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href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specificity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specificity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Specificity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specificity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphical_illustration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphical_illustration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Graphical illustration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphical_illustration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medical usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Misconceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensitivity_index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensitivity_index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sensitivity index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensitivity_index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_matrix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_matrix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Confusion matrix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_matrix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimation_of_errors_in_quoted_sensitivity_or_specificity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimation_of_errors_in_quoted_sensitivity_or_specificity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Estimation of errors in quoted sensitivity or specificity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimation_of_errors_in_quoted_sensitivity_or_specificity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_in_information_retrieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_in_information_retrieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Terminology in information retrieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_in_information_retrieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_in_genome_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_in_genome_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Terminology in genome analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_in_genome_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সংবেদনশীলতা ও নির্দিষ্টতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংবেদনশীলতা ও নির্দিষ্টতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensibilitat_i_especificitat" title="Sensibilitat i especificitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sensibilitat i especificitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivitet_og_specificitet" title="Sensitivitet og specificitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sensitivitet og specificitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensibilidad_y_especificidad" title="Sensibilidad y especificidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sensibilidad y especificidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="حساسیت و ویژگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حساسیت و ویژگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensibilit%C3%A9_et_sp%C3%A9cificit%C3%A9" title="Sensibilité et spécificité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sensibilité et spécificité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EA%B0%90%EB%8F%84%EC%99%80_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84" title="민감도와 특이도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민감도와 특이도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificit%C3%A0" title="Specificità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Specificità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitiviteit_en_specificiteit" title="Sensitiviteit en specificiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sensitiviteit en specificiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%A6%E3%81%A8%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="感度と特異度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="感度と特異度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivitet_og_spesifisitet" title="Sensitivitet og spesifisitet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sensitivitet og spesifisitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czu%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87_i_swoisto%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Czułość i swoistość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czułość i swoistość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чувствительность и специфичность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чувствительность и специфичность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzitivnost_i_specifi%C4%8Dnost" title="Senzitivnost i specifičnost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Senzitivnost i specifičnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivitet_och_specificitet" title="Sensitivitet och specificitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sensitivitet och specificitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0" title="ความไวและความจำเพาะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความไวและความจำเพาะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чутливість та специфічність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чутливість та специфічність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/File:Sensitivity_and_specificity_1.01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sensitivity_and_specificity_1.01.svg/330px-Sensitivity_and_specificity_1.01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sensitivity_and_specificity_1.01.svg/495px-Sensitivity_and_specificity_1.01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sensitivity_and_specificity_1.01.svg/660px-Sensitivity_and_specificity_1.01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Sensitivity and specificity - The left half of the image with the solid dots represents individuals who have the condition, while the right half of the image with the hollow dots represents individuals who do not have the condition. The circle represents all individuals who tested positive.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <b>sensitivity and specificity</b> mathematically describe the accuracy of a test that reports the presence or absence of a medical condition. If individuals who have the condition are considered "positive" and those who do not are considered "negative", then sensitivity is a measure of how well a test can identify true positives and specificity is a measure of how well a test can identify true negatives: </p> <ul><li><b>Sensitivity</b> (true positive rate) is the probability of a positive test result, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_probability" title="Conditional probability">conditioned</a> on the individual truly being positive.</li> <li><b>Specificity</b> (true negative rate) is the probability of a negative test result, conditioned on the individual truly being negative.</li></ul> <p>If the true status of the condition cannot be known, sensitivity and specificity can be defined relative to a "<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)" title="Gold standard (test)">gold standard test</a>" which is assumed correct. For all testing, both <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnoses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">screening</a>, there is usually a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity, such that higher sensitivities will mean lower specificities and vice versa. </p><p>A test which reliably detects the presence of a condition, resulting in a high number of true positives and low number of false negatives, will have a high sensitivity. This is especially important when the consequence of failing to treat the condition is serious and/or the treatment is very effective and has minimal side effects. </p><p>A test which reliably excludes individuals who do not have the condition, resulting in a high number of true negatives and low number of false positives, will have a high specificity. This is especially important when people who are identified as having a condition may be subjected to more testing, expense, stigma, anxiety, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPV,_NPV,_Sensitivity_and_Specificity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PPV%2C_NPV%2C_Sensitivity_and_Specificity.svg/330px-PPV%2C_NPV%2C_Sensitivity_and_Specificity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PPV%2C_NPV%2C_Sensitivity_and_Specificity.svg/495px-PPV%2C_NPV%2C_Sensitivity_and_Specificity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PPV%2C_NPV%2C_Sensitivity_and_Specificity.svg/660px-PPV%2C_NPV%2C_Sensitivity_and_Specificity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Sensitivity and specificity</figcaption></figure> <p>The terms "sensitivity" and "specificity" were introduced by American biostatistician Jacob Yerushalmy in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different definitions within <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_quality_control" title="Laboratory quality control">laboratory quality control</a>, wherein "analytical sensitivity" is defined as the smallest amount of substance in a sample that can accurately be measured by an assay (synonymously to <a href="/wiki/Detection_limit" title="Detection limit">detection limit</a>), and "analytical specificity" is defined as the ability of an assay to measure one particular organism or substance, rather than others.<sup id="cite_ref-Saah1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saah1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this article deals with diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as defined at top. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_to_screening_study">Application to screening study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Application to screening study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imagine a study evaluating a test that screens people for a disease. Each person taking the test either has or does not have the disease. The test outcome can be positive (classifying the person as having the disease) or negative (classifying the person as not having the disease). The test results for each subject may or may not match the subject's actual status. In that setting: </p> <ul><li>True positive: Sick people correctly identified as sick</li> <li>False positive: Healthy people incorrectly identified as sick</li> <li>True negative: Healthy people correctly identified as healthy</li> <li>False negative: Sick people incorrectly identified as healthy</li></ul> <p>After getting the numbers of true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives, the sensitivity and specificity for the test can be calculated. If it turns out that the sensitivity is high then any person who has the disease is likely to be classified as positive by the test. On the other hand, if the specificity is high, any person who does not have the disease is likely to be classified as negative by the test. An NIH web site has a discussion of how these ratios are calculated.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensitivity">Sensitivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consider the example of a medical test for diagnosing a condition. Sensitivity (sometimes also named the detection rate in a clinical setting) refers to the test's ability to correctly detect ill patients out of those who do have the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathematically, this can be expressed as: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{sensitivity}}&={\frac {\text{number of true positives}}{{\text{number of true positives}}+{\text{number of false negatives}}}}\\[8pt]&={\frac {\text{number of true positives}}{\text{total number of sick individuals in population}}}\\[8pt]&={\text{probability of a positive test given that the patient has the disease}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="1.1em 1.1em 0.3em" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>sensitivity</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>number of true positives</mtext> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>number of true positives</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>number of false negatives</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>number of true positives</mtext> <mtext>total number of sick individuals in population</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>probability of a positive test given that the patient has the disease</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{sensitivity}}&={\frac {\text{number of true positives}}{{\text{number of true positives}}+{\text{number of false negatives}}}}\\[8pt]&={\frac {\text{number of true positives}}{\text{total number of sick individuals in population}}}\\[8pt]&={\text{probability of a positive test given that the patient has the disease}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12ec58e26222c7c528150ce69c86e2aa91ddc4c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.838ex; width:80.102ex; height:18.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{sensitivity}}&={\frac {\text{number of true positives}}{{\text{number of true positives}}+{\text{number of false negatives}}}}\\[8pt]&={\frac {\text{number of true positives}}{\text{total number of sick individuals in population}}}\\[8pt]&={\text{probability of a positive test given that the patient has the disease}}\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>A negative result in a test with high sensitivity can be useful for "ruling out" disease,<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since it rarely misdiagnoses those who do have the disease. A test with 100% sensitivity will recognize all patients with the disease by testing positive. In this case, a negative test result would definitively <i>rule out</i> the presence of the disease in a patient. However, a positive result in a test with high sensitivity is not necessarily useful for "ruling in" disease. Suppose a 'bogus' test kit is designed to always give a positive reading. When used on diseased patients, all patients test positive, giving the test 100% sensitivity. However, sensitivity does not take into account false positives. The bogus test also returns positive on all healthy patients, giving it a false positive rate of 100%, rendering it useless for detecting or "ruling in" the disease. </p><p>The calculation of sensitivity does not take into account indeterminate test results. If a test cannot be repeated, indeterminate samples either should be excluded from the analysis (the number of exclusions should be stated when quoting sensitivity) or can be treated as false negatives (which gives the worst-case value for sensitivity and may therefore underestimate it). </p><p>A test with a higher sensitivity has a lower <a href="/wiki/Type_II_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II error">type II error</a> rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specificity">Specificity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specificity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consider the example of a medical test for diagnosing a disease. Specificity refers to the test's ability to correctly reject healthy patients without a condition. Mathematically, this can be written as: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{specificity}}&={\frac {\text{number of true negatives}}{{\text{number of true negatives}}+{\text{number of false positives}}}}\\[8pt]&={\frac {\text{number of true negatives}}{\text{total number of well individuals in population}}}\\[8pt]&={\text{probability of a negative test given that the patient is well}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="1.1em 1.1em 0.3em" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>specificity</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>number of true negatives</mtext> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>number of true negatives</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>number of false positives</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>number of true negatives</mtext> <mtext>total number of well individuals in population</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>probability of a negative test given that the patient is well</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{specificity}}&={\frac {\text{number of true negatives}}{{\text{number of true negatives}}+{\text{number of false positives}}}}\\[8pt]&={\frac {\text{number of true negatives}}{\text{total number of well individuals in population}}}\\[8pt]&={\text{probability of a negative test given that the patient is well}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d48cee2cea0745bcc29d228f8c2783e4cb34547c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.838ex; width:71.848ex; height:18.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{specificity}}&={\frac {\text{number of true negatives}}{{\text{number of true negatives}}+{\text{number of false positives}}}}\\[8pt]&={\frac {\text{number of true negatives}}{\text{total number of well individuals in population}}}\\[8pt]&={\text{probability of a negative test given that the patient is well}}\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>A positive result in a test with high specificity can be useful for "ruling in" disease, since the test rarely gives positive results in healthy patients.<sup id="cite_ref-cebm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cebm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A test with 100% specificity will recognize all patients without the disease by testing negative, so a positive test result would definitively <i>rule in</i> the presence of the disease. However, a negative result from a test with high specificity is not necessarily useful for "ruling out" disease. For example, a test that always returns a negative test result will have a specificity of 100% because specificity does not consider false negatives. A test like that would return negative for patients with the disease, making it useless for "ruling out" the disease. </p><p>A test with a higher specificity has a lower <a href="/wiki/Type_I_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I error">type I error</a> rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphical_illustration">Graphical illustration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Graphical illustration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 435px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 430px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Specificity_vs_Sensitivity_Graph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A graphical illustration of sensitivity and specificity"><img alt="A graphical illustration of sensitivity and specificity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Specificity_vs_Sensitivity_Graph.png/400px-Specificity_vs_Sensitivity_Graph.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Specificity_vs_Sensitivity_Graph.png/600px-Specificity_vs_Sensitivity_Graph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Specificity_vs_Sensitivity_Graph.png/800px-Specificity_vs_Sensitivity_Graph.png 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A graphical illustration of sensitivity and specificity</div> </li> </ul> <p>The above graphical illustration is meant to show the relationship between sensitivity and specificity. The black, dotted line in the center of the graph is where the sensitivity and specificity are the same. As one moves to the left of the black dotted line, the sensitivity increases, reaching its maximum value of 100% at line A, and the specificity decreases. The sensitivity at line A is 100% because at that point there are zero false negatives, meaning that all the negative test results are true negatives. When moving to the right, the opposite applies, the specificity increases until it reaches the B line and becomes 100% and the sensitivity decreases. The specificity at line B is 100% because the number of false positives is zero at that line, meaning all the positive test results are true positives. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 435px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 430px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HighSensitivity_LowSpecificity_1401x1050.png" class="mw-file-description" title="High sensitivity and low specificity"><img alt="High sensitivity and low specificity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HighSensitivity_LowSpecificity_1401x1050.png/400px-HighSensitivity_LowSpecificity_1401x1050.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HighSensitivity_LowSpecificity_1401x1050.png/600px-HighSensitivity_LowSpecificity_1401x1050.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HighSensitivity_LowSpecificity_1401x1050.png/800px-HighSensitivity_LowSpecificity_1401x1050.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High sensitivity and low specificity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 435px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 430px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LowSensitivity_HighSpecificity_1400x1050.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Low sensitivity and high specificity"><img alt="Low sensitivity and high specificity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LowSensitivity_HighSpecificity_1400x1050.png/400px-LowSensitivity_HighSpecificity_1400x1050.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LowSensitivity_HighSpecificity_1400x1050.png/600px-LowSensitivity_HighSpecificity_1400x1050.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LowSensitivity_HighSpecificity_1400x1050.png/800px-LowSensitivity_HighSpecificity_1400x1050.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low sensitivity and high specificity</div> </li> </ul> <p>The middle solid line in both figures above that show the level of sensitivity and specificity is the test cutoff point. As previously described, moving this line results in a trade-off between the level of sensitivity and specificity. The left-hand side of this line contains the data points that tests below the cut off point and are considered negative (the blue dots indicate the False Negatives (FN), the white dots True Negatives (TN)). The right-hand side of the line shows the data points that tests above the cut off point and are considered positive (red dots indicate False Positives (FP)). Each side contains 40 data points. </p><p>For the figure that shows high sensitivity and low specificity, there are 3 FN and 8 FP. Using the fact that positive results = true positives (TP) + FP, we get TP = positive results - FP, or TP = 40 - 8 = 32. The number of sick people in the data set is equal to TP + FN, or 32 + 3 = 35. The sensitivity is therefore 32 / 35 = 91.4%. Using the same method, we get TN = 40 - 3 = 37, and the number of healthy people 37 + 8 = 45, which results in a specificity of 37 / 45 = 82.2 %. </p><p>For the figure that shows low sensitivity and high specificity, there are 8 FN and 3 FP. Using the same method as the previous figure, we get TP = 40 - 3 = 37. The number of sick people is 37 + 8 = 45, which gives a sensitivity of 37 / 45 = 82.2 %. There are 40 - 8 = 32 TN. The specificity therefore comes out to 32 / 35 = 91.4%. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100-sensitivity.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A test result with 100 percent sensitivity"><img alt="A test result with 100 percent sensitivity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/100-sensitivity.png/218px-100-sensitivity.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/100-sensitivity.png/326px-100-sensitivity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/100-sensitivity.png/435px-100-sensitivity.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A test result with 100 percent sensitivity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100-specificity.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A test result with 100 percent specificity"><img alt="A test result with 100 percent specificity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/100-specificity.png/219px-100-specificity.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/100-specificity.png/329px-100-specificity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/100-specificity.png/438px-100-specificity.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A test result with 100 percent specificity</div> </li> </ul> <p>The red dot indicates the patient with the medical condition. The red background indicates the area where the test predicts the data point to be positive. The true positive in this figure is 6, and false negatives of 0 (because all positive condition is correctly predicted as positive). Therefore, the sensitivity is 100% (from <span class="nowrap">6 / (6 + 0)</span>). This situation is also illustrated in the previous figure where the dotted line is at position A (the left-hand side is predicted as negative by the model, the right-hand side is predicted as positive by the model). When the dotted line, test cut-off line, is at position A, the test correctly predicts all the population of the true positive class, but it will fail to correctly identify the data point from the true negative class. </p><p>Similar to the previously explained figure, the red dot indicates the patient with the medical condition. However, in this case, the green background indicates that the test predicts that all patients are free of the medical condition. The number of data point that is true negative is then 26, and the number of false positives is 0. This result in 100% specificity (from <span class="nowrap">26 / (26 + 0)</span>). Therefore, sensitivity or specificity alone cannot be used to measure the performance of the test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_usage">Medical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">medical diagnosis</a>, test sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate), whereas test specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate). If 100 patients known to have a disease were tested, and 43 test positive, then the test has 43% sensitivity. If 100 with no disease are tested and 96 return a completely negative result, then the test has 96% specificity. Sensitivity and specificity are prevalence-independent test characteristics, as their values are intrinsic to the test and do not depend on the disease <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> in the population of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Positive_predictive_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive predictive value">Positive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negative_predictive_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative predictive value">negative predictive values</a>, but not sensitivity or specificity, are values influenced by the prevalence of disease in the population that is being tested. These concepts are illustrated graphically in this applet <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kennis-research.shinyapps.io/Bayes-App/">Bayesian clinical diagnostic model</a> which show the positive and negative predictive values as a function of the prevalence, sensitivity and specificity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Misconceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is often claimed that a highly specific test is effective at ruling in a disease when positive, while a highly sensitive test is deemed effective at ruling out a disease when negative.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to the widely used mnemonics SPPIN and SNNOUT, according to which a highly <b>sp</b>ecific test, when <b>p</b>ositive, rules <b>in</b> disease (SP-P-IN), and a highly <b>s</b>e<b>n</b>sitive test, when <b>n</b>egative, rules <b>out</b> disease (SN-N-OUT). Both rules of thumb are, however, inferentially misleading, as the diagnostic power of any test is determined by the prevalence of the condition being tested, the test's sensitivity <i>and</i> its specificity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8028462_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8028462-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8028470_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8028470-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15271832_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15271832-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SNNOUT mnemonic has some validity when the prevalence of the condition in question is extremely low in the tested sample. </p><p>The tradeoff between specificity and sensitivity is explored in <a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">ROC analysis</a> as a trade off between TPR and FPR (that is, recall and <a href="/wiki/False_positive_rate" title="False positive rate">fallout</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fawcett2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawcett2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giving them equal weight optimizes <a href="/wiki/Informedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Informedness">informedness</a> = specificity + sensitivity − 1 = TPR − FPR, the magnitude of which gives the probability of an informed decision between the two classes (> 0 represents appropriate use of information, 0 represents chance-level performance, < 0 represents perverse use of information).<sup id="cite_ref-Powers2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensitivity_index">Sensitivity index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sensitivity index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_index" title="Sensitivity index">sensitivity index</a> or <i>d′</i> (pronounced "dee-prime") is a <a href="/wiki/Statistic" title="Statistic">statistic</a> used in signal <a href="/wiki/Detection_theory" title="Detection theory">detection theory</a>. It provides the separation between the means of the signal and the noise distributions, compared against the standard deviation of the noise distribution. For <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normally distributed</a> signal and noise with mean and standard deviations <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4de88fa43f1edc1e3cf09bd8d26bd4b127bbb0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.694ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{S}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9059dd9c1a260ef7c6f2209344c8ef7ac2c24188" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.62ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{S}}"></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2136e1026c8a9df2da1fdbe61a6e7d183b387e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.093ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{N}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545cfbafdfbd76fefd343a060fcf850cadf23236" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.019ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{N}}"></span>, respectively, <i>d′</i> is defined as: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d^{\prime }={\frac {\mu _{S}-\mu _{N}}{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{2}}\left(\sigma _{S}^{2}+\sigma _{N}^{2}\right)}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msqrt> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d^{\prime }={\frac {\mu _{S}-\mu _{N}}{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{2}}\left(\sigma _{S}^{2}+\sigma _{N}^{2}\right)}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e0dcd910d69bdd3f189587da4be241930db7ff8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:20.815ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d^{\prime }={\frac {\mu _{S}-\mu _{N}}{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{2}}\left(\sigma _{S}^{2}+\sigma _{N}^{2}\right)}}}}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20089911_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20089911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>An estimate of <i>d′</i> can be also found from measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Hit_rate" title="Hit rate">hit rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">false-alarm</a> rate. It is calculated as: </p> <dl><dd><i>d′</i> = <i>Z</i>(hit rate) − <i>Z</i>(false alarm rate),<sup id="cite_ref-MacmillanCreelman2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacmillanCreelman2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>where function <i>Z</i>(<i>p</i>), <i>p</i> ∈ [0, 1], is the inverse of the <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution#Cumulative_distribution_function" title="Normal distribution">cumulative Gaussian distribution</a>. </p><p><i>d′</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless">dimensionless</a> statistic. A higher <i>d′</i> indicates that the signal can be more readily detected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confusion_matrix">Confusion matrix</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Confusion matrix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">Confusion matrix</a></div> <p>The relationship between sensitivity, specificity, and similar terms can be understood using the following table. Consider a group with <b>P</b> positive instances and <b>N</b> negative instances of some condition. The four outcomes can be formulated in a 2×2 <i><a href="/wiki/Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">contingency table</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">confusion matrix</a></i>, as well as derivations of several metrics using the four outcomes, as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="border:none; background:transparent; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background:#bbeeee;" colspan="2"><b>Predicted condition</b> </td> <td style="border:none; text-align:right;" colspan="2"><sup>Sources: </sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diagnostic_testing_diagram" title="Template:Diagnostic testing diagram"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diagnostic_testing_diagram" title="Template talk:Diagnostic testing diagram"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diagnostic_testing_diagram" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diagnostic testing diagram"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">Total population</a> <br /><span class="texhtml">= P + N</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccffff;"><b>Predicted positive</b> </td> <td style="background:#aadddd;"><b>Predicted negative</b> </td> <td style="border-left:double silver;background:#ffffff"><a href="/wiki/Youden%27s_J_statistic" title="Youden's J statistic">Informedness</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;">bookmaker informedness (BM)</span> <br /><span class="texhtml">= TPR + TNR − 1</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevalence threshold">Prevalence threshold</a> (PT) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">TPR × FPR</span></span> - FPR</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">TPR - FPR</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style="background:#eeeebb;"><div style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221560606">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}}</style><b>Actual condition</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#ffffcc;"><b>Positive (P)</b> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ccffcc;"><b><a href="/wiki/True_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="True positive">True positive</a></b> (TP), <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">hit</span><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ffdddd;"><b><a href="/wiki/False_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="False negative">False negative</a></b> (FN), <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">miss, underestimation</span> </td> <td style="background:#eeffee;"><a href="/wiki/True_positive_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="True positive rate">True positive rate</a> (TPR), <a href="/wiki/Recall_(information_retrieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recall (information retrieval)">recall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(tests)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitivity (tests)">sensitivity</a> (SEN), <span style="font-size:85%;">probability of detection, hit rate, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical power">power</a></span> <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TP</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">P</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= 1 − FNR</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/False_negative_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="False negative rate">False negative rate</a> (FNR), <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">miss rate</span> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II error">type II error</a></span> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">FN</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">P</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= 1 − TPR</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ddddaa;"><b>Negative (N)</b><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ffcccc;"><b><a href="/wiki/False_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="False positive">False positive</a></b> (FP), <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">false alarm, overestimation</span> </td> <td style="background:#bbeebb;"><b><a href="/wiki/True_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="True negative">True negative</a></b> (TN), <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">correct rejection</span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#eedddd;"><a href="/wiki/False_positive_rate" title="False positive rate">False positive rate</a> (FPR), <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">probability of false alarm, <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_measures_(information_retrieval)#Fall-out" title="Evaluation measures (information retrieval)"><span class="nowrap">fall-out</span></a></span> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I error">type I error</a></span> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">FP</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">N</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= 1 − TNR</span> </td> <td style="background:#ddeedd;"><a href="/wiki/True_negative_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="True negative rate">True negative rate</a> (TNR), <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(tests)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specificity (tests)">specificity</a> (SPC), selectivity</span> <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TN</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">N</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= 1 − FPR</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="border-top:double silver; border-right:double silver;background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">Prevalence</a> <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">P</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">P + N</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#eeffee;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Positive_predictive_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive predictive value">Positive predictive value</a> (PPV),</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Precision_(information_retrieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision (information retrieval)">precision</a></span> <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TP</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">TP + FP</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= 1 − FDR</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffeeee;border-right:double silver;"><a href="/wiki/False_omission_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="False omission rate">False omission rate</a> (FOR) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">FN</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">TN + FN</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= 1 − NPV</span> </td> <td style="background:#eeeeff;"><a href="/wiki/Positive_likelihood_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive likelihood ratio">Positive likelihood ratio</a> (LR+) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TPR</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">FPR</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#eeeeff;"><a href="/wiki/Negative_likelihood_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative likelihood ratio">Negative likelihood ratio</a> (LR−) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">FNR</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">TNR</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right:double silver;background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision#In_classification" title="Accuracy and precision">Accuracy</a> (ACC) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TP + TN</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">P + N</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#eedddd;"><a href="/wiki/False_discovery_rate" title="False discovery rate">False discovery rate</a> (FDR) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">FP</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">TP + FP</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= 1 − PPV</span> </td> <td style="background:#ddeedd;"><a href="/wiki/Negative_predictive_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative predictive value">Negative predictive value</a> (NPV) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TN</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">TN + FN</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= 1 − FOR</span> </td> <td style="border-top:double silver;border-right:double silver;background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a> (MK), <span style="font-size:85%;">deltaP (Δp)</span> <br /><span class="texhtml">= PPV + NPV − 1</span> </td> <td style="background:#eeeeff;"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_odds_ratio" title="Diagnostic odds ratio">Diagnostic <span class="nowrap">odds ratio</span></a> (DOR) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">LR+</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">LR−</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffffff;">Balanced accuracy (BA) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TPR + TNR</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td> <td style="border-top:double silver;background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/F1_score" class="mw-redirect" title="F1 score">F<sub>1</sub> score</a> <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2 PPV × TPR</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">PPV + TPR</span></span>⁠</span></span> <span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2 TP</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2 TP + FP + FN</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td> <td style="border-top:double silver;background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Fowlkes%E2%80%93Mallows_index" title="Fowlkes–Mallows index">Fowlkes–Mallows index</a> (FM) <br /><span class="texhtml">= <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">PPV × TPR</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-top:double silver;background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Matthews_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthews correlation coefficient">Matthews correlation coefficient</a> (MCC) <br /><span class="texhtml texhtml-big" style="font-size:80%;">= <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">TPR × TNR × PPV × NPV</span></span></span> <span class="texhtml texhtml-big" style="font-size:80%;">- <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">FNR × FPR × FOR × FDR</span></span></span> </td> <td style="border-top:double silver;background:#ffffff;" colspan="2">Threat score (TS), critical success index (CSI), <a href="/wiki/Jaccard_index#Jaccard_index_in_binary_classification_confusion_matrices" title="Jaccard index">Jaccard index</a> <br /><span class="texhtml">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TP</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">TP + FN + FP</span></span>⁠</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the number of real positive cases in the data</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A test result that correctly indicates the presence of a condition or characteristic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Type II error: A test result which wrongly indicates that a particular condition or attribute is absent</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the number of real negative cases in the data</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A test result that correctly indicates the absence of a condition or characteristic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Type I error: A test result which wrongly indicates that a particular condition or attribute is present</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="float:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SensSpecPPVNPV" title="Template:SensSpecPPVNPV"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SensSpecPPVNPV" title="Template talk:SensSpecPPVNPV"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SensSpecPPVNPV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SensSpecPPVNPV"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></div> <dl><dt>A worked example</dt> <dd>A diagnostic test with sensitivity 67% and specificity 91% is applied to 2030 people to look for a disorder with a population prevalence of 1.48%</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:none; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:none;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#bbeeee;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood" title="Fecal occult blood">Fecal occult blood</a> screen test outcome</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:none;text-align:right;"><sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diagnostic_testing_example" title="Template:Diagnostic testing example"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Diagnostic_testing_example&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Diagnostic testing example (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diagnostic_testing_example" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diagnostic testing example"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">Total population</a><br />(pop.) = 2030 </td> <td style="background:#ccffff;">Test outcome <b>positive</b> </td> <td style="background:#aadddd;">Test outcome <b>negative</b> </td> <td style="border-left:double silver;border-bottom:double silver;"><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">Accuracy</a> (ACC) <div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= (TP + TN) / pop.<br />= (20 + 1820) / 2030<br />≈ <b>90.64%</b></div> </td> <td style="border-left:double silver;border-bottom:double silver;line-height:2;"><a href="/wiki/F1_score" class="mw-redirect" title="F1 score">F<sub>1</sub> score</a> <div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:118%;">= 2 × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">precision × recall</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">precision + recall</span></span>⁠</span><br />≈ <b>0.174</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eeeebb;"><b>Patients with<br /><a href="/wiki/Bowel_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel cancer">bowel cancer</a><br />(as confirmed<br />on <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>)</b> </td> <td style="background:#ffffcc;">Actual condition<br />positive (AP)<br />= 30<br />(2030 × 1.48%) </td> <td style="background:#ccffcc;"><span style="color:#006600;"><b>True positive</b> (TP)</span><br />= 20<br />(2030 × 1.48% × 67%) </td> <td style="background:#ffdddd;"><span style="color:#cc0000;"><b>False negative</b> (FN)</span><br />= 10<br />(2030 × 1.48% × <span class="nowrap">(100% − 67%)</span>) </td> <td style="background:#eeffee;"><a href="/wiki/True_positive_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="True positive rate">True positive rate</a> (TPR), <a href="/wiki/Recall_(information_retrieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recall (information retrieval)">recall</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">sensitivity</a><div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= TP / AP<br />= 20 / 30<br />≈ <b>66.7%</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/False_negative_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="False negative rate">False negative rate</a> (FNR), miss rate<br /> <div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= FN / AP<br />= 10 / 30<br /> ≈ <b>33.3%</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ddddaa;">Actual condition<br />negative (AN)<br />= 2000<br />(2030 × <span class="nowrap">(100% − 1.48%)</span>) </td> <td style="background:#ffcccc;"><span style="color:#cc0000;"><b>False positive</b> (FP)</span><br />= 180<br />(2030 × <span class="nowrap">(100% − 1.48%)</span> × <span class="nowrap">(100% − 91%)</span>) </td> <td style="background:#bbeebb;"><span style="color:#006600;"><b>True negative</b> (TN)</span><br />= 1820<br />(2030 × <span class="nowrap">(100% − 1.48%)</span> × 91%) </td> <td style="background:#eedddd;"><a href="/wiki/False_positive_rate" title="False positive rate">False positive rate</a> (FPR), <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval"><span class="nowrap">fall-out</span></a>, <span class="nowrap">probability of false alarm</span> <div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= FP / AN<br />= 180 / 2000<br />= <b>9.0%</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#ddeedd;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Specificity</a>, selectivity, <a href="/wiki/True_negative_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="True negative rate">true negative rate</a> (TNR)<div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= TN / AN<br />= 1820 / 2000<br />= <b>91%</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="border-right:double silver;"><a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">Prevalence</a><div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= AP / pop.<br />= 30 / 2030<br />≈ <b>1.48%</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#eeffee;"><a href="/wiki/Positive_predictive_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive predictive value">Positive predictive value</a> (PPV), <a href="/wiki/Precision_(information_retrieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision (information retrieval)">precision</a><div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= TP / (TP + FP)<br />= 20 / (20 + 180)<br />= <b>10%</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/False_omission_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="False omission rate">False omission rate</a> (FOR)<div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= FN / (FN + TN)<br />= 10 / (10 + 1820)<br />≈ <b>0.55%</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#eeeeff;border-left:double silver;"><a href="/wiki/Positive_likelihood_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive likelihood ratio">Positive likelihood ratio</a> <span class="nowrap">(LR+)</span> <div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">TPR</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">FPR</span></span>⁠</span><br />= (20 / 30) / (180 / 2000)<br />≈ <b>7.41</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#eeeeff;"><a href="/wiki/Negative_likelihood_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative likelihood ratio">Negative likelihood ratio</a> <span class="nowrap">(LR−)</span> <div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">FNR</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">TNR</span></span>⁠</span><br />= (10 / 30) / (1820 / 2000)<br />≈ <b>0.366</b> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;"> </td> <td style="background:#eedddd;"><a href="/wiki/False_discovery_rate" title="False discovery rate">False discovery rate</a> (FDR)<div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= FP / (TP + FP)<br />= 180 / (20 + 180)<br />= <b>90.0%</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#ddeedd;"><a href="/wiki/Negative_predictive_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative predictive value">Negative predictive value</a> (NPV)<div style="margin-left:1em; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">= TN / (FN + TN)<br />= 1820 / (10 + 1820)<br />≈ <b>99.45%</b></div> </td> <td style="background:#eeeeff;border-left:double silver;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_odds_ratio" title="Diagnostic odds ratio">Diagnostic odds ratio</a> (DOR) <div style="display:table; margin:0 auto; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:118%;">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">LR+</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">LR−</span></span>⁠</span><br />≈ <b>20.2</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Related calculations</b> </p> <ul><li>False positive rate (α) = <a href="/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors#Type_I_error" title="Type I and type II errors">type I error</a> = 1 − specificity = FP / (FP + TN) = 180 / (180 + 1820) = 9%</li> <li>False negative rate (β) = <a href="/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors#Type_II_error" title="Type I and type II errors">type II error</a> = 1 − sensitivity = FN / (TP + FN) = 10 / (20 + 10) ≈ 33%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical power">Power</a> = sensitivity = 1 − β</li> <li>Positive <a href="/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing" title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing">likelihood ratio</a> = sensitivity / (1 − specificity) ≈ 0.67 / (1 − 0.91) ≈ 7.4</li> <li>Negative likelihood ratio = (1 − sensitivity) / specificity ≈ (1 − 0.67) / 0.91 ≈ 0.37</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevalence threshold">Prevalence threshold</a> = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle PT={\frac {{\sqrt {TPR(-TNR+1)}}+TNR-1}{(TPR+TNR-1)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>T</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle PT={\frac {{\sqrt {TPR(-TNR+1)}}+TNR-1}{(TPR+TNR-1)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a72ddd1d947f475519099bcd33807bb501513d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:40.177ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle PT={\frac {{\sqrt {TPR(-TNR+1)}}+TNR-1}{(TPR+TNR-1)}}}"></span> ≈ 0.2686 ≈ 26.9%</li></ul> <p>This hypothetical screening test (fecal occult blood test) correctly identified two-thirds (66.7%) of patients with colorectal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, factoring in prevalence rates reveals that this hypothetical test has a high false positive rate, and it does not reliably identify colorectal cancer in the overall population of asymptomatic people (PPV = 10%). </p><p>On the other hand, this hypothetical test demonstrates very accurate detection of cancer-free individuals (NPV ≈ 99.5%). Therefore, when used for routine colorectal cancer screening with asymptomatic adults, a negative result supplies important data for the patient and doctor, such as ruling out cancer as the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms or reassuring patients worried about developing colorectal cancer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estimation_of_errors_in_quoted_sensitivity_or_specificity">Estimation of errors in quoted sensitivity or specificity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Estimation of errors in quoted sensitivity or specificity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sensitivity and specificity values alone may be highly misleading. The 'worst-case' sensitivity or specificity must be calculated in order to avoid reliance on experiments with few results. For example, a particular test may easily show 100% sensitivity if tested against the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)" title="Gold standard (test)">gold standard</a> four times, but a single additional test against the gold standard that gave a poor result would imply a sensitivity of only 80%. A common way to do this is to state the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_proportion_confidence_interval" title="Binomial proportion confidence interval">binomial proportion confidence interval</a>, often calculated using a Wilson score interval. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Confidence_intervals" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence intervals">Confidence intervals</a> for sensitivity and specificity can be calculated, giving the range of values within which the correct value lies at a given confidence level (e.g., 95%).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_in_information_retrieval">Terminology in information retrieval</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Terminology in information retrieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>, the positive predictive value is called <b><a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall#Definition_(classification_context)" title="Precision and recall">precision</a></b>, and sensitivity is called <b><a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall#Definition_(classification_context)" title="Precision and recall">recall</a></b>. Unlike the Specificity vs Sensitivity tradeoff, these measures are both independent of the number of true negatives, which is generally unknown and much larger than the actual numbers of relevant and retrieved documents. This assumption of very large numbers of true negatives versus positives is rare in other applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Powers2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/F-score" title="F-score">F-score</a> can be used as a single measure of performance of the test for the positive class. The F-score is the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_mean" title="Harmonic mean">harmonic mean</a> of precision and recall: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=2\times {\frac {{\text{precision}}\times {\text{recall}}}{{\text{precision}}+{\text{recall}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>precision</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>recall</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>precision</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>recall</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=2\times {\frac {{\text{precision}}\times {\text{recall}}}{{\text{precision}}+{\text{recall}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/feba1026013cff9ffe62933267f981c2caa4bddb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:26.885ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=2\times {\frac {{\text{precision}}\times {\text{recall}}}{{\text{precision}}+{\text{recall}}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>In the traditional language of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">statistical hypothesis testing</a>, the sensitivity of a test is called the <a href="/wiki/Statistical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical power">statistical power</a> of the test, although the word <i>power</i> in that context has a more general usage that is not applicable in the present context. A sensitive test will have fewer <a href="/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors" title="Type I and type II errors">Type II errors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_in_genome_analysis">Terminology in genome analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Terminology in genome analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to the domain of <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>, in the research area of <a href="/wiki/Gene_prediction" title="Gene prediction">gene prediction</a>, the number of true negatives (non-genes) in genomic sequences is generally unknown and much larger than the actual number of genes (true positives). The convenient and intuitively understood term specificity in this research area has been frequently used with the mathematical formula for <a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall" title="Precision and recall">precision and recall</a> as defined in biostatistics. The pair of thus defined specificity (as positive predictive value) and sensitivity (true positive rate) represent major parameters characterizing the accuracy of gene prediction algorithms. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Yandell2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yandell2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the term specificity in a sense of true negative rate would have little, if any, application in the genome analysis research area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brier_score" title="Brier score">Brier score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_accuracy_profile" title="Cumulative accuracy profile">Cumulative accuracy profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_(information)" title="Discrimination (information)">Discrimination (information)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_positive_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="False positive paradox">False positive paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_of_binary_classifiers#Single_metrics" title="Evaluation of binary classifiers">Hypothesis tests for accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall" title="Precision and recall">Precision and recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">Receiver operating characteristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">Statistical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_coefficient" title="Uncertainty coefficient">Uncertainty coefficient</a>, also called proficiency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youden%27s_J_statistic" title="Youden's J statistic">Youden's J statistic</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are advantages and disadvantages for all medical screening tests. <a href="/wiki/Medical_guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical guidelines">Clinical practice guidelines</a>, such as those for colorectal cancer screening, describe these risks and benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+beginner%27s+guide+to+eukaryotic+genome+annotation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3352427%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22510764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg3174&rft.aulast=Yandell&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ence%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensitivity+and+specificity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltmanBland1994" class="citation journal cs1">Altman DG, Bland JM (June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540489">"Diagnostic tests. 1: Sensitivity and specificity"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>308</b> (6943): 1552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.308.6943.1552">10.1136/bmj.308.6943.1552</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540489">2540489</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8019315">8019315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Diagnostic+tests.+1%3A+Sensitivity+and+specificity&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=6943&rft.pages=1552&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2540489%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8019315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.308.6943.1552&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Bland%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2540489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensitivity+and+specificity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoong2003" class="citation journal cs1">Loong TW (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC200804">"Understanding sensitivity and specificity with the right side of the brain"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>327</b> (7417): <span class="nowrap">716–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.327.7417.716">10.1136/bmj.327.7417.716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC200804">200804</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14512479">14512479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Understanding+sensitivity+and+specificity+with+the+right+side+of+the+brain&rft.volume=327&rft.issue=7417&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E716-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC200804%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14512479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.327.7417.716&rft.aulast=Loong&rft.aufirst=TW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC200804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensitivity+and+specificity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://araw.mede.uic.edu/cgi-bin/testcalc.pl">UIC Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vassarstats.net/clin1.html">Vassar College's Sensitivity/Specificity Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medcalc.org/calc/diagnostic_test.php">MedCalc Free Online Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kennis-research.shinyapps.io/Bayes-App/">Bayesian clinical diagnostic model applet</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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study design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">Evidence-based medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_world_evidence" title="Real world evidence">Real world evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_and_public_involvement" title="Patient and public involvement">Patient and public involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">Controlled study</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_evidence#USA" title="Hierarchy of evidence">EBM I to II-1</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Scientific experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind experiment">Blind experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-label_trial" title="Open-label trial">Open-label trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_clinical_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive clinical trial">Adaptive clinical trial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_trial" title="Platform trial">Platform trial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">Observational study</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_evidence#USA" title="Hierarchy of evidence">EBM II-2 to II-3</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" title="Cross-sectional study">Cross-sectional study</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">Longitudinal study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_study" title="Ecological study">Ecological study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">Cohort study</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrospective_cohort_study" title="Retrospective cohort study">Retrospective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study" title="Prospective cohort study">Prospective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nested_case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Nested case–control study">Nested case–control study</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_series" title="Case series">Case series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_report" title="Case report">Case report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outcome_measure" title="Outcome measure">Measures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiological methods">Occurrence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">Incidence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_incidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulative incidence">Cumulative incidence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">Prevalence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Point prevalence">Point prevalence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Period_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Period prevalence">Period prevalence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiological methods">Association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Risk_difference" title="Risk difference">Risk difference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_needed_to_treat" title="Number needed to treat">Number needed to treat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_needed_to_harm" title="Number needed to harm">Number needed to harm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risk_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk ratio">Risk ratio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_risk_reduction" title="Relative risk reduction">Relative risk reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odds_ratio" title="Odds ratio">Odds ratio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio">Hazard ratio</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_impact_measure" title="Population impact measure">Population impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Attributable_fraction_among_the_exposed" title="Attributable fraction among the exposed">Attributable fraction among the exposed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attributable_fraction_for_the_population" title="Attributable fraction for the population">Attributable fraction for the population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preventable_fraction_among_the_unexposed" title="Preventable fraction among the unexposed">Preventable fraction among the unexposed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preventable_fraction_for_the_population" title="Preventable fraction for the population">Preventable fraction for the population</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiological methods">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_endpoint" title="Clinical endpoint">Clinical endpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">Virulence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectivity" title="Infectivity">Infectivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">Morbidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">Case fatality rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specificity_and_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specificity and sensitivity">Specificity and sensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing" title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing">Likelihood-ratios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability" title="Pre- and post-test probability">Pre- and post-test probability</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trial/test types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-in-man_study" class="mw-redirect" title="First-in-man study">First-in-man study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicenter_trial" title="Multicenter trial">Multicenter trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeding_trial" title="Seeding trial">Seeding trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_clinical_trials" title="Analysis of clinical trials">Analysis of clinical trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio" title="Risk–benefit ratio">Risk–benefit ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">Systematic review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention-to-treat_analysis" title="Intention-to-treat analysis">Intention-to-treat analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation of results</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">Survivorship bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">Correlation does not imply causation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_result" title="Null result">Null result</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Clinical_research" title="Category:Clinical research">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research" title="Glossary of clinical research">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_clinical_research_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of clinical research topics">List of topics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Symmetric mean absolute percentage error">sMAPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_absolute_percentage_error" title="Mean absolute percentage error">MAPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_absolute_scaled_error" title="Mean absolute scaled error">MASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_squared_prediction_error" title="Mean squared prediction error">MSPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">RMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root-mean-square_deviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Root-mean-square deviation">RMSE/RMSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination" title="Coefficient of determination">R<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_directional_accuracy" title="Mean directional accuracy">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_absolute_deviation" title="Median absolute deviation">MAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_classification" title="Statistical classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F-score" title="F-score">F-score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P4-metric" title="P4-metric">P4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">Accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall" title="Precision and recall">Precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_and_recall" title="Precision and recall">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen%27s_kappa" title="Cohen's kappa">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_coefficient" title="Phi coefficient">MCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic#Area_under_the_curve" title="Receiver operating characteristic">AUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic" title="Receiver operating characteristic">ROC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sensitivity and specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-entropy#Cross-entropy_loss_function_and_logistic_regression" title="Cross-entropy">Logarithmic Loss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silhouette_(clustering)" title="Silhouette (clustering)">Silhouette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calinski-Harabasz_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Calinski-Harabasz index">Calinski-Harabasz index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davies%E2%80%93Bouldin_index" title="Davies–Bouldin index">Davies-Bouldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunn_index" title="Dunn index">Dunn index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_statistic" title="Hopkins statistic">Hopkins statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaccard_index" title="Jaccard index">Jaccard index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_index" title="Rand index">Rand index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_measure" title="Similarity measure">Similarity measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_matching_coefficient" title="Simple matching coefficient">SMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SimHash" title="SimHash">SimHash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ranking_(information_retrieval)" title="Ranking (information retrieval)">Ranking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_reciprocal_rank" title="Mean reciprocal rank">MRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDCG" class="mw-redirect" title="NDCG">NDCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Average_precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Average precision">AP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Vision">Computer Vision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSNR" class="mw-redirect" title="PSNR">PSNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSIM" class="mw-redirect" title="SSIM">SSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_over_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersection over union">IoU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">NLP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perplexity" title="Perplexity">Perplexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLEU" title="BLEU">BLEU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deep Learning Related Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inception_score" title="Inception score">Inception score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_inception_distance" title="Fréchet inception distance">FID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_probability" title="Coverage probability">Coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intra-list_Similarity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intra-list Similarity (page does not exist)">Intra-list Similarity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similarity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosine_similarity" title="Cosine similarity">Cosine similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_distance" title="Euclidean distance">Euclidean distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_correlation_coefficient" title="Pearson correlation coefficient">Pearson correlation coefficient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confusion_matrix" title="Confusion matrix">Confusion matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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