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The main modern providers of service were the [[Reichspost]] (1871–1945), the Deutsche Post under Allied control (1945–1949), the [[Deutsche Post of the GDR]] (1949–1990), the [[Deutsche Bundespost]] (1949–1995), along with the [[Deutsche Bundespost Berlin]] (1949–1990), and are now the [[Deutsche Post|Deutsche Post AG]] (since 1995). ==Metzger Post== The Metzger Post is credited to be perhaps the first international post of the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="Mackay 9">{{harvnb|Mackay|1988|p=9}}</ref> The [[guild]] of [[butcher]]s (German: Metzger) organized courier mail services with horses; when the mail arrived they used a [[post horn|horn]] to announce it and thus created a commonly recognized [[emblem]] for postal services. The Metzger Post was established in the twelfth century and survived until 1637, when Thurn und Taxis's monopoly took over.<ref name="Mackay 9"/> ==Thurn und Taxis== In 1497, on behalf of Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Franz von Taxis]] established a postal service that replaced the ''ad hoc'' courier for official mail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thurn-taxis.com|title=From Thurn & Taxis Post to Phone Book of the World, ongoing Telecom History since 732 years|website=Phone Book of the World|access-date=August 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Our National Post-Office|journal=The New-York Quarterly|last=Norton|first=Charles B.|publisher=[[Sampson Low#Sampson Low, Son and Company|Sampson Low, Son & Co.]]|volume=3|number=1|date=April 1854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjQAAAAAYAAJ&dq=taxi+maximilian+post+quarterly&pg=PA4|page=4|location=London}}</ref> A horse relay system was created that shortened the transit time for mail and made its arrival predictable. Thereafter, the house of [[Thurn und Taxis]] using the imperial yellow and black livery maintained the postal privilege for many centuries. The [[Thurn-und-Taxis Post]] employed the first horse-drawn mail coaches in Europe since Roman times (in 1650). They started in the town of [[Kocs]], giving rise to the term "coach".<ref>{{harvnb|Mackay|1988|p=26}}</ref> <gallery> Image:Thurn and Taxis 25.jpg| Thurn und Taxis stamp, Northern District, 1865 Image:Thurn and Taxis 52.jpg| Thurn und Taxis stamp, Southern District, 1859 </gallery> Thurn und Taxis lost its monopoly when [[Napoleon]] granted the [[Rhine Confederation]] the right to conduct postal services.<ref name="Mackay 10–11">{{harvnb|Mackay|1988|pp=10–11}}</ref> The agency continued to operate and even issued some stamps (v.i.) but when [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] created the [[North German Confederation]], Thurn und Taxis had to sell its privileges in 1867.<ref name="Mackay 10–11"/> ==German states== {{main|Postage stamps and postal history of Baden|Postage stamps and postal history of Bergedorf|Postage stamps and postal history of Hamburg|Postal history of Heligoland|Postage stamps and postal history of Lübeck|Postage stamps and postal history of Mecklenburg|Postage stamps and postal history of the North German Confederation}} Prior to the [[German unification]] of 1871, individual [[States of the German Confederation|German states]] and entities started to release their own stamps, [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]] first on November 1, 1849, with the [[one kreuzer black]]. States or entities that issued stamps subsequently were [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] (1851), [[Bergedorf]] (1861), [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]] (1852), [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] (1855), [[Hamburg]] (1859), [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]] (1850), [[Heligoland]] (1867), [[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]] (1859), [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (1856), [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (1864), [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]] (1852), [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] (1850), [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]] (1850), [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]]-[[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]] (1850), and [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]] (1851). Also, [[Thurn und Taxis]], while not a state, had the authority to issue stamps and transport mail and released stamps (1852). The northern German states joined in the [[North German Confederation]] in 1868 and united their postal services in the "North German Postal District" ({{lang|de|Norddeutscher Postbezirk}}). After the unification, Bavaria and Württemberg retained their postal authority to continue producing stamps until March 31, 1920.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|pp=46, 178}}</ref> ==Imperial Germany, 1871–1918== ===Reichspost=== {{main|Reichspost}} The ''Deutsche Reichspost'' started officially on May 4, 1871, using initially stamps of the North German Confederation until it issued its first stamps on January 1, 1872.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=210}}</ref> [[Heinrich von Stephan]], inventor of the [[postcard]] and founder of the [[Universal Postal Union]], was the first Postmaster-General.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.border-control-solutions.de/en/products/products_secPrinting/secPrinting_stamps/stamps_history/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514033212/http://www.border-control-solutions.de/en/products/products_secPrinting/secPrinting_stamps/stamps_history/index.html|archive-date=May 14, 2008|title=History of postage stamps|publisher=[[Bundesdruckerei]]|website=border-control-solutions.de}}</ref> The most common stamps of the Reichspost were the [[Germania stamp]]s. Germania stamps were issued from 1900 until 1922 making it the longest running series in German philately with the change in the inscription from ''Reichspost'' to ''Deutsches Reich'' being the major modification during this period. ===German colonies=== [[File:Karolinen-stamp.jpg|thumb|Caroline Islands, Mi #19]] {{main|Postage stamps and postal history of the German colonies}} Early postage from about 1887 or 1888 consisted of common contemporary German stamps and is only recognized by the post office cancellation stamp as having been used in a colony. Such stamps are known as "Vorläufer" ([[Forerunner (stamp)|forerunner]]) stamps.<ref>[http://www.gps.nu/studygroup/colonies/GCCG%20flyer.pdf German Colonies Collectors Group]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In the next step regular stamps were used with [[overprint]]s indicating the name of the territory. Generally by 1896 and thereafter overprinted stamps were issued by the German authorities for all colonies: [[German South-West Africa]], [[German New Guinea]], [[Kiautschou]], [[Togo]], [[Samoa]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Mariana Islands]], [[Caroline Islands]], [[German East Africa]] and [[Kamerun]]. By about 1900 the [[yacht issue]] was introduced for the various colonial territories which had a uniform appearance depicting the imperial yacht ''[[SMY Hohenzollern]]''. After Germany lost control of its colonies in the course of World War I, overprinted yacht stamps were temporarily used by the new colonial rulers. ===German offices abroad=== {{main|German post offices abroad}} Imperial Germany maintained post offices in certain towns in [[Morocco]], [[Turkey]], and China. Issued stamps can be recognized by the cancellation stamp or the overprint may show local denomination and the name of the country.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=326ff}}</ref> ===German World War I occupations=== During World War I, German authorities issued stamps in occupied countries, namely Belgium, Poland, Romania, and areas of the western and eastern front.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=606ff}}</ref> ==Weimar Republic, 1918–1933== [[File:Flugpost 2.jpg|thumb|left|Scott #C1 from 1919 – the first [[air mail]] stamp]] ===Reichspost=== [[File:Germaniafurkrieg5pf.jpg|thumb|upright|Scott #B1 from 1919 – the first [[semipostal]] stamp]] The ''[[Reichspost]]'' continued to function as a governmental entity after Germany became a [[Weimar Republic|republic]]. In 1919 the Reichspost issued its first [[Commemorative stamp|commemorative]], [[airmail]], and [[semipostal]] stamps.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackay|1988|p=99}}</ref> The first semipostal stamp in 1919 carried a surcharge for the benefit of victims of war (Scott #B1). In 1923 during [[hyperinflation]], the Reichspost issued stamps up to 50 billion marks. The main common stamp series then was the "famous German people" series, followed by the [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]] stamps. The first of the valuable German [[Zeppelin]] stamps appeared in 1928, Scott #C35–37. ===Plebiscite areas=== {{main|Postage stamps and postal history of Allenstein}} After the [[Treaty of Versailles]] a number of areas underwent [[plebiscite]]s in 1920 to determine their future fate. These areas briefly issued stamps: [[East Prussian plebiscite|Allenstein and Marienwerder]], [[Schleswig]], and [[Upper Silesia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=422ff}}</ref> ===Danzig=== After the Treaty of Versailles the [[Free City of Danzig]] was established as an independent entity in 1920. At first German stamps were still used, after a while overprinted with "Danzig".<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=456ff}}</ref> Thereafter Danzig introduced its own stamps until 1939. In addition, the [[Polish Post]] maintained a presence in Danzig and issued ''Port Gdansk'' overprinted Polish stamps. ===Memel territory=== [[File:20milmillones.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Hyperinflation]] stamp, 1923 (Scott #298)]] After the Treaty of Versailles, the [[Memel Territory]] (Memelland, Klaipėda) was established. Initially German then French and Lithuanian overprinted stamps were used. Memel issued stamps between 1920 and 1923 when it was annexed by [[Lithuania]].<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=526}}</ref> ===Saar=== {{main|Postage stamps and postal history of the Saar}} After the Treaty of Versailles the [[Saar (League of Nations)|Saar]] territory was administered by the [[League of Nations]]. It issued its own stamps from 1920 to 1935 when it returned to Germany after a [[1935 Saar status referendum|plebiscite]]. The first stamps were overprinted German and Bavarian stamps.<ref name="Michel 598">{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=598}}</ref> {{-}} ==Nazi Germany, 1933–1945== {{see|Pictorial list of postage stamps in Nazi Germany}} ===Reichspost=== [[File:Adolf Hitler 42 Pfennig stamp.jpg|Stamp of Nazi Germany: Chancellor and Führer of the [[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]], [[Adolf Hitler]] (1944)|thumb|upright]] In [[Nazi Germany]], the ''Reichspost'' continued to function as a monopoly of the government under the auspices of the [[Reichspostministerium]], and [[Nazi propaganda]] took hold and influenced stamp design and policy. The [[Hitler]] head stamp became the stamp for common usage, and a large number of [[semipostal]] stamps were issued. In the last year before the end of the war the stamp inscription "Deutsches Reich" was changed to "Grossdeutsches Reich" (Greater German Empire). [[Field post office|Field post]] stamps were issued for the military forces starting in 1942. The world's first [[postal code]] system was introduced on July 25, 1941, with a two-digit number system.<ref name="Mackay 71">{{harvnb|Mackay|1988|p=71}}</ref> This system was initially used for the packet service and later applied to all mail deliveries.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} ===Sudetenland/Bohemia and Moravia=== After the [[Munich agreement]] the [[Sudetenland]] became German territory in 1938 and initially, Czechoslovak stamps were used locally with an overprint, before German stamps became available. After the 1939 [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany|occupation of Czechoslovakia]], Czechoslovak stamps were initially overprinted before new designs were issued by ''[[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]]''. These new stamps were issued until 1945.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|pp=622, 630ff}}</ref> ===German World War II occupations=== [[File:Stamp-ussr-thirdreich1941-album.jpeg|thumb|German overstamp on the postage of USSR, with the date of [[Battle of Raseiniai]]]] During the course of World War II German authorities issued stamps in [[Albania]], [[Alsace]], [[Belgium]], [[Channel Islands]], [[Estonia|Estland]], parts of [[France]], [[Kotor]], [[Courland|Kurland]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Macedonia (country)|Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Poland]] ([[General Government]]), parts of [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Zante]], and [[Zadar|Zara]].<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=628}}</ref>{{clr}} ==Divided Germany, 1945–1990== ===Local issues=== In the process of the collapse of Nazi Germany, mail services became disrupted or ceased. Various communities established services locally during the void often using defaced Hitler stamps.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=727ff}}</ref> ===Allied occupation=== [[File:Bi Zone 1945 16 DE M-Serie.jpg|thumb|upright|AM Post stamp 1945]] [[File:Deutsche Post - 1 Reichsmark.jpg|thumb|upright|Common issue 1946, Scott #556]] After Germany surrendered from the war, it was divided into four areas, Russian, American, French, and British. Between 1945–1949 was considered to be an interesting period in time as it was complicated to determine how many stamps were issued throughout this time and they were appearing in different areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=German Stamps, German Colony Stamps|url=https://www.mesastamps.com/collectible-stamps/german/|access-date=August 20, 2023|website=Mesa Stamps}}</ref> With the [[occupation of Germany]] by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]] postal services returned but were administered under different authorities. {{abbr|AM|Allied Military}} Post stamps were provided by the American and British occupation services during 1945 as the first step to restore mail service in their jurisdictions. By December 1945, the French authorities issued stamps for the "zone française", later to be supplemented by stamps for [[Baden]], [[Rheinland-Pfalz]], and [[Württemberg]]. In addition, separate stamps were provided for the [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Saar|Saar]]. In the Soviet zone, from 1945, the various provinces – namely, Berlin-[[Brandenburg]], [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], Saxony (Ost Sachsen, West Sachsen, Provinz Sachsen), and [[Thuringia]] – issued different stamps. In 1946, German stamps were issued as ''Deutsche Post'' for the American, British, and Soviet zones but not the French zone. The distinctive use of yellow to signify postal service was decreed by the [[Allied Control Council]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutschepost.de/dpag?tab=1&skin=hi&check=yes&lang=de_DE&xmlFile=link1015255_15307|title=Warum ist die Post gelb?|trans-title=Why is the post yellow?|lang=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514045706/http://www.deutschepost.de/dpag?tab=1&skin=hi&check=yes&lang=de_DE&xmlFile=link1015255_15307|archive-date=May 14, 2008|website=[[Deutsche Post]]}}</ref> With the development of the Cold War, however, attempts to unify the postal system failed. By 1948, even before the establishment of the two German republics, the common stamps had been replaced by definitives for the Soviet zone, and different sets of stamps for the [[bizone]]. ===Saar=== {{main|Postage stamps and postal history of the Saar}} After World War II, the [[Saar (protectorate)|Saar]] territory came under French administration and issued its own stamps from 1947 to 1956. Following a [[1955 Saar Statute referendum|referendum]] it was returned to Germany in 1956, and continued its stamps series until 1959.<ref name="Michel 598"/> ===Deutsche Bundespost Berlin=== {{main|Deutsche Bundespost Berlin}} [[West Berlin]], under the jurisdiction of the three western powers, started to release its own stamps on September 3, 1948. It continued to issue stamps under the ''Deutsche Bundespost Berlin'' label for 42 years, a total of over 800 different stamps, until the reunification in 1990. Many West Berlin stamps were similar to the stamps of West Germany. West Berlin and West German stamps could be used in either jurisdiction.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=1317}}</ref> ===Deutsche Post of the GDR=== {{main|Deutsche Post of the GDR}} With the formation of the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) the ''Deutsche Post of the GDR'' service was established as the governmental agency to provide mail services.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=929}}</ref> Its first stamp was released on October 9, 1949. About 3,000 different stamps were produced during the life of the existence of the DP; relatively low, however, was the number of semipostals. Stamps were to some degree used to gain currency abroad, that is some stamps were not produced for circulation but sold directly to [[stamp dealer]]s. Also, for some sets a specific stamp was produced at an intentionally low number – called a {{lang|de|Sperrwert|trans=blocked stamp value, or stamp with limited release}} – to artificially increase the value and sell it for more money to stamp dealers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brandeins-wissen.de/Downloads/McK/mck11_10.pdf|title=Weniger ist mehr|trans-title=Less is more|lang=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020011338/http://www.brandeins-wissen.de/Downloads/McK/mck11_10.pdf|archive-date=October 20, 2007|website=brandeins-wissen.de}}</ref> With the 1990 reunification, the ''Deutsche Post'' became part of the ''Deutsche Bundespost''. {{-}} ===Deutsche Bundespost=== {{main|Deutsche Bundespost}} When the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] was formed the ''Deutsche Bundespost'' (German federal post office) became the governmental agency with the monopoly for postal services; the name was adopted in 1950, prior to that year, it was called ''Deutsche Post''.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=1549}}</ref> The issue of the FRG was released on September 7, 1949 (Scott #665–666). In 1961, the two-digit [[postal code]] was replaced with a four-digit code;<ref name="Mackay 71"/> this was replaced after reunification. By the time of reunification, about 1,400 different stamps had been issued. The process of converting the governmental agency into a public company was initiated in 1989 by separating postal services from post bank and communication services. ==After reunification, 1990–present== [[File:DFB-Marke.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Soccer stamp of the Deutsche Post, 2000, Scott #2063]] ===Deutsche Post AG=== {{main|Deutsche Post AG}} With [[German reunification]], the ''Bundespost'' with the incorporated ''Deutsche Post'' of the GDR provided postal services for the whole territory of the Federal Republic, and German stamps regardless of origin were postally valid until their date of expiration: for the stamps of the GDR Mi # 1004–3343, this was October 1, 1990, and for GDR Mi 3344-3365 December 12, 1991;<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=1238}}</ref> the latter was the same date for the expiration of the West Berlin stamps Mi #326–879.<ref>{{harvnb|Michel catalog|1997|p=1410}}</ref> By 1993, a new five-digit postal code had been introduced. In 1995, the Bundespost was converted into a stock company – the ''[[Deutsche Post AG]]'' – the shares of which became available in 2000. The company with its subsidiaries operates in [[logistics]] on a global scale. <br> Although the postal service was privatized, the stamps are still printed and provided by the German government. {{-}} ==Statistics== According to the [[Scott catalogue]], the following number of different stamps (regular and [[Semi-postal stamp|semi-postal]]) were issued by the ''Reichspost'' (1871–1945), ''Deutsche Post'' (GDR) (1949–1990), ''Deutsche Bundespost Berlin'' (1949–1990), and ''Deutsche Bundespost'' (1949–1990): {| class="wikitable" style="width:60%" |- bgcolor=lightgrey ! width="30%" align=center|Postal Authority ! width="23%" align=center|Regular stamps issued ! width="23%" align=center|Semi-postal stamps issued ! width="23%" align=center|Total |- | ''[[Reichspost]]'' | align="center" | 556 | align="center" | 293 | align="center" | 849 |- | [[Deutsche Post (GDR)|''Deutsche Post'' (GDR)]] | align="center" | 2,805 | align="center" | 191 | align="center" | 2,996 |- | ''[[Deutsche Bundespost Berlin]]'' | align="center" | 592 | align="center" | 285 | align="center" | 877 |- | ''[[Deutsche Bundespost]]'' | align="center" | 955 | align="center" | 395 | align="center" | 1,350 |- |- bgcolor=lightgrey ! | '''Total''' ! align="center" | 4,908 ! align="center" | 1,164 ! align="center" | 6,072 |} ==See also== * [[Feldheim Collection]] * [[List of people on stamps of the German Democratic Republic]] ==References and sources== ;Notes {{reflist|2}} ;Sources {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|first=James|last=Mackay|author-link=James A. Mackay|year=1988|title=The Guinness Book of Stamps. Facts and Feats|publisher=Guinness Publishing Ltd|location=Enfield, England|isbn=0-85112-351-1}} * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Michel catalog|1997}}|year=1997|title=Michel Deutschland-Spezial-Katalog 1997|title-link=Michel catalog|publisher=Schwaneberger Verlag GmbH|location=Munich|isbn=3-87858-130-0}} * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Scott catalogue|2006}}|year=2006|title=Scott 2006 Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue, Volume 3|title-link=Scott catalogue|publisher=Scott Publishing Co.|location=Sidney, Ohio|isbn= 0-89487-353-9}} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Commons|Stamp/Germany}} {{Commons category|Stamps of Germany}} {{Commons category|Deutsche Bundespost stamps}} {{Commons category|Deutsche Post stamps}} * [http://www.germanphilately.org/ Germany & Colonies Philatelic Society] * [http://www.germanyphilatelicsocietyusa.org/ Germany Philatelic Society] * [https://stampuoso.com/listing/germany Gallery of German stamps] * [http://www.old-stamps.com/stamps/germany/ Images of German stamps] * [http://hdl.handle.net/1887/15503 Ton Dietz: 'Postage stamps as manifestations of national identity. Germany and the Netherlands from 1849 to 2005'. 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