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28" data-astro-cid-h2irkosh data-icon="theme/arrow-back"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/arrow-back"><g fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path stroke="var(--arrow-fill-color, #131722)" d="m17 20-6-6 6-6"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M28 28H0V0h28z"/></clipPath></defs></g></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/arrow-back"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <aside id="nav" class="keep-visible" style="--navbar-right-border-width: 0px" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar-viewport slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar" data-mobile data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <ul class="toc" aria-label="Docs sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/welcome" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Welcome to Pine Script™ v6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Pine Script™ primer</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First steps</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-indicator" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First indicator</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/next-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Next steps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details open data-is-parent data-is-on-path data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Language</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Execution model</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/time-series" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time series</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/script-structure" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Script structure</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Identifiers</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Operators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Variable declarations</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/conditional-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Conditional structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/loops" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Loops</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Type system</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Built-ins</a></li><li class="item" data-current data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>User-defined functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Objects</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Enums</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Methods</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Arrays</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Matrices</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Maps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Concepts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/backgrounds" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Backgrounds</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-coloring" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar coloring</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-plotting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar plotting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-states" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar states</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/chart-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Chart information</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/colors" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Colors</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/fills" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Fills</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Inputs</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/levels" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Levels</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Libraries</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/lines-and-boxes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Lines and boxes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/non-standard-charts-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Non-standard charts data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/other-timeframes-and-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other timeframes and data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/plots" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Plots</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/repainting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Repainting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Sessions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/strategies" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strategies</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/tables" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Tables</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/text-and-shapes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Text and shapes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/time" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Timeframes</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Writing scripts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" 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data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Limitations</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>FAQ</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/general" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>General</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/data-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Data structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/indicators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Indicators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/other-data-and-timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other data and timeframes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/programming" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Programming</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/strings-and-formatting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strings and formatting</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/error-messages" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Error messages</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Release notes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Migration guides</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 5</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-4" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 4</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-3" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 3</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/where-can-i-get-more-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Where can I get more information?</a></li> </ul> <div class="toc-bottom" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <header class="header" data-astro-cid-d74r2unp> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation" data-astro-cid-d74r2unp> <mobile-menu-button id="mobile-menu-button-wc" data-astro-cid-oojooh3d>  <div id="mobile-menu-button-header" data-astro-cid-oojooh3d> <div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <button title="Open navigation menu" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="not-content 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</label> </docs-theme-select> <script> ThemeProvider.updatePickers('unknown'); </script> </nav> </header> <div id="image-lightbox" class="not-content" hidden data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> <div class="button-wrapper" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> <div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <button id="lightbox-close-button" title="Close image preview" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="not-content stvb-base stvb-pointer stvb-black stvb-medium stvb-secondary stvb-icon stvb-force-no-border"> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 18 18" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh data-icon="theme/cross-18"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/cross-18"><g fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.53 4.47 4.47 5.53 7.94 9l-3.47 3.47 1.06 1.06L9 10.06l3.47 3.47 1.06-1.06L10.06 9l3.47-3.47-1.06-1.06L9 7.94 5.53 4.47Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h18v18H0z"/></clipPath></defs></g></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/cross-18"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <img id="lightbox-image" src="" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> </div> <div id="page-container" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <aside id="nav" class="" style="" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar-viewport slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <ul class="toc" aria-label="Docs sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/welcome" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Welcome to Pine Script™ v6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Pine Script™ primer</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/right-caret"><path fill="currentColor" d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First steps</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-indicator" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First indicator</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/next-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Next steps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details open data-is-parent data-is-on-path data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Language</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Execution model</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/time-series" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time series</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/script-structure" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Script structure</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Identifiers</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Operators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Variable declarations</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/conditional-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Conditional structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/loops" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Loops</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Type system</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Built-ins</a></li><li class="item" data-current data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>User-defined functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Objects</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Enums</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Methods</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Arrays</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Matrices</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Maps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Concepts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/backgrounds" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Backgrounds</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-coloring" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar coloring</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-plotting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar plotting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-states" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar states</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/chart-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Chart information</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/colors" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Colors</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/fills" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Fills</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Inputs</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/levels" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Levels</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Libraries</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/lines-and-boxes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Lines and boxes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/non-standard-charts-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Non-standard charts data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/other-timeframes-and-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other timeframes and data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/plots" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Plots</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/repainting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Repainting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Sessions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/strategies" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strategies</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/tables" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Tables</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/text-and-shapes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Text and shapes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/time" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Timeframes</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Writing scripts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/style-guide" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Style guide</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/debugging" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Debugging</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/profiling-and-optimization" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Profiling and optimization</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/publishing" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Publishing scripts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/limitations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Limitations</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>FAQ</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/general" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>General</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/data-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Data structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/indicators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Indicators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/other-data-and-timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other data and timeframes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/programming" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Programming</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/strings-and-formatting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strings and formatting</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/error-messages" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Error messages</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Release notes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Migration guides</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 5</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-4" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 4</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-3" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 3</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/where-can-i-get-more-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Where can I get more information?</a></li> </ul> <div class="toc-bottom" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l></div> </div> </div> </aside> <main class="main-pane" data-page-type="md" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <a id="top" data-astro-cid-xgirumru></a> <main class="content" data-toc-shown data-astro-cid-ju3wuhkz> <div class="content-width" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <div class="breadcrumbs" data-pagefind-ignore data-astro-cid-wlavna2o> <a href="/pine-script-docs" aria-label="Return back to the documentation home page." data-astro-cid-wlavna2o> <span data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>User Manual</span> </a> <span class="divider" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>/</span> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>Language</a> <span class="divider" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>/</span> <span class="current-item" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>User-defined functions</span> </div> </div> <div id="slot-container" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <h1 id="user-defined-functions" class="md-heading"><a href="#user-defined-functions">User-defined functions<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h1> <h2 id="introduction" class="md-heading"><a href="#introduction">Introduction<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>User-defined functions are functions that you write, as opposed to the built-in functions in Pine Script™. They are useful to define calculations that you must do repetitevely, or that you want to isolate from your script’s main section of calculations. Think of user-defined functions as a way to extend the capabilities of Pine Script™, when no built-in function will do what you need.</p> <p>You can write your functions in two ways:</p> <ul> <li>In a single line, when they are simple, or</li> <li>On multiple lines</li> </ul> <p>Functions can be located in two places:</p> <ul> <li>If a function is only used in one script, you can include it in the script where it is used. See our <a href="/pine-script-docs/writing/style-guide/#function_declarations">Style guide</a> for recommendations on where to place functions in your script.</li> <li>You can create a Pine Script™ <a href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries/">library</a> to include your functions, which makes them reusable in other scripts without having to copy their code. Distinct requirements exist for library functions. They are explained in the page on <a href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries/">libraries</a>.</li> </ul> <p>Whether they use one line or multiple lines, user-defined functions have the following characteristics:</p> <ul> <li>They cannot be embedded. All functions are defined in the script’s global scope.</li> <li>They do not support recursion. It is <strong>not allowed</strong> for a function to call itself from within its own code.</li> <li>The type of the value returned by a function is determined automatically and depends on the type of arguments used in each particular function call.</li> <li>A function’s returned value is that of the last value in the function’s body.</li> <li>Each instance of a function call in a script maintains its own, independent history.</li> </ul> <h2 id="single-line-functions" class="md-heading"><a href="#single-line-functions">Single-line functions<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>Simple functions can often be written in one line. This is the formal definition of single-line functions:</p> <div class="expressive-code not-content"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/pine-script-docs/_astro/ec.dtidy.css"/><script type="module" src="/pine-script-docs/_astro/ec.qopfj.js"></script><figure class="frame"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="text"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><function_declaration></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><identifier>(<parameter_list>) => <return_value></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"> </div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><parameter_list></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">{<parameter_definition>{, <parameter_definition>}}</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"> </div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><parameter_definition></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">[<identifier> = <default_value>]</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"> </div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><return_value></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><statement> | <expression> | <tuple></span></div></div></code></pre></figure></div> <p>Here is an example:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">f(x, y) => x + y</div> <p>After the function <code dir="auto">f()</code> has been declared, it’s possible to call it using different types of arguments:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">a = f(open, close) b = f(2, 2) c = f(open, 2)</div> <p>In the example above, the type of variable <code dir="auto">a</code> is <em>series</em> because the arguments are both <em>series</em>. The type of variable <code dir="auto">b</code> is <em>integer</em> because arguments are both <em>literal integers</em>. The type of variable <code dir="auto">c</code> is <em>series</em> because the addition of a <em>series</em> and <em>literal integer</em> produces a <em>series</em> result.</p> <h2 id="multi-line-functions" class="md-heading"><a href="#multi-line-functions">Multi-line functions<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>Pine Script™ also supports multi-line functions with the following syntax:</p> <div class="expressive-code not-content"><figure class="frame"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="text"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><identifier>(<parameter_list>) =></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><local_block></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"> </div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><identifier>(<list of parameters>) =></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><variable declaration></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">...</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><variable declaration or expression></span></div></div></code></pre></figure></div> <p>where:</p> <div class="expressive-code not-content"><figure class="frame"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="text"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><parameter_list></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">{<parameter_definition>{, <parameter_definition>}}</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"> </div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><parameter_definition></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">[<identifier> = <default_value>]</span></div></div></code></pre></figure></div> <p>The body of a multi-line function consists of several statements. Each statement is placed on a separate line and must be preceded by 1 indentation (4 spaces or 1 tab). The indentation before the statement indicates that it is a part of the body of the function and not part of the script’s global scope. After the function’s code, the first statement without an indent indicates the body of the function has ended.</p> <p>Either an expression or a declared variable should be the last statement of the function’s body. The result of this expression (or variable) will be the result of the function’s call. For example:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">geom_average(x, y) => a = x*x b = y*y math.sqrt(a + b)</div> <p>The function <code dir="auto">geom_average</code> has two arguments and creates two variables in the body: <code dir="auto">a</code> and <code dir="auto">b</code>. The last statement calls the function <code dir="auto">math.sqrt</code> (an extraction of the square root). The <code dir="auto">geom_average</code> call will return the value of the last expression: <code dir="auto">(math.sqrt(a + b))</code>.</p> <h2 id="scopes-in-the-script" class="md-heading"><a href="#scopes-in-the-script">Scopes in the script<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>Variables declared outside the body of a function or of other local blocks belong to the <em>global</em> scope. User-declared and built-in functions, as well as built-in variables also belong to the global scope.</p> <p>Each function has its own <em>local</em> scope. All the variables declared within the function, as well as the function’s arguments, belong to the scope of that function, meaning that it is impossible to reference them from outside --- e.g., from the global scope or the local scope of another function.</p> <p>On the other hand, since it is possible to refer to any variable or function declared in the global scope from the scope of a function (except for self-referencing recursive calls), one can say that the local scope is embedded into the global scope.</p> <p>In Pine Script™, nested functions are not allowed, i.e., one cannot declare a function inside another one. All user functions are declared in the global scope. Local scopes cannot intersect with each other.</p> <h2 id="functions-that-return-multiple-results" class="md-heading"><a href="#functions-that-return-multiple-results">Functions that return multiple results<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>In most cases a function returns only one result, but it is possible to return a list of results (a <em>tuple</em>-like result):</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">fun(x, y) => a = x+y b = x-y [a, b]</div> <p>Special syntax is required for calling such functions:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">[res0, res1] = fun(open, close) plot(res0) plot(res1)</div> <h2 id="limitations" class="md-heading"><a href="#limitations">Limitations<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>User-defined functions can use any of the Pine Script™ built-ins, except: <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_barcolor">barcolor()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_fill">fill()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_hline">hline()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_indicator">indicator()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_library">library()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plot">plot()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plotbar">plotbar()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plotcandle">plotcandle()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plotchar">plotchar()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plotshape">plotshape()</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_strategy">strategy()</a>.</p> </div> <div class="pagination-buttons not-content" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" class="pagination-card" data-pagefind-ignore data-astro-cid-assl6cvf> <p data-astro-cid-assl6cvf>Previous</p> <h4 class="pagination-card-header" data-astro-cid-assl6cvf> <svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28" data-astro-cid-assl6cvf data-icon="theme/arrow-back"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/arrow-back"></use> </svg> Built-ins </h4> </a> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" class="pagination-card" data-pagefind-ignore data-astro-cid-assl6cvf> <p data-astro-cid-assl6cvf>Next</p> <h4 class="pagination-card-header" data-astro-cid-assl6cvf> Objects <svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28" data-astro-cid-assl6cvf data-icon="theme/arrow"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/arrow"><path fill="none" stroke="var(--arrow-fill-color, #131722)" d="m11 8 6 6-6 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