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class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">36</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">6</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">9</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43702529" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Sustainability"><div 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class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by P. Warke</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16904298"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16904298/Post_excavation_deterioration_of_the_Copney_Bronze_Age_Stone_Circle_Complex_A_geomorphological_perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Post-excavation deterioration of the Copney Bronze Age Stone Circle Complex: A geomorphological perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16904298/Post_excavation_deterioration_of_the_Copney_Bronze_Age_Stone_Circle_Complex_A_geomorphological_perspective">Post-excavation deterioration of the Copney Bronze Age Stone Circle Complex: A geomorphological perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP">P. Warke</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ulincoln.academia.edu/MarkGardiner">Mark Gardiner</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geoarchaeology</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... A. Warke 1 ,; Joanne M. Curran 2 ,; Bernard J. Smith 1 ,; Mark Gardiner 1 ,; Claire ... Warke...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... A. Warke 1 ,; Joanne M. Curran 2 ,; Bernard J. Smith 1 ,; Mark Gardiner 1 ,; Claire ... Warke, PA, Curran, JM, Smith, BJ, Gardiner, M. and Foley, C. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360144"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360144/Lichen_induced_biomodification_of_calcareous_surfaces_Bioprotection_versus_biodeterioration"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lichen-induced biomodification of calcareous surfaces: Bioprotection versus biodeterioration" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988120/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360144/Lichen_induced_biomodification_of_calcareous_surfaces_Bioprotection_versus_biodeterioration">Lichen-induced biomodification of calcareous surfaces: Bioprotection versus biodeterioration</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Progress in Physical Geography</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="affba5552aef5cd6df9e85d0f5d440fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42988120,"asset_id":22360144,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988120/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360144"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360144"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360144; 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Lichen coverage may actively protect a surface through shielding by the thallus and the binding and waterproofing of the rock surface and subsurface by fungal hyphae. Passive protection of rock surfaces may be induced by the formation of an insoluble encrustation, such as calcium oxalate, at the lichenrock interface. Recent research suggests that the decay of hyphae, induced by changes in microenvironmental conditions, necrosis, parasitism or the natural physiological traits of particular lichen species, may expose a chemically and physically weakened substrate to dissolution, triggering relatively rapid weathering-related surface lowering. Consequently, certain epilithic crustose and endolithic lichens may induce a period of surface stability throughout the course of their lifespan, followed by a phase of instability and rapid episodic microtopographical evolution after death and decay. A series of conceptual models is proposed to illustrate this idea over short (single lichen lifespan) and long (multiple lichen lifespans) timescales. The models suggest that the microscale biogeomorphological system of lichen-rock interaction is underpinned by non-linear dynamical system theory as it exhibits dynamical instability and is consequently difficult to predict over a long timescale. 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The data indicate the complexity of surface and subsurface temperature response characteristics of different stone types exposed to the same conditions. They also highlight the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on microenvironmental conditions at the rock-air interface. These conditions have significant implications for the nature and rate of weathering activity and may, over time, affect any treatments applied to stone surfaces. Although the studies reviewed were carried out within the subject area of geomorphology, the data reported and the implications for stone weathering arising from them may be of some relevance to the conservation science perspective on deterioration of contemporary, historical, and archaeological stonework.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360143, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360143,"title":"Controls on Stone Temperatures and the Benefits of Interdisciplinary Exchange","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT Data derived from a series of field and laboratory studies of the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on stone temperatures are reported. The data indicate the complexity of surface and subsurface temperature response characteristics of different stone types exposed to the same conditions. They also highlight the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on microenvironmental conditions at the rock-air interface. These conditions have significant implications for the nature and rate of weathering activity and may, over time, affect any treatments applied to stone surfaces. Although the studies reviewed were carried out within the subject area of geomorphology, the data reported and the implications for stone weathering arising from them may be of some relevance to the conservation science perspective on deterioration of contemporary, historical, and archaeological stonework.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2000,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT Data derived from a series of field and laboratory studies of the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on stone temperatures are reported. The data indicate the complexity of surface and subsurface temperature response characteristics of different stone types exposed to the same conditions. They also highlight the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on microenvironmental conditions at the rock-air interface. These conditions have significant implications for the nature and rate of weathering activity and may, over time, affect any treatments applied to stone surfaces. Although the studies reviewed were carried out within the subject area of geomorphology, the data reported and the implications for stone weathering arising from them may be of some relevance to the conservation science perspective on deterioration of contemporary, historical, and archaeological stonework.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360143/Controls_on_Stone_Temperatures_and_the_Benefits_of_Interdisciplinary_Exchange","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.738-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Controls_on_Stone_Temperatures_and_the_Benefits_of_Interdisciplinary_Exchange","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":152388,"name":"Art Theory and Criticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Theory_and_Criticism"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360142"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360142/Complex_weathering_effects_on_durability_characteristics_of_building_stone"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Complex weathering effects on durability characteristics of building stone" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360142/Complex_weathering_effects_on_durability_characteristics_of_building_stone">Complex weathering effects on durability characteristics of building stone</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Durability characteristics of five stone types are assessed and compared using the stand...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Durability characteristics of five stone types are assessed and compared using the standardized sodium sulphate salt crystallization test and a modified laboratory weathering simulation in which a combination of salt weathering (Na(2)SO(4)) and freeze-thaw cycles are used. Data indicate significant differences in durability rankings between the two test methods especially in lower-order durability stone types. Both the standard salt crystallization test and the modified durability test identify Leinster Granite and Stanton Moor B Sandstone as the most durable of the five stone types, with the granite performing well under both sets of conditions. Discrepancy between rankings arises in the lower orders, with Portland Limestone, Stanton Moor A Sandstone and especially Dumfries Sandstone responding differently to the two sets of experimental conditions. In the modified durability test the range of permeability values for each stone type produced the same ranking as that indicated by mean percentage weight change values but mean permeability values for each stone type do not appear to be reliable predictors of weathering response. Differences in durability rankings between the two test regimes are attributed in the first instance to the temperature conditions used, with more extreme and unrealistic heating to 103 degrees C in the standardized test &amp;#39;over-weathering&amp;#39; stone while conditions in the modified test allowed the development of stone-specific decay characteristics. Inclusion of salt weathering and freeze-thaw cycles in the modified test introduced complexity into the decay process that more accurately reflects &amp;#39;real-world&amp;#39; conditions. Data also indicate that relatively minor structural and mineralogical differences between samples of the same stone type can significantly influence weathering behaviour, resulting in distinct rates and patterns of breakdown.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360142"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360142"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360142; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360142]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360142]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360142; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360142']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360142, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360142]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360142,"title":"Complex weathering effects on durability characteristics of building stone","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT Durability characteristics of five stone types are assessed and compared using the standardized sodium sulphate salt crystallization test and a modified laboratory weathering simulation in which a combination of salt weathering (Na(2)SO(4)) and freeze-thaw cycles are used. Data indicate significant differences in durability rankings between the two test methods especially in lower-order durability stone types. Both the standard salt crystallization test and the modified durability test identify Leinster Granite and Stanton Moor B Sandstone as the most durable of the five stone types, with the granite performing well under both sets of conditions. Discrepancy between rankings arises in the lower orders, with Portland Limestone, Stanton Moor A Sandstone and especially Dumfries Sandstone responding differently to the two sets of experimental conditions. In the modified durability test the range of permeability values for each stone type produced the same ranking as that indicated by mean percentage weight change values but mean permeability values for each stone type do not appear to be reliable predictors of weathering response. Differences in durability rankings between the two test regimes are attributed in the first instance to the temperature conditions used, with more extreme and unrealistic heating to 103 degrees C in the standardized test \u0026amp;#39;over-weathering\u0026amp;#39; stone while conditions in the modified test allowed the development of stone-specific decay characteristics. Inclusion of salt weathering and freeze-thaw cycles in the modified test introduced complexity into the decay process that more accurately reflects \u0026amp;#39;real-world\u0026amp;#39; conditions. Data also indicate that relatively minor structural and mineralogical differences between samples of the same stone type can significantly influence weathering behaviour, resulting in distinct rates and patterns of breakdown.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT Durability characteristics of five stone types are assessed and compared using the standardized sodium sulphate salt crystallization test and a modified laboratory weathering simulation in which a combination of salt weathering (Na(2)SO(4)) and freeze-thaw cycles are used. Data indicate significant differences in durability rankings between the two test methods especially in lower-order durability stone types. Both the standard salt crystallization test and the modified durability test identify Leinster Granite and Stanton Moor B Sandstone as the most durable of the five stone types, with the granite performing well under both sets of conditions. Discrepancy between rankings arises in the lower orders, with Portland Limestone, Stanton Moor A Sandstone and especially Dumfries Sandstone responding differently to the two sets of experimental conditions. In the modified durability test the range of permeability values for each stone type produced the same ranking as that indicated by mean percentage weight change values but mean permeability values for each stone type do not appear to be reliable predictors of weathering response. Differences in durability rankings between the two test regimes are attributed in the first instance to the temperature conditions used, with more extreme and unrealistic heating to 103 degrees C in the standardized test \u0026amp;#39;over-weathering\u0026amp;#39; stone while conditions in the modified test allowed the development of stone-specific decay characteristics. Inclusion of salt weathering and freeze-thaw cycles in the modified test introduced complexity into the decay process that more accurately reflects \u0026amp;#39;real-world\u0026amp;#39; conditions. Data also indicate that relatively minor structural and mineralogical differences between samples of the same stone type can significantly influence weathering behaviour, resulting in distinct rates and patterns of breakdown.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360142/Complex_weathering_effects_on_durability_characteristics_of_building_stone","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.572-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Complex_weathering_effects_on_durability_characteristics_of_building_stone","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360141"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360141/An_holistic_approach_to_the_assessment_of_stone_decay_Bonamargy_Friary_Northern_Ireland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An holistic approach to the assessment of stone decay: Bonamargy Friary, Northern Ireland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360141/An_holistic_approach_to_the_assessment_of_stone_decay_Bonamargy_Friary_Northern_Ireland">An holistic approach to the assessment of stone decay: Bonamargy Friary, Northern Ireland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Decay mapping and condition assessment have proved to be useful tools in understanding s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Decay mapping and condition assessment have proved to be useful tools in understanding stone decay and identification of remedial action. In this paper an holistic strategy is taken to the study of façade decay at the medieval Bonamargy Friary, on the north Antrim coast, Northern Ireland. After lithology and decay forms are mapped, interrelationships between decay form, stone type and environment are identified and quantified. This is accomplished through analysis of the spatial association of decay forms ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360141"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360141"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360141; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360141]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360141]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360141; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360141']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360141, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360141]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360141,"title":"An holistic approach to the assessment of stone decay: Bonamargy Friary, Northern Ireland","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract Decay mapping and condition assessment have proved to be useful tools in understanding stone decay and identification of remedial action. In this paper an holistic strategy is taken to the study of façade decay at the medieval Bonamargy Friary, on the north Antrim coast, Northern Ireland. After lithology and decay forms are mapped, interrelationships between decay form, stone type and environment are identified and quantified. This is accomplished through analysis of the spatial association of decay forms ...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"},"translated_abstract":"Abstract Decay mapping and condition assessment have proved to be useful tools in understanding stone decay and identification of remedial action. In this paper an holistic strategy is taken to the study of façade decay at the medieval Bonamargy Friary, on the north Antrim coast, Northern Ireland. After lithology and decay forms are mapped, interrelationships between decay form, stone type and environment are identified and quantified. This is accomplished through analysis of the spatial association of decay forms ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360141/An_holistic_approach_to_the_assessment_of_stone_decay_Bonamargy_Friary_Northern_Ireland","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.185-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"An_holistic_approach_to_the_assessment_of_stone_decay_Bonamargy_Friary_Northern_Ireland","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360140"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360140/Introduction_and_background_interpretations_of_landscape_change"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction and background: interpretations of landscape change" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360140/Introduction_and_background_interpretations_of_landscape_change">Introduction and background: interpretations of landscape change</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</span><span>, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360140"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360140"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360140; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360140]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360140]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360140; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360140']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360140, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360140]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360140,"title":"Introduction and background: interpretations of landscape change","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360140/Introduction_and_background_interpretations_of_landscape_change","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.087-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Introduction_and_background_interpretations_of_landscape_change","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"},{"id":182357,"name":"Landscape change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_change"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360139"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360139/A_legacy_of_mistreatment_conceptualizing_the_decay_of_medieval_sandstones_in_NE_Ireland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A legacy of mistreatment: conceptualizing the decay of medieval sandstones in NE Ireland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360139/A_legacy_of_mistreatment_conceptualizing_the_decay_of_medieval_sandstones_in_NE_Ireland">A legacy of mistreatment: conceptualizing the decay of medieval sandstones in NE Ireland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ir...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ireland. This paper explores the reasons why, and the ways in which, medieval sandstone monuments decay in the temperate Atlantic maritime environment of the north Antrim coast, using Bonamargy Friary, Ballycastle, as a case study. Monumental stone decay is placed in the context of inheritance and sensitivity to change, that is, the ability or inability of a sandstone to absorb change as a result of the past stress events it ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360139"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360139"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360139; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360139]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360139]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360139; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360139']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360139, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360139]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360139,"title":"A legacy of mistreatment: conceptualizing the decay of medieval sandstones in NE Ireland","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ireland. This paper explores the reasons why, and the ways in which, medieval sandstone monuments decay in the temperate Atlantic maritime environment of the north Antrim coast, using Bonamargy Friary, Ballycastle, as a case study. Monumental stone decay is placed in the context of inheritance and sensitivity to change, that is, the ability or inability of a sandstone to absorb change as a result of the past stress events it ...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"},"translated_abstract":"Abstract Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ireland. This paper explores the reasons why, and the ways in which, medieval sandstone monuments decay in the temperate Atlantic maritime environment of the north Antrim coast, using Bonamargy Friary, Ballycastle, as a case study. Monumental stone decay is placed in the context of inheritance and sensitivity to change, that is, the ability or inability of a sandstone to absorb change as a result of the past stress events it ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360139/A_legacy_of_mistreatment_conceptualizing_the_decay_of_medieval_sandstones_in_NE_Ireland","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:03.899-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"A_legacy_of_mistreatment_conceptualizing_the_decay_of_medieval_sandstones_in_NE_Ireland","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360138"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360138/The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_Brazil_and_its_implications_for_the_conservation_of_colonial_built_heritage"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The decay of coastal forts in southeast Brazil and its implications for the conservation of colonial built heritage" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988122/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360138/The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_Brazil_and_its_implications_for_the_conservation_of_colonial_built_heritage">The decay of coastal forts in southeast Brazil and its implications for the conservation of colonial built heritage</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Environmental Geology</span><span>, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3f2e9490bfa5f46b620f40542e18e005" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42988122,"asset_id":22360138,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988122/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360138"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360138"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360138; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360138]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360138]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360138; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360138']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360138, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3f2e9490bfa5f46b620f40542e18e005" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360138]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360138,"title":"The decay of coastal forts in southeast Brazil and its implications for the conservation of colonial built heritage","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Decay of Coastal Forts in Southeast Brazil: Conservation Challenges","grobid_abstract":"The 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil was celebrated in 2000 and highlighted the need to review the condition of the country's remaining colonial built heritage. This revision is particularly apposite in the adjacent cities of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, where the heritage that survived twentieth century reconstruction has done so largely because of ownership by the church or military. However, whilst this may have protected buildings from demolition, detailed fabric can be neglected or abused. This paper investigates this possibility through an examination of two forts, built primarily of local augen gneiss, that guard the entrance to Guanabara Bay. Natural outcrops exposed to the same humid sub-tropical maritime environment show that this rock is susceptible to slow disaggregation through salt weathering. Surveys suggest that stonework in the forts that is sheltered from rainwash is heavily loaded with salt and has passed a threshold, wherein stresses accumulated over centuries of apparent stability, combined with the effects of a more recent increase in atmospheric pollution and apparently inappropriate intervention (re-pointing), have triggered rapid breakdown that requires immediate intervention.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2004,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Environmental Geology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":42988122},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360138/The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_Brazil_and_its_implications_for_the_conservation_of_colonial_built_heritage","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:03.071-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42988122,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988122/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_20160223-25704-1q0rubk.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988122/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42988122/The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_20160223-25704-1q0rubk-libre.pdf?1456259552=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast.pdf\u0026Expires=1733101046\u0026Signature=atJ7HtT5lmhRmeWNqijhbZPVEcTIBLb2aH~84pECQMD4fKxP22-tDGF0ylg6JLrZWritFqIHCAY6usU~kCjbXLpo6vHpcF1yAtW1GfBVwglzG0xMehw8cJCvYSEm5lnXN5fEoJFsjkmaByhwtmfiGGDefwUAJIkBwd2nxT9urcCL0pD1MeyhWzWEPPahPF~J80N1lk2RMloRR8zcv~YtRUIw5fGuvXXumf~EJqFz7F6eBxEnDtxQOmT3DjZwc5LDbBW6Loi7uCke6h5vNj894v04-KsTQLnAtuU9iIqAT75d5MvX1Q2DqvWRe6dpsvrRKVIFnyYNAAXC20VICKrc3A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_Brazil_and_its_implications_for_the_conservation_of_colonial_built_heritage","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360137"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360137/Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_of_complex_stress_histories_on_sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_laboratory_simulations_of_process_combinations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary observations on the impact of complex stress histories on sandstone response to salt weathering: laboratory simulations of process combinations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988119/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360137/Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_of_complex_stress_histories_on_sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_laboratory_simulations_of_process_combinations">Preliminary observations on the impact of complex stress histories on sandstone response to salt weathering: laboratory simulations of process combinations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Environmental Geology</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="252d8ee80851075d333dcbdf121dd420" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42988119,"asset_id":22360137,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988119/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360137"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360137]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360137; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360137']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360137, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "252d8ee80851075d333dcbdf121dd420" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360137]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360137,"title":"Preliminary observations on the impact of complex stress histories on sandstone response to salt weathering: laboratory simulations of process combinations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Historic sandstone structures carry an inheritance, or a 'memory', of past stresses that the stone has undergone since its placement in a façade. This inheritance, which conditions present day performance, may be made up of long-term exposure to a combination of low magnitude background environmental factors (for example, salt weathering, temperature and moisture cycling) and, superimposed upon these, less frequent but potentially high magnitude events or 'exceptional' factors (for example, lime rendering, severe frost events, fire). The impact of complex histories on the decay pathways of historic sandstone is not clearly understood, but this paper seeks to improve that understanding through the use of a laboratory 'process combination' study. Blocks of quartz sandstone (Peakmoor, from NW England) were divided into subsets that experienced different histories (lime rendering and removal, fire and freeze-thaw cycles in isolation and combination) that reflected the event timeline of a real medieval sandstone monument in NE Ireland, Bonamargy Friary ). These subsets were then subject to salt weathering cycles using a 10% salt solution of NaCl and MgSO 4 that represents the 'every-day' stress environment of, for example, sandstone structures in coastal, or polluted urban, location. Block response to salt weathering was monitored by collecting, drying and weighing the debris that was released as blocks were immersed in the salt solution at the beginning of each cycle. The results illustrate the complexity of the stone decay system, showing that seemingly small variations in stress history can produce divergent response to salt weathering cycles. Applied to real-world historic sandstone structures, this concept may help to explain the spatial and temporal variability of sandstone response to background environmental factors on a single façade, and encourage conservators to include the role of stress inheritance when selecting and implementing conservation strategies.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Environmental Geology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":42988119},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360137/Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_of_complex_stress_histories_on_sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_laboratory_simulations_of_process_combinations","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:02.897-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42988119,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988119/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s00254-006-0531-7.pdf20160223-29663-1n93fx4","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988119/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_o.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42988119/s00254-006-0531-7-libre.pdf20160223-29663-1n93fx4?1456259552=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPreliminary_observations_on_the_impact_o.pdf\u0026Expires=1733101046\u0026Signature=QtqlxDgOqpREF9O9CP6hlP~62w8V~ZqEa2qpRtZ~5Ip4~jSpAbb8fe3zoOcTH7LitpiNL3bbbRQ-sof2a4wNDk5gjGs2MofhjzXCr6L-XO0WHvrwyZPPi-HVa7ygKJCH1vtPYbzK9pYj89sDxesJWgiEHpiAmmrBAVfZatKUKjKUvr~WOqzN3HcFPw1sKOlL46GbCICeUZYjucBfaMkUlJg7gdAE99-Gr828gibRz-4UxmL0qywouE2~~tf9w2dqCieTcuxAdruAjmPH4qMt7t95BECDM-D3n1smBI~ZQF772V3tX0GyKOK5F1ZNZMeD6Bj30cpCCpvHac7cYKTH5w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_of_complex_stress_histories_on_sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_laboratory_simulations_of_process_combinations","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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Much research focuses on the damage that is caused by fire in isolation, and omits to investigate the subsequent exploitation of weaknesses inherited from fire events. Fire can, for example, cause significant physical, chemical and mineralogical change to sandstone, which may then be exploited by background environmental factors such as salt and freeze-thaw weathering. To explore this experimentally, blocks of Peakmoor Sandstone were subjected to a real fire (as well as lime rendering/removal and frost cycle pre-treatments), and their subsequent response to salt weathering cycles was monitored by weight loss and visual assessment of the pattern of surface damage. Results illustrate that the post-fire deterioration of sandstone is strongly conditioned by fracture networks and soot cover inherited from the fire. The exploitation of fractures can lead to spalling during salt weathering cyclesthis takes place as granular dissagregation steadily widens cracks and salts concentrate and crystallise in areas of inherited weakness. Soot cover can have a profound effect on subsequent performance. It reduces surface permeability and can be hydrophobic in character, limiting salt ingress and suppressing decay in the short term. However, as salt crystals concentrate under the soot crust, detachment of this layer can occur, exposing fire-damaged stone beneath. Understanding the subsequent exploitation of stone exposed to fire damage by background environmental factors (for example, salt weathering/ temperature cycling) is key to the post-fire management of stone decay.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Engineering Geology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":42988118},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360136/Exploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fire_damaged_building_sandstone_the_fatiguing_of_shocked_stone","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:02.712-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42988118,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988118/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.enggeo.2009.06.003.pdf20160223-21707-1yoeakb","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988118/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Exploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42988118/j.enggeo.2009.06.003-libre.pdf20160223-21707-1yoeakb?1456259553=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fi.pdf\u0026Expires=1733101046\u0026Signature=DkKcr8qmysSlmn5yGWGCqynZ33uX1dhGBo4NS5AHZ7X2LE74n8eULOY-c9zs5QzT8ACnHwoVZMGvbmAfsHK-YM957NOHiY961tteq8Q29panLLUZIfHtWFCsv1o6oyeAefe9Gj~JHo-8YaR6~kXZPOo4KwQ~1vV48M8P-KdJ6hLwdwcUxQIxB6xXXidTrUGSMl0jbHG-E8qCa~I5WS0wfM5xZn-ezFn~p4ySSrDJ3wngktD69GDeORnwp2mK3ZJkRcp1bvurxJkQSSRhwSY0zt7w5m9Ytr70QxTyNLAfgOqI1ecybXvqdHcPlNhSLNacC9Uio6o2w6UoK32keGyyoQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Exploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fire_damaged_building_sandstone_the_fatiguing_of_shocked_stone","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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Our understanding of the i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Fire has long been recognized as an agent of rock weathering. Our understanding of the impact of fire on stone comes either from early anecdotal evidence, or from more recent laboratory simulation studies, using furnaces to simulate the effects of fire. This paper suggests that knowledge derived from simulated heating experiments is based on the pre-conceptions of the experiment designer–when using a furnace to simulate fire, the operator decides on the maximum temperature and the duration of the experiment. These are key ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360135"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360135]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360135']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360135, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360135]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360135,"title":"Sandstone response to salt weathering following simulated fire damage: a comparison of the effects of furnace heating and fire","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract Fire has long been recognized as an agent of rock weathering. 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This paper suggests that knowledge derived from simulated heating experiments is based on the pre-conceptions of the experiment designer–when using a furnace to simulate fire, the operator decides on the maximum temperature and the duration of the experiment. These are key ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360135/Sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_following_simulated_fire_damage_a_comparison_of_the_effects_of_furnace_heating_and_fire","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:02.484-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_following_simulated_fire_damage_a_comparison_of_the_effects_of_furnace_heating_and_fire","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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Active weathering is concentrated in topographic lows (pits and pans) that concentrate available moisture and are associated with endolithic and epilithic algae responsible for algal boring, plucking and etching of the limestone substrate. Deposits of gypsum have concentrated through evaporation within hollows and occur as isolated patches of tabular crystals indicating an additional weathering agent characteristic of arid environments. The active development of a complex microkarst and associated salt weathering are combining to destroy linear karstic features such as rillenkarren, widespread case-hardening and in places patches of ironand manganese-rich rock varnishes. The complexity of active and inherited weathering features belies the perceived simplicity and lack of weathering opportunities associated with aridity. Instead it focuses on the need to consider the nature of microclimatic conditions at the rock/air interface especially when seeking to define desert weathering environments. It also highlights the difficulties of interpreting polygenetic landforms and the importance of microscale studies for identifying the impact of contemporary climatic conditions.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2000,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":42988117},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360133/Limestone_weathering_in_contemporary_arid_environments_a_case_study_from_southern_Tunisia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:02.162-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42988117,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988117/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1096-9837_28200011_2925_3A12_3C1343_3A_3Aaid-esp142_3E3.0.co_3B2-2.pdf20160223-25590-ii6t11","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988117/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Limestone_weathering_in_contemporary_ari.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42988117/1096-9837_28200011_2925_3A12_3C1343_3A_3Aaid-esp142_3E3.0.co_3B2-2-libre.pdf20160223-25590-ii6t11?1456259553=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLimestone_weathering_in_contemporary_ari.pdf\u0026Expires=1733101046\u0026Signature=Vifmd8ykMlnFwL7sg0uns5OLW8-d9y8ynvpxh4EFOk~Vi8GFnp~aMjj1ugRe47hQLo35YRgC-TPPNOIm4~nM8j9pDqhpPFKrj77EYxD-n6y~h9c64~pYWQDy3lWNaYhQah-Zxd6nn16g71dA-~dfbh35I5JUJ-coBd2ZKAsGkWRqH-eyF5WSrW5RtbsnApb2Cz2~yHfd7FJ1Z3vdS-GFIgPMmI3wA5zuQjVagMwqcnVq3wvrUy6AoiPvZRXHmSfzQVT70~cO2z-9fXtVE0FF1VPa88hwbtiekRnUtiFBBO8qp5zXXht-DvbLvtL-iue~gO75Dytipf4V8mOD~SCzaw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Limestone_weathering_in_contemporary_arid_environments_a_case_study_from_southern_Tunisia","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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This paper examines the history of these ideas in the context of a spiral growth model, in which progress is punctuated by ‘paradigm shifts’ and important concepts are periodically revisited. This model is used to chart the widespread abandonment of landscape research in Anglo–American geomorphology in the 1960s and 1970s and its replacement with an emphasis on smaller scale process and applied studies that have led to increasingly specialized research more closely allied to other disciplines. It is argued that it is now appropriate to re–think the fundamental goals of geomorphological research and for accumulated process knowledge to be used to bring long–term and broad–scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. This should be undertaken while the background to such studies and the associated pitfalls are retained within the collective academic memory and before ownership of landscape studies is lost to other disciplines.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360132"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360132"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360132; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360132]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360132]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360132; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360132']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360132, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360132]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360132,"title":"Landscape development, collective amnesia and the need for integration in geomorphological research","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies of long–term landscape change have been central to the development of ideas in geomorphology. This paper examines the history of these ideas in the context of a spiral growth model, in which progress is punctuated by ‘paradigm shifts’ and important concepts are periodically revisited. This model is used to chart the widespread abandonment of landscape research in Anglo–American geomorphology in the 1960s and 1970s and its replacement with an emphasis on smaller scale process and applied studies that have led to increasingly specialized research more closely allied to other disciplines. It is argued that it is now appropriate to re–think the fundamental goals of geomorphological research and for accumulated process knowledge to be used to bring long–term and broad–scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. This should be undertaken while the background to such studies and the associated pitfalls are retained within the collective academic memory and before ownership of landscape studies is lost to other disciplines.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Area"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies of long–term landscape change have been central to the development of ideas in geomorphology. This paper examines the history of these ideas in the context of a spiral growth model, in which progress is punctuated by ‘paradigm shifts’ and important concepts are periodically revisited. This model is used to chart the widespread abandonment of landscape research in Anglo–American geomorphology in the 1960s and 1970s and its replacement with an emphasis on smaller scale process and applied studies that have led to increasingly specialized research more closely allied to other disciplines. It is argued that it is now appropriate to re–think the fundamental goals of geomorphological research and for accumulated process knowledge to be used to bring long–term and broad–scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. This should be undertaken while the background to such studies and the associated pitfalls are retained within the collective academic memory and before ownership of landscape studies is lost to other disciplines.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360132/Landscape_development_collective_amnesia_and_the_need_for_integration_in_geomorphological_research","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:01.835-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Landscape_development_collective_amnesia_and_the_need_for_integration_in_geomorphological_research","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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SPECIAL ISSUE Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Page 1. SPECIAL ISSUE Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish lighthouses: implications for the long-term preservation of operational historic buildings PA Warke BJ Smith E. Lehane Received ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360131"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360131"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360131; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360131]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360131]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360131; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360131']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360131, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360131]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360131,"title":"Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish lighthouses: implications for the long-term preservation of operational historic buildings","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Page 1. 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Warke</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MSilva16">M. Silva</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT As the 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil approached in the year 2000, it p...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT As the 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil approached in the year 2000, it provided a stimulus for the country to review the cultural and economic significance of its remaining colonial built heritage. This is not least because of the growing awareness that built heritage is an important attractor for high income tourism and an increasing willingness amongst the population at large to accept colonial artefacts as a legitimate component of national history. Nowhere is this revision more apposite than in the adjacent cities of Rio de Janeiro and Niteroi. In both cities much of the colonial heritage was swept away during the late twentieth century in a tide of reconstruction that was symbolic of self-proclaimed Brazilian modernity and that signified for many a break with their colonial past. Those elements of colonial heritage that have survived have done so largely because of their ownership either by the church or the military. However, whilst this has often protected the overall building, the detailed fabric of such structures has at best been neglected and in many cases abused. As a consequence, stonework, in particular, can exhibit a range of decay features that must be addressed if this heritage is to be preserved and its educational and economic potential realised. In this presentation, we review changing attitudes towards conservation as illustrated by a number of key structures, including the large stone forts that guard the entrance to Guanabara Bay. This is combined with a detailed examination of threats to the integrity of their stonework consequent on prolonged exposure in a humid tropical maritime environment. Most of these structures are built of local, very durable augen gneiss. However, studies of natural rock outcrops show that this rock does weather, and that breakdown can be episodic as localised strength thresholds are breached. Surveys suggest that some buildings may be approaching such threshold conditions, whereby stresses accumulated over centuries of apparent stability, combined with the effects of a more recent increase in atmospheric pollution, could trigger rapid breakdown. Management of this change will require either timely intervention to prevent a switch to rapid breakdown or potentially expensive restoration if warning signs are ignored.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22298449"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22298449"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22298449; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22298449]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22298449]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22298449; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22298449']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22298449, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22298449]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22298449,"title":"Conservation of colonial built heritage: practical considerations and cultural constraints in Rio de Janeiro","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT As the 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil approached in the year 2000, it provided a stimulus for the country to review the cultural and economic significance of its remaining colonial built heritage. 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Lichen coverage may actively protect a surface through shielding by the thallus and the binding and waterproofing of the rock surface and subsurface by fungal hyphae. Passive protection of rock surfaces may be induced by the formation of an insoluble encrustation, such as calcium oxalate, at the lichenrock interface. Recent research suggests that the decay of hyphae, induced by changes in microenvironmental conditions, necrosis, parasitism or the natural physiological traits of particular lichen species, may expose a chemically and physically weakened substrate to dissolution, triggering relatively rapid weathering-related surface lowering. Consequently, certain epilithic crustose and endolithic lichens may induce a period of surface stability throughout the course of their lifespan, followed by a phase of instability and rapid episodic microtopographical evolution after death and decay. A series of conceptual models is proposed to illustrate this idea over short (single lichen lifespan) and long (multiple lichen lifespans) timescales. The models suggest that the microscale biogeomorphological system of lichen-rock interaction is underpinned by non-linear dynamical system theory as it exhibits dynamical instability and is consequently difficult to predict over a long timescale. Dominance by biodeterioration or bioprotection may be altered by changes in lichen species or in environmental conditions over time.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Progress in Physical Geography","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":42988120},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360144/Lichen_induced_biomodification_of_calcareous_surfaces_Bioprotection_versus_biodeterioration","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.864-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42988120,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988120/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Lichen-induced_biomodification_of_calcar20160223-21725-1pukt24.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988120/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Lichen_induced_biomodification_of_calcar.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42988120/Lichen-induced_biomodification_of_calcar20160223-21725-1pukt24-libre.pdf?1456259554=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLichen_induced_biomodification_of_calcar.pdf\u0026Expires=1733101046\u0026Signature=cHsKpdt6ADalpgyW~kDLtPdS1K-ffUS~bGSnLNshiKsyrD50Haw2saBOeDJUBYh0SYC8KTwYjCRje-vA1j2pkD0dTKJsZ95i5HJQgVtgNJwUnIC5O0OxA~EOgUmL~j1jNOm8ikZPR55ztzLzY88NZYk2lYhhMAp5FqclwwOtqKWr6h13uZunS7VZmdDk3sOV7JZ~YSMEZqmQOAV1zfbz9mEG~jI3JyS97y1QGjN7sw7~id8b-FFKypN3yFjGuf72zzNkfcLXnYMeE~bxJhTpG0M7oOpAnIFll7dMl472Rm6JcWoQ4-~mjSg0wxwH6NRpDgC03mIkkEopmrBo13mFuQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Lichen_induced_biomodification_of_calcareous_surfaces_Bioprotection_versus_biodeterioration","translated_slug":"","page_count":28,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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The data indicate the complexity of surface and subsurface temperature response characteristics of different stone types exposed to the same conditions. They also highlight the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on microenvironmental conditions at the rock-air interface. These conditions have significant implications for the nature and rate of weathering activity and may, over time, affect any treatments applied to stone surfaces. Although the studies reviewed were carried out within the subject area of geomorphology, the data reported and the implications for stone weathering arising from them may be of some relevance to the conservation science perspective on deterioration of contemporary, historical, and archaeological stonework.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360143, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360143,"title":"Controls on Stone Temperatures and the Benefits of Interdisciplinary Exchange","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT Data derived from a series of field and laboratory studies of the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on stone temperatures are reported. The data indicate the complexity of surface and subsurface temperature response characteristics of different stone types exposed to the same conditions. They also highlight the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on microenvironmental conditions at the rock-air interface. These conditions have significant implications for the nature and rate of weathering activity and may, over time, affect any treatments applied to stone surfaces. Although the studies reviewed were carried out within the subject area of geomorphology, the data reported and the implications for stone weathering arising from them may be of some relevance to the conservation science perspective on deterioration of contemporary, historical, and archaeological stonework.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2000,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT Data derived from a series of field and laboratory studies of the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on stone temperatures are reported. The data indicate the complexity of surface and subsurface temperature response characteristics of different stone types exposed to the same conditions. They also highlight the influence of albedo and thermal conductivity on microenvironmental conditions at the rock-air interface. These conditions have significant implications for the nature and rate of weathering activity and may, over time, affect any treatments applied to stone surfaces. Although the studies reviewed were carried out within the subject area of geomorphology, the data reported and the implications for stone weathering arising from them may be of some relevance to the conservation science perspective on deterioration of contemporary, historical, and archaeological stonework.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360143/Controls_on_Stone_Temperatures_and_the_Benefits_of_Interdisciplinary_Exchange","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.738-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Controls_on_Stone_Temperatures_and_the_Benefits_of_Interdisciplinary_Exchange","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":152388,"name":"Art Theory and Criticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_Theory_and_Criticism"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360142"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360142/Complex_weathering_effects_on_durability_characteristics_of_building_stone"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Complex weathering effects on durability characteristics of building stone" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360142/Complex_weathering_effects_on_durability_characteristics_of_building_stone">Complex weathering effects on durability characteristics of building stone</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Durability characteristics of five stone types are assessed and compared using the stand...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Durability characteristics of five stone types are assessed and compared using the standardized sodium sulphate salt crystallization test and a modified laboratory weathering simulation in which a combination of salt weathering (Na(2)SO(4)) and freeze-thaw cycles are used. Data indicate significant differences in durability rankings between the two test methods especially in lower-order durability stone types. Both the standard salt crystallization test and the modified durability test identify Leinster Granite and Stanton Moor B Sandstone as the most durable of the five stone types, with the granite performing well under both sets of conditions. Discrepancy between rankings arises in the lower orders, with Portland Limestone, Stanton Moor A Sandstone and especially Dumfries Sandstone responding differently to the two sets of experimental conditions. In the modified durability test the range of permeability values for each stone type produced the same ranking as that indicated by mean percentage weight change values but mean permeability values for each stone type do not appear to be reliable predictors of weathering response. Differences in durability rankings between the two test regimes are attributed in the first instance to the temperature conditions used, with more extreme and unrealistic heating to 103 degrees C in the standardized test &amp;#39;over-weathering&amp;#39; stone while conditions in the modified test allowed the development of stone-specific decay characteristics. Inclusion of salt weathering and freeze-thaw cycles in the modified test introduced complexity into the decay process that more accurately reflects &amp;#39;real-world&amp;#39; conditions. Data also indicate that relatively minor structural and mineralogical differences between samples of the same stone type can significantly influence weathering behaviour, resulting in distinct rates and patterns of breakdown.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360142"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360142"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360142; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360142]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360142]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360142; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360142']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360142, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360142]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360142,"title":"Complex weathering effects on durability characteristics of building stone","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT Durability characteristics of five stone types are assessed and compared using the standardized sodium sulphate salt crystallization test and a modified laboratory weathering simulation in which a combination of salt weathering (Na(2)SO(4)) and freeze-thaw cycles are used. Data indicate significant differences in durability rankings between the two test methods especially in lower-order durability stone types. Both the standard salt crystallization test and the modified durability test identify Leinster Granite and Stanton Moor B Sandstone as the most durable of the five stone types, with the granite performing well under both sets of conditions. Discrepancy between rankings arises in the lower orders, with Portland Limestone, Stanton Moor A Sandstone and especially Dumfries Sandstone responding differently to the two sets of experimental conditions. In the modified durability test the range of permeability values for each stone type produced the same ranking as that indicated by mean percentage weight change values but mean permeability values for each stone type do not appear to be reliable predictors of weathering response. Differences in durability rankings between the two test regimes are attributed in the first instance to the temperature conditions used, with more extreme and unrealistic heating to 103 degrees C in the standardized test \u0026amp;#39;over-weathering\u0026amp;#39; stone while conditions in the modified test allowed the development of stone-specific decay characteristics. Inclusion of salt weathering and freeze-thaw cycles in the modified test introduced complexity into the decay process that more accurately reflects \u0026amp;#39;real-world\u0026amp;#39; conditions. Data also indicate that relatively minor structural and mineralogical differences between samples of the same stone type can significantly influence weathering behaviour, resulting in distinct rates and patterns of breakdown.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT Durability characteristics of five stone types are assessed and compared using the standardized sodium sulphate salt crystallization test and a modified laboratory weathering simulation in which a combination of salt weathering (Na(2)SO(4)) and freeze-thaw cycles are used. Data indicate significant differences in durability rankings between the two test methods especially in lower-order durability stone types. Both the standard salt crystallization test and the modified durability test identify Leinster Granite and Stanton Moor B Sandstone as the most durable of the five stone types, with the granite performing well under both sets of conditions. Discrepancy between rankings arises in the lower orders, with Portland Limestone, Stanton Moor A Sandstone and especially Dumfries Sandstone responding differently to the two sets of experimental conditions. In the modified durability test the range of permeability values for each stone type produced the same ranking as that indicated by mean percentage weight change values but mean permeability values for each stone type do not appear to be reliable predictors of weathering response. Differences in durability rankings between the two test regimes are attributed in the first instance to the temperature conditions used, with more extreme and unrealistic heating to 103 degrees C in the standardized test \u0026amp;#39;over-weathering\u0026amp;#39; stone while conditions in the modified test allowed the development of stone-specific decay characteristics. Inclusion of salt weathering and freeze-thaw cycles in the modified test introduced complexity into the decay process that more accurately reflects \u0026amp;#39;real-world\u0026amp;#39; conditions. Data also indicate that relatively minor structural and mineralogical differences between samples of the same stone type can significantly influence weathering behaviour, resulting in distinct rates and patterns of breakdown.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360142/Complex_weathering_effects_on_durability_characteristics_of_building_stone","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.572-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Complex_weathering_effects_on_durability_characteristics_of_building_stone","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360141"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360141/An_holistic_approach_to_the_assessment_of_stone_decay_Bonamargy_Friary_Northern_Ireland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An holistic approach to the assessment of stone decay: Bonamargy Friary, Northern Ireland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360141/An_holistic_approach_to_the_assessment_of_stone_decay_Bonamargy_Friary_Northern_Ireland">An holistic approach to the assessment of stone decay: Bonamargy Friary, Northern Ireland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Decay mapping and condition assessment have proved to be useful tools in understanding s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Decay mapping and condition assessment have proved to be useful tools in understanding stone decay and identification of remedial action. In this paper an holistic strategy is taken to the study of façade decay at the medieval Bonamargy Friary, on the north Antrim coast, Northern Ireland. After lithology and decay forms are mapped, interrelationships between decay form, stone type and environment are identified and quantified. This is accomplished through analysis of the spatial association of decay forms ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360141"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360141"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360141; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360141]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360141]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360141; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360141']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360141, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360141]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360141,"title":"An holistic approach to the assessment of stone decay: Bonamargy Friary, Northern Ireland","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract Decay mapping and condition assessment have proved to be useful tools in understanding stone decay and identification of remedial action. 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This is accomplished through analysis of the spatial association of decay forms ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360141/An_holistic_approach_to_the_assessment_of_stone_decay_Bonamargy_Friary_Northern_Ireland","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.185-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"An_holistic_approach_to_the_assessment_of_stone_decay_Bonamargy_Friary_Northern_Ireland","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360140"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360140/Introduction_and_background_interpretations_of_landscape_change"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction and background: interpretations of landscape change" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360140/Introduction_and_background_interpretations_of_landscape_change">Introduction and background: interpretations of landscape change</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</span><span>, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360140"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360140"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360140; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360140]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360140]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360140; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360140']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360140, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360140]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360140,"title":"Introduction and background: interpretations of landscape change","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360140/Introduction_and_background_interpretations_of_landscape_change","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:04.087-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Introduction_and_background_interpretations_of_landscape_change","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"},{"id":182357,"name":"Landscape change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_change"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360139"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360139/A_legacy_of_mistreatment_conceptualizing_the_decay_of_medieval_sandstones_in_NE_Ireland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A legacy of mistreatment: conceptualizing the decay of medieval sandstones in NE Ireland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360139/A_legacy_of_mistreatment_conceptualizing_the_decay_of_medieval_sandstones_in_NE_Ireland">A legacy of mistreatment: conceptualizing the decay of medieval sandstones in NE Ireland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ir...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ireland. This paper explores the reasons why, and the ways in which, medieval sandstone monuments decay in the temperate Atlantic maritime environment of the north Antrim coast, using Bonamargy Friary, Ballycastle, as a case study. Monumental stone decay is placed in the context of inheritance and sensitivity to change, that is, the ability or inability of a sandstone to absorb change as a result of the past stress events it ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360139"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360139"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360139; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360139]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360139]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360139; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360139']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360139, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360139]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360139,"title":"A legacy of mistreatment: conceptualizing the decay of medieval sandstones in NE Ireland","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ireland. This paper explores the reasons why, and the ways in which, medieval sandstone monuments decay in the temperate Atlantic maritime environment of the north Antrim coast, using Bonamargy Friary, Ballycastle, as a case study. Monumental stone decay is placed in the context of inheritance and sensitivity to change, that is, the ability or inability of a sandstone to absorb change as a result of the past stress events it ...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"},"translated_abstract":"Abstract Sandstone is commonly used as a building material in medieval monuments throughout NE Ireland. This paper explores the reasons why, and the ways in which, medieval sandstone monuments decay in the temperate Atlantic maritime environment of the north Antrim coast, using Bonamargy Friary, Ballycastle, as a case study. Monumental stone decay is placed in the context of inheritance and sensitivity to change, that is, the ability or inability of a sandstone to absorb change as a result of the past stress events it ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360139/A_legacy_of_mistreatment_conceptualizing_the_decay_of_medieval_sandstones_in_NE_Ireland","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:03.899-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"A_legacy_of_mistreatment_conceptualizing_the_decay_of_medieval_sandstones_in_NE_Ireland","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. Warke","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WarkeP"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360138"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360138/The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_Brazil_and_its_implications_for_the_conservation_of_colonial_built_heritage"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The decay of coastal forts in southeast Brazil and its implications for the conservation of colonial built heritage" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988122/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360138/The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_Brazil_and_its_implications_for_the_conservation_of_colonial_built_heritage">The decay of coastal forts in southeast Brazil and its implications for the conservation of colonial built heritage</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Environmental Geology</span><span>, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3f2e9490bfa5f46b620f40542e18e005" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42988122,"asset_id":22360138,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988122/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360138"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360138"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360138; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360138]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360138]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360138; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360138']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360138, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3f2e9490bfa5f46b620f40542e18e005" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360138]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360138,"title":"The decay of coastal forts in southeast Brazil and its implications for the conservation of colonial built heritage","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Decay of Coastal Forts in Southeast Brazil: Conservation Challenges","grobid_abstract":"The 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil was celebrated in 2000 and highlighted the need to review the condition of the country's remaining colonial built heritage. This revision is particularly apposite in the adjacent cities of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, where the heritage that survived twentieth century reconstruction has done so largely because of ownership by the church or military. However, whilst this may have protected buildings from demolition, detailed fabric can be neglected or abused. This paper investigates this possibility through an examination of two forts, built primarily of local augen gneiss, that guard the entrance to Guanabara Bay. Natural outcrops exposed to the same humid sub-tropical maritime environment show that this rock is susceptible to slow disaggregation through salt weathering. Surveys suggest that stonework in the forts that is sheltered from rainwash is heavily loaded with salt and has passed a threshold, wherein stresses accumulated over centuries of apparent stability, combined with the effects of a more recent increase in atmospheric pollution and apparently inappropriate intervention (re-pointing), have triggered rapid breakdown that requires immediate intervention.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2004,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Environmental Geology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":42988122},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360138/The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_Brazil_and_its_implications_for_the_conservation_of_colonial_built_heritage","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:03.071-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42988122,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988122/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_20160223-25704-1q0rubk.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988122/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42988122/The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_20160223-25704-1q0rubk-libre.pdf?1456259552=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast.pdf\u0026Expires=1733101046\u0026Signature=atJ7HtT5lmhRmeWNqijhbZPVEcTIBLb2aH~84pECQMD4fKxP22-tDGF0ylg6JLrZWritFqIHCAY6usU~kCjbXLpo6vHpcF1yAtW1GfBVwglzG0xMehw8cJCvYSEm5lnXN5fEoJFsjkmaByhwtmfiGGDefwUAJIkBwd2nxT9urcCL0pD1MeyhWzWEPPahPF~J80N1lk2RMloRR8zcv~YtRUIw5fGuvXXumf~EJqFz7F6eBxEnDtxQOmT3DjZwc5LDbBW6Loi7uCke6h5vNj894v04-KsTQLnAtuU9iIqAT75d5MvX1Q2DqvWRe6dpsvrRKVIFnyYNAAXC20VICKrc3A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_decay_of_coastal_forts_in_southeast_Brazil_and_its_implications_for_the_conservation_of_colonial_built_heritage","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360137"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360137/Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_of_complex_stress_histories_on_sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_laboratory_simulations_of_process_combinations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary observations on the impact of complex stress histories on sandstone response to salt weathering: laboratory simulations of process combinations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988119/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360137/Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_of_complex_stress_histories_on_sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_laboratory_simulations_of_process_combinations">Preliminary observations on the impact of complex stress histories on sandstone response to salt weathering: laboratory simulations of process combinations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Environmental Geology</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="252d8ee80851075d333dcbdf121dd420" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42988119,"asset_id":22360137,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988119/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360137"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360137]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360137; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360137']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360137, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "252d8ee80851075d333dcbdf121dd420" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360137]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360137,"title":"Preliminary observations on the impact of complex stress histories on sandstone response to salt weathering: laboratory simulations of process combinations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Historic sandstone structures carry an inheritance, or a 'memory', of past stresses that the stone has undergone since its placement in a façade. This inheritance, which conditions present day performance, may be made up of long-term exposure to a combination of low magnitude background environmental factors (for example, salt weathering, temperature and moisture cycling) and, superimposed upon these, less frequent but potentially high magnitude events or 'exceptional' factors (for example, lime rendering, severe frost events, fire). The impact of complex histories on the decay pathways of historic sandstone is not clearly understood, but this paper seeks to improve that understanding through the use of a laboratory 'process combination' study. Blocks of quartz sandstone (Peakmoor, from NW England) were divided into subsets that experienced different histories (lime rendering and removal, fire and freeze-thaw cycles in isolation and combination) that reflected the event timeline of a real medieval sandstone monument in NE Ireland, Bonamargy Friary ). These subsets were then subject to salt weathering cycles using a 10% salt solution of NaCl and MgSO 4 that represents the 'every-day' stress environment of, for example, sandstone structures in coastal, or polluted urban, location. Block response to salt weathering was monitored by collecting, drying and weighing the debris that was released as blocks were immersed in the salt solution at the beginning of each cycle. The results illustrate the complexity of the stone decay system, showing that seemingly small variations in stress history can produce divergent response to salt weathering cycles. Applied to real-world historic sandstone structures, this concept may help to explain the spatial and temporal variability of sandstone response to background environmental factors on a single façade, and encourage conservators to include the role of stress inheritance when selecting and implementing conservation strategies.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Environmental Geology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":42988119},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360137/Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_of_complex_stress_histories_on_sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_laboratory_simulations_of_process_combinations","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:02.897-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42988119,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988119/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s00254-006-0531-7.pdf20160223-29663-1n93fx4","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988119/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_o.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42988119/s00254-006-0531-7-libre.pdf20160223-29663-1n93fx4?1456259552=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPreliminary_observations_on_the_impact_o.pdf\u0026Expires=1733101046\u0026Signature=QtqlxDgOqpREF9O9CP6hlP~62w8V~ZqEa2qpRtZ~5Ip4~jSpAbb8fe3zoOcTH7LitpiNL3bbbRQ-sof2a4wNDk5gjGs2MofhjzXCr6L-XO0WHvrwyZPPi-HVa7ygKJCH1vtPYbzK9pYj89sDxesJWgiEHpiAmmrBAVfZatKUKjKUvr~WOqzN3HcFPw1sKOlL46GbCICeUZYjucBfaMkUlJg7gdAE99-Gr828gibRz-4UxmL0qywouE2~~tf9w2dqCieTcuxAdruAjmPH4qMt7t95BECDM-D3n1smBI~ZQF772V3tX0GyKOK5F1ZNZMeD6Bj30cpCCpvHac7cYKTH5w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Preliminary_observations_on_the_impact_of_complex_stress_histories_on_sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_laboratory_simulations_of_process_combinations","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22360136"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360136/Exploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fire_damaged_building_sandstone_the_fatiguing_of_shocked_stone"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Exploitation of inherited weakness in fire-damaged building sandstone: the ‘fatiguing’ of ‘shocked’ stone" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988118/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22360136/Exploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fire_damaged_building_sandstone_the_fatiguing_of_shocked_stone">Exploitation of inherited weakness in fire-damaged building sandstone: the ‘fatiguing’ of ‘shocked’ stone</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Engineering Geology</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e5b573986a0a87e400602b1b4817f3ce" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42988118,"asset_id":22360136,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988118/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360136"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360136"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360136; 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Much research focuses on the damage that is caused by fire in isolation, and omits to investigate the subsequent exploitation of weaknesses inherited from fire events. Fire can, for example, cause significant physical, chemical and mineralogical change to sandstone, which may then be exploited by background environmental factors such as salt and freeze-thaw weathering. To explore this experimentally, blocks of Peakmoor Sandstone were subjected to a real fire (as well as lime rendering/removal and frost cycle pre-treatments), and their subsequent response to salt weathering cycles was monitored by weight loss and visual assessment of the pattern of surface damage. Results illustrate that the post-fire deterioration of sandstone is strongly conditioned by fracture networks and soot cover inherited from the fire. The exploitation of fractures can lead to spalling during salt weathering cyclesthis takes place as granular dissagregation steadily widens cracks and salts concentrate and crystallise in areas of inherited weakness. Soot cover can have a profound effect on subsequent performance. It reduces surface permeability and can be hydrophobic in character, limiting salt ingress and suppressing decay in the short term. However, as salt crystals concentrate under the soot crust, detachment of this layer can occur, exposing fire-damaged stone beneath. Understanding the subsequent exploitation of stone exposed to fire damage by background environmental factors (for example, salt weathering/ temperature cycling) is key to the post-fire management of stone decay.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Engineering Geology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":42988118},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360136/Exploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fire_damaged_building_sandstone_the_fatiguing_of_shocked_stone","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:02.712-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42988118,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42988118/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.enggeo.2009.06.003.pdf20160223-21707-1yoeakb","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42988118/download_file?st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA5NzQ0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Exploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42988118/j.enggeo.2009.06.003-libre.pdf20160223-21707-1yoeakb?1456259553=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fi.pdf\u0026Expires=1733101046\u0026Signature=DkKcr8qmysSlmn5yGWGCqynZ33uX1dhGBo4NS5AHZ7X2LE74n8eULOY-c9zs5QzT8ACnHwoVZMGvbmAfsHK-YM957NOHiY961tteq8Q29panLLUZIfHtWFCsv1o6oyeAefe9Gj~JHo-8YaR6~kXZPOo4KwQ~1vV48M8P-KdJ6hLwdwcUxQIxB6xXXidTrUGSMl0jbHG-E8qCa~I5WS0wfM5xZn-ezFn~p4ySSrDJ3wngktD69GDeORnwp2mK3ZJkRcp1bvurxJkQSSRhwSY0zt7w5m9Ytr70QxTyNLAfgOqI1ecybXvqdHcPlNhSLNacC9Uio6o2w6UoK32keGyyoQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Exploitation_of_inherited_weakness_in_fire_damaged_building_sandstone_the_fatiguing_of_shocked_stone","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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Our understanding of the i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Fire has long been recognized as an agent of rock weathering. Our understanding of the impact of fire on stone comes either from early anecdotal evidence, or from more recent laboratory simulation studies, using furnaces to simulate the effects of fire. This paper suggests that knowledge derived from simulated heating experiments is based on the pre-conceptions of the experiment designer–when using a furnace to simulate fire, the operator decides on the maximum temperature and the duration of the experiment. These are key ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360135"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360135]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360135']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360135, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360135]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360135,"title":"Sandstone response to salt weathering following simulated fire damage: a comparison of the effects of furnace heating and fire","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract Fire has long been recognized as an agent of rock weathering. 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This paper suggests that knowledge derived from simulated heating experiments is based on the pre-conceptions of the experiment designer–when using a furnace to simulate fire, the operator decides on the maximum temperature and the duration of the experiment. These are key ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360135/Sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_following_simulated_fire_damage_a_comparison_of_the_effects_of_furnace_heating_and_fire","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:02.484-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Sandstone_response_to_salt_weathering_following_simulated_fire_damage_a_comparison_of_the_effects_of_furnace_heating_and_fire","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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Active weathering is concentrated in topographic lows (pits and pans) that concentrate available moisture and are associated with endolithic and epilithic algae responsible for algal boring, plucking and etching of the limestone substrate. Deposits of gypsum have concentrated through evaporation within hollows and occur as isolated patches of tabular crystals indicating an additional weathering agent characteristic of arid environments. The active development of a complex microkarst and associated salt weathering are combining to destroy linear karstic features such as rillenkarren, widespread case-hardening and in places patches of ironand manganese-rich rock varnishes. The complexity of active and inherited weathering features belies the perceived simplicity and lack of weathering opportunities associated with aridity. Instead it focuses on the need to consider the nature of microclimatic conditions at the rock/air interface especially when seeking to define desert weathering environments. 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This paper examines the history of these ideas in the context of a spiral growth model, in which progress is punctuated by ‘paradigm shifts’ and important concepts are periodically revisited. This model is used to chart the widespread abandonment of landscape research in Anglo–American geomorphology in the 1960s and 1970s and its replacement with an emphasis on smaller scale process and applied studies that have led to increasingly specialized research more closely allied to other disciplines. It is argued that it is now appropriate to re–think the fundamental goals of geomorphological research and for accumulated process knowledge to be used to bring long–term and broad–scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. This should be undertaken while the background to such studies and the associated pitfalls are retained within the collective academic memory and before ownership of landscape studies is lost to other disciplines.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360132"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360132"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360132; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360132]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360132]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360132; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360132']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360132, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360132]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360132,"title":"Landscape development, collective amnesia and the need for integration in geomorphological research","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies of long–term landscape change have been central to the development of ideas in geomorphology. This paper examines the history of these ideas in the context of a spiral growth model, in which progress is punctuated by ‘paradigm shifts’ and important concepts are periodically revisited. This model is used to chart the widespread abandonment of landscape research in Anglo–American geomorphology in the 1960s and 1970s and its replacement with an emphasis on smaller scale process and applied studies that have led to increasingly specialized research more closely allied to other disciplines. It is argued that it is now appropriate to re–think the fundamental goals of geomorphological research and for accumulated process knowledge to be used to bring long–term and broad–scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. This should be undertaken while the background to such studies and the associated pitfalls are retained within the collective academic memory and before ownership of landscape studies is lost to other disciplines.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Area"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies of long–term landscape change have been central to the development of ideas in geomorphology. This paper examines the history of these ideas in the context of a spiral growth model, in which progress is punctuated by ‘paradigm shifts’ and important concepts are periodically revisited. This model is used to chart the widespread abandonment of landscape research in Anglo–American geomorphology in the 1960s and 1970s and its replacement with an emphasis on smaller scale process and applied studies that have led to increasingly specialized research more closely allied to other disciplines. It is argued that it is now appropriate to re–think the fundamental goals of geomorphological research and for accumulated process knowledge to be used to bring long–term and broad–scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. This should be undertaken while the background to such studies and the associated pitfalls are retained within the collective academic memory and before ownership of landscape studies is lost to other disciplines.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22360132/Landscape_development_collective_amnesia_and_the_need_for_integration_in_geomorphological_research","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-02-23T12:13:01.835-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":43702529,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Landscape_development_collective_amnesia_and_the_need_for_integration_in_geomorphological_research","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":43702529,"first_name":"P.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Warke","page_name":"WarkeP","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-02-22T08:25:08.274-08:00","display_name":"P. 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SPECIAL ISSUE Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Page 1. SPECIAL ISSUE Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish lighthouses: implications for the long-term preservation of operational historic buildings PA Warke BJ Smith E. Lehane Received ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22360131"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22360131"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360131; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360131]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22360131]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22360131; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22360131']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22360131, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22360131]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22360131,"title":"Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish lighthouses: implications for the long-term preservation of operational historic buildings","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Page 1. 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Warke</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MSilva16">M. Silva</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT As the 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil approached in the year 2000, it p...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT As the 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil approached in the year 2000, it provided a stimulus for the country to review the cultural and economic significance of its remaining colonial built heritage. This is not least because of the growing awareness that built heritage is an important attractor for high income tourism and an increasing willingness amongst the population at large to accept colonial artefacts as a legitimate component of national history. Nowhere is this revision more apposite than in the adjacent cities of Rio de Janeiro and Niteroi. In both cities much of the colonial heritage was swept away during the late twentieth century in a tide of reconstruction that was symbolic of self-proclaimed Brazilian modernity and that signified for many a break with their colonial past. Those elements of colonial heritage that have survived have done so largely because of their ownership either by the church or the military. However, whilst this has often protected the overall building, the detailed fabric of such structures has at best been neglected and in many cases abused. As a consequence, stonework, in particular, can exhibit a range of decay features that must be addressed if this heritage is to be preserved and its educational and economic potential realised. In this presentation, we review changing attitudes towards conservation as illustrated by a number of key structures, including the large stone forts that guard the entrance to Guanabara Bay. This is combined with a detailed examination of threats to the integrity of their stonework consequent on prolonged exposure in a humid tropical maritime environment. Most of these structures are built of local, very durable augen gneiss. However, studies of natural rock outcrops show that this rock does weather, and that breakdown can be episodic as localised strength thresholds are breached. Surveys suggest that some buildings may be approaching such threshold conditions, whereby stresses accumulated over centuries of apparent stability, combined with the effects of a more recent increase in atmospheric pollution, could trigger rapid breakdown. Management of this change will require either timely intervention to prevent a switch to rapid breakdown or potentially expensive restoration if warning signs are ignored.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22298449"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22298449"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22298449; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22298449]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22298449]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22298449; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='22298449']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22298449, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=22298449]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":22298449,"title":"Conservation of colonial built heritage: practical considerations and cultural constraints in Rio de Janeiro","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT As the 500th anniversary of European arrival in Brazil approached in the year 2000, it provided a stimulus for the country to review the cultural and economic significance of its remaining colonial built heritage. 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