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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politician and banker</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politician_and_banker-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politician and banker subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politician_and_banker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_of_parliament_and_finance_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_parliament_and_finance_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Member of parliament and finance minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_parliament_and_finance_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_the_national_bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_the_national_bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governor of the national bank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_the_national_bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_minister_and_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister_and_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prime minister and president</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_minister_and_president-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime minister and president subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister_and_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ryti–Tanner_government_during_the_Winter_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryti–Tanner_government_during_the_Winter_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ryti–Tanner government during the Winter War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryti–Tanner_government_during_the_Winter_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_prime_minister_to_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_prime_minister_to_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>From prime minister to president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_prime_minister_to_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_German_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_German_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Towards German orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_German_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuation_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuation_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Continuation War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continuation_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Continuation War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Continuation_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_success_and_second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_success_and_second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early success and second term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_success_and_second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_peace_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_peace_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Attempts at peace negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_peace_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ryti–Ribbentrop_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryti–Ribbentrop_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryti–Ribbentrop_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_stages_of_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_stages_of_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Last stages of career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Last_stages_of_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Last stages of career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Last_stages_of_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War-guilt_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War-guilt_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>War-guilt trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-guilt_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-Soviet legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemason_and_believer_in_Fate_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemason_and_believer_in_Fate_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Freemason and believer in Fate and spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemason_and_believer_in_Fate_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cabinets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Risto Ryti</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="ريستو روتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريستو روتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Heikki_Ryti" title="Risto Heikki Ryti – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Risto Heikki Ryti" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96" title="Рыста Руці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыста Руці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96" title="Рыста Руці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыста Руці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Ристо Рюти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ристо Рюти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Heikki_Ryti" title="Risto Heikki Ryti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Risto Heikki Ryti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ریستو ریتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریستو ریتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0_%EB%A4%BC%ED%8B%B0" title="리스토 뤼티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리스토 뤼티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="ריסטו רייטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריסטו רייטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რისტო რიუტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რისტო რიუტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ryti" title="Christopher Ryti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christopher Ryti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Riti" title="Risto Riti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Risto Riti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ريستو روتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريستو روتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Heikki_Ryti" title="Risto Heikki Ryti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Risto Heikki Ryti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="リスト・リュティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リスト・リュティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Рюти, Ристо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рюти, Ристо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Heikki_Ryti" title="Risto Heikki Ryti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Risto Heikki Ryti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%96" title="Рісто Рюті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рісто Рюті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Risto Ryti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Risto Ryti" 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searchaux" style="display:none">President of Finland from 1940 to 1944</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Risto Ryti</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidentti_Risto_Ryti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Presidentti_Risto_Ryti.jpg/220px-Presidentti_Risto_Ryti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Presidentti_Risto_Ryti.jpg/330px-Presidentti_Risto_Ryti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Presidentti_Risto_Ryti.jpg/440px-Presidentti_Risto_Ryti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3543" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1940 – 4 August 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jukka_Rangell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukka Rangell">Jukka Rangell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Linkomies" title="Edwin Linkomies">Edwin Linkomies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Mannerheim">Gustaf Mannerheim</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 December 1939 – 19 December 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aimo_Cajander" title="Aimo Cajander">Aimo Cajander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jukka_Rangell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukka Rangell">Jukka Rangell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Finland)" title="Minister of Finance (Finland)">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 November 1922 – 18 January 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Kyösti Kallio</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ernst Gråsten</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hugo Relander</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 April 1921 – 2 June 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juho_Vennola" title="Juho Vennola">Juho Vennola</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wartiovaara" title="Jonathan Wartiovaara">Jonathan Wartiovaara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ernst Gråsten</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Risto Heikki Ryti</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1889-02-03</span>)</span>3 February 1889<br /><a href="/wiki/Huittinen" title="Huittinen">Huittinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1956<span style="display:none">(1956-10-25)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kansallinen_Edistyspuolue" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansallinen Edistyspuolue">National Progressive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Ryti" title="Gerda Ryti">Gerda Ryti</a> (née Serlachius)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Henrik Ryti<br />Niilo Ryti<br />Eva Saxén (née Ryti)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Risto_Ryti%27s_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Risto Ryti's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Risto_Ryti%27s_signature.svg/128px-Risto_Ryti%27s_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Risto_Ryti%27s_signature.svg/192px-Risto_Ryti%27s_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Risto_Ryti%27s_signature.svg/256px-Risto_Ryti%27s_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="222" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Risto_Ryti_announces_Continuation_war.ogg" title="File:President Risto Ryti announces Continuation war.ogg">Risto Ryti's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1249" data-mwtitle="President_Risto_Ryti_announces_Continuation_war.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/President_Risto_Ryti_announces_Continuation_war.ogg/President_Risto_Ryti_announces_Continuation_war.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/President_Risto_Ryti_announces_Continuation_war.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Announcing <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">the Continuation War</a><br />Recorded June 26, 1941</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Risto Heikki Ryti</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Finnish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈristo<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhei̯kːi<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈryti]</a></span>; 3 February 1889 – 25 October 1956) was a <a href="/wiki/Finnish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish people">Finnish</a> politician who served as the fifth <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">president of Finland</a> from 1940 to 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryti started his career as a politician in the field of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and as a political background figure during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. He made a wide range of international contacts in the world of <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> and within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. Ryti served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">prime minister</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Peace" title="Interim Peace">Interim Peace</a>, and as president during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>. </p><p>Ryti penned the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Ryti%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Agreement" title="Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement">Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement</a> – named after himself and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> – a personal letter to Nazi German <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> whereby Ryti agreed not to reach a separate peace in the Continuation War against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> without approval from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, in order to secure German military aid for Finland to stop the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive">Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive</a> against Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His resignation soon afterwards allowed his successor, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a>, to bypass the agreement and make peace with the Soviet Union once the offensive had been stopped. </p><p>After the war, Ryti was the main defendant in the <a href="/wiki/War-responsibility_trials_in_Finland" title="War-responsibility trials in Finland">Finnish war-responsibility trials</a> (1945–1946),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000403_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000403-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in his conviction for <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against peace">crimes against peace</a>. He was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment but was pardoned by decision of President <a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">Juho Kusti Paasikivi</a> in 1949. His reputation was largely unscathed, but his health had suffered and he never returned to public life. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risto Ryti was born in <a href="/wiki/Huittinen" title="Huittinen">Huittinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satakunta_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakunta (region)">Satakunta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of seven sons, among 10 siblings. His parents were Kaarle Evert Ryti, a farmer, and Ida Vivika Junttila. Although he came from a peasant farming background, during his childhood Ryti hardly participated in work on the family's large farm, being a bookish and academically inclined boy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000403_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000403-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated briefly at <a href="/wiki/Porin_Lyseo" title="Porin Lyseo">Pori Grammar School</a>, and was then tutored at home, before enrolling in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> in 1906 to study <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>. Ryti was the only one among his brothers to pass the university <a href="/wiki/Entrance_examination" title="Entrance examination">entrance examination</a>; however his three sisters also <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000404_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000404-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ryti graduated in autumn 1909 as Finland was moving into the <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">second period of Russification</a>. Escaping an oppressive political atmosphere in the capital, Ryti returned to his roots in Satakunta, where he established himself as a lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Rauma,_Finland" title="Rauma, Finland">Rauma</a>. During this period he became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kordelin" title="Alfred Kordelin">Alfred Kordelin</a>, one of Finland's richest men. Ryti became Kordelin's lawyer, and eventually the two men became close friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000404_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000404-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period Ryti also undertook further studies, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a> in 1912. In the spring of 1914 he moved to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Maritime_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime law">maritime law</a>, but the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> forced him to return to Finland. In 1916 he married Gerda Paula Serlachius (1886–1984).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had three children, Henrik (1916–2002), Niilo (1919–1997), and Eva (1922–2009).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period after the outbreak of World War I, before Finland achieved its independence, Ryti's business relationship with Kordelin grew even closer, and it appeared likely that Kordelin would ask Ryti to become general manager of his numerous business enterprises. However, in November 1917 Ryti and his wife witnessed the murder of Kordelin at the hands of a Russian <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian seamen led by a Finnish tailor took Kordelin's party hostage, with the intent to rob them. Ryti, Kordelin's lawyer, refused to legally authorize the robbery despite being threatened at gunpoint. Armed <a href="/wiki/Suojeluskunta" class="mw-redirect" title="Suojeluskunta">White Guard</a> soldiers were however present and the situation deteriorated into a gunfight. 20 people including Kordelin were killed. Ryti was saved by a malfunction in the enemy's firearm.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politician_and_banker">Politician and banker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politician and banker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_parliament_and_finance_minister">Member of parliament and finance minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Member of parliament and finance minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Risto_Ryti_Home_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Risto_Ryti_Home_1918.jpg/220px-Risto_Ryti_Home_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Risto_Ryti_Home_1918.jpg/330px-Risto_Ryti_Home_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Risto_Ryti_Home_1918.jpg/440px-Risto_Ryti_Home_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ryti's home in Helsinki 1918-35</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Risto_Ryti_House_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Risto_Ryti_House_plaque.jpg/220px-Risto_Ryti_House_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Risto_Ryti_House_plaque.jpg/330px-Risto_Ryti_House_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Risto_Ryti_House_plaque.jpg/440px-Risto_Ryti_House_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on the above building</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War in Finland">Finnish Civil War</a> Ryti played no active part, remaining in hiding with his family in Red-dominated <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. Afterwards, however, he would become deeply involved in politics, being elected a <a href="/wiki/Kansallinen_Edistyspuolue" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansallinen Edistyspuolue">National Progressive</a> member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a> in 1919, at the age of thirty the second youngest member. In the same year, the party candidate, an admirer of Ryti, <a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg</a>, was elected the first president of Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryti served as a member of Parliament from 1919 to 1924 and from 1927 to 1929. During his first few years in Parliament, Ryti served as chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and later the Finance Committee. He also served as a member of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki City Council">Helsinki City Council</a> from 1924 to 1927. </p><p>According to the Finnish historian Martti Turtola, Ryti succeeded in politics in the first few years after the Finnish Civil War because his liberal, democratic, and republican ideals were popular then. Moreover, Ryti's personal political success continued even after his liberal-oriented National Progressive Party shrank to a fringe party, because he was considered an expert especially in economic policy and, very importantly, an impartial servant of the fatherland who refused to play partisan politics (see Martti Turtola, <i>Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland</i>). </p><p>In 1921, the thirty-two-year-old Ryti was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Finland)" title="Minister of Finance (Finland)">finance minister</a> in the government of <a href="/wiki/Juho_Vennola" title="Juho Vennola">Juho Vennola</a>. He served in that position twice until 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923 President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg appointed him governor of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a post he remained in until he became prime minister in 1939. Ryti only began to exercise his duties as chairman of the Bank of Finland after he resigned as finance minister in January 1924. During his early years in parliament, Ryti succeeded in bringing order to the <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">government budget</a>. Although he was a Ståhlbergian, Ryti did not approve of pardoning <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Red</a> prisoners. In his opinion, the Reds were criminals. Ryti refused to see the social background of the Finnish Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_the_national_bank">Governor of the national bank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governor of the national bank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1925 Ryti was also nominated as a presidential candidate at the age of 36. In the second round of voting, he received the most support. However, in the third round the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">Swedish People's Party</a>, which held the balance, moved their votes to <a href="/wiki/Lauri_Kristian_Relander" title="Lauri Kristian Relander">Lauri Kristian Relander</a>, and Ryti lost to Relander by 109 votes to 172.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000406_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000406-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryti's support increased over the years but was never enough in elections. During the 1930s he withdrew from daily politics, but influenced economic policies. Ryti was an orthodox supporter of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> economics. He made his goal to tie the value of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>. Unlike many other European countries, Finland did not choose <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflationary</a> solutions under his leadership; and in 1926 the country shifted to the gold markka. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in 1929, Finland was forced to abandon the gold standard following the example of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000406_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000406-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, Ryti established international contacts with the banking world of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and with Great Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> recognized his success. In 1934 he was awarded a British honour, being created a Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> (KCVO) due to his great merits in Anglo-Finnish relations. He had excellent relations with the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, due to his similar economic policies, such as the belief in the gold standard until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and due to his excellent command of English. In fact, Ryti could regularly telephone the Bank of England's leaders when he wanted to discuss economic or financial policies with them (see Martti Turtola, "Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland"). Ryti participated in the activities of the League of Nations as a member of many committees dealing with economic questions and <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the politics of the 1930s, Ryti was an important background figure. His social policy was two-minded. Ryti opposed work programmes for the <a href="/wiki/Unemployed" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployed">unemployed</a> and spending on assistance for poor. On the other hand, he thought that the benefits of the strong economics should be distributed evenly over the whole population, not just a few. Ryti played an important part in creating the social <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> of the late 1930s. In general, Ryti was opposed to <a href="/wiki/State_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="State intervention">state intervention</a> in business and industry. He opposed <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a> and especially its Soviet forms. Furthermore, Ryti had experienced the Russification period and the Civil War, making him <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">anti-Soviet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryti approved of neither German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">national socialism</a> nor right-wing extremism, and he also opposed the <a href="/wiki/Lapua_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapua movement">Lapua movement</a>. Ryti was an admirer of British civilisation and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">culture</a> and of American <a href="/wiki/Free_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Free enterprise">free enterprise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000408_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000408-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister_and_president">Prime minister and president</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prime minister and president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ryti–Tanner_government_during_the_Winter_War"><span id="Ryti.E2.80.93Tanner_government_during_the_Winter_War"></span>Ryti–Tanner government during the Winter War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ryti–Tanner government during the Winter War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ryti had built up relations of trust with leading <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democratic Party</a> politician <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Tanner" title="Väinö Tanner">Väinö Tanner</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a>. In late autumn 1939, Ryti was offered the post of prime minister, but he tried to turn down the offer. However, when the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> broke out on 30 November, Ryti agreed. He took his post on 1 December. Ryti concentrated on a realistic analysis of the situation, instead of pessimism or over-optimism. He and foreign minister Tanner agreed that the war must be brought to an end as quickly as possible. They both spoke fluent English and had close contact with the Western powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000408_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000408-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the war, the Soviet Union formed a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet government</a> and cut connections with the Ryti–Tanner government. The Finnish Army fought defensively in battles during December 1939 through February 1940. This gained time and freedom for diplomatic manoeuvering. The Soviet Union was forced to drop the <a href="/wiki/Terijoki_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Terijoki Government">Terijoki Government</a> and accept negotiations via <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. The Western allies' <a href="/wiki/Franco-British_plans_for_intervention_in_the_Winter_War" title="Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War">planned intervention</a> influenced the Soviet government to seek an agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryti persuaded the rest of the cabinet to settle for peace and signed the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)">Moscow Peace Treaty</a> on 13 March 1940. The peace agreement, in which Finland lost large land areas and faced the burden of resettling 400,000 refugees, was generally considered crushing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_prime_minister_to_president">From prime minister to president</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From prime minister to president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryti_descends_from_the_parliament_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ryti_descends_from_the_parliament_building.jpg/220px-Ryti_descends_from_the_parliament_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ryti_descends_from_the_parliament_building.jpg/330px-Ryti_descends_from_the_parliament_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ryti_descends_from_the_parliament_building.jpg/440px-Ryti_descends_from_the_parliament_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Having given the solemn <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> on 19 December 1940, Ryti leaves the parliament alone. His predecessor, Kallio, suffered a heart attack and died the same day.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ryti had proved to be a strong prime minister, in contrast to his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Aimo_Cajander" title="Aimo Cajander">Aimo Cajander</a>. President Kallio suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in August, and also he had no great experience in foreign policy, so the heavy responsibilities of state leadership were shared by Ryti, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">C.G.E. Mannerheim</a>, industrialist and general <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Walden" title="Rudolf Walden">Rudolf Walden</a>, and Tanner. Considering this and the fact Ryti had signed the peace treaty, Ryti became an acceptable figure for the post of president in December 1940 when Kallio resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exceptional circumstances, such as the lack of a permanent place of residence for many Karelian refugees (see Turtola, "Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland" and Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II"), prevented the election of presidential electors, so a constitutional amendment was enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">parliament</a> to enable the electors of 1937 to elect a successor to Kallio. Ryti was chosen with 288 votes out of 300. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryti_tarkastelee_asiakirjaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ryti_tarkastelee_asiakirjaa.jpg/220px-Ryti_tarkastelee_asiakirjaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ryti_tarkastelee_asiakirjaa.jpg/330px-Ryti_tarkastelee_asiakirjaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ryti_tarkastelee_asiakirjaa.jpg/440px-Ryti_tarkastelee_asiakirjaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>The newly elected President Ryti checks the election proceedings in the parliament.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the day of his retirement, 19 December 1940, Kallio suffered a fatal heart attack during a farewell gathering;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000410_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000410-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the same day, Ryti became the holder of the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_German_orientation">Towards German orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Towards German orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Risto_Ryti" title="Special:EditPage/Risto Ryti">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Risto+Ryti%22">"Risto Ryti"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Risto+Ryti%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Risto+Ryti%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Risto+Ryti%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Risto+Ryti%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Risto+Ryti%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_years_of_Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd_Organisation_1941_(4971C;_JOKAHBL3C_B46-2).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/20_years_of_Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd_Organisation_1941_%284971C%3B_JOKAHBL3C_B46-2%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-20_years_of_Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd_Organisation_1941_%284971C%3B_JOKAHBL3C_B46-2%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/20_years_of_Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd_Organisation_1941_%284971C%3B_JOKAHBL3C_B46-2%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-20_years_of_Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd_Organisation_1941_%284971C%3B_JOKAHBL3C_B46-2%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/20_years_of_Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd_Organisation_1941_%284971C%3B_JOKAHBL3C_B46-2%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-20_years_of_Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd_Organisation_1941_%284971C%3B_JOKAHBL3C_B46-2%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6467" data-file-height="4606" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of 20 years of the <a href="/wiki/Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd" title="Lotta Svärd">Lotta Svärd</a> Organisation, 27 February 1941. Ryti is sat photo right of <a href="/wiki/Fanni_Luukkonen" title="Fanni Luukkonen">Fanni Luukkonen</a> and in front of <a href="/wiki/Helmi_Arneberg-Pentti" title="Helmi Arneberg-Pentti">Helmi Arneberg-Pentti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyra_Wadner" title="Tyra Wadner">Tyra Wadner</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannerheim%27s_birth_day_4.6.1942_in_Immola,_Finland_(SA-kuva_81620).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mannerheim%27s_birth_day_4.6.1942_in_Immola%2C_Finland_%28SA-kuva_81620%29.jpg/220px-Mannerheim%27s_birth_day_4.6.1942_in_Immola%2C_Finland_%28SA-kuva_81620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mannerheim%27s_birth_day_4.6.1942_in_Immola%2C_Finland_%28SA-kuva_81620%29.jpg/330px-Mannerheim%27s_birth_day_4.6.1942_in_Immola%2C_Finland_%28SA-kuva_81620%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mannerheim%27s_birth_day_4.6.1942_in_Immola%2C_Finland_%28SA-kuva_81620%29.jpg/440px-Mannerheim%27s_birth_day_4.6.1942_in_Immola%2C_Finland_%28SA-kuva_81620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4987" data-file-height="3530" /></a><figcaption>Ryti, Mannerheim and German field marshal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Finland's changed policy from a <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> orientation up to, and during, the Winter War, to a German orientation after the Winter War, was not in the least pursued by the confirmed <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophile</a> Risto Ryti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had no illusions about the true nature of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-helsinginsanomat1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helsinginsanomat1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally Finland had been associated with Britain by stronger commercial ties, but as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> was dominated by the Germans and Soviets, lost markets had to be found elsewhere, and the Germans were willing to trade. </p><p>In August 1940 Ryti also agreed to secret military cooperation with Germany. Over time it became increasingly likely that the peace between Germany and the Soviet Union would end, and the experts' opinion - even among the enemies of Germany - was that in case of invasion the Soviets could not stop the German war machine. Ryti apparently turned, step by step, to being in favour of seizing the opportunity to secure Finnish claims to areas he saw to be in the country's interests, in case the great realignment of ownership of East European territory by force were to materialize. </p><p>Thus the cooperation begun in late 1940 ultimately developed in 1941 into preparations for re-annexation of the territories lost after the Winter War,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in case Nazi Germany were to realize the rumoured plans for an assault on the Soviet Union. The Continuation War, when it commenced, would also come to include occupation of <a href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">East Karelia</a>, which nationalist circles had championed since the 1910s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuation_War">Continuation War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Continuation War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_success_and_second_term">Early success and second term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early success and second term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_visit_Finland_1942_Recolored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hitler_visit_Finland_1942_Recolored.jpg/220px-Hitler_visit_Finland_1942_Recolored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hitler_visit_Finland_1942_Recolored.jpg/330px-Hitler_visit_Finland_1942_Recolored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hitler_visit_Finland_1942_Recolored.jpg/440px-Hitler_visit_Finland_1942_Recolored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4197" data-file-height="4287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and Ryti in Finland in 1942. Hitler visited on Mannerheim's 75th birthday.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ryti.jpg/220px-Ryti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ryti.jpg/330px-Ryti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ryti.jpg/440px-Ryti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>President Ryti giving his famous radio speech about the Continuation War on June 26, 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-rytispeech_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rytispeech-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> When Germany's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">assault</a> on the Soviet Union began in June 1941, Finland remained formally neutral until Soviet air raids gave an expected reason to fulfill the invasion plans some days later. Ryti made his famous radio speech after the outbreak of the Continuation War where he announced that Germany would win the war against the Soviet Union:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Citizens! </p><p>Our peace loving people, which for more than a year have strained to utmost to once again rebuild their country to flourish in the aftermath of the previous war, has once again been made the target of vicious attack. Once again has the same enemy, during which in excess of half a millennium has over short intervals in total for some 100 years by ravaging, shattering, and murdering waged wars against our small nation, violated our territory, with their air arms slaying peaceful citizens, mainly the aged, women and children, and destroying the property of peaceful citizens. </p><p>From the instant of commencement of hostilities between Germany and Soviet Union, numerous instances of border violations have been committed by the Soviet Union, for which we have expressed our most vigorous protests, all to no avail. As of yesterday the military forces of Soviet Union have without regard to agreements and without any cause being supplied by us, committed on the orders of their government regular, wide-scale military operations in all regions of our country, and in keeping with their habits, primarily targeted these operations towards sparsely populated areas and peaceful civilian population. </p><p>In this manner has commenced our second battle for defence only some 19 months since occurrence of the previous attack. This new attack towards Finland is as if it were a culmination point for that mode of politics which the Soviet Union has ever since the Moscow peace settlement utilized towards Finland, and the purpose of which has been the destruction of our independence and enslavement of our people. </p><p>Having been left wanting for military assistance during the 1939-40 winter war, we had no choice except for during the dark moments of night on the March 13th conclude peace with Soviet Union, which after the successful defensive battles conducted with substantial casualties felt paralyzing to us. From the terms of peace we were able to perceive the ultimate intentions of USSR in dictating these terms. The new boundary was ordered to be such, as to destroy the possibility of Finland defending itself. The border was to run across natural lines of defence and in such manner that road network was disabled. In making the peace, the USSR obtained a starting point that from the military point of view was advantageous in case of renewed warlike attacks. </p><p>That, however, is not all. In order to totally deprive Finland of any defensive capacity against attack by their immense military forces, the Soviet Union demands both the naval base of <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko</a> as well as building of the <a href="/wiki/Salla" title="Salla">Salla</a> railway. </p><p>The argument for renting of Hanko base has been stated as being that, the Soviet Union must have this key area of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> in order to secure the safety of their large seaside city of <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>. </p><p>The Hanko based troops do not, however, indicate seaborne battle capacity, in as much as attack capacity, and in particular, land-based attack. A sea battle does not require large armored tank troops or enormous railway-based artillery. The Hanko based troops principally were of those assembled for rapid attack occurring on land. Hanko is like a pistol aimed directly at heart of Finland. </p><p>Neither the demand for construction of Salla railway nor North-east Finland area secession demands were included in the advance notification of terms of peace which were bough to notice of Finnish cabinet. The railway of Salla, by which it is intended to join the railway network of Finland to the <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> railway, in all probability would leave a new route of attack being available to USSR. Threat of this demand for railway encompasses the entire Northern Scandinavia, but is in the first instance a dagger aimed at Finland’s back. </p><p>During the peace negotiations Soviet Union notified as final and absolute point of view that the reached agreement fully meets the demands of USSR. Representatives of the Soviet Union considered it to guarantee the safety of Leningrad, enabling the security of which was notified as being the reason for commencement of hostilities. Likewise, the Russian negotiators assured the peace agreement guarantees safety of the railway running North-west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a>, which the USSR considered to be important for their network. </p><p>Additionally, the negotiators assured that how Finland arranges and decides their internal as well as external political matters is entirely dependent on it, as well as is how it arranges its fiscal policy. The Soviet Union has no interest in these matters. </p><p>Even though us Finnish have had painful experiences regarding how little both the man’s word as well as the agreements given by the USSR means, we would have expected that their words would have been at least binding at basic points, and at the very least for a short while. </p><p>However, once again we have directly come to realize that no word given by the USSR can be relied upon. Regardless of what had been promised regarding intervention in Finland’s foreign policy, the Soviet Union bought forward demands regarding direction of Finland’s foreign policy. </p><p>After the concluded severe battles, considerable losses and wanting for assistance of field equipment; our country was totally defenseless against possible further attacks by Soviet Union. In order of safeguarding to at least some measure the existence of our country, the cabinet of Finland commenced talks designed to achieve formation of a Northern League of Defence. These discussions were made public on the same day as the peace agreement had been concluded in Moscow. While the articles of the peace agreement were being dealt with by Finnish parliament on March 21st the USSR in Moscow made known their strict opposition to this plan, totally without foundation claiming it to be in disagreement with the peace agreement. </p><p>In respect of the same foreign policy matter the Soviet Union further three times with threatening note intervened in our right of self determination: on the 27th of September 1940, on our independence day of the same year, and two weeks following that, on the December 18. This occurred regardless of the above mentioned idea of League of Defence not by any means being aimed against anybody, merely to safeguard these sister nations. </p><p>In contravention of international covenants and practices, Soviet Union’s diplomatic and consular representation in Finland has undertaken intervention with regard to Finland’s domestic situation as well as spying, even appearing for this purpose with a false name. </p><p>With regard to this matter, the staff numbers at USSR representative office have increased more than substantially. At the Helsinki mission, there are 31 diplomatic corps staff and 120 assisting staff. At the Consulate in <a href="/wiki/Pechenga_(urban-type_settlement),_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast">Petsamo</a>, 3 consular staff and 21 assistance staff, at <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a> 8 consular staff and 30 other staff. In total there have been some 42 diplomatic and consular staff and 171 assistant staff employed at the USSR mission. </p><p>With the aid of their mission, as well as by utilizing the assistance of those citizens of Finland who have been agreeable to exchange their country for the silver coins of <a href="/wiki/Judas" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas">Judas</a>, the USSR has unscrupulously attempted to interfere with Finland’s internal affairs. By supporting and financing Finland – Soviet Union Friendship Association’s subversive and revolutionary actions, which were in a matter-of-fact way being led and incited from Moscow, Soviet Union endeavored to instill similar developments in Finland, which it has achieved in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a>. </p><p>The Soviet Union has even undertaken attempts to interfere in internal staff matters and apply pressure in these matters. The propaganda and spying by Soviet Union within Finland become ever more unscrupulous and active. Every Finnish citizen who the Soviets have managed to get hold of, prisoners of war included, has been either tried to be enlisted or forced to undertake spying against Finland. </p><p>Soviet Union’s propaganda has inspired feelings of hate towards cabinet of Finland and members of government. It has tried to spread <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> and Bolshevik style thinking in Finland. </p><p>The latest example of Soviet Union’s continuously in ever differing situations shown disrespect is the recent proposal originating from Soviet Union’s official sources, that a certain person convicted in connection of the largest instance of spying in Finland and currently serving the sentence, would be freed and permitted do depart for Soviet Union. </p><p>Soviet Union’s political and fiscal demands over and above those stated in the peace terms extended to many different matters and become from Finland’s security point of view ever increasingly precarious. I will mention a few of these. </p><p>On Midsummer’s eve last year Soviet Union surprisingly opened the matter of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, which was not included in the peace agreement documents. When this was pointed out as a way of warding off the demand, Commissioner for Foreign Affairs Molotov cynically announced that the Soviet cabinet had not bought the matter of the Åland Islands forward in connection of peacemaking because this may have disturbingly affected the peace negotiations. </p><p>The Soviet Union now demanded that the Åland Islands had to be demilitarized, defense equipment located there destroyed, and Soviet Union itself had to be permitted to control all works of destruction. With these demands the Soviet Union clearly wanted to reserve itself the opportunity to effortlessly occupy the Åland Islands, whenever a suitable moment occurred. </p><p>During same timeframe, approximately a year ago, Soviet Union stated their demands for nickel mines of Petsamo. It was not satisfied with demanding a share of the mines production, but its demands had a directly political stamp. For example, the Soviet Union demanded that it be handed management of the mines and right to put in place a fifth of the employees. Locating this number of men in the Petsamo area, would have meant that the Soviet Union would in practice also have had a military support base in Petsamo. </p><p>Descriptive of the Soviet Union’s two-faced actions was that the nature of their demands in the matter of the Petsamo <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> mines were presented to us and to a certain interested superpower in totally different ways. To one party they stated as being only financially interested in relation to Petsamo nickel, to the other stating the matter as a totally politically act directed at Petsamo area. </p><p>Third doubtful demand related to transport of military equipment by railway via land area of Finland to the rented Hanko area. These points were not in the peace agreement. The inherent danger of these transports from point of view of the security of our country and the right to self determination is considerable. In this manner the Soviet Union attempted by various means weaken the political and military position of Finland. </p><p>Simultaneously with this, the Soviet Union attempted by all possible means by economical means to weaken our capacity to resist. Without the slightest foundation in the peace agreement, it demanded we surrender to them substantial amounts of railway equipments. Likewise, it demanded compensation for equipments removed or destroyed from the surrendered areas, extending these compensation demands likewise to property transferred from Hanko rental area, to which the Soviet Union could not possibly have had any right. Descriptive in respect of these demands were that, compensation was also demanded in respect of certain machinery that had been sold and removed from industrial establishments of <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> several years prior to commencement of war. These had obviously at the time been catalogued by Russian spies, and with this as basis, demands were made for compensation. </p><p>Likewise, the Soviet Union laid claim to the valuable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallinkoski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallinkoski (page does not exist)">Vallinkoski</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Vuoksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuoksa">Vuoksa</a>, which beyond doubt is in entirety located on Finland side of the border. Basis for this demand was that, the Finns had originally planned the construction of these rapids to be a part of the same power station at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensonkoski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensonkoski (page does not exist)">Ensonkoski</a>, which had been left on the Russian side of the border. </p><p>In this manner the Soviet Union with continuous pressure and repeated threats strived to strengthen their position and expand their influence in Finland, and weaken our already otherwise difficult financial situation. In numerous cases we were forced to assent to demands of the Soviet Union. In other cases the negotiations were still in progress at commencement of the new war. </p><p>Being accustomed to keeping the given word people of Finland wanted to keep the agreement which we had been forced to make in Moscow. We silently agreed within our minds and said it numerous times in public, that we must conquer and redeem the losses attached to name of Karelia with domestic renewing and clearing works within our new borders. </p><p>With cold consideration we arrived at this result. Thoughts of revenge have neither surfaced nor led our actions. From Finland’s side we strived to forget suffered wrongs and humiliations, even if the Soviet Union’s against all internationally agreed rights and morals commenced attack’s wounds were stinging in the hearts of the entire nation. </p><p>Our starting point was that, as we live in this corner of the earth from generation to the next in close proximity as neighbors of Russia, relations with them must be accomplished. Once again, we wanted, regardless of the happened; commence building of permanent peace with the Soviet Union. </p><p>This wish of peace was tested time and time again, as can be concluded from the previously mentioned constant demands. </p><p>In order to show our wish for peace and in hope that by agreeing to demands, open conflict could have been avoided or at least delayed, and relations with Soviet Union in some way stabilized, we consented to much flexibility. However, our relation building was not limited only to passive willingness. </p><p>Also amongst us was kindled interest towards vivification of active relations. From our side we aimed for interaction in a wide variety of matters. In order to establish and maintain cultural relationships we even formed an association, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltic Circle (page does not exist)">Baltic Circle</a>. From the side of Soviet Union, however, initiatives of this association were turned down, as were other aspirations originating from private sources. The Soviet Union took a like stand towards official attempts by our cabinet at establishing neighborly relations. The through proposals of a committee formed by Department of Education for the purpose of furthering Finland – Soviet Union cultural interaction did not result in any response from Soviet Union, not even agreeing to receive Finland’s Education Minister in order to negotiate developing of cultural relations. Likewise from our side we have regardless of all difficulties strived to form commercial relations. </p><p>Based on the above stated, the direction Soviet Union was aiming for in relation to us can be clearly observed. The independence of Finland had to be destroyed either by way of internal upheavals and difficulties, or eventually by being subdued by violent means. When the way by internal revolution appeared to be closed due to the enormous love of freedom and internal solidarity of our nation, the Soviet Union decided to resort to external violence. </p><p>To this end the Soviet Union’s Prime Minister and Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Molotov during the negotiations at Berlin during 12–13 November 1940, accordingly only 7 months following the Peace of Moscow demanded from Germany unconstrained right to resolve the matter with Finland and liquidate this country. We owe unreserved debt of gratitude to Germany’s Chancellor of State for his determination to dismiss these demands of Soviet Union. </p><p>Ever since commencement of the major war it has been possible to clearly observe what has been the Soviet Union’s aspirations and adopted attitude towards this war. The Soviet Union welcomed with delight the commencement of hostilities and has continuously endeavored to ensure the war would expand and continue as long as possible until the nations of Europe, and if at all possible, nations outside of Europe, would become both materially as well as morally weakened, their capacity to resist bolshevist enticement lessened and by these means would become easy prey for Soviet Union’s imperialistic aspirations when the Soviet Union would consider the opportune moment for it to become involved in the war by armed intervention. The Soviet Union has unscrupulously used various situations to its own advantage, and so also our country was drawn into, at time when superpowers were involved on other fronts, alone battle against the Soviet Union’s superior strength. </p><p>We do not hate the long suffering and ever under oppression lived people of Soviet Union, but in the aftermath of all that has taken place we could scarcely be expected to dress in mourning clothes, because Mr. Molotov together with those circles responsible for the Soviet Union’s politics now has become the victims of their own brand of politics. </p><p>As Soviet Union in connection of the battle between Germany and Soviet Union has expanded military operations to Finland area by attacking our peaceful nation, it is our duty to defend and we will perform that duty with determination and one-mindedly by all morally and militarily available means. </p><p>Our possibilities of successfully coping with this, our second defensive battle on this occasion are quite different than previously, when we by ourselves stood being squeezed by this eastern giant. The military forces of the great and powerful Germany, under command of the ingenious leader, Chancellor of State Hitler, will successfully side by side with us do battle against familiar to us Soviet Union’s military forces. Additionally, certain other nations have commenced military operations against Soviet Union, forming a continuous front stretching from <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Under these circumstances the Soviet Union is not in position to place against our defence forces that crushingly superior force which on the previous occasion made our defensive battles so desperate. On this occasion the Soviet Union is involved in numerically equal battle, in which the success of our own defensive operations is guaranteed. </p><p>Our hardened defence forces enter battle for freedom of our fatherland, living space of our people, faith of our ancestors, and the free society system equally courageous and ready, but better armed and equipped than during the previous war. As all of them men and women who on either the front or in their various tasks in home regions, enthusiastically sacrifice their work and exertion for our defence, so also the entire internally united people at this important moment stimulate the spirit of arms and guide the resolution for implementation of even more justness within community. </p><p>Trust in our defence forces and their world-wide reputation achieved leader, Field-marshal <a href="/wiki/Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a>, is absolute. </p><p> Citizens! Centuries have shown that at this location which fate has to our people given, permanent peace has not been able to be achieved. We have for ever been confronted with pressure from East. For alleviation of this pressure, for annihilation of eternal threat, for safeguarding happy and peaceful life of future generations we now take up arms. And on this occasion our chances of success are possibly greater than perhaps ever previously. Lord of the Destiny, in whose hands the lives of our people rest, lead us and bring our battle to ultimate victory.<sup id="cite_ref-rytispeech_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rytispeech-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The speech was later used against him at the War-responsibility trials. Afterwards Ryti stated he did not believe Germany would win as a whole but that its forces would defeat the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000410_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000410-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish troops soon regained the territory lost in the Winter War and a substantial buffer zone beyond. A considerable number of members of parliament were not excited by the idea of crossing the old borders, but obviously Ryti convinced Tanner and the Social Democrats to remain in the cabinet despite their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_military_administration_in_Eastern_Karelia,_1941%E2%80%931944" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia, 1941–1944">conquest of East Karelia</a>. Ryti's ability to thus maintain a broad coalition government strongly contributed to morale and perceived national unity. In fact, from January 1941 to March 1943, even the far-right <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic People's Movement (Finland)">Patriotic People's Movement</a> (IKL) participated in the government (see, for example, Martti Turtola, "Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland", Sakari Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II", and "The Republic's Presidents 1940-1956" / Tasavallan presidentit 1940-1956). </p><p>Ryti's mandate as president was intended to extend only through the rest of Kallio's term, i.e., to 1943, but as the government could not organize elections during the Continuation War, the electors from 1937 gathered to re-elect him. This exceptional procedure was mandated by a constitutional amendment passed by the Parliament of Finland. Ryti was elected by an overwhelming majority. Ryti was willing to continue as president because he was among those who led Finland into the war, even though during the winter of 1942, both Ryti and Mannerheim had their doubts about German victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000411_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000411-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_at_peace_negotiations">Attempts at peace negotiations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attempts at peace negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryti_ja_Rangell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ryti_ja_Rangell.jpg/220px-Ryti_ja_Rangell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ryti_ja_Rangell.jpg/330px-Ryti_ja_Rangell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ryti_ja_Rangell.jpg/440px-Ryti_ja_Rangell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Ryti and <a href="/wiki/Jukka_Rangell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukka Rangell">Jukka Rangell</a> in 1940s</figcaption></figure> <p>Ryti wanted the government of <a href="/wiki/Jukka_Rangell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukka Rangell">Jukka Rangell</a> to continue in office. However, the time had arrived for a "peace government", and it was formed after long negotiations by the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a>, Professor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Linkomies" title="Edwin Linkomies">Edwin Linkomies</a>. He started preparations aimed at achieving peace with the Soviet Union in spring 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000411_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000411-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Patriotic People's Movement was excluded from the government. The Soviet Union's major <a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive">counter-offensive</a> began on 9 June 1944, in a situation when Finland's relations with Germany were strained due to Finland's earlier attempts to secure a <a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">separate peace</a>. There were speculations that a change of both government and president would ensue, but Marshal Mannerheim was unwilling to take the job of post-war prime minister even temporarily. Soon, <a href="/wiki/Viipuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Viipuri">Viipuri</a>, the second biggest city of Finland, fell to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> on 20 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Finnish government tried to create a link for negotiations via <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. The Soviet government replied that it was ready to negotiate, but only after an assurance that Finland would <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">surrender unconditionally</a>. The demand divided the Finnish government as Ryti and Tanner were in favour of replying, but Mannerheim and Linkomies opposed it. The situation was tense, as Finland was in dire need of food as well as weapons and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ryti–Ribbentrop_Agreement"><span id="Ryti.E2.80.93Ribbentrop_Agreement"></span>Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time, the German foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> arrived in Finland <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply a full or month-and-year "|date=" of publication, or use "|year=year not specified" for intentional omission.">date missing</span></a></i>]</sup> on an unexpected visit. He called the Finnish government to commit itself to continue to fight against the Soviet Union. In return he promised <a href="/wiki/Military_aid" title="Military aid">military aid</a>. Ryti had wanted parliament to decide on the matter. Mannerheim proposed the sending of a private letter. Finally, Ryti and Mannerheim compromised. The creation of a private letter from Ryti of the kind Mannerheim had envisioned was dealt with at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Council of State">Council of State</a>. The compromise satisfied the Germans, and they expanded their military and food assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military assistance helped the Finns stop the Red Army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tali-Ihantala" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tali-Ihantala">battle of Tali-Ihantala</a>. Afterwards, the letter was named the <a href="/wiki/Ryti%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Agreement" title="Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement">Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement</a>. </p><p>By mid-July the front situation was stabilized. Ryti signed a letter of resignation in which, against his will, he referred among other things to health reasons. The letter was presented to the cabinet; and it went into effect 4 August 1944. The Finnish parliament appointed Mannerheim president in early August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace negotiations could begin again, this time from a stronger position although most territorial gains had been lost by this time. Probably neither Hitler nor any other German authorities had read Ryti's previous letter carefully enough, because Finland's decision at the start of September 1944 to end its informal military alliance or "brotherhood-in-arms" with Germany surprised and angered the Germans. Probably none of them thought that Ryti would resign soon, and thus give his successor a free hand to break ties with Germany and to start peace negotiations with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola1994_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVirkkunen1994_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVirkkunen1994-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_stages_of_career">Last stages of career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Last stages of career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War-guilt_trials">War-guilt trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: War-guilt trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryti_sotasyyllisyysoikeudenk%C3%A4ynniss%C3%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ryti_sotasyyllisyysoikeudenk%C3%A4ynniss%C3%A4.jpg/220px-Ryti_sotasyyllisyysoikeudenk%C3%A4ynniss%C3%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ryti_sotasyyllisyysoikeudenk%C3%A4ynniss%C3%A4.jpg/330px-Ryti_sotasyyllisyysoikeudenk%C3%A4ynniss%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ryti_sotasyyllisyysoikeudenk%C3%A4ynniss%C3%A4.jpg/440px-Ryti_sotasyyllisyysoikeudenk%C3%A4ynniss%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Risto Ryti during the <a href="/wiki/War-responsibility_trials_in_Finland" title="War-responsibility trials in Finland">war-responsibility trials in Finland</a>, behind him, to the left, is former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Linkomies" title="Edwin Linkomies">Edwin Linkomies</a> and to the right, defender <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_J._Procop%C3%A9" title="Hjalmar J. Procopé">Hjalmar J. Procopé</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Ryti resigned from the presidency, he was reappointed governor of the Bank of Finland. <a href="/wiki/Jukka_Rangell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukka Rangell">Jukka Rangell</a> stepped aside to clear the way for Ryti. In autumn 1944, he used tough measures, as he had done during the Great Depression ten years earlier, in the nation's monetary policy. The policy was to fight <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and boost <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in spring 1945 Finnish <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> and the Soviet Union demanded he be <a href="/wiki/War-responsibility_trials_in_Finland" title="War-responsibility trials in Finland">tried as "responsible for the war"</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> was the former foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Procop%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Hjalmar Procopé">Hjalmar Procopé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000413_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000413-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ryti was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. Along with Ryti, seven other high officials were sentenced to prison, although for shorter terms. The group was convicted using an <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex post facto">ex post facto</a> law, which had been instituted for the purpose by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">parliament</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Finnish constitution</a> prohibited such legislation, the act in question was passed as a constitutional amendment, with a qualified majority in the parliament. Both the court and the parliament faced severe pressure from the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom during the process.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryti's health failed during his sentence. Most of his stomach had to be removed due to a tumour; in addition, he developed arthritis during his first winter of imprisonment. By 1949, all the other convicts of the war-responsibility trials had been released on <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a>, while Ryti was hospitalized. He was pardoned by President <a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">Juho Kusti Paasikivi</a> that year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being freed, Ryti never returned to public life. He concentrated on writing his memoirs but was not successful due to ill health. In 1952, he attended a university students' celebration where he accepted a badge of honour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although he refused to return to politics, Ryti voted regularly. In May 1956, just five months before his death, he received an honorary doctorate in political science from the Helsinki University.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola1994_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risto Ryti died in October 1956<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried with full presidential honors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Soviet_legacy">Post-Soviet legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Risto-Ryti-1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Risto-Ryti-1941.jpg/220px-Risto-Ryti-1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Risto-Ryti-1941.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Postage stamp portraying Risto Ryti</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Soviet Union collapsed, Ryti's reputation was publicly, but not officially, restored. The government's position on the propositions for the rehabilitation of Ryti and his fellow convicts has been that an official rehabilitation is unnecessary as the honour of the convicted has never been lost. The idea of annulling the sentences or the act retroactively has been considered to be unnecessary and contrary to Finnish judicial practice.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, a statue of Ryti was unveiled near the Parliament House. In 2004, in the <a href="/wiki/YLE" class="mw-redirect" title="YLE">YLE</a> TV-series <a href="/wiki/Suuret_suomalaiset" title="Suuret suomalaiset">Suuret suomalaiset</a> (<i>Great Finns</i>) Risto Ryti got the second highest number of votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freemason_and_believer_in_Fate_and_spirituality">Freemason and believer in Fate and spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Freemason and believer in Fate and spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risto Ryti was a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a>, but after his prison sentence, was required to give up membership in his lodge, as convicts were barred from membership. He had become a Freemason in 1924, but according to the Finnish Grand Lodge's assistant grand scribe Reijo Ahtokari, he did not very actively participate in Masonic activities. In January 1941, he appointed a fellow Freemason, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Wilhelm_Rangell" title="Johan Wilhelm Rangell">Johan Wilhelm "Jukka" Rangell</a>, as prime minister only after his secretary Lauri Puntila suggested that he do so.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ryti did, according to some of his friends and acquaintances, strongly believe in fate. After a dinner in the 1930s at the home of a friend, Alvar Renqvist, in Helsinki, Ryti told the other guests, according to <a href="/wiki/Heikki_A._Reenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Heikki A. Reenpää">Heikki A. Reenpää</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikki_A._Reenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" class="extiw" title="fi:Heikki A. Reenpää">fi</a>]</span>, Alvar Renqvist's grandson: "In my life, fate has been the ruling force. If it had not been benevolent, I would not sit here now."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (June 2018)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of Finland's most famous <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyants</a>, Aino Kassinen, recalled in her memoirs that she met Ryti in the 1930s in Helsinki, and got the understanding that Ryti strongly believed in people's being guided by the higher divine powers, and that he strongly believed in God, and had studied <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">anthroposophy</a>. Ryti's wife Gerda was a much more active <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualist</a> and theosophist than Ryti himself; she even claimed to have a spirit guide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola1994_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVirkkunen1994_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVirkkunen1994-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ryti was played by Pertti Sveholm in the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a> <i>Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940</i>, directed by Veli-Matti Saikkonen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabinets">Cabinets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cabinets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryti_I_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryti I Cabinet">Ryti I Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryti_II_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryti II Cabinet">Ryti II Cabinet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> : Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Rose">Order of the White Rose</a> (Finland) (1940)<sup id="cite_ref-HS1997_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> : Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Rose">Order of the White Rose</a> (1936)<sup id="cite_ref-HS1997_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> : Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_of_Finland" title="Order of the Lion of Finland">Order of the Lion of Finland</a> (1942)<sup id="cite_ref-HS1997_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> : Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty" title="Order of the Cross of Liberty">Order of the Cross of Liberty</a> with Swords (1940)<sup id="cite_ref-HS1997_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> : <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_German_Eagle" title="Order of the German Eagle">Order of the German Eagle</a> in Gold with Star (Germany)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> : Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> : Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary">Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary</a> (18 February 1942)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kallio's presidency of the republic was to officially end at the inauguration of Ryti, who was elected to succeed him, at which time Ryti's presidency was formally set to begin.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=331">"Ministerikortisto"</a>. Valtioneuvosto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerikortisto&rft.pub=Valtioneuvosto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valtioneuvosto.fi%2Fhakemisto%2Fministerikortisto%2Fministeritiedot.asp%3Fnro%3D331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJokisipilä2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jokisipilä, Markku (2004). <i>Aseveljiä vai liittolaisia</i> (in Finnish). SKS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-746-609-9" title="Special:BookSources/951-746-609-9"><bdi>951-746-609-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asevelji%C3%A4+vai+liittolaisia&rft.pub=SKS&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=951-746-609-9&rft.aulast=Jokisipil%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Markku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000403-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000403_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000403_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huittinen.fi/tietoa_huittisista/presidentti_risto_ryti">"Tietoa Huittisista: Presidentti Risto Ryti 1889-1956"</a> (in Finnish). Town of Huittinen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tietoa+Huittisista%3A+Presidentti+Risto+Ryti+1889-1956&rft.pub=Town+of+Huittinen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huittinen.fi%2Ftietoa_huittisista%2Fpresidentti_risto_ryti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000404-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000404_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000404_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000405_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KB_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KB_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/8088">"Ryti, Gerda (1886-1984)"</a>. <i>Kansallisbiografia.fi</i> (in Finnish). National Biography of Finland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansallisbiografia.fi&rft.atitle=Ryti%2C+Gerda+%281886-1984%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansallisbiografia.fi%2Fkansallisbiografia%2Fhenkilo%2F8088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/kuka/1978/0826.html"><i>Kuka Kukin On (Who's Who)</i></a> (in Finnish). Helsinki. 1978. p. 826<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuka+Kukin+On+%28Who%27s+Who%29&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=826&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fkuka%2F1978%2F0826.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9903227">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ase sano klik vaan" – tuleva presidentti Risto Ryti pelastui täpärästi venäläismatruusien luodeilta marraskuun 1917 kahakassa"</a>. 28 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Ase+sano+klik+vaan%22+%E2%80%93+tuleva+presidentti+Risto+Ryti+pelastui+t%C3%A4p%C3%A4r%C3%A4sti+ven%C3%A4l%C3%A4ismatruusien+luodeilta+marraskuun+1917+kahakassa&rft.date=2017-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fuutiset%2F3-9903227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://valtioneuvosto.fi/tietoa/historiaa/hallitukset-ja-ministerit/raportti/-/r/v9l/13">"Council of State - Ministers of Finance"</a>. Valtioneuvosto.fi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+State+-+Ministers+of+Finance&rft.pub=Valtioneuvosto.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaltioneuvosto.fi%2Ftietoa%2Fhistoriaa%2Fhallitukset-ja-ministerit%2Fraportti%2F-%2Fr%2Fv9l%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807192103/https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/bank-of-finland/organization/board/board-members-in-the-history-of-the-bank-of-finland/">"Board Members in the history of the Bank of Finland"</a>. Bank of Finland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/bank-of-finland/organization/board/board-members-in-the-history-of-the-bank-of-finland/">the original</a> on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+Members+in+the+history+of+the+Bank+of+Finland&rft.pub=Bank+of+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suomenpankki.fi%2Fen%2Fbank-of-finland%2Forganization%2Fboard%2Fboard-members-in-the-history-of-the-bank-of-finland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000406-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000406_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000406_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000407_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000408-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000408_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000408_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000409_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000410-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000410_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000410_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-helsinginsanomat1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-helsinginsanomat1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJokisipilä2006" class="citation news cs1">Jokisipilä, Markku (26 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827095714/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/A+silent+president+has+his+say/1135218577497">"A silent president has his say"</a>. <i>Helsingin Sanomat</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/english/article/A+silent+president+has+his+say/1135218577497">the original</a> on 27 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=A+silent+president+has+his+say&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.aulast=Jokisipil%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Markku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fenglish%2Farticle%2FA%2Bsilent%2Bpresident%2Bhas%2Bhis%2Bsay%2F1135218577497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11993454">Kuusi kohtalokasta päivää, jotka veivät Suomea kohti uutta sotaa</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/YLE" class="mw-redirect" title="YLE">YLE</a></i> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rytispeech-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rytispeech_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rytispeech_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heninen.net/sopimus/ryti1941_e.htm">Radio address by President of Finland Risto Ryti 26 June 1941</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000411-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000411_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000411_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola2000412_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola2000">Turtola (2000)</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtola1994-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola1994_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola1994_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtola1994_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurtola1994">Turtola (1994)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVirkkunen1994-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVirkkunen1994_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVirkkunen1994_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVirkkunen1994">Virkkunen (1994)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeppo_Zetterberg2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seppo Zetterberg; et al., eds. 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(The answer of the Minister of Justice to the written question on the rehabilitation of the war-responsibility convicts). Retrieved 10-10-2007. <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0304883/">Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940 (TV Movie 2001) – IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HS1997-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HS1997_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS1997_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS1997_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS1997_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnttikoski1997" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anttikoski, Riitta (6 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nakoislehti.hs.fi/ac23cb00-55e9-46f0-8b06-412cc9d00323/96">"Ritarikuntien suurristejä myönnetty 366"</a>. <i>Helsingin Sanomat</i> (in Finnish). pp. E 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0355-2047">0355-2047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Ritarikuntien+suurristej%C3%A4+my%C3%B6nnetty+366&rft.pages=E+16-17&rft.date=1997-12-06&rft.issn=0355-2047&rft.aulast=Anttikoski&rft.aufirst=Riitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnakoislehti.hs.fi%2Fac23cb00-55e9-46f0-8b06-412cc9d00323%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nakoislehti.hs.fi/99ee5fd6-7da4-40b6-8b9d-b385f2b3d626/6">"Unkarin ansio-ritarikunnan suurristi ketjuineen tasavallan presidentille"</a>. <i>Helsingin Sanomat</i> (in Finnish). 19 February 1942. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0355-2047">0355-2047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Unkarin+ansio-ritarikunnan+suurristi+ketjuineen+tasavallan+presidentille.&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1942-02-19&rft.issn=0355-2047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnakoislehti.hs.fi%2F99ee5fd6-7da4-40b6-8b9d-b385f2b3d626%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurtola1994" class="citation book cs1">Turtola, Martti (1994). <i>Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland. Risto Ryti: Elämä isänmaan puolesta</i>. Helsinki: Otava.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risto+Ryti%3A+A+Life+for+the+Fatherland.+Risto+Ryti%3A+El%C3%A4m%C3%A4+is%C3%A4nmaan+puolesta&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Turtola&rft.aufirst=Martti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurtola2000" class="citation book cs1">Turtola, Martti (2000). "Risto Ryti". In Marjomaa, Ulpu (ed.). <i>100 faces from Finland</i>. Finnish Literature Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-746-215-8" title="Special:BookSources/951-746-215-8"><bdi>951-746-215-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Risto+Ryti&rft.btitle=100+faces+from+Finland&rft.pub=Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=951-746-215-8&rft.aulast=Turtola&rft.aufirst=Martti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirkkunen1994" class="citation book cs1">Virkkunen, Sakari (1994). <i>The Finnish Presidents II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim / Suomen presidentit II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim</i>. Helsinki: Otava.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finnish+Presidents+II%3A+Kallio+-+Ryti+-+Mannerheim+%2F+Suomen+presidentit+II%3A+Kallio+-+Ryti+-+Mannerheim&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Virkkunen&rft.aufirst=Sakari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARisto+Ryti" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Risto_Ryti" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Risto Ryti">Risto Ryti</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=630">Finnish Literature Society, Biographical Centre: Ryti, Risto (1889–1956)</a> covered by Martti Turtola</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827095714/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/A+silent+president+has+his+say/1135218577497">Helsingin Sanomat: A silent president has his say</a> covered by Markku Jokisipilä</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/015241">Newspaper clippings about Risto Ryti</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11891058">Risto Ryti</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209435#P535" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suomenpresidentit.fi/ryti/?lang=en">Risto Ryti</a> in The Presidents of Finland</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aimo_Cajander" title="Aimo Cajander">Aimo Cajander</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a> </b><br />1939–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Wilhelm_Rangell" title="Johan Wilhelm Rangell">Johan Wilhelm Rangell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a> </b><br />1940–1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Finland" title="Template:Presidents of Finland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Finland" title="Template talk:Presidents of Finland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Finland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Finland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Finland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Presidents of Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">K. J. Ståhlberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–1925)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_Kristian_Relander" title="Lauri Kristian Relander">Lauri Kr. Relander</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925–1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">P. E. Svinhufvud</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1937)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937–1940)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Risto Ryti</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">C. G. E. Mannerheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944–1946)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">J. K. Paasikivi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–1956)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto" title="Mauno Koivisto">Mauno Koivisto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982–1994)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarja_Halonen" title="Tarja Halonen">Tarja Halonen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000–2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Standard of Finland"><img alt="Presidential Standard of Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Finland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Finland" title="Template:Prime ministers of Finland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Finland" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Finland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Finland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Finland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Finland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime ministers of Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Logo_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Finland.svg/65px-Logo_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Logo_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Finland.svg/98px-Logo_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Logo_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Finland.svg/130px-Logo_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">P. E. Svinhufvud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">J. K. Paasikivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_Ingman" title="Lauri Ingman">L. Ingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Castr%C3%A9n" title="Kaarlo Castrén">K. Castrén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juho_Vennola" title="Juho Vennola">J. Vennola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Erich" title="Rafael Erich">R. Erich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juho_Vennola" title="Juho Vennola">J. Vennola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimo_Cajander" title="Aimo Cajander">A. Cajander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">K. Kallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimo_Cajander" title="Aimo Cajander">A. Cajander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_Ingman" title="Lauri Ingman">L. Ingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Tulenheimo" title="Antti Tulenheimo">A. Tulenheimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">K. Kallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Tanner" title="Väinö Tanner">V. Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juho_Sunila" title="Juho Sunila">J. Sunila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskari_Mantere" title="Oskari Mantere">O. Mantere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">K. Kallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">P. E. Svinhufvud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juho_Sunila" title="Juho Sunila">J. Sunila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Mikael_Kivim%C3%A4ki" title="Toivo Mikael Kivimäki">T. Kivimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">K. Kallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimo_Cajander" title="Aimo Cajander">A. Cajander</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. Ryti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Wilhelm_Rangell" title="Johan Wilhelm Rangell">J. W. Rangell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Linkomies" title="Edwin Linkomies">E. Linkomies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Hackzell" title="Antti Hackzell">A. Hackzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urho_Castr%C3%A9n" title="Urho Castrén">U. Castrén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">J. K. Paasikivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauno_Pekkala" title="Mauno Pekkala">M. Pekkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-August_Fagerholm" title="Karl-August Fagerholm">K-A. Fagerholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">U. Kekkonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakari_Tuomioja" title="Sakari Tuomioja">S. Tuomioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralf_T%C3%B6rngren" title="Ralf Törngren">R. Törngren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">U. Kekkonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-August_Fagerholm" title="Karl-August Fagerholm">K-A. Fagerholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._J._Sukselainen" title="V. J. Sukselainen">V. J. Sukselainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_von_Fieandt" title="Rainer von Fieandt">R. von Fieandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Kuuskoski" title="Reino Kuuskoski">R. Kuuskoski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-August_Fagerholm" title="Karl-August Fagerholm">K-A. Fagerholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._J._Sukselainen" title="V. J. Sukselainen">V. J. Sukselainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Miettunen" title="Martti Miettunen">M. Miettunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahti_Karjalainen" title="Ahti Karjalainen">A. Karjalainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_Ragnar_Lehto" title="Reino Ragnar Lehto">R. R. Lehto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Virolainen" title="Johannes Virolainen">J. Virolainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Paasio" title="Rafael Paasio">R. Paasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto" title="Mauno Koivisto">M. Koivisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuvo_Aura" title="Teuvo Aura">T. Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahti_Karjalainen" title="Ahti Karjalainen">A. Karjalainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuvo_Aura" title="Teuvo Aura">T. Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Paasio" title="Rafael Paasio">R. Paasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Sorsa" title="Kalevi Sorsa">K. Sorsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keijo_Liinamaa" title="Keijo Liinamaa">K. Liinamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Miettunen" title="Martti Miettunen">M. Miettunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Sorsa" title="Kalevi Sorsa">K. Sorsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto" title="Mauno Koivisto">M. Koivisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Sorsa" title="Kalevi Sorsa">K. Sorsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harri_Holkeri" title="Harri Holkeri">H. Holkeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esko_Aho" title="Esko Aho">E. Aho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Lipponen" title="Paavo Lipponen">P. Lipponen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_J%C3%A4%C3%A4tteenm%C3%A4ki" title="Anneli Jäätteenmäki">A. Jäätteenmäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Vanhanen" title="Matti Vanhanen">M. Vanhanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Kiviniemi" title="Mari Kiviniemi">M. Kiviniemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyrki_Katainen" title="Jyrki Katainen">J. Katainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">A. Stubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juha_Sipil%C3%A4" title="Juha Sipilä">J. Sipilä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Rinne" title="Antti Rinne">A. Rinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanna_Marin" title="Sanna Marin">S. Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petteri_Orpo" title="Petteri Orpo">P. Orpo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&oldid=1251913475">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risto_Ryti&oldid=1251913475</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1889_births" title="Category:1889 births">1889 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1956_deaths" title="Category:1956 deaths">1956 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Huittinen" title="Category:People from Huittinen">People from Huittinen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Turku_and_Pori_Province_(Grand_Duchy_of_Finland)" title="Category:Politicians from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)">Politicians from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_Lutherans" title="Category:Finnish Lutherans">Finnish Lutherans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(Finland)_politicians" title="Category:National Progressive Party (Finland) politicians">National Progressive Party (Finland) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Finland" title="Category:Presidents of Finland">Presidents of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Finland" title="Category:Prime ministers of Finland">Prime ministers of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_finance_of_Finland" title="Category:Ministers of finance of Finland">Ministers of finance of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_Finland_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1919–1922)">Members of the Parliament of Finland (1919–1922)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_Finland_(1922%E2%80%931924)" title="Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1922–1924)">Members of the Parliament of Finland (1922–1924)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_Finland_(1927%E2%80%931929)" title="Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1927–1929)">Members of the Parliament of Finland (1927–1929)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_political_leaders" title="Category:World War II political leaders">World War II political leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_anti-communists" title="Category:Finnish anti-communists">Finnish anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_people_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Finnish people of World War II">Finnish people of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_people_convicted_of_the_international_crime_of_aggression" title="Category:Finnish people convicted of the international crime of aggression">Finnish people convicted of the international crime of aggression</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Finland" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of Finland">Prisoners and detainees of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_Finnish_presidential_pardons" title="Category:Recipients of Finnish presidential pardons">Recipients of Finnish presidential pardons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Bank_of_Finland" title="Category:Governors of the Bank of Finland">Governors of the Bank of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_Freemasons" title="Category:Finnish Freemasons">Finnish Freemasons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford">Alumni of the University of Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Helsinki_alumni" title="Category:University of Helsinki alumni">University of Helsinki alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty">Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Knights_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order">Honorary Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_who_were_later_imprisoned" title="Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned">Heads of government who were later imprisoned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Lutherans" title="Category:20th-century Lutherans">20th-century Lutherans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_in_Europe" title="Category:20th-century presidents in Europe">20th-century presidents in Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from 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