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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A7&returnto=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="ඔබ ගිණුමක් තනා පිවිසෙන්නේ නම් මැනවි; කෙසේ වුවත්, එය අනිවාර්ය නොවේ." class=""><span>ගිණුමක් තනන්න</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA&returnto=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="අඩවියට පිවිසීමට ඔබව දිරිගැන්වේ. එහෙත් පිවිසීම අනිවාර්ය නොවේ. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>පිවිසෙන්න</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="පුද්ගලික මෙවලම්" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">පුද්ගලික මෙවලම්</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_si.wikipedia.org&uselang=si"><span>පරිත්‍යාග</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A7&returnto=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="ඔබ ගිණුමක් තනා පිවිසෙන්නේ නම් මැනවි; කෙසේ වුවත්, එය අනිවාර්ය නොවේ."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ගිණුමක් තනන්න</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA&returnto=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="අඩවියට පිවිසීමට ඔබව දිරිගැන්වේ. එහෙත් පිවිසීම අනිවාර්ය නොවේ. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>පිවිසෙන්න</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>දායකත්වයන්</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මෙම අන්තර්ජාල ලිපිනයෙන් කර ඇති සංස්කරණයන් පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාව [n]" accesskey="n"><span>සාකච්ඡාව</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-General_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>General properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basic terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_classification_of_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_classification_of_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Functional classification of writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functional_classification_of_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functional classification of writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functional_classification_of_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logographic_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logographic_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Logographic writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logographic_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllabic_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabic_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Syllabic writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllabic_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabetic_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabetic_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Alphabetic writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabetic_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abjads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abjads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Abjads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abjads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abugidas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abugidas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Abugidas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abugidas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Featural_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Featural_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Featural writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Featural_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguous_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguous_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ambiguous systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambiguous_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_classification_of_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_classification_of_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Graphic classification of writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Graphic_classification_of_writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Graphic classification of writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Graphic_classification_of_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Directionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Directionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems_on_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems_on_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing systems on computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems_on_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">අක්ෂර ක්‍රම</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryfstelsel" title="Skryfstelsel – අෆ්‍රිකාන්ස්" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skryfstelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="අෆ්‍රිකාන්ස්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – ස්විස් ජර්මානු" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ස්විස් ජර්මානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%95%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" title="የዓለም ጽሕፈቶች – ඇම්හාරික්" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዓለም ጽሕፈቶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="ඇම්හාරික්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura – ඇරගොනීස්" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sistema d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ඇරගොනීස්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="نظام كتابة – අරාබි" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام كتابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="අරාබි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سيستم كتابه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيستم كتابه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখন পদ্ধতি – ඇසෑම්" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিখন পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ඇසෑම්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura – ඇස්ටියුරියන්" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ඇස්ටියුරියන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хъвавул система – ඇවරික්" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъвавул система" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="ඇවරික්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqa" title="Qillqa – අයිමරා" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qillqa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="අයිමරා" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_sistemi" title="Yazı sistemi – අසර්බයිජාන්" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yazı sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="අසර්බයිජාන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یازی سیستمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یازی سیستمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Яҙма (Әлифба) – බාෂ්කිර්" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҙма (Әлифба)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="බාෂ්කිර්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ta_s%C4%97stema" title="Rašta sėstema – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rašta sėstema" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_nin_panurat" title="Sistema nin panurat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sistema nin panurat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пісьменства – බෙලරුසියානු" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісьменства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="බෙලරුසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пісьменства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісьменства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Писменост – බල්ගේරියානු" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="බල්ගේරියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="लिखाई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिखाई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_Tulisan" title="Sistim Tulisan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sistim Tulisan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখন পদ্ধতি – බෙංගාලි" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিখন পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="බෙංගාලි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doare-skriva%C3%B1" title="Doare-skrivañ – බ්‍රේටොන්" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Doare-skrivañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="බ්‍රේටොන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_(jezik)" title="Pismo (jezik) – බොස්නියානු" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pismo (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="බොස්නියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escriptura" title="Sistema d'escriptura – කැටලන්" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema d'escriptura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="කැටලන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Йоза – චෙච්නියානු" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="චෙච්නියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="විශේෂාංග ලිපි"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_sa_pagsulat" title="Sistema sa pagsulat – සෙබුඅනො" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sistema sa pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="සෙබුඅනො" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیستمی نووسین – සොරානි කුර්දිෂ්" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی نووسین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="සොරානි කුර්දිෂ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmo" title="Písmo – චෙක්" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="චෙක්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Çырулăх – චවේෂ්" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çырулăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="චවේෂ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_ysgrifennu" title="System ysgrifennu – වෙල්ෂ්" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="System ysgrifennu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="වෙල්ෂ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – ඩැනිශ්" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ඩැනිශ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – ජර්මන්" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ජර්මන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%AA_nu%C5%9Ft%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Sistemê nuştışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sistemê nuştışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Σύστημα γραφής – ග්‍රීක" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα γραφής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ග්‍රීක" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system – ඉංග්‍රීසි" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Writing system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ඉංග්‍රීසි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skribsistemo" title="Skribsistemo – එස්පැරන්ටෝ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skribsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="එස්පැරන්ටෝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escritura" title="Sistema de escritura – ස්පාඤ්ඤ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de escritura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ස්පාඤ්ඤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_(keeleteadus)" title="Kiri (keeleteadus) – එස්තෝනියානු" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiri (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="එස්තෝනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazkera_sistema" title="Idazkera sistema – බාස්ක්" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idazkera sistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="බාස්ක්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="خط (نوشتار) – පර්සියානු" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط (نوشتار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="පර්සියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjoitusj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Kirjoitusjärjestelmä – ෆින්ලන්ත" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjoitusjärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ෆින්ලන්ත" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Système d'écriture – ප්‍රංශ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système d'écriture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ප්‍රංශ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skraft" title="Skraft – උතුරු ෆ්‍රිසියානු" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="උතුරු ෆ්‍රිසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – බටහිර ෆ්‍රිසියානු" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="බටහිර ෆ්‍රිසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escrita" title="Sistema de escrita – ගැලීසියානු" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistema de escrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ගැලීසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corys_screeuee" title="Corys screeuee – මැන්ක්ස්" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Corys screeuee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="මැන්ක්ස්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91" title="כתב – හීබෲ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="හීබෲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – හින්දි" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="හින්දි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhaai" title="Likhaai – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Likhaai" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo" title="Pismo – කෝඒෂියානු" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="කෝඒෂියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8m_ekriti" title="Sistèm ekriti – හයිටි" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sistèm ekriti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="හයිටි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Գիր – ආර්මේනියානු" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ආර්මේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – ඉන්දුනීසියානු" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ඉන්දුනීසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoro_ide_ihe" title="Usoro ide ihe – ඉග්බෝ" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Usoro ide ihe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ඉග්බෝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ti_panagsurat" title="Sistema ti panagsurat – ඉලොකො" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sistema ti panagsurat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ඉලොකො" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Йоазув – ඉන්ගුෂ්" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йоазув" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ඉන්ගුෂ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifletur" title="Skrifletur – අයිස්ලන්ත" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrifletur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="අයිස්ලන්ත" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_scrittura" title="Sistema di scrittura – ඉතාලි" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di scrittura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ඉතාලි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – ජපන්" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ජපන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – ජාවා" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ජාවා" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დამწერლობა – ජෝර්ජියානු" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ජෝර්ජියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Жазу – කසාඛ්" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="කසාඛ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಪಿ – කණ්ණඩ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="කණ්ණඩ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="문자 – කොරියානු" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="කොරියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Джазма – කරන්චි-බාකර්" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джазма" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="කරන්චි-බාකර්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergala_niv%C3%AEs%C3%AA" title="Pergala nivîsê – කුර්දි" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pergala nivîsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="කුර්දි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreyth_skrifa" title="Kevreyth skrifa – කෝනීසියානු" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kevreyth skrifa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="කෝනීසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_scripturae" title="Systema scripturae – ලතින්" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systema scripturae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ලතින්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%ABft" title="Schrëft – ලක්සැම්බර්ග්" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrëft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ලක්සැම්බර්ග්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemes_de_scrive" title="Sistemes de scrive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sistemes de scrive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjrifsysteem" title="Sjrifsysteem – ලිම්බර්ගිශ්" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjrifsysteem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ලිම්බර්ගිශ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritura" title="Scritura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scritura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_scritura" title="Sistema de scritura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sistema de scritura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1to_sistema" title="Rašto sistema – ලිතුවේනියානු" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rašto sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ලිතුවේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roksts_(raksteiba)" title="Roksts (raksteiba) – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Roksts (raksteiba)" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakst%C4%ABba" title="Rakstība – ලැට්වියානු" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ලැට්වියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – මයිතිලි" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="මයිතිලි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Писмо – මැසිඩෝනියානු" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="මැසිඩෝනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ലിപി – මලයාලම්" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="මලයාලම්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – මනිපුරි" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="මනිපුරි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="लिपी – මරාති" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="මරාති" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_tulisan" title="Sistem tulisan – මැලේ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem tulisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="මැලේ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="خط – මැසන්ඩරනි" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خط" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="මැසන්ඩරනි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – පහළ ජර්මන්" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="පහළ ජර්මන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – නේපාල" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="නේපාල" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – නෙවාරි" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="නෙවාරි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – ලන්දේසි" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ලන්දේසි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – නෝර්වීජියානු නයිනෝර්ස්ක්" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="නෝර්වීජියානු නයිනෝර්ස්ක්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – නෝර්වීජියානු බොක්මල්" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="නෝර්වීජියානු බොක්මල්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manni%C3%A9the_d%27%C3%AAcrithe" title="Manniéthe d'êcrithe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Manniéthe d'êcrithe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_bee_%C3%A1l%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Saad bee álʼíní – නවාජො" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Saad bee álʼíní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="නවාජො" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_d%27escritura" title="Sistèma d'escritura – ඔසිටාන්" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ඔසිටාන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjutussistiemu" title="Kirjutussistiemu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjutussistiemu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿਪੀ – පන්ජාබි" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="පන්ජාබි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Sistème d'écriture – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sistème d'écriture" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_pisma" title="System pisma – පෝලන්ත" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System pisma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="පෝලන්ත" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="ليک – පෂ්ටො" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="පෂ්ටො" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escrita" title="Sistema de escrita – පෘතුගීසි" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de escrita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="පෘතුගීසි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqa" title="Qillqa – ක්වීචුවා" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ක්වීචුවා" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_scriere" title="Sistem de scriere – රොමේනියානු" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem de scriere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="රොමේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Письменность – රුසියානු" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Письменность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="රුසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="लिपयः – සංස්කෘත" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लिपयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="සංස්කෘත" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writin_seestem" title="Writin seestem – ස්කොට්ස්" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Writin seestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ස්කොට්ස්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="لکت سرشتو – සින්ධි" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لکت سرشتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="සින්ධි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_(znakovi)" title="Pismo (znakovi) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pismo (znakovi)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Writing system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmo_(jazykoveda)" title="Písmo (jazykoveda) – ස්ලෝවැක්" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Písmo (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ස්ලෝවැක්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisava" title="Pisava – ස්ලෝවේනියානු" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ස්ලෝවේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_i_shkrimit" title="Sistemi i shkrimit – ඇල්බේනියානු" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi i shkrimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ඇල්බේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Писмо – සර්බියානු" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="සර්බියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – සන්ඩනීසියානු" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="සන්ඩනීසියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – ස්වීඩන්" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ස්වීඩන්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maandishi" title="Maandishi – ස්වාහිලි" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maandishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ස්වාහිලි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="எழுத்து முறை – දෙමළ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்து முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="දෙමළ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಪಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Хат (навиштор) – ටජික්" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хат (навиштор)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ටජික්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ระบบการเขียน – තායි" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบการเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="තායි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ng_pagsulat" title="Sistema ng pagsulat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sistema ng pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_sistemi" title="Yazı sistemi – තුර්කි" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazı sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="තුර්කි" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Язу системасы – ටාටර්" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Язу системасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ටාටර්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Писемність – යුක්රේනියානු" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Писемність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="යුක්රේනියානු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="نظام تحریر – උර්දු" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظام تحریر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="උර්දු" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozuv" title="Yozuv – උස්බෙක්" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="උස්බෙක්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_ch%E1%BB%AF_vi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Hệ chữ viết – වියට්නාම්" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ chữ viết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="වියට්නාම්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_hin_panurat" title="Sistema hin panurat – වොරෙය්" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sistema hin panurat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="වොරෙය්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – වූ චයිනිස්" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="වූ චයිනිස්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שריפט – යිඩිශ්" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שריפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="යිඩිශ්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihsaw" title="Cihsaw – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cihsaw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – චීන" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="චීන" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-j%C4%AB_h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="Bûn-jī hē-thóng – මින් නන් චයිනිස්" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-jī hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="මින් නන් චයිනිස්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – කැන්ටොනීස්" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="කැන්ටොනීස්" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="අන්තර්භාෂාමය සබැඳි සංස්කරණය කරන්න" class="wbc-editpage">සබැඳි සංස්කරණය කරන්න</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="නාම අවකාශ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="අන්තර්ගත පිටුව නරඹන්න [c]" accesskey="c"><span>පිටුව</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:CiteThisPage&page=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&id=591191&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="මෙම පිටුව උපුටාගැනීමක්සේ දක්වන ආකාරය පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු."><span>මෙම පිටුව උපුටා දක්වන්න</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B6%2585%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B6%25BB_%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B6%25B8"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B6%2585%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B6%25BB_%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B6%25B8"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> මුද්‍රණය/නිර්යාත කෙරුම </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB+%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8"><span>පොතක් නිර්මාණය කරන්න</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF ලෙස බාගතකරන්න</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&printable=yes" title="මෙම පිටුවෙහි මුද්‍රිත අනුවාදය [p]" accesskey="p"><span>මුද්‍රණ ආකෘතිය</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> වෙනත් ව්‍යාපෘති තුල </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Writing_systems" hreflang="en"><span>විකිමාධ්‍ය කොමන්ස්</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8192" title="සම්බන්ධිත දත්ත ගබඩා උපාංගය වෙත සබැඳිය [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata අයිතමය</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="si" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80:WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png/450px-WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png/675px-WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png/900px-WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Writing systems of the world today. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r459461">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99cccc; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Latin</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">alphabetic</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccccff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Cyrillic</a> (alphabetic)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9a06fe; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangul (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Hangul</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Featural_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Featural alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">featural alphabetic</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3166ce; color:white;"> </span> Other alphabets</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Arabic</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">abjad</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#389738; color:black;"> </span> Other abjads</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ee940a; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abugida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abugida">abugida</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc01; color:black;"> </span> Other abugidas</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4e4d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllabary (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Syllabaries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r459461"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff65; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_characters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese characters (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chinese characters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic</a>)</div> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r716087">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:25em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#B2BEB5"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ලේඛන ක්‍රම">ලේඛන ක්‍රම</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80:Historical_Writing_Systems_Template_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Historical_Writing_Systems_Template_Image.jpg/150px-Historical_Writing_Systems_Template_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Historical_Writing_Systems_Template_Image.jpg/225px-Historical_Writing_Systems_Template_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Historical_Writing_Systems_Template_Image.jpg/300px-Historical_Writing_Systems_Template_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ලේඛන කලාවේ ඉතිහාසය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ඉතිහාසය</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grapheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grapheme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Grapheme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_writing_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of writing systems (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">List of writing systems</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Major current examples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="රෝමානු හෝඩිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">රෝමානු හෝඩිය</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillic alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB" title="චීන අක්ෂර">චීන අක්ෂර</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="අරාබි හෝඩිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">අරාබි හෝඩිය</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93" title="දේවනාගරී">දේවනාගරී</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kana (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="හංගුල්">හංගුල්</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%98_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="හීබෘ හෝඩිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">හීබෘ හෝඩිය</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ග්‍රීක හෝඩිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ග්‍රීක හෝඩිය</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> ප්‍රභේද</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="හෝඩිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">හෝඩිය</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Abjad</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Impure Abjad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F" title="අබුගිඩා">අබුගිඩා</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllabary (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-syllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semi-syllabary (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Semi-syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logophonetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logophonetic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Logophonetic</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Logosyllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logosyllabary (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Logosyllabary</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logoconsonantal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logoconsonantal (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Logoconsonantal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorthand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shorthand (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Featural_writing_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Featural writing system (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Featural</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pictogram (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideogram (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Ideogram</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r573293">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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(";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r500068">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-නරඹන්න"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD:Writing_systems_sidebar" title="සැකිල්ල:Writing systems sidebar"><abbr title="මෙම සැකිල්ල නරඹන්න">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-සාකච්ඡාව"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80:Writing_systems_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව:Writing systems sidebar (පිටුව නොපවතියි)"><abbr title="මෙම සැකිල්ල සාකච්ඡා කරන්න">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-සංස්කරණය"><a class="external text" href="https://si.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD:Writing_systems_sidebar&action=edit"><abbr title="මෙම සැකිල්ල සංස්කරණය කරන්න">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>writing system</b> is a type of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolic system (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">symbolic system</a> used to represent elements or statements expressible in <a href="/wiki/Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Language">language</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_properties">General properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: General properties"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing systems are distinguished from other possible <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_communication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolic communication (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">symbolic communication</a> systems in that one must usually understand something of the associated spoken language to comprehend the text. By contrast, other possible symbolic systems such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_sign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information sign (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">information signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Map">maps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> often do not require prior knowledge of a spoken language. </p><p>Every human community possesses language, a feature regarded by many as an innate and defining condition of mankind. However the development of writing systems, and the process by which they have supplanted traditional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orality (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">oral</a> systems of communication has been sporadic, uneven and slow. Once established, writing systems on the whole change more slowly than their spoken counterparts, and often preserve features and expressions which are no longer current in the spoken language. The great benefit of writing systems is their ability to maintain a persistent record of information expressed in a language, which can be retrieved independently of the initial act of formulation. </p><p>All writing systems require: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>a set of defined base elements or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbol (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">symbols</a>, individually termed <i>characters</i> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grapheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grapheme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">graphemes</a>, and collectively called a <i>script</i>;</li> <li>a set of rules and conventions understood and shared by a community, which arbitrarily assign <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meaning_(linguistic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meaning (linguistic) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">meaning</a> to the base elements, their ordering, and relations to one another;</li> <li>a language (generally a <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>) whose constructions are represented and able to be recalled by the interpretation of these elements and rules;</li> <li>some physical means of distinctly representing the symbols by application to a permanent or semi-permanent medium, so they may be interpreted (usually visually, but tactile systems have also been devised).</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_terminology">Basic terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Basic terminology"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80:A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg/350px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg/525px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg/700px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="3807" /></a><figcaption><i>A Specimen</i> of typeset fonts and languages, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Caslon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Caslon (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">William Caslon</a>, letter founder; from the 1728 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopaedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclopaedia (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Cyclopaedia</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The study of writing systems has developed along partially independent lines in the examination of individual scripts, and as such the terminology employed differs somewhat from field to field. </p><p>The generic term <i>text</i> may be used to refer to an individual product of a writing system. The act of composing a text may be referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing">writing</a></i>, and the act of interpreting the text as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reading_(activity)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reading (activity) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">reading</a></i>. In the study of writing systems, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthography (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">orthography</a></i> refers to the method and rules of observed writing structure (literal meaning, "correct writing"), and in particular for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">alphabetic</a> systems, includes the concept of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spelling (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">spelling</a></i>. </p><p>A <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grapheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grapheme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">grapheme</a></b> is the technical term <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neologism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neologism (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">coined</a> to refer to the specific base or atomic units of a given writing system. Graphemes are the <i>minimally significant</i> elements which taken together comprise the set of "building blocks" out of which texts of a given writing system may be constructed, along with rules of correspondence and use. The concept is similar to that of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoneme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoneme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">phoneme</a> used in the study of spoken languages. For example, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Latin</a>-based writing system of standard contemporary English, examples of graphemes include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majuscule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majuscule (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">majuscule</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower case (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">minuscule</a> forms of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet (corresponding to various phonemes), marks of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punctuation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punctuation (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">punctuation</a> (mostly non-phonemic), and a few other symbols such as those for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_numeral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic numeral (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">numerals</a> (logograms for numbers). </p><p>Note that an individual grapheme may be represented in a wide variety of ways, where each variation is visually distinct in some regard, but all are interpreted as representing the "same" grapheme. These individual variations are known as <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allograph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allograph (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">allographs</a></b> of a grapheme (compare with the term <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allophone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allophone (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">allophone</a> used in linguistic study). For example, the minuscule letter <b>a</b> has different allographs when written as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cursive (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">cursive</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital letters (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">block</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Typeface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Typeface (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">typed</a> letter. The selection between different allographs may be influenced by the medium used, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Writing_implement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Writing implement (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">writing instrument</a>, the stylistic choice of the writer, and the largely unconscious features of an individual's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handwriting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handwriting (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">handwriting</a>. </p><p>The terms <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyph (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">glyph</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sign (linguistics) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">sign</a></i> and <i>character</i> are sometimes used to refer to a grapheme. Common usage varies from discipline to discipline; compare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuneiform_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuneiform script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">cuneiform sign</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Maya glyph</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_character&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese character (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chinese character</a>. The glyphs of most writing systems are made up of lines (or strokes) and are therefore called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linear writing (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">linear</a>, but there are glyphs in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-linear_writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-linear writing (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">non-linear writing systems</a> made up of other types of marks, such as Cuneiform and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Braille</a>. </p><p>Writing systems are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conceptual system (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">conceptual systems</a>, as are the languages to which they refer. Writing systems may be regarded as <i>complete</i> according to the extent to which they are able to represent all that may be expressed in the spoken language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_writing_systems">History of writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: History of writing systems"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style:italic; padding-left:2em;">මූලික ලිපිය: <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of writing (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">History of writing</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8&wpDestFile=Sanskrit_Brhama_English_alphabets.JPG" class="new" title="ගොනුව:Sanskrit Brhama English alphabets.JPG"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="350">ගොනුව:Sanskrit Brhama English alphabets.JPG</span></a><figcaption> Table of scripts in the introduction to <i>Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monier_Monier-Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monier Monier-Williams (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Monier Monier-Williams</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Writing systems were preceded by proto-writing, systems of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideogram (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ideographic</a> and/or early <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnemonic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnemonic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">mnemonic</a> symbols. The best known examples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu_Script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiahu Script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Jiahu Script</a>, symbols on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tortoise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tortoise (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">tortoise</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal shell (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">shells</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiahu (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Jiahu</a>, ca. <a href="/w/index.php?title=6600_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6600 BC (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">6600 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vin%C4%8Da_signs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinča signs (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Vinča script</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%83rt%C4%83ria_tablets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tărtăria tablets (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Tărtăria tablets</a>), ca. <a href="/w/index.php?title=4500_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4500 BC (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">4500 BC</a></li> <li>Early <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indus_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indus script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Indus script</a>, ca. <a href="/w/index.php?title=3500_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3500 BC (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">3500 BC</a></li></ul> <p>The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in the late <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neolithic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Neolithic</a> of the late <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_millennium_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th millennium BC (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">4th millennium BC</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian language (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Sumerian</a> archaic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuneiform_(script)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuneiform (script) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">cuneiform script</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> are generally considered the earliest writing systems, both emerging out of their ancestral proto-literate symbol systems from 3400–3200 BC with earliest coherent texts from about <a href="/w/index.php?title=26th_century_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="26th century BC (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">2600 BC</a>. </p><p>Though the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%27ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge'ez (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Ge'ez</a> writing system of Ethiopia is considered Semitic it is likely of semi-independent origin, having roots in the Meroitic Sudanese ideogram system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chinese script</a> likely developed independently of the Middle Eastern scripts, around <a href="/w/index.php?title=1600_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1600 BC (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">1600 BC</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Columbian (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_writing_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesoamerican writing systems (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Mesoamerican writing systems</a> (including among others <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olmec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olmec (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Olmec</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Maya scripts</a>) are also generally believed to have had independent origins. </p><p>It is thought that the first true alphabetic writing appeared around <a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 BC (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">2000 BC</a>, as a representation of language developed for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semitic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semitic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Semitic</a> slaves in Egypt by Egyptians (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">History of the alphabet</a>). Most other alphabets in the world today either descended from this one innovation, many via the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Phoenician alphabet</a>, or were directly inspired by its design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functional_classification_of_writing_systems">Functional classification of writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Functional classification of writing systems"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r582804">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">lists of writing systems by type සඳහා, <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_writing_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of writing systems (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">List of writing systems</a> බලන්න</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80:Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG/220px-Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG/330px-Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG/440px-Puyi%27s_schoolbook_-_Forbidden_City.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>This textbook for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puyi (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Puyi</a> shows the <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">English alphabet</a>. Although the English letters run from left to right, the Chinese explanations run from top to bottom, as traditionally written.</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic</a> in nature, based on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pictogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pictogram (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">pictographic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideogram (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ideographic</a> elements. Most writing systems can be broadly divided into three categories: <b>logographic</b>, <b>syllabic</b>, and <b>alphabetic</b> (or <b>segmental</b>); however, all three may be found in any given writing system in varying proportions, often making it difficult to categorise a system uniquely. The term <b>complex system</b> is sometimes used to describe those where the admixture makes classification problematic. </p> <table class="prettytable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Each symbol represents</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morpheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morpheme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">morpheme</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_character&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese character (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chinese characters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllabary (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Syllabic</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">syllable</a></td> <td>Japanese <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kana (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">kana</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Alphabetic</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoneme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoneme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">phoneme</a> (consonant or vowel)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Latin alphabet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abugida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></td> <td>phoneme (consonant+vowel)</td> <td>Indian <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devanāgarī (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Devanāgarī</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Abjad</a></td> <td>phoneme (consonant)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Arabic alphabet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Featural_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Featural alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Featural</a></td> <td>phonetic feature</td> <td>Korean <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangul (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">hangul</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logographic_writing_systems">Logographic writing systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Logographic writing systems"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style:italic; padding-left:2em;">මූලික ලිපිය: <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80:Character_Ri_Oracle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Character_Ri_Oracle.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>Early Chinese character for <a href="/wiki/Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun">sun</a> (<i>ri</i>), 1200 B.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80:Character_Ri_Trad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Character_Ri_Trad.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>Modern Chinese character (<i>ri</i>) with meaning of <i>sun</i> or <i>day</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>logogram</b> is a single written character which represents a complete grammatical word. Most <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_character&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese character (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chinese characters</a> are classified as logograms. </p><p>As each character represents a single word (or, more precisely, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morpheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morpheme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">morpheme</a>), many logograms are required to write all the words of language. The vast array of logograms and the memorization of what they mean are the major disadvantage of the logographic systems over alphabetic systems. However, since the meaning is inherent to the symbol, the same logographic system can theoretically be used to represent different languages. In practice, this is only true for closely related languages, like the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language">Chinese languages</a>, as syntactical constraints reduce the portability of a given logographic system. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> uses Chinese logograms extensively in its writing systems, with most of the symbols carrying the same or similar meanings. However, the semantics, and especially the grammar, are different enough that a long Chinese text is not readily understandable to a Japanese reader without any knowledge of basic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese grammar (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chinese grammar</a>, though short and concise phrases such as those on signs and newspaper headlines are much easier to comprehend. </p><p>While most languages do not use wholly logographic writing systems many languages use some logograms. A good example of modern western logograms are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu-Arabic_numerals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindu-Arabic numerals (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Hindu-Arabic numerals</a> — everyone who uses those symbols understands what <b>1</b> means whether he or she calls it <i>one</i>, <i>eins</i>, <i>uno</i>, <i>yi</i>, <i>ichi</i> or <i>ehad</i>. Other western logograms include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampersand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampersand (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ampersand</a> <b>&</b>, used for <i>and</i>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=At_sign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="At sign (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">at sign</a> <b>@</b>, used in many contexts for <i>at</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a> <b>%</b> and the many signs representing units of currency (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollar_sign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dollar sign (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">$</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cent_sign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cent sign (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">¢</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro_sign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euro sign (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">€</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_sign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pound sign (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">£</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yen_sign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yen sign (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">¥</a> and so on.) </p><p>Logograms are sometimes called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideogram (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ideograms</a>, a word that refers to symbols which graphically represent abstract ideas, but linguists avoid this use, as Chinese characters are often <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantics (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">semantic</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonetic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">phonetic</a> compounds, symbols which include an element that represents the meaning and element that represents the pronunciation. Some nonlinguists distinguish between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexigraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexigraphy (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">lexigraphy</a> and ideography, where symbols in lexigraphies represent words, and symbols in ideographies represent words or morphemes. </p><p>The most important (and, to a degree, the only surviving) modern logographic writing system is the Chinese one, whose characters are or were used, with varying degrees of modification, in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and other <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Asian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Asian languages (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">east Asian languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> hieroglyphs and the Mayan writing system are also systems with certain logographic features, although they have marked phonetic features as well, and are no longer in current use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllabic_writing_systems">Syllabic writing systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Syllabic writing systems"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style:italic; padding-left:2em;">මූලික ලිපිය: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllabary (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Syllabary</a></div> <p>As logographic writing systems use a single symbol for an entire word, a <b>syllabary</b> is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">syllables</a>, which make up <a href="/w/index.php?title=Word&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Word (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">words</a>. A symbol in a syllabary typically represents a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonant (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">consonant</a> sound followed by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vowel (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">vowel</a> sound, or just a vowel alone. </p><p>In a "true syllabary", there is no systematic graphic similarity between phonetically related characters (though some do have graphic similarity for the vowels). That is, the characters for "ke", "ka", and "ko" have no similarity to indicate their common "k"-ness. However, another type of syllabic writing system is known as the <i><a href="#Abugidas">abugida</a></i>, where each <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grapheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grapheme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">grapheme</a> typically represents a syllable, but where the characters representing related sounds are similar graphically (typically, a common consonantal base is annotated in a more or less consistent manner to represent the vowel in the syllable). The nomenclature used to make this distinction was only introduced by linguists relatively recently, borrowing the term <i>abugida</i> from Ethiopian languages that call their own <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%27ez_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge'ez script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Ge'ez script</a> by this name. </p><p>Syllabaries are best suited to languages with relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. The <a href="/wiki/English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English language">English language</a>, on the other hand, allows complex syllable structures, with a relatively large inventory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vowel (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">vowels</a> and complex <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonant cluster (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">consonant clusters</a>, making it cumbersome to write English words with a syllabary. To write English using a syllabary, every possible syllable in English would have to have a separate symbol, and whereas the number of possible syllables in Japanese is no more than about fifty to sixty, in English there are many thousands. </p><p>Other languages that use true syllabaries include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycenae (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Mycenaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linear B (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Linear B</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_American_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Native American languages (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Native American languages</a> such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cherokee language (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Cherokee</a>. Several languages of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Near_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Near East (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Ancient Near East</a> used forms of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuneiform_(script)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuneiform (script) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">cuneiform</a>, which is a syllabary with some non-syllabic elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabetic_writing_systems">Alphabetic writing systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Alphabetic writing systems"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style:italic; padding-left:2em;">මූලික ලිපිය: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="හෝඩිය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">හෝඩිය</a></div> <p>An <b>alphabet</b> is a small set of <i>letters</i> — basic written symbols — each of which roughly represents or represented historically a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoneme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoneme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">phoneme</a> of a spoken <a href="/wiki/Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Language">language</a>. The word <i>alphabet</i> is derived from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha_(letter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha (letter) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">alpha</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_(letter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta (letter) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">beta</a>, the first two symbols of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Greek alphabet</a>. </p><p>In a perfectly phonemic alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. Each language has general rules that govern the association between letters and phonemes, but, depending on the language, these rules may or may not be consistently followed. </p><p>Perfectly phonemic alphabets are very easy to use and learn, and languages that have them (for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbocroatian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbocroatian (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Serbocroatian</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish language (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Finnish</a>) have much lower barriers to literacy than languages such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English language">English</a>, which has a very complex and irregular spelling system. As languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages for which they were not designed, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language. In modern times, when <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> invent a writing system for a language that didn't previously have one, the goal is usually to develop a phonemic alphabet. It should be noted that a truly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonetic_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonetic transcription (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">phonetic alphabet</a> for a natural spoken language would be very cumbersome, as it would have to have a huge variety of phonetic variation. An example of such a writing system is the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abjads">Abjads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Abjads"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style:italic; padding-left:2em;">මූලික ලිපිය: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Abjad</a></div> <p>The first type of alphabet that was developed was the <b>abjad</b>. An abjad is an alphabetic writing system where there is one symbol per consonant. Abjads differ from other alphabets in that they have characters only for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonant (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">consonantal</a> sounds. Vowels are not usually marked in abjad. </p><p>All known abjads (except maybe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tifinagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tifinagh (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Tifinagh</a>) belong to the Semitic family of scripts, and derive from the original <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Bronze_Age_alphabets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Bronze Age alphabets (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Northern Linear Abjad</a>. The reason for this is that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semitic_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semitic languages (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Semitic languages</a> and the related <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber languages (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Berber languages</a> have a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphology_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphology (linguistics) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">morphemic structure</a> which makes the denotation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vowel (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">vowels</a> redundant in most cases. </p><p>Some abjads (such as Arabic and Hebrew) have markings for vowels as well, but use them only in special contexts, such as for teaching. Many scripts derived from abjads have been extended with vowel symbols to become full alphabets, the most famous case being the derivation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Greek alphabet</a> from the Phoenician abjad. This has mostly happened when the script was adapted to a non-Semitic language. </p><p>The term <i>abjad</i> takes its name from the old order of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Arabic alphabet</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonant (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">consonants</a> Alif, Bá, Jim, Dál, though the word may have earlier roots in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician languages (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Phoenician</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugaritic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Ugaritic</a>. </p><p>Abjad is still the word for alphabet in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, Malay, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian language (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Indonesian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abugidas">Abugidas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Abugidas"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style:italic; padding-left:2em;">මූලික ලිපිය: <a href="/wiki/Abugida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></div> <p>An <b>abugida</b> is an alphabetic writing system whose basic signs denote consonants with an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inherent_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inherent vowel (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">inherent vowel</a> and where consistent modifications of the basic sign indicate other following vowels than the inherent one. </p><p>Thus, in an abugida there may or may not be a sign for "k" with no vowel, but also one for "ka" (if "a" is the inherent vowel), and "ke" is written by modifying the "ka" sign in a way that is consistent with how one would modify "la" to get "le". In many abugidas the modification is the addition of a vowel sign, but other possibilities are imaginable (and used), such as rotation of the basic sign, addition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diacritic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diacritic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">diacritical marks</a>, and so on. </p><p>The contrast with "true <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllabary (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">syllabaries</a>" is that the latter have one distinct symbol per possible syllable, and the signs for each syllable have no systematic graphic similarity. The graphic similarity of most abugidas comes from the fact that they are derived from abjads, and the consonants make up the symbols with the inherent vowel, and the new vowel symbols are markings added on to the base symbol. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80:Balinese_writing_on_palm_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Balinese_writing_on_palm_leaf.jpg/230px-Balinese_writing_on_palm_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Balinese_writing_on_palm_leaf.jpg/345px-Balinese_writing_on_palm_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Balinese_writing_on_palm_leaf.jpg/460px-Balinese_writing_on_palm_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Balinese <i>lontar</i> writing on palm leaf, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අග්නිදිග ආසියාව">අග්නිදිග ආසියාව</a>. Artifacts can be seen in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field Museum (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Field Museum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chicago</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illinois (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Illinois</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%27ez_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge'ez script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Ge'ez script</a>, for which the linguistic term <i>abugida</i> was named, the vowel modifications do not always appear systematic, although they originally were more so. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a> can be considered abugidas, although they are rarely thought of in those terms. The largest single group of abugidas is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmic_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmic family (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Brahmic family</a> of scripts, however, which includes nearly all the scripts used in <a href="/wiki/India" class="mw-redirect" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අග්නිදිග ආසියාව">අග්නිදිග ආසියාව</a>. </p><p>The name <i>abugida</i> is derived from the first four characters of an order of the Ge'ez script used in some contexts. It was borrowed from Ethiopian languages as a linguistic term by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_T._Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter T. Daniels (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Peter T. Daniels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Featural_writing_systems">Featural writing systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Featural writing systems"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>featural</b> script represents finer detail than an alphabet. Here symbols do not represent whole phonemes, but rather the elements (features) that make up the phonemes, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_(phonetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voice (phonetics) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">voicing</a> or its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_of_articulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place of articulation (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">place of articulation</a>. Theoretically, each feature could be written with a separate letter; and abjads or abugidas, or indeed syllabaries, could be featural, but the only prominent system of this sort is <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean language">Korean</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hangul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangul (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">hangul</a>. In hangul, the featural symbols are combined into alphabetic letters, and these letters are in turn joined into syllabic blocks, so that the system combines three levels of phonological representation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambiguous_systems">Ambiguous systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Ambiguous systems"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most writing systems are not purely one type. The English writing system, for example, includes numerals and other logograms such as #, $, and &, and the phonetic letters are a poor match to sound. As mentioned above, all logographic systems have phonetic components as well, whether that's along the lines of a syllabary, such as Chinese ("logo-syllabic"), or an abjad, as in Egyptian ("logo-consonantal"). </p><p>Some scripts, however, are truly ambiguous. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-syllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semi-syllabary (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">semi-syllabaries</a> of ancient Spain were syllabic for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plosive_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plosive consonant (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">plosives</a> such as <i>p, t, k,</i> but alphabetic for other consonants. In some versions, vowels were written redundantly after syllabic letters, conforming to an alphabetic orthography. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Persian_cuneiform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Persian cuneiform (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Old Persian cuneiform</a> was similar. Of 23 consonants (including null), seven were fully syllabic, thirteen were purely alphabetic, and for the other three, there was one letter for /Cu/ and another for both /Ca/ and /Ci/. However, all vowels were written overtly regardless; as in the Brahmic abugidas, the /Ca/ letter was used for a bare consonant. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuyin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuyin (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">zhuyin</a> phonetic glossing script for Chinese divides syllables in two or three, but into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_onset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable onset (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">onset</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial (linguistics) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">medial</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_rime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable rime (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">rime</a> rather than consonant and vowel. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahawh Hmong (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Pahawh Hmong</a> is similar, but can be considered to divide syllables into either onset-rime or consonant-vowel (all consonant clusters and diphthongs are written with single letters); as the latter, it is equivalent to an abugida but with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. Other scripts are intermediate between the categories of alphabet, abjad, and abugida, so there may be disagreement on how they should be classified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphic_classification_of_writing_systems">Graphic classification of writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Graphic classification of writing systems"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the primary graphic distinction made in classifications is that of <i>linearity.</i> Linear writing systems are those in which the characters are composed of lines, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Latin alphabet</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_character&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese character (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chinese characters</a>. Chinese characters are considered linear whether they're written with a ball-point pen or a calligraphic brush, or cast in bronze. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maya_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maya script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Maya glyphs</a> were often painted in linear outline form, but in formal situations they were carved in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bas-relief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bas-relief (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">bas-relief</a>. Non-linear systems, on the other hand, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">braille</a>, are not composed of lines, no matter which instrument is used to write them. The earliest examples of writing are linear: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuneiform_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuneiform script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Sumerian script</a> of c. 3300 BCE was linear, though its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuneiform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuneiform (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">cuneiform</a> descendants were not. </p><p>Cuneiform was probably the earliest non-linear writing. Its glyphs were formed by pressing the end of a reed stylus into moist clay, not by tracing lines in the clay with the stylus as had been done previously. The result was a radical transformation of the appearance of the script. </p><p>Braille is a non-linear adaptation of the Latin alphabet that completely abandoned the Latin forms. The letters are composed of raised bumps on the writing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Substrate_(printing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substrate (printing) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">substrate</a>, which can be leather (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Braille (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Louis Braille</a>'s original material), stiff paper, plastic, or metal. </p><p>There are also transient non-linear adaptations of the Latin alphabet, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morse_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morse code (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Morse code</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manual_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manual alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">manual alphabets</a> of various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sign language (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">sign languages</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semaphore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semaphore (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">semaphore</a>, in which <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_semaphore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag semaphore (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">flags</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semaphore_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semaphore line (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">bars</a> are positioned at prescribed angles. However, if "writing" is defined as a potentially permanent means of recording information, then these systems do not qualify as writing at all, since the symbols disappear as soon as they are used. </p><p>If the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Edo script</a> is indeed a complete writing system, it may be the only natural example of a script in which the color of the graphemes is contrastive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directionality">Directionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Directionality"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r582804"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">මේවාත් බලන්න: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi-directional_text&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bi-directional text (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Bi-directional text</a>, සහ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirror writing (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Mirror writing</a></div> <p>Scripts are also graphically characterized by the direction in which they are written. Egyptian hieroglyphs were written in either horizontal direction, with the animal and human glyphs turned to face the beginning of the line. The early alphabet could be written in multiple directions,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92" title="විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (2008 ජූලි)">තහවුරු කර නොමැත</span></a></i>]</sup> horizontally (left-to-right or right-to-left) or vertically (up or down). It was commonly written <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boustrophedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boustrophedon (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">boustrophedonically</a>: starting in one (horizontal) direction, then turning at the end of the line and reversing direction. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Greek alphabet</a> and its successors settled on a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom of the page. In Timed Text (TT) Authoring Format, this pattern is abbreviated LRTB.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scripts, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, came to be written right-to-left. Scripts that incorporate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_characters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese characters (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Chinese characters</a> have traditionally been written vertically (top-to-bottom), from the right to the left of the page, but nowadays are frequently written left-to-right, top-to-bottom, due to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western culture (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Western</a> influence, a growing need to accommodate terms in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Roman alphabet</a>, and technical limitations in popular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_document&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic document (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">electronic document</a> formats. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uighur_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uighur alphabet (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Uighur alphabet</a> and its descendants are unique in being the only scripts written top-to-bottom, left-to-right; this direction originated from an ancestral Semitic direction by rotating the page 90° <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clockwise_and_counterclockwise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clockwise and counterclockwise (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">counter-clockwise</a> to conform to the appearance of vertical Chinese writing. Several scripts used in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of the Philippines (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඉන්දුනීසියාව">ඉන්දුනීසියාව</a>, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanun%C3%B3%27o_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanunó'o script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Hanunó'o</a>, are traditionally written with lines moving away from the writer, from bottom to top, but are read horizontally left to right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems_on_computers">Writing systems on computers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: Writing systems on computers"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Electrotechnical_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Electrotechnical Commission (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">IEC</a> standards are defined to deal with each individual writing systems to implement them in computers (or in electronic form). Today most of those standards are re-defined in a better collective standard, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_10646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 10646 (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ISO 10646</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. In Unicode, each character, in every language's writing system, is (simplifying slightly) given a unique identification number, known as its <b>code point</b>. The computer's software uses the code point to look up the appropriate character in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Typeface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Typeface (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">font</a> file, so the characters can be displayed on the page or screen. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> is the device most commonly used for writing via computer. Each key is associated with a standard code which the keyboard sends to the computer when it is pressed. By using a combination of alphabetic keys with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modifier_key&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modifier key (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">modifier keys</a> such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_key&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control key (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Ctrl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alt_key&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alt key (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Alt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shift_key&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shift key (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Shift</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=AltGr_key&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AltGr key (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">AltGr</a>, various character codes are generated and sent to the <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system">operating system</a> intercepts and converts those signals to the appropriate characters based on the <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyboard_layout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keyboard layout (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">keyboard layout</a></b> and <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Input_method_editor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Input method editor (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">input method</a></b>, and then delivers those converted codes and characters to the running <a href="/wiki/Application_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Application software">application software</a>, which in turn looks up the appropriate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyph (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">glyph</a> in the currently used font file, and requests the operating system to draw these on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_display&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer display (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">screen</a>. </p><p>In computers and telecommunication systems, graphemes and other grapheme-like units that are required for text processing are represented by "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_(computing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Character (computing) (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">characters</a>" that typically manifest in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_encoding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Character encoding (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">encoded</a> form. For technical aspects of computer support for various writing systems, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Character_Set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal Character Set (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Universal Character Set</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CJK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CJK (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">CJK</a> (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi-directional_text&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bi-directional text (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Bi-directional text</a>, as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA:Character_encoding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ප්‍රවර්ගය:Character encoding (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Category:Character encoding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: See also"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artificial script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Artificial script</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asemic_writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asemic writing (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calligraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calligraphy (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Font&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Font (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Font</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal language (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genealogy_of_scripts_derived_from_Proto-Sinaitic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genealogy of scripts derived from Proto-Sinaitic (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Genealogy of scripts derived from Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of writing (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_writing_numbers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of writing numbers (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">History of writing numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a> — a list of "codes for the representation of names of scripts"</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_inventors_of_writing_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of inventors of writing systems (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">List of inventors of writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_writing_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of writing systems (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">List of writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower case (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Lower case</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majuscule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majuscule (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Majuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BC_Shu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nü Shu (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Nü Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Official script (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Official script</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthography (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasigraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasigraphy (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Pasigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penmanship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penmanship (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Penmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorthand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shorthand (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spelling (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Character_Set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal Character Set (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Universal Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Written_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Written language (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Written language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: References"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/Writing_Systems/Meroitic.html">Meroitic Writing System</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/ttaf1-dfxp/">Timed Text (TT) Authoring Format</a></span> </li> </ol> <ul><li>Coulmas, Florian. 1996. <i>The Blackwell encyclopedia of writing systems</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_T._Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter T. Daniels (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Daniels, Peter T.</a>, and William Bright, eds. 1996. <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/0195079930" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-507993-0</a>.</li> <li>DeFrancis, John. 1990. <i>The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/0824810686" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-1068-6</a></li> <li>Hannas, William. C. 1997. <i>Asia's Orthographic Dilemma</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/082481892X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-1892-X</a> (paperback); <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/0824818423" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-1842-3</a> (hardcover)</li> <li>Rogers, Henry. 2005. <i>Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/0631234632" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-23463-2</a> (hardcover); <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/0631234640" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-23464-0</a> (paperback)</li> <li>Sampson, Geoffrey. 1985. <i>Writing Systems</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/0804717567" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8047-1756-7</a> (paper), <a href="/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82:%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB/0804712549" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8047-1254-9</a> (cloth).</li> <li>Smalley, W. A. (ed.) 1964. <i>Orthography studies: articles on new writing systems</i>. London: United Bible Society.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="ඡේදය සංස්කරණය: External links"><span>සංස්කරණය</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archchinese.com/">Arch Chinese (Traditional & Simplified)</a> Chinese character writing animations and native speaker pronunciations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decodeunicode.org/">decodeunicode</a> Unicode Wiki with all 98,884 Unicode 5.0 characters as gifs in three sizes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/Writing_Systems/Welcome.html">African writing systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/alphabets.htm">Omniglot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://123456789101112.uw.hu">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208071031/http://123456789101112.uw.hu/">සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත</a> 2011-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/ws.html">Ancient Scripts</a> Introduction to different writing systems</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Everson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Everson (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Michael Everson</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/index.html">Alphabets of Europe</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/">Unicode Consortium</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r573293"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r707731">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">සාරාංශය</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ලේඛන කලාවේ ඉතිහාසය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ලේඛන කලාවේ ඉතිහාසය</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="වර්ණමාලාවේ ඉතිහාසය (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">වර්ණමාලාවේ ඉතිහාසය</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grapheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grapheme (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Graphemes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Script_(Unicode)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Script (Unicode) 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නොපවතියි)">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_creators_of_writing_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of creators of writing systems (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ලේඛන ක්‍රම ලැයිස්තුව (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">ප්‍රභේද</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Featural_writing_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Featural writing system (පිටුව නොපවතියි)">Featural</a></li> <li><a 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