000s-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2000s_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Rodger_Miller2000" class="citation book cs1">James Rodger Miller (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGXeFCkTmlgC&pg=PA62">Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Indian-white Relations in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8153-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8153-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-8153-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skyscrapers+Hide+the+Heavens%3A+A+History+of+Indian-white+Relations+in+Canada&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8153-7&rft.au=James+Rodger+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGXeFCkTmlgC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paper-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Paper_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Paper2007" class="citation book cs1">Jordan Paper (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativenorthameri0000pape">Native North American Religious Traditions: Dancing For Life</a>. Westport, Conn; London: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2759-9097-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-2759-9097-4"><bdi>0-2759-9097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+North+American+Religious+Traditions%3A+Dancing+For+Life&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn%3B+London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-2759-9097-4&rft.au=Jordan+Paper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativenorthameri0000pape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marquis1935-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Marquis1935_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Guthrie_Marquis1935" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Guthrie Marquis (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JUafxF4tdEC&pg=PA7">The Jesuit Missions: A Chronicle of the Cross in the Wilderness</a>. Hayes Barton Press. pp. 7–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59377-530-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59377-530-8"><bdi>978-1-59377-530-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuit+Missions%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Cross+in+the+Wilderness&rft.pages=7-13&rft.pub=Hayes+Barton+Press&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-1-59377-530-8&rft.au=Thomas+Guthrie+Marquis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JUafxF4tdEC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLeodPoutanen2004-47"><a href="#cite_ref-MacLeodPoutanen2004_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_MacLeodMary_Anne_Poutanen2004" class="citation book cs1">Roderick MacLeod; Mary Anne Poutanen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_tfubwEbb0C&pg=PA23">Meeting of the People: School Boards and Protestant Communities in Quebec, 1801B1998</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7183-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7183-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-7183-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+of+the+People%3A+School+Boards+and+Protestant+Communities+in+Quebec%2C+1801B1998&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7183-9&rft.au=Roderick+MacLeod&rft.au=Mary+Anne+Poutanen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_tfubwEbb0C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaufmanMacpherson2005b-48"><a href="#cite_ref-KaufmanMacpherson2005b_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_KaufmanHeidi_Slettedahl_Macpherson2005" class="citation book cs1">Will Kaufman; Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbBbn3x7PZsC&pg=PA13">Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, And History: A Multidesciplinary Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-431-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+And+History%3A+A+Multidesciplinary+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-431-8&rft.au=Will+Kaufman&rft.au=Heidi+Slettedahl+Macpherson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbBbn3x7PZsC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurphyPerin1996h-49"><a href="#cite_ref-MurphyPerin1996h_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrence_MurphyRoberto_Perin1996" class="citation book cs1">Terrence Murphy; Roberto Perin (1996). A concise history of Christianity in Canada. Oxford University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540758-7"><bdi>978-0-19-540758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Christianity+in+Canada&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-540758-7&rft.au=Terrence+Murphy&rft.au=Roberto+Perin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers2008k-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers2008k_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Vickers2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Vickers (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XcQUcweabUC&pg=PA503">A Companion to Colonial America</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99848-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99848-9"><bdi>978-0-470-99848-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Colonial+America&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99848-9&rft.au=Daniel+Vickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XcQUcweabUC%26pg%3DPA503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Beverley, James and Barry Moody, Editors. The Journal of Henry Alline. Lancelot Press for the Acadia Divinity School and the Baptist Historical Committee. 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Bumsted, J. M. Henry Alline. Lancelot Press, Hantsport, 1984. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Rawlyk, George. The Sermons of Henry Alline. Lancelot Press for Acadia Divinity College and The Baptist Historical Committee of the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces. 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-LippyWilliams2010n-54"><a href="#cite_ref-LippyWilliams2010n_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_H_LippyPeter_W_Williams2010" class="citation book cs1">Charles H Lippy; Peter W Williams (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BN7wAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT408">Encyclopedia of Religion in America</a>. Vol. 4. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-580-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-580-5"><bdi>978-0-87289-580-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+in+America&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Granite+Hill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87289-580-5&rft.au=Charles+H+Lippy&rft.au=Peter+W+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBN7wAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Press2010-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Press2010_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_University_Press2010" class="citation book cs1">Oxford University Press (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_ZwQwK7c7wC&pg=PA16">Protestantism: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980853-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980853-3"><bdi>978-0-19-980853-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism%3A+Oxford+Bibliographies+Online+Research+Guide&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-980853-3&rft.au=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB_ZwQwK7c7wC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Peter Bush, "The Reverend James Caughey and Wesleyan Methodist Revivalism in Canada West, 1851–1856," Ontario History, Sept 1987, Vol. 79 Issue 3, pp 231–250 </li> <li id="cite_note-ScobieRawlyk1997-57"><a href="#cite_ref-ScobieRawlyk1997_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_H.H._ScobieGeorge_A._Rawlyk1997" class="citation book cs1">Charles H.H. Scobie; George A. Rawlyk (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpHeYb3YTWYC&pg=PP1">Contribution of Presbyterianism to the Maritime Provinces of Canada</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. (page(s) needed). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1600-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1600-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-1600-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contribution+of+Presbyterianism+to+the+Maritime+Provinces+of+Canada&rft.pages=%28page%28s%29+needed%29&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1600-7&rft.au=Charles+H.H.+Scobie&rft.au=George+A.+Rawlyk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpHeYb3YTWYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown2-58"><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown2_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027124041/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/canada">"Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/canada">the original</a> on October 27, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fcanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> See drop-down essay on "Early European Settlement and the Formation of the Modern State" </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahey2002-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Lahey2002_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_J._Lahey2002" class="citation book cs1">Raymond J. Lahey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstthousandyea0000lahe">The First Thousand Years: A Brief History of the Catholic Church in Canada</a>. Novalis Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89507-235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89507-235-5"><bdi>978-2-89507-235-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Catholic+Church+in+Canada&rft.pub=Novalis+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-89507-235-5&rft.au=Raymond+J.+Lahey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstthousandyea0000lahe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernier_Arcand2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernier Arcand, Philippe (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/hq/2018-v23-n4-hq03653/88141ac/">"Bleu, histoire d'une couleur politique"</a>. Histoire Québec (in French). 23 (4): 15–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1201-4710">1201-4710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Bleu%2C+histoire+d%27une+couleur+politique&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=15-17&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1201-4710&rft.aulast=Bernier+Arcand&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fhq%2F2018-v23-n4-hq03653%2F88141ac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1922-23/192202030163_p.%20163.pdf">"Religions"</a> (PDF). www66.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www66.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Religions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww66.statcan.gc.ca%2Feng%2F1922-23%2F192202030163_p.%2520163.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoustonSmyth1980-62"><a href="#cite_ref-HoustonSmyth1980_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecil_J._HoustonWilliam_J._Smyth1980" class="citation book cs1">Cecil J. Houston; William J. Smyth (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sashcanadaworehi0000hous">The sash Canada wore: a historical geography of the Orange Order in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802054937" title="Special:BookSources/9780802054937"><bdi>9780802054937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sash+Canada+wore%3A+a+historical+geography+of+the+Orange+Order+in+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780802054937&rft.au=Cecil+J.+Houston&rft.au=William+J.+Smyth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsashcanadaworehi0000hous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/access_acces/archive.action?l=eng&loc=A164_184-eng.csv">"Table A164-184, Principal religious denominations of the population, census dates 1871 to 1971"</a>. Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+A164-184%2C+Principal+religious+denominations+of+the+population%2C+census+dates+1871+to+1971&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Faccess_acces%2Farchive.action%3Fl%3Deng%26loc%3DA164_184-eng.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Daryl Baswick, "Social Evangelism, the Canadian Churches, and the Forward Movement, 1919–1920," Ontario History vol 12#1 1997, pp 303–319 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Sharon Anne Cook, "'Earnest Christian Women, Bent on Saving our Canadian Youth': The Ontario Woman's Christian Temperance Union and Scientific Temperance Instruction, 1881–1930," Ontario History, Sept 1994, Vol. 86 Issue 3, pp 249–267 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2008" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Statistics (March 31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www65.statcan.gc.ca/acyb07/acyb07_0009-eng.htm">"Canada Year Book (CYB) Historical Collection"</a>. www65.statcan.gc.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www65.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Canada+Year+Book+%28CYB%29+Historical+Collection&rft.date=2008-03-31&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww65.statcan.gc.ca%2Facyb07%2Facyb07_0009-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt2009-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt2009_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvin_J._Schmidt2009" class="citation book cs1">Alvin J. Schmidt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmdYNpRDo-gC&pg=PT422">How Christianity Changed the World</a>. Zondervan. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86250-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86250-5"><bdi>978-0-310-86250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Christianity+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-310-86250-5&rft.au=Alvin+J.+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmdYNpRDo-gC%26pg%3DPT422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levitt2002-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Levitt2002_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKari_Levitt2002" class="citation book cs1">Kari Levitt (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ApKvFzegt-sC&pg=PA151">Silent Surrender: The Multinational Corporation in Canada</a>. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2311-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2311-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-2311-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Surrender%3A+The+Multinational+Corporation+in+Canada&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2311-1&rft.au=Kari+Levitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DApKvFzegt-sC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moon2008v-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Moon2008v_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Moon2008" class="citation book cs1">Richard Moon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ah66SQsk4hAC&pg=PA244">Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada</a>. UBC Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5853-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5853-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-5853-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Religious+Pluralism+in+Canada&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5853-3&rft.au=Richard+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dah66SQsk4hAC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown3-70"><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown3_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027124041/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/canada">"Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/canada">the original</a> on October 27, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fcanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> See drop-down essay on "History Since 1960" </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill2003-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Gill2003_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Gill2003" class="citation book cs1">Robin Gill (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=diCR1O9jnjYC&pg=PA210">The Empty Church Revisited</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3463-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-3463-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empty+Church+Revisited&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3463-8&rft.au=Robin+Gill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdiCR1O9jnjYC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cairns1996-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Cairns1996_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle_E._Cairns1996" class="citation book cs1">Earle E. Cairns (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3Kb3rPreUgC&pg=PA507">Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church</a>. Zondervan Pub. p. 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-20812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-20812-9"><bdi>978-0-310-20812-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+Through+the+Centuries%3A+A+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Zondervan+Pub.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-310-20812-9&rft.au=Earle+E.+Cairns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3Kb3rPreUgC%26pg%3DPA507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Kevin N. Flatt, After Evangelicalism: The Sixties and the United Church of Canada (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum.org-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_74-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2013/06/27/canadas-changing-religious-landscape/">"Canada's Changing Religious Landscape"</a>. June 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Changing+Religious+Landscape&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2013%2F06%2F27%2Fcanadas-changing-religious-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawlyk1997-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Rawlyk1997_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_A._Rawlyk1997" class="citation book cs1">George A. Rawlyk (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1c_3TggbrcC&pg=PP1">Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience</a>. McGill-Queen's Press. p. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1547-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1547-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-1547-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Canadian+Evangelical+Experience&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1547-5&rft.au=George+A.+Rawlyk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1c_3TggbrcC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r354-76"><a href="#cite_ref-r354_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenault2015" class="citation techreport cs1">Arsenault, Virginia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11074.5">Resistance to the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> (Technical report). p. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11074.5">resrep11074.5</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Resistance+to+the+Canadian+Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission&rft.pages=5-7&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep11074.5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep11074.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k646-77"><a href="#cite_ref-k646_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/residential-schools">"Residential Schools in Canada"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. January 11, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Residential+Schools+in+Canada&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fresidential-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-g076-78"><a href="#cite_ref-g076_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Press2024" class="citation web cs1">The Canadian Press (March 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/commission-releases-interim-report-into-unmarked-graves-at-residential-schools-1.6817130">"Unmarked graves: Group releases interim report"</a>. CTVNews. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=Unmarked+graves%3A+Group+releases+interim+report&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft.au=The+Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fcommission-releases-interim-report-into-unmarked-graves-at-residential-schools-1.6817130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trc-79"><a href="#cite_ref-trc_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615202024/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf">"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action"</a> (PDF). National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. 2015. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+of+Canada%3A+Calls+to+Action&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=National+Centre+for+Truth+and+Reconciliation&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trc.ca%2Fwebsites%2Ftrcinstitution%2FFile%2F2015%2FFindings%2FCalls_to_Action_English2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y023-80"><a href="#cite_ref-y023_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortLennox2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Short, D.; Lennox, C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1GFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Handbook of Indigenous Peoples' Rights</a>. Routledge International Handbooks (in Dutch). Taylor & Francis. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-31386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-31386-8"><bdi>978-1-136-31386-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Indigenous+Peoples%27+Rights&rft.series=Routledge+International+Handbooks&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-136-31386-8&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Lennox%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1GFCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029164810/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-motion-to-call-residential-schools-genocide-backed-unanimously/">"Motion to call residential schools genocide backed unanimously"</a>. The Globe and Mail. October 28, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-motion-to-call-residential-schools-genocide-backed-unanimously/">the original</a> on October 29, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Motion+to+call+residential+schools+genocide+backed+unanimously&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-motion-to-call-residential-schools-genocide-backed-unanimously%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d404-82"><a href="#cite_ref-d404_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaqbool2022" class="citation web cs1">Maqbool, Aleem (July 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62353811">"Pope Francis: Did the pontiff's apology in Canada go far enough?"</a>. BBC Home. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Home&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis%3A+Did+the+pontiff%27s+apology+in+Canada+go+far+enough%3F&rft.date=2022-07-30&rft.aulast=Maqbool&rft.aufirst=Aleem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-62353811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horowitz-2022-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz-2022_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2022" class="citation news cs1">Horowitz, Jason (July 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/30/world/americas/pope-francis-canada-genocide.html">"Francis Calls Abuse of Indigenous People in Canada a 'Genocide'"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107101356/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/30/world/americas/pope-francis-canada-genocide.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Francis+Calls+Abuse+of+Indigenous+People+in+Canada+a+%27Genocide%27&rft.date=2022-07-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F07%2F30%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fpope-francis-canada-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021NL-84"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021NL_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador&DGUIDlist=2021A000210&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Newfoundland and Labrador—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Newfoundland+and+Labrador%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DNewfoundland%2520and%2520Labrador%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000210%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021NU-85"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021NU_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Nunavut&DGUIDlist=2021A000262&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Nunavut—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Nunavut%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DNunavut%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000262%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021PEI-86"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021PEI_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Prince%20Edward%20Island&DGUIDlist=2021A000211&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Prince Edward Island—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Prince+Edward+Island%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DPrince%2520Edward%2520Island%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000211%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021NB-87"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021NB_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=New%20Brunswick&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in New Brunswick—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+New+Brunswick%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DNew%2520Brunswick%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000213%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021QC-88"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021QC_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Quebec&DGUIDlist=2021A000224&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Quebec—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Quebec%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DQuebec%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000224%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021NS-89"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021NS_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Nova%20Scotia&DGUIDlist=2021A000212&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Nova Scotia—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Nova+Scotia%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DNova%2520Scotia%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000212%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021SK-90"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021SK_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Saskatchewan&DGUIDlist=2021A000247&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Saskatchewan—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Saskatchewan%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DSaskatchewan%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000247%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021MB-91"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021MB_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Manitoba&DGUIDlist=2021A000246&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Manitoba—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Manitoba%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DManitoba%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000246%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021NWT-92"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021NWT_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Northwest%20Territories&DGUIDlist=2021A000261&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in the Northwest Territories—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+Northwest+Territories%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DNorthwest%2520Territories%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000261%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021ON-93"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021ON_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Ontario&DGUIDlist=2021A000235&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Ontario—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Ontario%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DOntario%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000235%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021AB-94"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021AB_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Alberta&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Alberta—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Alberta%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DAlberta%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000248%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021YK-95"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021YK_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Yukon&DGUIDlist=2021A000260&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in Yukon—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Yukon%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DYukon%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000260%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021BC-96"><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021BC_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=British%20Columbia&DGUIDlist=2021A000259&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Religions in British Columbia—Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+British+Columbia%E2%80%94Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada%2FStatistique+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DBritish%2520Columbia%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000259%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/20986/Can-Reagan-Revolution-Happen-Canada.aspx">"Can a "Reagan Revolution" Happen in Canada?"</a>. Gallup.com. January 20, 2006. Retrieved December 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+a+%22Reagan+Revolution%22+Happen+in+Canada%3F&rft.pub=Gallup.com&rft.date=2006-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F20986%2FCan-Reagan-Revolution-Happen-Canada.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/canada-alberta">Alberta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216024628/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/canada-alberta">Archived</a> December 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. LDS Newsroom. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In <a href="/wiki/Lori_Beaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lori Beaman">Lori Beaman</a>, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-BramadatSeljak2008-100"><a href="#cite_ref-BramadatSeljak2008_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_A._BramadatDavid_Seljak2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul A. Bramadat; David Seljak (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4HzXN4HQkQC&pg=PP268">Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9584-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9584-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-9584-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Ethnicity+in+Canada&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9584-8&rft.au=Paul+A.+Bramadat&rft.au=David+Seljak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4HzXN4HQkQC%26pg%3DPP268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. 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Eerdmans. pp. 15–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802806512" title="Special:BookSources/9780802806512"><bdi>9780802806512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780802806512&rft.au=Mark+A.+Noll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGF3wbzzy9QC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/15/no-religion-is-increasingly-popular-for-canadians-report_n_3283268.html">"'No Religion' Is Increasingly Popular For Canadians: Report"</a>. 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Statistics Canada. October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Ethnocultural+and+religious+diversity+%E2%80%93+2021+Census+promotional+material&rft.date=2022-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-engagement%2Fcommunity-supporter%2Fethnocultural-and-religious-diversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Help/Metadata/Definition.cfm?Lang=E&LineID=10511">Other religions</a>, Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 24, 2014 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLori_G._Beaman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lori_G._Beaman" title="Lori G. Beaman">Lori G. Beaman</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VP5F2TQKyygC&pg=PP1">Religion And Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, And Innovations</a>. Canadian Scholars' Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-306-2"><bdi>978-1-55130-306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+And+Canadian+Society%3A+Traditions%2C+Transitions%2C+And+Innovations&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-306-2&rft.au=Lori+G.+Beaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVP5F2TQKyygC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLori_Gail_BeamanPeter_Beyer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lori_G._Beaman" title="Lori G. Beaman">Lori Gail Beaman</a>; Peter Beyer (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79bUL99FnVUC&pg=PP1">Religion and Diversity in Canada</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17015-5"><bdi>978-90-04-17015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Diversity+in+Canada&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17015-5&rft.au=Lori+Gail+Beaman&rft.au=Peter+Beyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79bUL99FnVUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Bettridge1838" class="citation book cs1">William Bettridge (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abriefhistorych00bettgoog">A Brief History of the Church in Upper Canada: Containing the Acts of Parliament, Imperial and Provincial, Royal Instructions, Proceedings of the Deputation, Correspondence with the Government, Clergy Reserves' Question, &c. &c</a>. W.E. Painter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Church+in+Upper+Canada%3A+Containing+the+Acts+of+Parliament%2C+Imperial+and+Provincial%2C+Royal+Instructions%2C+Proceedings+of+the+Deputation%2C+Correspondence+with+the+Government%2C+Clergy+Reserves%27+Question%2C+%26c.+%26c&rft.pub=W.E.+Painter&rft.date=1838&rft.au=William+Bettridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabriefhistorych00bettgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_BramadatDavid_Seljak2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul Bramadat; David Seljak (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VymssyK1Hs0C&pg=PP1">Religion and Ethnicity in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1018-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ethnicity+in+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1018-7&rft.au=Paul+Bramadat&rft.au=David+Seljak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVymssyK1Hs0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_A._BramadatDavid_Seljak2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul A. Bramadat; David Seljak (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4HzXN4HQkQC&pg=PP1">Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9584-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9584-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-9584-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Ethnicity+in+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9584-8&rft.au=Paul+A.+Bramadat&rft.au=David+Seljak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4HzXN4HQkQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuane_Champagne2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duane Champagne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/north-american-indian-religions-new-religious-movements">"North American Indian Religions: New Religious Movements"</a>. In Lindsay Jones (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Indian+Religions%3A+New+Religious+Movements&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+15-volume+Set&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Duane+Champagne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnorth-american-indian-religions-new-religious-movements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Choquette2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert Choquette (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hk6702aK6A8C&pg=PP1">Canada's Religions: An Historical Introduction</a>. University of Ottawa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0557-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0557-9"><bdi>978-0-7766-0557-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Religions%3A+An+Historical+Introduction&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-0557-9&rft.au=Robert+Choquette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhk6702aK6A8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_ChristieMichael_Gauvreau2010" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Christie; Michael Gauvreau (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8Y9xRouX_cC&pg=PP1">Christian Churches and Their Peoples, 1840–1965: A Social History of Religion in Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6001-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6001-4"><bdi>978-1-4426-6001-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Churches+and+Their+Peoples%2C+1840%E2%80%931965%3A+A+Social+History+of+Religion+in+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6001-4&rft.au=Nancy+Christie&rft.au=Michael+Gauvreau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8Y9xRouX_cC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerence_J._Fay2002" class="citation book cs1">Terence J. Fay (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPhxFAhkbA8C&pg=PP1">History of Canadian Catholics</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6988-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6988-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-6988-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Canadian+Catholics&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6988-1&rft.au=Terence+J.+Fay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPhxFAhkbA8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kevin N. Flatt. After Evangelicalism: The Sixties and the United Church of Canada (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0773541233/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._FriesenMichael_M._Verigin1996" class="citation book cs1">John W. Friesen; Michael M. Verigin (1996) [1986]. The Community Doukhobors: A People in Transition (2nd ed.). Ontario: Borealis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88887-151-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88887-151-1"><bdi>0-88887-151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Community+Doukhobors%3A+A+People+in+Transition&rft.place=Ontario&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Borealis+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-88887-151-1&rft.au=John+W.+Friesen&rft.au=Michael+M.+Verigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArlene_HirschfelderPaulette_Molin2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arlene Hirschfelder; Paulette Molin (2000) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000hirs/page/n2/mode/1up">Encyclopedia of Native American Religions: An Introduction</a>. Foreword by Walter R. Echo-Hawk (Updated ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3949-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3949-6"><bdi>0-8160-3949-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Native+American+Religions%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8160-3949-6&rft.au=Arlene+Hirschfelder&rft.au=Paulette+Molin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofna0000hirs%2Fpage%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅke_Hultkrantz1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Åke Hultkrantz (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/north-american-indian-religions-overview">"North American Indian Religions: An Overview"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 10. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-909810-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-909810-6"><bdi>0-02-909810-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Indian+Religions%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-02-909810-6&rft.au=%C3%85ke+Hultkrantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnorth-american-indian-religions-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRod_JanzenMax_Stanton2004" class="citation book cs1">Rod Janzen; Max Stanton (2004). The Hutterites in North America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801899256" title="Special:BookSources/9780801899256"><bdi>9780801899256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutterites+in+North+America&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780801899256&rft.au=Rod+Janzen&rft.au=Max+Stanton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Janzen1990" class="citation book cs1">William Janzen (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsonlibertye0000janz">Limits on Liberty: The Experience of Mennonite, Hutterite, and Doukhobor Communities in Canada</a>. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2731-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-2731-8"><bdi>0-8020-2731-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+on+Liberty%3A+The+Experience+of+Mennonite%2C+Hutterite%2C+and+Doukhobor+Communities+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto%3B+Buffalo&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8020-2731-8&rft.au=William+Janzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitsonlibertye0000janz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_LehrYosef_Kats2012" class="citation book cs1">John Lehr; Yosef Kats (2012). Inside the Ark: The Hutterites in Canada and the United States. Regina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889773585" title="Special:BookSources/9780889773585"><bdi>9780889773585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Ark%3A+The+Hutterites+in+Canada+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=Regina&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780889773585&rft.au=John+Lehr&rft.au=Yosef+Kats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robert_Magocsi1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul Robert Magocsi, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PP1">Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-2938-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Canada%27s+Peoples&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbUuX0mnvQMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a> (1988). The Encyclopedia of American Religions: Religious Creeds: A Compilation of More Than 450 Creeds, Confessions, Statements of Faith, and Summaries of Doctrine of Religious and Spiritual Groups in the United States and Canada. Vol. 1–2. Detroit, Mi: Gale Research. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810321327" title="Special:BookSources/0810321327">0810321327</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousleaders0000melt">Religious Leaders of America: A Biographical Guide to Founders and Leaders of Religious Bodies, Churches, and Spiritual Groups in North America</a> (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: Gale Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-8878-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-8878-2"><bdi>0-8103-8878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Leaders+of+America%3A+A+Biographical+Guide+to+Founders+and+Leaders+of+Religious+Bodies%2C+Churches%2C+and+Spiritual+Groups+in+North+America&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8103-8878-2&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousleaders0000melt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Miedema2005" class="citation book cs1">Gary Miedema (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0q8OSvcfqBkC&pg=PP1">For Canada's Sake: Public Religion, Centennial Celebrations, and the Re-making of Canada in the 1960s</a>. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2877-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2877-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-2877-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Canada%27s+Sake%3A+Public+Religion%2C+Centennial+Celebrations%2C+and+the+Re-making+of+Canada+in+the+1960s&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2877-2&rft.au=Gary+Miedema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0q8OSvcfqBkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Moon2008" class="citation book cs1">Richard Moon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ah66SQsk4hAC&pg=PP1">Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5853-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5853-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-5853-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Religious+Pluralism+in+Canada&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5853-3&rft.au=Richard+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dah66SQsk4hAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Müller1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_M%C3%BCller_(ethnologist)" title="Werner Müller (ethnologist)">Werner Müller</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/north-american-indians-indians-far-north">"North American Indians: Indians of the Far North"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 10. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-909810-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-909810-6"><bdi>0-02-909810-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Indians%3A+Indians+of+the+Far+North&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-02-909810-6&rft.au=Werner+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnorth-american-indians-indians-far-north&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrence_MurphyRoberto_Perin1996" class="citation book cs1">Terrence Murphy; Roberto Perin (1996). A concise history of Christianity in Canada. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540758-7"><bdi>978-0-19-540758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Christianity+in+Canada&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-540758-7&rft.au=Terrence+Murphy&rft.au=Roberto+Perin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_A._Noll2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Mark A. Noll</a> (2019) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_m2DwAAQBAJ">A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada</a> (2nd updated ed.). Grand Rapids, Mi: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7490-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-7490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mi&rft.edition=2nd+updated&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Pub.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7490-0&rft.au=Mark+A.+Noll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_m2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_A._Noll2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Mark A. Noll</a> (2007). What Happened to Christian Canada?. Vancouver, BC: Regent College Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Happened+to+Christian+Canada%3F&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+BC&rft.pub=Regent+College+Pub.&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mark+A.+Noll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Paper2007" class="citation book cs1">Jordan Paper (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativenorthameri0000pape">Native North American Religious Traditions: Dancing For Life</a>. Westport, Conn; London: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2759-9097-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-2759-9097-4"><bdi>0-2759-9097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+North+American+Religious+Traditions%3A+Dancing+For+Life&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn%3B+London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-2759-9097-4&rft.au=Jordan+Paper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativenorthameri0000pape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Pettipas1994" class="citation book cs1">Katherine Pettipas (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/91800582/Severing_the_Ties_That_Bind_Government_Repression_of_Indigenous_Religious_Ceremonies_on_the_Prairies">Serving the Ties That Bind: Government Repression of Indigenous Religious Ceremonies on the Prairies</a> (PDF). Manitoba Studies in Native American History. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88755-638-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88755-638-8"><bdi>0-88755-638-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serving+the+Ties+That+Bind%3A+Government+Repression+of+Indigenous+Religious+Ceremonies+on+the+Prairies&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.series=Manitoba+Studies+in+Native+American+History&rft.pub=University+of+Manitoba+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-88755-638-8&rft.au=Katherine+Pettipas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F91800582%2FSevering_the_Ties_That_Bind_Government_Repression_of_Indigenous_Religious_Ceremonies_on_the_Prairies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Carl_Piepkorn1977" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Carl Piepkorn (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profilesinbelief00piep">Profiles in Belief: The Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada</a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-066580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-066580-7"><bdi>978-0-06-066580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Belief%3A+The+Religious+Bodies+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-06-066580-7&rft.au=Arthur+Carl+Piepkorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofilesinbelief00piep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_G._ReidRobert_Dean_LinderBruce_Leon_ShelleyHarry_S._Stout1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_G._Reid" title="Daniel G. Reid">Daniel G. Reid</a>; Robert Dean Linder; Bruce Leon Shelley; Harry S. Stout, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri0000unse_n6x8/page/n1/mode/1up">Dictionary of Christianity in America</a>. Downers Grove, Il: InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1776-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1776-X"><bdi>0-8308-1776-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Christianity+in+America&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Il&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8308-1776-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofchri0000unse_n6x8%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jamie S. Scott (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utorontopress.com/ca/the-religions-of-canadians-3">The Religions of Canadians</a>. University of Toronto Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442605169" title="Special:BookSources/9781442605169">9781442605169</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_G._Stackhouse_Jr.1998" class="citation book cs1">John G. Stackhouse Jr. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDX7nXrdBjQC&pg=PP1">Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character</a>. Regent College Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57383-131-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57383-131-4"><bdi>978-1-57383-131-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Evangelicalism+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Character&rft.pub=Regent+College+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57383-131-4&rft.au=John+G.+Stackhouse+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDX7nXrdBjQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElam_Rush_Stimson2008" class="citation book cs1">Elam Rush Stimson (2008). History of the Separation of Church and State in Canada. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-67266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-67266-8"><bdi>978-0-559-67266-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Separation+of+Church+and+State+in+Canada&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-559-67266-8&rft.au=Elam+Rush+Stimson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrances_Swyripa2010" class="citation book cs1">Frances Swyripa (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZmTFKvyQ30C">Storied Landscapes: Ethno-Religious Identity and the Canadian Prairies</a>. Studies in immigration and culture series, 5. Univ. of Manitoba Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88755-720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88755-720-0"><bdi>978-0-88755-720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storied+Landscapes%3A+Ethno-Religious+Identity+and+the+Canadian+Prairies&rft.series=Studies+in+immigration+and+culture+series%2C+5&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Manitoba+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-88755-720-0&rft.au=Frances+Swyripa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZmTFKvyQ30C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisabeth_Tooker1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Tooker" title="Elisabeth Tooker">Elisabeth Tooker</a>, ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBKoyY455PQC">Native North American Spirituality of the Eastern Woodlands: sacred myths, dreams, visions, speeches, healing formulas, rituals, and ceremonials</a>. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2256-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2256-1"><bdi>0-8091-2256-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+North+American+Spirituality+of+the+Eastern+Woodlands%3A+sacred+myths%2C+dreams%2C+visions%2C+speeches%2C+healing+formulas%2C+rituals%2C+and+ceremonials&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8091-2256-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLBKoyY455PQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_M._Underhill1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Underhill" title="Ruth Underhill">Ruth M. Underhill</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I20d62JZxT8C">Red Man's Religion: Beliefs and Practices of the Indians North of Mexico</a>. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-84167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-84167-7"><bdi>0-226-84167-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Man%27s+Religion%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices+of+the+Indians+North+of+Mexico&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-226-84167-7&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Underhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI20d62JZxT8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarguerite_Van_Die2001" class="citation book cs1">Marguerite Van Die (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxZqGT-IrJ4C&pg=PP1">Religion and Public Life in Canada: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8245-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-8245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Life+in+Canada%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8245-9&rft.au=Marguerite+Van+Die&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxZqGT-IrJ4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSava_Vuković1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sava_Vukovi%C4%87_(bishop)" title="Sava Vuković (bishop)">Sava Vuković</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dWOAAAAMAAJ">History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891–1941</a>. Kragujevac: Kalenić.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Serbian+Orthodox+Church+in+America+and+Canada+1891%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Kragujevac&rft.pub=Kaleni%C4%87&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Sava+Vukovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dWOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_F._C._Wallace2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a> (2010) [1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aiOpKRXS678C">Death and Rebirth of the Seneca</a>. With the assistance of Sheila C. Steen. New York; Toronto: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71699-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71699-X"><bdi>0-394-71699-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Rebirth+of+the+Seneca&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=0-394-71699-X&rft.au=Anthony+F.+C.+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaiOpKRXS678C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Wilkinson2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Wilkinson, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ym8yoBPZFBQC">Canadian Pentecostalism: Transition and Transformation</a>. McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Religion. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7594-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7594-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-7594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Pentecostalism%3A+Transition+and+Transformation&rft.series=McGill-Queen%27s+Studies+in+the+History+of+Religion&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7594-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dym8yoBPZFBQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_James_Wilson1966" class="citation book cs1">Douglas James Wilson (1966). The Church Grows in Canada. University of Wisconsin: Ryerson Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Grows+in+Canada&rft.place=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Ryerson+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Douglas+James+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Newfoundland and Labrador (page does not exist)">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Nova Scotia (page does not exist)">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Prince_Edward_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Prince Edward Island (page does not exist)">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Northwest_Territories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Northwest Territories (page does not exist)">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">Religion in North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Religion in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greenland" title="Religion in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Religion in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Religion in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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