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</a> <ul id="toc-Residence_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enumeration_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enumeration_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Enumeration strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enumeration_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_census_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_census_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses of census data</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_of_census_data-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses of census data subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_census_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Census_data_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_data_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Census data and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_data_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_and_data_stewardship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_and_data_stewardship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Privacy and data stewardship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_and_data_stewardship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_censuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_censuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History of censuses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_censuses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of censuses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_censuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rashidun_and_Umayyad_Caliphates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rashidun_and_Umayyad_Caliphates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rashidun_and_Umayyad_Caliphates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Inca Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Spanish Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_population_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_population_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>World population estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_population_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_COVID-19_on_censuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_COVID-19_on_censuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Impact of COVID-19 on censuses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_COVID-19_on_censuses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact of COVID-19 on censuses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_COVID-19_on_censuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Modern implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Census</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus" title="Sensus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sensus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إحصاء السكان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحصاء السكان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censu_de_poblaci%C3%B3n" title="Censu de población – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Censu de población" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Халкъалъул хъвай-хъвагӀай – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Халкъалъул хъвай-хъвагӀай" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="نۆفوس ساییمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نۆفوس ساییمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="জনশুমারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জনশুমারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3%CD%98-cha" title="Phó͘-cha – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phó͘-cha" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%B8%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Халыҡ иҫәбен алыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халыҡ иҫәбен алыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перапіс насельніцтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перапіс насельніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перапіс насельніцтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Перапіс насельніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जनगणना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जनगणना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Преброяване на населението – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Преброяване на населението" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niveradeg" title="Niveradeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niveradeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cens_de_poblaci%C3%B3" title="Cens de població – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cens de població" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83" title="Çырсатуху – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çырсатуху" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%8D%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AD_lidu" title="Sčítání lidu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sčítání lidu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuverengwa_kweVanhu" title="Kuverengwa kweVanhu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kuverengwa kweVanhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfrifiad" title="Cyfrifiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfrifiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folket%C3%A6lling" title="Folketælling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folketælling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksz%C3%A4hlung" title="Volkszählung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volkszählung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvaloendus" title="Rahvaloendus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvaloendus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE" title="Απογραφή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απογραφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censo_(estad%C3%ADstica)" title="Censo (estadística) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Censo (estadística)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolnombrado" title="Popolnombrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Popolnombrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentsu_(estatistika)" title="Zentsu (estatistika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zentsu (estatistika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سرشماری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرشماری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recensement_de_la_population" title="Recensement de la population – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Recensement de la population" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkstelling" title="Folkstelling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Folkstelling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daon%C3%A1ireamh" title="Daonáireamh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daonáireamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censo" title="Censo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Censo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC" title="인구 조사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인구 조사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մարդահամար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդահամար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जनगणना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनगणना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popis_stanovni%C5%A1tva" title="Popis stanovništva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Popis stanovništva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografiala_kontado" title="Demografiala kontado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Demografiala kontado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus" title="Sensus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sensus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censo" title="Censo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Censo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manntal" title="Manntal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Manntal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censimento" title="Censimento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Censimento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מפקד אוכלוסין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפקד אוכלוסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacah_sirah" title="Cacah sirah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cacah sirah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF)" title="ಜನಗಣತಿ (ಗಣತಿ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜನಗಣತಿ (ಗಣತಿ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მოსახლეობის აღწერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსახლეობის აღწერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Халық санағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халық санағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensa" title="Sensa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sensa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Эл каттоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эл каттоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census" title="Census – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Census" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautas_skait%C4%AB%C5%A1ana" title="Tautas skaitīšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tautas skaitīšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyventoj%C5%B3_sura%C5%A1ymas" title="Gyventojų surašymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyventojų surašymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus" title="Sensus – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Sensus" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voukst%C3%A8lling" title="Voukstèlling – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Voukstèlling" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Népszámlálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Népszámlálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Попис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Попис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanisam-bahoaka" title="Fanisam-bahoaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanisam-bahoaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="കാനേഷുമാരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാനേഷുമാരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जनगणना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जनगणना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سرشماری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرشماری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banci" title="Banci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Хүн амын тооллого – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүн амын тооллого" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstelling" title="Volkstelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volkstelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जनगणना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनगणना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मिल्याः खाज्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिल्याः खाज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8B%A2%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB" title="国勢調査 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国勢調査" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нахбагарбар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нахбагарбар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketelling" title="Folketelling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folketelling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketeljing" title="Folketeljing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folketeljing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਰਦਮਸ਼ੁਮਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਰਦਮਸ਼ੁਮਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%AF%DD%A8%DD%A8" title="لوک گݨݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوک گݨݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="سرشمېرنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرشمېرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censiment" title="Censiment – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Censiment" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zensus" title="Zensus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zensus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spis_statystyczny" title="Spis statystyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spis statystyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censo_demogr%C3%A1fico" title="Censo demográfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Censo demográfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recens%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Recensământ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Recensământ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa_yupay" title="Runa yupay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runa yupay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Перепись населения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перепись населения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آدم شماری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آدم شماری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjistrimi_i_popullsis%C3%AB" title="Regjistrimi i popullsisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Regjistrimi i popullsisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinsimentu" title="Cinsimentu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cinsimentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%B1" title="ජන සංගණන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජන සංගණන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census" title="Census – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Census" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="آدمشماري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آدمشماري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%8D%C3%ADtanie_obyvate%C4%BEstva" title="Sčítanie obyvateľstva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sčítanie obyvateľstva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popis_prebivalstva" title="Popis prebivalstva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Popis prebivalstva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سەرژمێریی دانیشتووان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرژمێریی دانیشتووان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Попис становништва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Попис становништва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popis_stanovni%C5%A1tva" title="Popis stanovništva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Popis stanovništva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nsus" title="Sénsus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sénsus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4est%C3%B6nlaskenta" title="Väestönlaskenta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väestönlaskenta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkr%C3%A4kning" title="Folkräkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkräkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senso" title="Senso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Senso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddun_n_imezda%C9%A3" title="Uddun n imezdaɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uddun n imezdaɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BF" title="Җанисәп – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җанисәп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A8" title="జనాభా గణన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జనాభా గణన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="สำมะโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สำมะโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%AF%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Барӯйхатгирии аҳолӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барӯйхатгирии аҳолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCfus_say%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Nüfus sayımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nüfus sayımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Перепис населення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перепис населення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مردم شماری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مردم شماری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u_tra_d%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%91" title="Điều tra dân số – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điều tra dân số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senso" title="Senso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Senso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="人口普查 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人口普查" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A1" title="צענזוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צענזוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="人口普查 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人口普查" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="人口普查 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人口普查" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39825#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Censor (disambiguation)">Censor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">Censure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senser" title="Senser">Senser</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">Sensor</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkstelling_1925_Census.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Volkstelling_1925_Census.jpg/220px-Volkstelling_1925_Census.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Volkstelling_1925_Census.jpg/330px-Volkstelling_1925_Census.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Volkstelling_1925_Census.jpg/440px-Volkstelling_1925_Census.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>A census taker visits a family of Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Travellers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Travellers">Dutch Travellers</a> living in a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_home" title="Mobile home">caravan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>census</b> (from Latin <i>censere</i>, 'to assess') is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording, and calculating population information about the members of a given <a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">population</a>, usually displayed in the form of statistics. This term is used mostly in connection with <a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">national population and housing censuses</a>; other common censuses include <a href="/wiki/Census_of_agriculture" title="Census of agriculture">censuses of agriculture</a>, traditional culture, business, supplies, and traffic censuses. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every ten years. UN recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, and other useful information to coordinate international practices.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), in turn, defines the census of agriculture as "a statistical operation for collecting, processing and disseminating data on the structure of agriculture, covering the whole or a significant part of a country." "In a census of agriculture, data are collected at the holding level."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> origin: during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the census was a list of all adult males fit for military service. The modern census is essential to <a href="/wiki/International_comparisons" title="International comparisons">international comparisons</a> of any type of statistics, and censuses collect data on many attributes of a population, not just the number of individuals. Censuses typically began as the only method of collecting national <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> data and are now part of a larger system of different surveys. Although population estimates remain an important function of a census, including exactly the geographic distribution of the population or the agricultural population, statistics can be produced about combinations of attributes, e.g., education by age and sex in different regions. Current <a href="/wiki/Administrative_data" title="Administrative data">administrative data</a> systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the same level of detail but raise concerns about privacy and the possibility of biasing estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-theforgottenfamily.wordpress.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theforgottenfamily.wordpress.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A census can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sampling</a> in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population; typically, main population estimates are updated by such <a href="/wiki/Intercensal_estimate" title="Intercensal estimate">intercensal estimates</a>. Modern census data are commonly used for research, business <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, and planning, and as a baseline for designing sample surveys by providing a <a href="/wiki/Sampling_frame" title="Sampling frame">sampling frame</a> such as an address register. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion polling</a>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified sampling">stratification</a> requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata, which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official counts used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions (sometimes controversially – e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Utah_v._Evans" title="Utah v. Evans">Utah v. Evans</a></i>). In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide more accurate information than attempts to get a population census.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lastcensus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lastcensus.svg/300px-Lastcensus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lastcensus.svg/450px-Lastcensus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lastcensus.svg/600px-Lastcensus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A world map showing countries' most recent censuses as of 2020</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sampling">Sampling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehran_Census_1869.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tehran_Census_1869.png/220px-Tehran_Census_1869.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tehran_Census_1869.png/330px-Tehran_Census_1869.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Tehran_Census_1869.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> census in 1869<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Census##" title="Talk:Census">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Census%22">"Census"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Census%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Census%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Census%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Census%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Census%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as it intends to count everyone in a population, rather than a fraction. However, population censuses do rely on a <a href="/wiki/Sampling_frame" title="Sampling frame">sampling frame</a> to count the population. This is the only way to be sure that everyone has been included, as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on and individuals could be missed. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, and a new estimate is to be made by the analysis of primary data. The use of a sampling frame is <a href="/wiki/Counterintuitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterintuitive">counterintuitive</a> as it suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Population_size" title="Population size">population size</a> is already known. However, a census is also used to collect attribute data on the individuals in the nation, not only to assess population size. This process of sampling marks the difference between a historical census, which was a house-to-house process or the product of an imperial decree, and the modern <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> project. </p><p>The sampling frame used by a census is almost always an address register. Thus, it is not known if there are any residents or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, an enumerator calls, or administrative records for the dwelling are accessed. As a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check for any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, this can be out of date and some dwellings may contain several independent households. A particular problem is what is termed "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communal_establishments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communal establishments (page does not exist)">communal establishments</a>", a category that includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons, etc. As these are not easily enumerated by a single householder, they are often treated differently and visited by special teams of census workers to ensure they are classified appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residence_definitions">Residence definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Residence definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals are normally counted within <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">households</a>, and information is typically collected about the household structure and the housing. For this reason, international documents refer to censuses of population and housing. Normally the census response is made by a household, indicating details of individuals resident there. An important aspect of census enumerations is determining which individuals can be counted and which cannot be counted. Broadly, three definitions can be used: <i>de facto</i> residence; <i>de jure</i> residence; and permanent residence. This is important in considering individuals who have multiple or temporary addresses. Every person should be identified uniquely as a resident in one place; but the place where they happen to be on Census Day, their <a href="/wiki/Home_range" title="Home range"><i>de facto</i> residence</a>, may not be the best place to count them. Where an individual uses services may be more useful, and this is at their usual residence. An individual may be recorded at a "permanent" address, which might be a family home for students or long-term migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A precise definition of residence is needed, to decide whether visitors to a country should be included in the population count. This is becoming more important as students travel abroad for education for a period of several years. Other groups causing problems with enumeration are newborn babies, refugees, people away on holiday, people moving home around census day, and people without a fixed address. </p><p>People with second homes, because they are working in another part of the country or have a holiday cottage, are difficult to fix at a particular address; this sometimes causes double counting or houses being mistakenly identified as vacant. Another problem is where people use a different address at different times e.g. students living at their place of education in term time but returning to a family home during vacations, or children whose parents have separated who effectively have two family homes. Census enumeration has always been based on finding people where they live, as there is no systematic alternative: any list used to find people is likely to be derived from census activities in the first place. Recent <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> guidelines provide recommendations on enumerating such complex households.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the census of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, data is collected at the agricultural holding unit. An agricultural holding is an economic unit of agricultural production under single management comprising all livestock kept and all land used wholly or partly for agricultural production purposes, without regard to title, legal form, or size. Single management may be exercised by an individual or household, jointly by two or more individuals or households, by a clan or tribe, or by a juridical person such as a corporation, cooperative, or government agency. The holding's land may consist of one or more parcels, located in one or more separate areas or one or more territorial or administrative divisions, providing the parcels share the same production means, such as labor, farm buildings, <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machinery</a> or draught animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enumeration_strategies">Enumeration strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Enumeration strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enumerator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enumerator.jpg/220px-Enumerator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enumerator.jpg/330px-Enumerator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enumerator.jpg/440px-Enumerator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>An enumerator conducting a census survey using a mobile phone-based questionnaire in the rural <a href="/wiki/Mutasa_District" title="Mutasa District">Mutasa District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Historical censuses used crude enumeration assuming<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> absolute accuracy. Modern approaches take into account the problems of overcount and undercount and the coherence of census enumerations with other official sources of data.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, during the 2020 U.S. Census, the Census Bureau counted people primarily by collecting answers sent by mail, on the internet, over the phone, or using shared information through proxies. These methods accounted for 95.5 percent of all occupied housing units in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects a realist approach to measurement, acknowledging that under any definition of residence there is a true value of the population<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">gobbledegook</span></a></i>]</sup> but this can never be measured with complete accuracy. An important aspect of the census process is to evaluate the quality of the data.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many countries use a post-enumeration survey to adjust the raw census counts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This works similarly to <a href="/wiki/Capture-recapture" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture-recapture">capture-recapture</a> estimation for animal populations. Among census experts, this method is called dual system enumeration (DSE). A sample of households is visited by interviewers who record the details of the household as of census day. These data are then matched to census records, and the number of people missed can be estimated by considering the number of people who are included in one count but not the other. This allows adjustments to the count for non-response, varying between different <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> groups. An explanation using a fishing analogy can be found in "Trout, Catfish and Roach..."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which won an award from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a> for excellence in <a href="/wiki/Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">official statistics</a> in 2011. </p><p>Triple system enumeration has been proposed as an improvement as it would allow evaluation of the statistical dependence of pairs of sources. However, as the matching process is the most difficult aspect of census estimation this has never been implemented for a national enumeration. It would also be difficult to identify three different sources that were sufficiently different to make the triple system effort worthwhile. The DSE approach has another weakness in that it assumes there is no person counted twice (over count). In <i>de facto</i> residence definitions this would not be a problem but in <i>de jure</i> definitions individuals risk being recorded on more than one form leading to double counting. A particular problem here is students who often have a term time and family address. </p><p>Several countries have used a system known as short form/long form.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sampling</a> strategy that randomly chooses a proportion of people to send a more detailed questionnaire to (the long form). Everyone receives the short-form questions. This means more data are collected, but without imposing a burden on the whole population. This also reduces the burden on the statistical office. Indeed, in the UK until 2001 all residents were required to fill in the whole form but only a 10% sample was coded and analysed in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New technology means that all data are now scanned and processed. During the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011 Canadian census</a> there was controversy about the cessation of the mandatory long-form census; the head of <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munir_Sheikh" title="Munir Sheikh">Munir Sheikh</a>, resigned upon the federal government's decision to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of alternative enumeration strategies is increasing<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these are not as simple as many people assume and are only used in developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands has been most advanced in adopting a census using <a href="/wiki/Administrative_data" title="Administrative data">administrative data</a>. This allows a simulated census to be conducted by linking several different administrative databases at an agreed time. Data can be matched, and an overall enumeration established allowing for discrepancies between different data sources. A validation survey is still conducted in a similar way to the post-enumeration survey employed in a traditional census. </p><p>Other countries that have a population register use this as a basis for all the census statistics needed by users. This is most common among Nordic countries but requires many distinct registers to be combined, including population, housing, employment, and education. These registers are then combined and brought up to the standard of a statistical register by comparing the data from different sources and ensuring the quality is sufficient for official statistics to be produced.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent innovation is the French instigation of a rolling census program with different regions enumerated each year so that the whole country is completely enumerated every 5 to 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, in connection with the 2010 census round, many countries adopted alternative census methodologies, often based on the combination of data from registers, surveys and other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Censuses have evolved in their use of technology: censuses in 2010 used many new types of computing. In Brazil, handheld devices were used by enumerators to locate residences on the ground. In many countries, census returns could be made via the Internet as well as in paper form. DSE is facilitated by computer matching techniques that can be automated, such as <a href="/wiki/Propensity_score_matching" title="Propensity score matching">propensity score matching</a>. In the UK, all census formats are scanned and stored electronically before being destroyed, replacing the need for physical archives. The record linking to perform an administrative census would not be possible without large databases being stored on computer systems. </p><p>There are sometimes problems in introducing new technology. The US census had been intended to use handheld computers, but cost escalated, and this was abandoned, with the contract being sold to Brazil. The online response has some advantages, but one of the functions of the census is to make sure everyone is counted accurately. A system that allowed people to enter their address without verification would be open to abuse. Therefore, households have to be verified on the ground, typically by an enumerator visit or post out<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Paper forms are still necessary for those without access to the internet. It is also possible that the hidden nature<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of an administrative census means that users are not engaged with the importance of contributing their data to official statistics. </p><p>Alternatively, population estimations may be carried out remotely with <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information system</a> (GIS) and <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> (UNFPA), "The information generated by a population and housing census – numbers of people, their distribution, their living conditions and other key data – is critical for development."<sup id="cite_ref-unfpa.org_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because this type of data is essential for policymakers so that they know where to invest. Many countries have outdated or inaccurate data about their populations and thus have difficulty in addressing the needs of the population. </p><p>The UNFPA said:<sup id="cite_ref-unfpa.org_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"The unique advantage of the census is that it represents the entire statistical universe, down to the smallest geographical units, of a country or region. Planners need this information for all kinds of development work, including: assessing demographic trends; analysing socio-economic conditions;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designing evidence-based poverty-reduction strategies; monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of policies; and tracking progress toward national and internationally agreed development goals."</p></blockquote> <p>In addition to making policymakers aware of population issues, the census is also an important tool for identifying forms of social, demographic or economic exclusions, such as inequalities relating to race, ethics, and religion as well as disadvantaged groups such as those with disabilities and the poor. </p><p>An accurate census can empower local communities by providing them with the necessary information to participate in local decision-making and ensuring they are represented. </p><p>The importance of the census of agriculture for development is that it gives a snapshot of the structure of the agricultural sector in a country and, when compared with previous censuses, provides an opportunity to identify trends and structural transformations of the sector, and points towards areas for policy intervention. Census data are used as a benchmark for current statistics and their value is increased when they are employed together with other data sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_census_data">Uses of census data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses of census data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early censuses in the 19th and 20th centuries collected paper documents which had to be collated by hand, so the statistical information obtained was quite basic. The government that owned the data could publish statistics on the state of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results were used to measure changes in the population and apportion representation. Population estimates could be compared to those of other countries. </p><p>By the beginning of the 20th century, censuses were recording households and some indications of their employment. In some countries, census archives are released for public examination after many decades, allowing genealogists to track the ancestry of interested people. Archives provide a substantial historical record which may challenge established views. Information such as job titles and arrangements for the destitute and sick may also shed light on the historical structure of society. </p><p>Political considerations influence the census in many countries. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 2010 for example, the government under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> abolished the mandatory long-form census. This abolition was a response to protests from some Canadians who resented the personal questions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ditchburn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ditchburn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long-form census was reinstated by the <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> government in 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_data_and_research">Census data and research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Census data and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As governments assumed responsibility for schooling and welfare, large government <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> departments made extensive use of census data. Population projections could be made, to help plan for provision in local government and regions. Central government could also use census data to allocate funding. Even in the mid 20th century, census data was only directly accessible to large government departments. However, computers meant that tabulations could be used directly by university researchers, large businesses and local government offices. They could use the detail of the data to answer new questions and add to local and specialist knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays, census data are published in a wide variety of formats to be accessible to business, all levels of government, media, students and teachers, charities, and any citizen who is interested; researchers in particular have an interest in the role of Census Field Officers (CFO) and their assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data can be represented visually or analysed in complex statistical models, to show the difference between certain areas, or to understand the association between different personal characteristics. Census data offer a unique insight into small areas and small demographic groups which sample data would be unable to capture with precision. </p><p>In the census of agriculture, users need census data to: </p> <ol><li>support and contribute to evidence-based agricultural planning and policy-making. The census information is essential, for example, to monitor the performance of a policy or programme designed for crop diversification or to address food security issues;</li> <li>provide data to facilitate research, investment and business decisions both in the public and private sector;</li> <li>contribute to monitoring environmental changes and evaluating the impact of agricultural practices on the environment such as tillage practices, crop rotation or sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions;</li> <li>provide relevant data on work inputs and main work activities, as well as on the labour force in the agriculture sector;</li> <li>provide an important information base for monitoring some key indicators of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs), in particular those goals related to food security in agricultural holdings, the role of women in agricultural activities and rural poverty;</li> <li>provide baseline data both at the national and small administrative and geographical levels for formulating, monitoring and evaluating programmes and projects interventions;</li> <li>provide essential information on <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> and for the estimation of the non-observed economy, which plays an important role in the compilation of the national accounts and the economic accounts for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy_and_data_stewardship">Privacy and data stewardship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Privacy and data stewardship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the census provides useful statistical information about a population, the availability of this information could sometimes lead to abuses, political or otherwise, by the linking of individuals' identities to anonymous census data.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is particularly important when individuals' census responses are made available in <a href="/wiki/Microdata_(statistics)" title="Microdata (statistics)">microdata</a> form, but even aggregate-level data can result in privacy breaches when dealing with small areas and/or rare subpopulations. </p><p>For instance, when reporting data from a large city, it might be appropriate to give the average income for black males aged between 50 and 60. However, doing this for a town that only has two black males in this age group would be a breach of privacy because either of those persons, knowing his own income and the reported average, could determine the other man's income. </p><p>Typically, census data are processed to obscure such individual information. Some agencies do this by intentionally introducing small statistical errors to prevent the identification of individuals in marginal populations;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others swap variables for similar respondents. Whatever is done to reduce the privacy risk, new improved electronic analysis of data can threaten to reveal sensitive individual information. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Statistical_disclosure_control" title="Statistical disclosure control">statistical disclosure control</a>. </p><p>Another possibility is to present survey results by means of statistical models in the form of a multivariate distribution mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statistical information in the form of <a href="/wiki/Conditional_probability_distribution" title="Conditional probability distribution">conditional distributions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">histograms</a>) can be derived interactively from the estimated <a href="/wiki/Mixture_distribution" title="Mixture distribution">mixture model</a> without any further access to the original database. As the final product does not contain any protected microdata, the model-based interactive software can be distributed without any confidentiality concerns. </p><p>Another method is simply to release no data at all, except very large scale data directly to the central government. Differing release strategies of governments have led to an international project (<a href="/wiki/IPUMS" title="IPUMS">IPUMS</a>) to co-ordinate access to microdata and corresponding metadata. Such projects such as <a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">SDMX</a> also promote standardising metadata, so that best use can be made of the minimal data available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_censuses">History of censuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History of censuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses in Egypt</a> first appeared in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and developed in the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amasis I">Pharaoh Amasis</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, required every Egyptian to declare annually to the <a href="/wiki/Nomarch" title="Nomarch">nomarch</a>, "whence he gained his living".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Romans</a> several censuses were conducted in Egypt by government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several accounts of ancient Greek city states carrying out censuses.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Censuses are mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> narrative. God commands a <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">per capita tax</a> to be paid with the census<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the upkeep of the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> is named after the counting of the Israelite population<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the house of the Fathers after the exodus from Egypt. A second census was taken while the Israelites were camped in the "<a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Moab" title="Plains of Moab">plains of Moab</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> performed a census that produced disastrous results.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, had all of the foreigners in Israel counted.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the world's earliest preserved censuses<sup id="cite_ref-Hymes_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hymes-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was held in China in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>2 during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, and is still considered by scholars to be quite accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Twitchett_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twitchett-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishijima1986595–96_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishijima1986595–96-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households but on this occasion only taxable families had been taken into account, indicating the income and the number of soldiers who could be mobilized.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishijima1986595–96_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishijima1986595–96-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another census was held in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>144. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest recorded <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">census in India</a> is thought to have occurred around 330<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Roman censor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">Indiction</a></div> <p>The English term is taken directly from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>census</i>, from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/censere" class="extiw" title="wikt:censere">censere</a></i> ("to estimate"). The census played a crucial role in the administration of the Roman government, as it was used to determine the class a citizen belonged to for both military and tax purposes. Beginning in the middle republic, it was usually carried out every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided a register of citizens and their property from which their duties and privileges could be listed. It is said to have been instituted by the Roman king <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> in the <span class="nowrap">6th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> at which time the number of arms-bearing citizens was supposedly counted at around 80,000.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Romans conquered Judea in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>6, the legate <a href="/wiki/Publius_Sulpicius_Quirinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Sulpicius Quirinius">Publius Sulpicius Quirinius</a> organized a <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">census</a> for tax purposes, which was partially responsible for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Zealot" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot">Zealot</a> movement and several failed rebellions against Rome ultimately ending in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Diaspora">Jewish Diaspora</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> makes reference to Quirinius' census in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on variant readings of this passage, a minority of biblical scholars, including <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a>, speculate that this passage refers to a separate registration conducted during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, several years before Quirinius' census.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15-year <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indiction</a> cycle established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>297 was based on quindecennial censuses and formed the basis for dating in late antiquity and under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rashidun_and_Umayyad_Caliphates">Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> began conducting regular censuses soon after its formation, beginning with the one ordered by the second <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> was undertaken in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>1086 by <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William I of England</a> so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered. In 1183, a census was taken of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, to ascertain the number of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, sultan of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p><p>The first national census of France (<i>L'État des paroisses et des feux</i>) was undertaken in 1328, mostly for fiscal purposes. It estimated the French population at 16 to 17 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inca_Empire">Inca Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Inca Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> had a unique way to record census information. The Incas did not have any written language but recorded information collected during censuses and other numeric information as well as non-numeric data on <a href="/wiki/Quipus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quipus">quipus</a>, strings from <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a> hair or cotton cords with numeric and other values encoded by knots in a <a href="/wiki/Base-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Base-10">base-10</a> positional system.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Empire">Spanish Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spanish Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 25, 1577, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II of Spain</a> ordered by royal cédula the preparation of a general description of Spain's holdings in the Indies. Instructions and a questionnaire, issued in 1577 by the Office of the Cronista Mayor, were distributed to local officials in the Viceroyalties of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and Peru to direct the gathering of information. The questionnaire, composed of fifty items, was designed to elicit basic information about the nature of the land and the life of its peoples. The replies, known as "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">relaciones geográficas</i></span>", were written between 1579 and 1585 and were returned to the Cronista Mayor in Spain by the Council of the Indies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_population_estimates">World population estimates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World population estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest estimate of the world population was made by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli" title="Giovanni Battista Riccioli">Giovanni Battista Riccioli</a> in 1661; the next by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_S%C3%BCssmilch" title="Johann Peter Süssmilch">Johann Peter Süssmilch</a> in 1741, revised in 1762; the third by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Dieterici" title="Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici">Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici</a> in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, Walter Willcox published a table in his book, <i>International Migrations: Volume II Interpretations</i>, that estimated the 1929 world population to be roughly 1.8 billion. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1929_world_population_estimate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1929_world_population_estimate.png/300px-1929_world_population_estimate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1929_world_population_estimate.png/450px-1929_world_population_estimate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1929_world_population_estimate.png/600px-1929_world_population_estimate.png 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Institute" title="International Statistical Institute">International Statistical Institute</a> estimates of the world population in 1929</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_COVID-19_on_censuses">Impact of COVID-19 on censuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact of COVID-19 on censuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Philippine_Statistics_Authority_(PSA)_enumerator_interviews_a_resident_of_Molino_Homes_II_Subdivision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_Philippine_Statistics_Authority_%28PSA%29_enumerator_interviews_a_resident_of_Molino_Homes_II_Subdivision.jpg/220px-A_Philippine_Statistics_Authority_%28PSA%29_enumerator_interviews_a_resident_of_Molino_Homes_II_Subdivision.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_Philippine_Statistics_Authority_%28PSA%29_enumerator_interviews_a_resident_of_Molino_Homes_II_Subdivision.jpg/330px-A_Philippine_Statistics_Authority_%28PSA%29_enumerator_interviews_a_resident_of_Molino_Homes_II_Subdivision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_Philippine_Statistics_Authority_%28PSA%29_enumerator_interviews_a_resident_of_Molino_Homes_II_Subdivision.jpg/440px-A_Philippine_Statistics_Authority_%28PSA%29_enumerator_interviews_a_resident_of_Molino_Homes_II_Subdivision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A census taker interviews a resident of <a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Dasmariñas">Dasmariñas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, in October 2020</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The UNFPA predicts that the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> will threaten the successful conduct of censuses of population and housing in many countries through delays, interruptions that compromise quality, or complete cancellation of census projects. Domestic and donor financing for census may be diverted to address COVID-19 leaving census without crucial funds. Several countries have already taken decisions to postpone the census, with many others yet to announce the way forward. In some countries this is already happening.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pandemic has also affected the planning and implementation of censuses of agriculture in all world regions. The extent of the impact has varied according to the stages at which the censuses are, ranging from planning (i.e. staffing, procurement, preparation of frames, questionnaires), fieldwork (field training and enumeration) or data processing/analysis stages. The census of agriculture's reference period is the agricultural year. Thus, a delay in any census activity may be critical and can result in a full year postponement of the enumeration if the agricultural season is missed. Some publications have discussed the impact of COVID-19 on national censuses of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation">Adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> (UNFPA) has requested a global effort to assure that even where census is delayed, census planning and preparations are not cancelled, but continue in order to assure that implementation can proceed safely when the pandemic is under control. While new census methods, including online, register-based, and hybrid approaches are being used across the world, these demand extensive planning and preconditions that cannot be created at short notice. The continuing low supply of <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> to protect against COVID-19 has immediate implications for conducting census in communities at risk of transmission. The UNFPA Procurement Office is partnering with other agencies to explore new <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a> and resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_implementation">Modern implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_and_international_statistical_services" title="List of national and international statistical services">List of national and international statistical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_censuses" title="Languages in censuses">Languages in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Censuum" title="Liber Censuum"><i>Liber Censuum</i></a> – Record of the real estate venues of the papacy from 492 to 1192</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Race and ethnicity in censuses</a> – Ethnic identity questions on national censuses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Social research</a> – Research conducted by social scientists</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Programme_for_the_Census_of_Agriculture_2020_Volume_1%E2%80%93_Programme,_concepts_and_definitions.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/506491e2-2ed4-4a7d-8104-6358d0e40adc"><i>World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020 Volume 1 – Programme, concepts and definitions</i></a>, FAO, FAO. </p><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_agricultural_census_operations_and_COVID-19.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8605en"><i>National agricultural census operations and COVID-19</i></a>, FAO, FAO. </p><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Impact_of_COVID-19_on_national_censuses_of_agriculture_(Status_overview)_(2020).pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8984en"><i>Impact of COVID-19 on national censuses of agriculture (Status overview) (2020)</i></a>, FAO, FAO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/docs/P&R_Rev2.pdf">Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514112357/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/docs/P%26R_Rev2.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Statistical Papers: Series M No. 67/Rev. 2. p. 8. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161505-0">978-92-1-161505-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/publications/CES_2010_Census_Recommendations_English.pdf">"CES 2010 Census Recommendations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unece.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027034936/http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/publications/CES_2010_Census_Recommendations_English.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unece.org&rft.atitle=CES+2010+Census+Recommendations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Fstats%2Fpublications%2FCES_2010_Census_Recommendations_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/506491e2-2ed4-4a7d-8104-6358d0e40adc"><i>World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020 Volume 1: Programme, concepts and definitions</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNFPA.org&rft.atitle=Census+%26%23124%3B+UNFPA+-+United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fcensus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorcos2017" class="citation journal cs1">Corcos, Nick (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.45.3">"Excavations in 2014 at Wade Street, Bristol - a documentary and archaeological analysis"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (45). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.45.3">10.11141/ia.45.3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Excavations+in+2014+at+Wade+Street%2C+Bristol+-+a+documentary+and+archaeological+analysis&rft.issue=45&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.45.3&rft.aulast=Corcos&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11141%252Fia.45.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathrin Levitan (auth.), <i>A Cultural History of the British Census: Envisioning the Multitude in the Nineteenth Century</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-29824-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-29824-2">978-1-349-29824-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33760-2">978-0-230-33760-2</a> Palgrave Macmillan US 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ditchburn-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ditchburn_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Ditchburn2010" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer Ditchburn (June 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tories-scrap-mandatory-long-form-census/article4323276/">"Tories scrap mandatory long-form census"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920010502/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tories-scrap-mandatory-long-form-census/article4323276/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1921313585" title="Special:BookSources/978-1921313585"><bdi>978-1921313585</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120131341/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydj3AQAAQBAJ&q=researcher%20census%20field%20officer&pg=PR11">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press (1986), p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENishijima1986595–96-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishijima1986595–96_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishijima1986595–96_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNishijima1986">Nishijima (1986)</a>, pp. 595–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoon1985" class="citation journal cs1">Yoon, H. (1985). "An early Chinese idea of a dynamic environmental cycle". <i><a href="/wiki/GeoJournal" title="GeoJournal">GeoJournal</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): 211–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00150742">10.1007/bf00150742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189888642">189888642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=An+early+Chinese+idea+of+a+dynamic+environmental+cycle&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-12&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00150742&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189888642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yoon&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/sub2/entry-5426.html">"Han Dynasty Government"</a>. <i>Facts and Details</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714010834/https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/sub2/entry-5426.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facts+and+Details&rft.atitle=Han+Dynasty+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fchina%2Fcat2%2Fsub2%2Fentry-5426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (July 2021)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Indian_perceptive_link/History_link/censushistory.htm">"Census Commissioner of India – Historical Background"</a>. Govt. of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819100814/http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Indian_perceptive_link/History_link/censushistory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-12</span></span>. <q>The records of census conducted appears from 300 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Commissioner+of+India+%E2%80%93+Historical+Background&rft.pub=Govt.+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2FData_Products%2FLibrary%2FIndian_perceptive_link%2FHistory_link%2Fcensushistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a> (2009) <i>Rome and China: comparative perspectives on ancient world empires</i>. Oxford University Press, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i> 1.42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i> 1.42, citing <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Pictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:1–2&version=nrsv">Luke 2:1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, Nicholas</a> (9 March 1993). <i>Who Was Jesus?</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802806949" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802806949"><bdi>978-0802806949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Jesus%3F&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1993-03-09&rft.isbn=978-0802806949&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qādī2008" class="citation journal cs1">al-Qādī, Wadād (July 2008). "Population Census and Land Surveys under the Umayyads (41–132/661–750)". <i>Der Islam</i>. <b>83</b> (2): 341–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FISLAM.2006.015">10.1515/ISLAM.2006.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162245577">162245577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=Population+Census+and+Land+Surveys+under+the+Umayyads+%2841%E2%80%93132%2F661%E2%80%93750%29&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=341-416&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FISLAM.2006.015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162245577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=al-Q%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Wad%C4%81d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'altroy, Terence N. (2001). 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillcox1931" class="citation journal cs1">Willcox, Walter (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/chapters/c5103.pdf">"International Migrations, Volume II: Interpretations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NBER</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 309. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1931GeogJ..78..309C">1931GeogJ..78..309C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1784930">10.2307/1784930</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1784930">1784930</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425122720/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5103.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBER&rft.atitle=International+Migrations%2C+Volume+II%3A+Interpretations&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1784930%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1784930&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1931GeogJ..78..309C&rft.aulast=Willcox&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fchapters%2Fc5103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Census_COVID19_digital.pdf"><i>Technical Brief on the Implications of COVID-19 on Census</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNFPA. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123659/https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Census_COVID19_digital.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Brief+on+the+Implications+of+COVID-19+on+Census&rft.pub=UNFPA&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresource-pdf%2FCensus_COVID19_digital.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Impact on censuses of agriculture and some mitigation measures (2020)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ccsa/documents/covid19-report-ccsa_vol2.pdf"><i>How Covid-19 is changing the world: a statistical perspective, Volume II</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities (CCSA). 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921071940/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ccsa/documents/covid19-report-ccsa_vol2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impact+on+censuses+of+agriculture+and+some+mitigation+measures+%282020%29&rft.btitle=How+Covid-19+is+changing+the+world%3A+a+statistical+perspective%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=Committee+for+the+Coordination+of+Statistical+Activities+%28CCSA%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fccsa%2Fdocuments%2Fcovid19-report-ccsa_vol2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8984en"><i>Impact of COVID-19 on national censuses of agriculture (Status overview)</i></a>. Rome: FAO. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fca8984en">10.4060/ca8984en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132604-6"><bdi>978-92-5-132604-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242865907">242865907</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120131353/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca8984en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impact+of+COVID-19+on+national+censuses+of+agriculture+%28Status+overview%29&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242865907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fca8984en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-132604-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4060%2Fca8984en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8605en"><i>National agricultural census operations and COVID-19</i></a>. Rome: FAO. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fca8605en">10.4060/ca8605en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132402-8"><bdi>978-92-5-132402-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240817441">240817441</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120131348/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca8605en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+agricultural+census+operations+and+COVID-19&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240817441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fca8605en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-132402-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4060%2Fca8605en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastano2020" class="citation journal cs1">Castano, Jairo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FSJI-200752">"Censuses of agriculture and COVID-19: Global situation and lessons"</a>. <i>Statistical Journal of the IAOS</i>. <b>36</b> (4). IOS Press: 861–865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FSJI-200752">10.3233/SJI-200752</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229200096">229200096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Journal+of+the+IAOS&rft.atitle=Censuses+of+agriculture+and+COVID-19%3A+Global+situation+and+lessons&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=861-865&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FSJI-200752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229200096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Castano&rft.aufirst=Jairo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3233%252FSJI-200752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alterman, Hyman, (1969). <i>Counting People: The Census in History</i>. Harcourt, Brace & Company. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Behrisch, Lars. (2016) "Statistics and Politics in the 18th Century." <i>Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung</i> (2016): 238–57.</li> <li>Bielenstein, Hans, (1978). "Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han." In <i>The Cambridge History of China</i>, vol. 1, eds. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, pp. 223–90, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Krüger, Stephen, (Fall 1991). "The Decennial Census", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wsulawreview.org/Volume19Articles.pdf">19 <i>Western State University Law Review</i> 1</a>; available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/wsulr19&div=6&id=&page=">HeinOnline</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=297">Effects of UK 'Jedi' hoax on 2001 UK census from ONS</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040214151945/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/miscellaneous/000507.html">U.S. Census Press Release on 1930 Census</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050227224505/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/spring_2002_soundex_projects.html">U.S. Census Press Release on Soundex and WPA</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishijima1986" class="citation cs2">Nishijima, Sadao (1986), "The economic and social history of Former Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.), <i>Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 545–607, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8"><bdi>978-0-521-24327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+economic+and+social+history+of+Former+Han&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+I%3A+the+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+220&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=545-607&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24327-8&rft.aulast=Nishijima&rft.aufirst=Sadao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Census" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Census">Census</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Census"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Census">"Census" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Census&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/">Census of Ireland 1911</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/">Online Historical Population Reports Project (OHPR)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesionline.com/intl/thesis.jsp?idt=8384">PR as a function of census management: comparative analysis of fifteen census experiences</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistics" title="Template:Statistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistics" title="Template talk:Statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Statistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Statistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_statistics" title="Outline of statistics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistics_articles" title="List of statistics articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Descriptive_statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Continuous_probability_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous probability distribution">Continuous data</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">Center</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">Mean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic%E2%80%93geometric_mean" title="Arithmetic–geometric mean">Arithmetic-Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraharmonic_mean" title="Contraharmonic mean">Contraharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_mean" title="Cubic mean">Cubic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_mean" title="Generalized mean">Generalized/power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_mean" title="Harmonic mean">Harmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heronian_mean" title="Heronian mean">Heronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_mean" title="Heinz mean">Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmer_mean" title="Lehmer mean">Lehmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">Mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_dispersion" title="Statistical dispersion">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_absolute_deviation" title="Average absolute deviation">Average absolute deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation" title="Coefficient of variation">Coefficient of variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">Interquartile range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percentile" title="Percentile">Percentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_(statistics)" title="Range (statistics)">Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">Standard deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variance#Sample_variance" title="Variance">Variance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape of the distribution">Shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_limit_theorem" title="Central limit theorem">Central limit theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(mathematics)" title="Moment (mathematics)">Moments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurtosis" title="Kurtosis">Kurtosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-moment" title="L-moment">L-moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewness" title="Skewness">Skewness</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Count_data" title="Count data">Count data</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_dispersion" title="Index of dispersion">Index of dispersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Summary tables</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency distribution">Frequency distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouped_data" title="Grouped data">Grouped data</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">Partial correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_correlation_coefficient" title="Pearson correlation coefficient">Pearson product-moment correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_correlation" title="Rank correlation">Rank correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Kendall rank correlation coefficient">Kendall's τ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearman%27s_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Spearman's rank correlation coefficient">Spearman's ρ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">Bar chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biplot" title="Biplot">Biplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_plot" title="Box plot">Box plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_chart" title="Control chart">Control chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlogram" title="Correlogram">Correlogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_chart_(statistics)" title="Fan chart (statistics)">Fan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_plot" title="Forest plot">Forest plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%E2%80%93Q_plot" title="Q–Q plot">Q–Q plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_chart" title="Radar chart">Radar chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_chart" title="Run chart">Run chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display" title="Stem-and-leaf display">Stem-and-leaf display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_plot" title="Violin plot">Violin plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_collection" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">Data collection</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Study design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">Effect size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_data" title="Missing data">Missing data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimal design">Optimal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(statistics)" title="Replication (statistics)">Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_size_determination" title="Sample size determination">Sample size determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical power">Statistical power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Survey methodology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">Sampling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_sampling" title="Cluster sampling">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified sampling">Stratified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Opinion poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">Questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">Standard error</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Controlled experiments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)" title="Blocking (statistics)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factorial_experiment" title="Factorial experiment">Factorial experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_(statistics)" title="Interaction (statistics)">Interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_assignment" title="Random assignment">Random assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_experiment" title="Randomized experiment">Randomized experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">Scientific control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Adaptive designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_clinical_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive clinical trial">Adaptive clinical trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_approximation" title="Stochastic approximation">Stochastic approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up-and-Down_Designs" class="mw-redirect" title="Up-and-Down Designs">Up-and-down designs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">Observational studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">Cohort study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" title="Cross-sectional study">Cross-sectional study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_experiment" title="Natural experiment">Natural experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">Quasi-experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistical_inference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Statistical inference</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_theory" title="Statistical theory">Statistical theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Population (statistics)">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Probability distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_distribution" title="Sampling distribution">Sampling distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_statistic" title="Order statistic">Order statistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_distribution_function" title="Empirical distribution function">Empirical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Density_estimation" title="Density estimation">Density estimation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Model specification">Model specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lp_space" title="Lp space">L<sup><i>p</i></sup> space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_parameter" title="Statistical parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Location_parameter" title="Location parameter">location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_parameter" title="Scale parameter">scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_parameter" title="Shape parameter">shape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood_function" title="Likelihood function">Likelihood</a> <a href="/wiki/Monotone_likelihood_ratio" title="Monotone likelihood ratio"><span style="font-size:85%;">(monotone)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location%E2%80%93scale_family" title="Location–scale family">Location–scale family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_family" title="Exponential family">Exponential family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completeness_(statistics)" title="Completeness (statistics)">Completeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufficient_statistic" title="Sufficient statistic">Sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in principle">Statistical functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">Bootstrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-statistic" title="U-statistic">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-statistic" title="V-statistic">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_decision" title="Optimal decision">Optimal decision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_function" title="Loss function">loss function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)" title="Efficiency (statistics)">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_distance" title="Statistical distance">Statistical distance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divergence_(statistics)" title="Divergence (statistics)">divergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_theory_(statistics)" title="Asymptotic theory (statistics)">Asymptotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robust_statistics" title="Robust statistics">Robustness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Frequentist_inference" title="Frequentist inference">Frequentist inference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Point_estimation" title="Point estimation">Point estimation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estimating_equations" title="Estimating equations">Estimating equations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_moments_(statistics)" title="Method of moments (statistics)">Method of moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-estimator" title="M-estimator">M-estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_distance_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum distance estimation">Minimum distance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Unbiased estimators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimum-variance_unbiased_estimator" title="Minimum-variance unbiased estimator">Mean-unbiased minimum-variance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rao%E2%80%93Blackwell_theorem" title="Rao–Blackwell theorem">Rao–Blackwellization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmann%E2%80%93Scheff%C3%A9_theorem" title="Lehmann–Scheffé theorem">Lehmann–Scheffé theorem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median-unbiased_estimator" class="mw-redirect" title="Median-unbiased estimator">Median unbiased</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in principle">Plug-in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Interval_estimation" title="Interval estimation">Interval estimation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">Confidence interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivotal_quantity" title="Pivotal quantity">Pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Likelihood interval">Likelihood interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">Prediction interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolerance_interval" title="Tolerance interval">Tolerance interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">Resampling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">Bootstrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackknife_resampling" title="Jackknife resampling">Jackknife</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Testing hypotheses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests" title="One- and two-tailed tests">1- & 2-tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(statistics)" title="Power (statistics)">Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniformly_most_powerful_test" title="Uniformly most powerful test">Uniformly most powerful test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permutation_test" title="Permutation test">Permutation test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randomization_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomization test">Randomization test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple comparisons">Multiple comparisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood-ratio_test" title="Likelihood-ratio test">Likelihood-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_test" title="Score test">Score/Lagrange multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wald_test" title="Wald test">Wald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_tests" title="List of statistical tests">Specific tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test <span style="font-size:85%;">(normal)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-test" title="F-test"><i>F</i>-test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Goodness_of_fit" title="Goodness of fit">Goodness of fit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chi-squared_test" title="Chi-squared test">Chi-squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-test" title="G-test"><i>G</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Smirnov_test" title="Kolmogorov–Smirnov test">Kolmogorov–Smirnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson%E2%80%93Darling_test" title="Anderson–Darling test">Anderson–Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilliefors_test" title="Lilliefors test">Lilliefors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarque%E2%80%93Bera_test" title="Jarque–Bera test">Jarque–Bera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro%E2%80%93Wilk_test" title="Shapiro–Wilk test">Normality <span style="font-size:85%;">(Shapiro–Wilk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likelihood-ratio_test" title="Likelihood-ratio test">Likelihood-ratio test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_selection" title="Model selection">Model selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akaike_information_criterion" title="Akaike information criterion">AIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_information_criterion" title="Bayesian information criterion">BIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rank_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank statistics">Rank statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_test" title="Sign test">Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sample_median" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample median">Sample median</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilcoxon_signed-rank_test" title="Wilcoxon signed-rank test">Signed rank <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wilcoxon)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hodges%E2%80%93Lehmann_estimator" title="Hodges–Lehmann estimator">Hodges–Lehmann estimator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test" title="Mann–Whitney U test">Rank sum <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mann–Whitney)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_statistics" title="Nonparametric statistics">Nonparametric</a> <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">anova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kruskal%E2%80%93Wallis_test" title="Kruskal–Wallis test">1-way <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kruskal–Wallis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_test" title="Friedman test">2-way <span style="font-size:85%;">(Friedman)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonckheere%27s_trend_test" title="Jonckheere's trend test">Ordered alternative <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jonckheere–Terpstra)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waerden_test" title="Van der Waerden test">Van der Waerden test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability" title="Bayesian probability">Bayesian probability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior_probability" title="Prior probability">prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_probability" title="Posterior probability">posterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credible_interval" title="Credible interval">Credible interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayes_factor" title="Bayes factor">Bayes factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayes_estimator" title="Bayes estimator">Bayesian estimator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_a_posteriori_estimation" title="Maximum a posteriori estimation">Maximum posterior estimator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CorrelationRegression_analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Correlation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Correlation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient">Pearson product-moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_correlation" title="Partial correlation">Partial correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">Confounding variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of determination">Coefficient of determination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals" title="Errors and residuals">Errors and residuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_validation" title="Regression validation">Regression validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_model" title="Mixed model">Mixed effects models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_equations_model" title="Simultaneous equations model">Simultaneous equations models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_adaptive_regression_splines" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate adaptive regression splines">Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_linear_regression" title="Simple linear regression">Simple linear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares" title="Ordinary least squares">Ordinary least squares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_linear_model" title="General linear model">General linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression" title="Bayesian linear regression">Bayesian regression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Non-standard predictors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_regression" title="Nonlinear regression">Nonlinear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonparametric_regression" title="Nonparametric regression">Nonparametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiparametric_regression" title="Semiparametric regression">Semiparametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotonic_regression" title="Isotonic regression">Isotonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robust_regression" title="Robust regression">Robust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroscedasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteroscedasticity">Heteroscedasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoscedasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoscedasticity">Homoscedasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Generalized_linear_model" title="Generalized linear model">Generalized linear model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_family" title="Exponential family">Exponential families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bernoulli)</span></a> / <a href="/wiki/Binomial_regression" title="Binomial regression">Binomial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Poisson regressions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_sums_of_squares" title="Partition of sums of squares">Partition of variance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_covariance" title="Analysis of covariance">Analysis of covariance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_analysis_of_variance" title="Multivariate analysis of variance">Multivariate ANOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)" title="Degrees of freedom (statistics)">Degrees of freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Categorical_/_Multivariate_/_Time-series_/_Survival_analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical</a> / <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time-series</a> / <a href="/wiki/Survival_analysis" title="Survival analysis">Survival analysis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohen%27s_kappa" title="Cohen's kappa">Cohen's kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Log-linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNemar%27s_test" title="McNemar's test">McNemar's test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochran%E2%80%93Mantel%E2%80%93Haenszel_statistics" title="Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics">Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_linear_model" title="General linear model">Regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_analysis_of_variance" title="Multivariate analysis of variance">Manova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">Principal components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_correlation" title="Canonical correlation">Canonical correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis" title="Linear discriminant analysis">Discriminant analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Cluster analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_equation_modeling" title="Structural equation modeling">Structural equation model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate distribution">Multivariate distributions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliptical_distribution" title="Elliptical distribution">Elliptical distributions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_normal_distribution" title="Multivariate normal distribution">Normal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time-series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition_of_time_series" title="Decomposition of time series">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trend_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trend estimation">Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_process" title="Stationary process">Stationarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_adjustment" title="Seasonal adjustment">Seasonal adjustment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_smoothing" title="Exponential smoothing">Exponential smoothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointegration" title="Cointegration">Cointegration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_break" title="Structural break">Structural break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granger_causality" title="Granger causality">Granger causality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Specific tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dickey%E2%80%93Fuller_test" title="Dickey–Fuller test">Dickey–Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johansen_test" title="Johansen test">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljung%E2%80%93Box_test" title="Ljung–Box test">Q-statistic <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ljung–Box)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbin%E2%80%93Watson_statistic" title="Durbin–Watson statistic">Durbin–Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breusch%E2%80%93Godfrey_test" title="Breusch–Godfrey test">Breusch–Godfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocorrelation" title="Autocorrelation">Autocorrelation (ACF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_autocorrelation_function" title="Partial autocorrelation function">partial (PACF)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-correlation" title="Cross-correlation">Cross-correlation (XCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive%E2%80%93moving-average_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoregressive–moving-average model">ARMA model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box%E2%80%93Jenkins_method" title="Box–Jenkins method">ARIMA model <span style="font-size:85%;">(Box–Jenkins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_conditional_heteroskedasticity" title="Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity">Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_autoregression" title="Vector autoregression">Vector autoregression (VAR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">Frequency domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_density_estimation" title="Spectral density estimation">Spectral density estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least-squares_spectral_analysis" title="Least-squares spectral analysis">Least-squares spectral analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittle_likelihood" title="Whittle likelihood">Whittle likelihood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Survival_analysis" title="Survival analysis">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Survival_function" title="Survival function">Survival function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Meier_estimator" title="Kaplan–Meier estimator">Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_hazards_model" title="Proportional hazards model">Proportional hazards models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_failure_time_model" title="Accelerated failure time model">Accelerated failure time (AFT) model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-hitting-time_model" title="First-hitting-time model">First hitting time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Failure_rate" title="Failure rate">Hazard function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%E2%80%93Aalen_estimator" title="Nelson–Aalen estimator">Nelson–Aalen estimator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Test</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Log-rank_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Log-rank test">Log-rank test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Applications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fields_of_application_of_statistics" title="List of fields of application of statistics">Applications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clinical_study_design" title="Clinical study design">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_statistics" title="Medical statistics">Medical statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Engineering_statistics" title="Engineering statistics">Engineering statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemometrics" title="Chemometrics">Chemometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_engineering" title="Methods engineering">Methods engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_process_control" title="Statistical process control">Process</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_identification" title="System identification">System identification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Social_statistics" title="Social statistics">Social statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">Crime statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_statistics" title="Demographic statistics">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurimetrics" title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">Official statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Population statistics">Population statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriging" title="Kriging">Kriging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_surveys" title="Template:Social surveys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_surveys" title="Template talk:Social surveys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_surveys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social surveys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_survey_research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Social <a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">survey research</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">Data collection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survey_data_collection" title="Survey data collection">Collection methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">Questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structured_interview" title="Structured interview">Structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-structured_interview" title="Semi-structured interview">Semi-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstructured_interview" title="Unstructured interview">Unstructured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couple_interview" title="Couple interview">Couple</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Methodology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_frame" title="Sampling frame">Sampling frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">Statistical sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_sampling" title="Survey sampling">Sampling for surveys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">Random sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_random_sample" title="Simple random sample">Simple random sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_sampling" title="Quota sampling">Quota sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified sampling">Stratified sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprobability_sampling" title="Nonprobability sampling">Nonprobability sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_size_determination" title="Sample size determination">Sample size determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">Panel study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">Cohort study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" title="Cross-sectional study">Cross-sectional study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sequential_study" title="Cross-sequential study">Cross-sequential study</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Total_survey_error" title="Total survey error">Survey errors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_error" title="Sampling error">Sampling error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">Standard error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic errors">Systematic errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sampling_error" title="Non-sampling error">Non-sampling error</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model_specification#Specification_error_and_bias" title="Statistical model specification">Specification error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_frame#Sampling_frames_problems" title="Sampling frame">Frame error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">Measurement error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respondent_error" title="Respondent error">Response errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Non-response bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_error" title="Coverage error">Coverage error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-opinion">Pseudo-opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_collection#Data_integrity_issues" title="Data collection">Processing errors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorical_variable" title="Categorical variable">Categorical data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">Contingency table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_measurement" title="Level of measurement">Level of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">Exploratory data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Statistical inference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_model" title="Graphical model">Graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Log-linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_equation_modeling" title="Structural equation modeling">Structural</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audience_measurement" title="Audience measurement">Audience measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Market research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Opinion poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">Public opinion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major surveys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_social_surveys" title="List of comparative social surveys">List of comparative social surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobarometer" title="Afrobarometer">Afrobarometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Election_Studies" title="American National Election Studies">American National Election Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Barometer_Survey" title="Asian Barometer Survey">Asian Barometer Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Study_of_Electoral_Systems" title="Comparative Study of Electoral Systems">Comparative Study of Electoral Systems</a></li> <li>Emerson College Polling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Survey" title="European Social Survey">European Social Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Social_Survey" title="General Social Survey">General Social Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household,_Income_and_Labour_Dynamics_in_Australia_Survey" title="Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey">Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Social_Survey_Programme" title="International Social Survey Programme">International Social Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinobar%C3%B3metro" title="Latinobarómetro">Latinobarómetro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_household_surveys_in_the_United_States" title="List of household surveys in the United States">List of household surveys in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey" title="National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Attitudes_and_Values_Study" title="New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study">New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University_Political_Research_Center" title="Suffolk University Political Research Center">Suffolk University Political Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phillips_Academy_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phillips Academy Poll">The Phillips Academy Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University_Polling_Institute" title="Quinnipiac University Polling Institute">Quinnipiac University Polling Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="American Association for Public Opinion Research">American Association for Public Opinion Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESOMAR" title="ESOMAR">European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Institute" title="International Statistical Institute">International Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="World Association for Public Opinion Research">World Association for Public Opinion Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_methods" title="Category:Research methods">Category</a></li> <li>Projects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Business" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Psychology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sociology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Statistics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Volkszählung"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4134368-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021832">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948225h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948225h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566454">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sčítání obyvatelstva"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126386&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sčítání domů a bytů"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph206852&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284975005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007984">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637740">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Census&oldid=1258846777">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Census&oldid=1258846777</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Censuses" title="Category:Censuses">Censuses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Population</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Survey_methodology" title="Category:Survey methodology">Survey methodology</a></li><li><a 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