CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Historical reliability of the Gospels - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ebc33ba5-256d-4379-84fd-4b8d6d2db498","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels","wgTitle":"Historical reliability of the Gospels","wgCurRevisionId":1258515547,"wgRevisionId":1258515547,"wgArticleId":24314875,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Articles containing German-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024","Pages with missing ISBNs", "Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2024","Wikipedia further reading cleanup","Historiography of Jesus","Canonical Gospels","Historicity of the Bible"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels","wgRelevantArticleId":24314875,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3496235","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init" :"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Historical reliability of the Gospels - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels rootpage-Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Historical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Historical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Historical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Historical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Methodology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methodology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scope_and_genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_and_genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Scope and genre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_and_genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Criteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Formation and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formation and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_oral_traditions_to_written_gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_oral_traditions_to_written_gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 From oral traditions to written gospels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_oral_traditions_to_written_gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_synoptics:_Matthew,_Mark_and_Luke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_synoptics:_Matthew,_Mark_and_Luke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The synoptics: Matthew, Mark and Luke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_synoptics:_Matthew,_Mark_and_Luke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matthew_and_Luke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matthew_and_Luke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Matthew and Luke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matthew_and_Luke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Q_(Quelle)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Q_(Quelle)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Q (Quelle) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Q_(Quelle)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-M_and_L_(Special_Matthew_and_Special_Luke)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M_and_L_(Special_Matthew_and_Special_Luke)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 M and L (Special Matthew and Special Luke) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M_and_L_(Special_Matthew_and_Special_Luke)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 John </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Individual units </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Individual_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Individual units subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Individual_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preexistence_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preexistence_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Preexistence of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preexistence_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy,_nativity_and_childhood_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy,_nativity_and_childhood_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Genealogy, nativity and childhood of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy,_nativity_and_childhood_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_the_birth_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_the_birth_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dating the birth of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_the_birth_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Teachings of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Judas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Judas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Death of Judas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Judas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology_and_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_and_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Archaeology and geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology_and_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Historical reliability of the Gospels</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" > 8 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="الموثوقية التاريخية للأناجيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموثوقية التاريخية للأناجيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicita_evangeli%C3%AD" title="Historicita evangelií – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Historicita evangelií" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilder_til_Jesus" title="Kilder til Jesus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kilder til Jesus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicidad_de_los_Evangelios" title="Historicidad de los Evangelios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historicidad de los Evangelios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%81_%EC%8B%A0%EB%A2%B0%EC%84%B1" title="복음서의 역사적 신뢰성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복음서의 역사적 신뢰성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keandalan_sejarah_Kitab-kitab_Injil" title="Keandalan sejarah Kitab-kitab Injil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keandalan sejarah Kitab-kitab Injil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiabilidade_hist%C3%B3rica_dos_evangelhos" title="Confiabilidade histórica dos evangelhos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confiabilidade histórica dos evangelhos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%80%A7" title="福音书历史可靠性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福音书历史可靠性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3496235#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&oldid=1258515547" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&id=1258515547&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistorical_reliability_of_the_Gospels">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistorical_reliability_of_the_Gospels">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3496235" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">New Testament gospels as historical documents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"><img alt="Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/200px-JesusYeshua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/300px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/400px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="234" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Heavenly Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Apparitions and visions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_Quran" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran">Names and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Isa" title="Islamic eschatology">End times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background to the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language spoken by Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Jesus's race</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus in history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reliability of the Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Perspectives on Jesus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Bar-Serapion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus" title="Template:Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus" title="Template talk:Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four <a href="/wiki/Gospel#Canonical_gospels" title="Gospel">canonical gospels</a> contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical studies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Criteria-1">[note 1]</a> the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1963ch._10Sanders19953Leiva-Merikakis1996Blomberg2007EhrmanEvansStewart2020-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 2]</a> Virtually all scholars of antiquity agree that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> existed in 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> but scholars differ on the <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">historicity</a> of specific episodes described in the biblical accounts of him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998181-7">[5]</a> The only two events subject to "almost universal assent"<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> are that <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Jesus was baptized</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">he was crucified</a> by order of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman Prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> There is no scholarly consensus about other elements of Jesus's life, including the two accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miraculous events</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, and certain details of the crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> According to the majority viewpoint, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, collectively called the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a> of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical information about Jesus</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[10]</a> and the religious movement he founded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1995Vermes2004-13">[11]</a> The fourth gospel, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>, differs greatly from the other three.<a href="#cite_note-14">[note 3]</a> A growing majority of scholars consider the Gospels to be in the genre of Ancient Greco-Roman biographies,<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> the same genre as <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s Life of Alexander and Life of Caesar. Typically, ancient biographies written shortly after the death of the subject and include substantial history.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Historians analyze the Gospels critically, attempting to differentiate reliable information from possible inventions, exaggerations, and alterations.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-17">[14]</a> Scholars use <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> to resolve questions arising from textual variations among the numerous extant manuscripts to decide the wording of a text closest to the "original".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200623–24-18">[15]</a> Scholars seek to answer questions of authorship and date and purpose of composition, and they look at internal and external sources to determine the gospel traditions' reliability.<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-Eddy08-19">[16]</a> Historical reliability does not depend on a source's inerrancy or lack of agenda since some sources (e.g. Josephus) are considered generally reliable despite having such traits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanEvansStewart202012–18-20">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methodology">edit</a>]</div> In evaluating the Gospels' historical reliability, scholars consider authorship and date of composition,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21">[18]</a> intention and genre,<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-Eddy08-19">[16]</a> gospel sources and oral tradition,<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> textual criticism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009424-24">[21]</a> and the historical authenticity of sayings and narrative events.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope_and_genre">Scope and genre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scope and genre">edit</a>]</div> "Gospels" is the standard term for the four New Testament books carrying the names of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>, each recounting the life and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a> (including his dealings with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, his trial and execution, the discovery of his empty tomb, and, at least in three of them, his appearances to his disciples after his death).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2000522-25">[22]</a> The genre of the gospels is essential in understanding the authors' intentions regarding the texts' historical value. New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Graham_Stanton" title="Graham Stanton">Graham Stanton</a> writes, "the gospels are now widely considered to be a sub-set of the broad ancient literary genre of biographies."<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Charles H. Talbert agrees that the gospels should be grouped with the Graeco-Roman biographies, but adds that such biographies included an element of mythology, and that the synoptic gospels do too.<a href="#cite_note-Charles_H._Talbert_pg_42-27">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a> writes, "these Gospels were written with the intention of glorifying Jesus and are not strictly biographical in nature."<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-17">[14]</a> M. David Litwa argues that the gospels belonged to the genre of "mythic historiography", where miracles and other fantastical elements were narrated in less sensationalist ways and the events were considered to have actually occurred by the readers of the time.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a> argues that the gospels are ancient biographies whose authors, like other ancient biographers at the time, were concerned with describing accurately the life and ministry of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Ingrid Maisch and Anton Vögtle, writing for Karl Rahner in his encyclopedia of theological terms, say that the gospels were written primarily as theological, not historical, texts.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis writes, "we must conclude, then, that the genre of the Gospel is not that of pure 'history'; but neither is it that of myth, fairy tale, or legend. In fact, 'gospel' constitutes a genre all its own, a surprising novelty in the literature of the ancient world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiva-Merikakis1996-31">[28]</a> Scholars tend to consider Luke's works (<a href="/wiki/Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke-Acts">Luke-Acts</a>) closer in genre to pure history,<a href="#cite_note-religion-online.org-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2008117-33">[30]</a> but they also note that "This is not to say that he [Luke] was always reliably informed, or that – any more than modern historians – he always presented a severely factual account of events."<a href="#cite_note-religion-online.org-32">[29]</a> Regardless <a href="/wiki/EP_Sanders" class="mw-redirect" title="EP Sanders">EP Sanders</a> claimed that the sources for Jesus are superior to the ones for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/James_D.G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D.G. Dunn">James D.G. Dunn</a> believed that "the earliest tradents within the Christian churches [were] preservers more than innovators...seeking to transmit, retell, explain, interpret, elaborate, but not create de novo...Through the main body of the Synoptic tradition, I believe, we have in most cases direct access to the teaching and ministry of Jesus as it was remembered from the beginning of the transmission process (which often predates Easter) and so fairly direct access to the ministry and teaching of Jesus through the eyes and ears of those who went about with him."<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Anthony Le Donne, a leading memory researcher in Jesus studies, elaborated on Dunn's thesis, basing "his historiography squarely on Dunn’s thesis that the historical Jesus is the memory of Jesus recalled by the earliest disciples."<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-36">[33]</a> According to Le Donne as explained by his reviewer, Benjamin Simpson, memories are fractured, and not exact recalls of the past. Le Donne further argues that the remembrance of events is facilitated by relating it to a common story, or "type." This means the Jesus-tradition is not a theological invention of the early Church, but rather a tradition shaped and refracted through such memory "type." Le Donne too supports a conservative view on typology compared to some other scholars, transmissions involving eyewitnesses, and ultimately a stable tradition resulting in little invention in the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-36">[33]</a> Le Donne expressed himself thusly vis-a-vis more skeptical scholars, "He (<a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale Allison</a>) does not read the gospels as fiction, but even if these early stories derive from memory, memory can be frail and often misleading. While I do not share Allison's point of departure (i.e. I am more optimistic), I am compelled by the method that came from it."<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale Allison</a> emphasizes the weakness of human memory, referring to its 'many sins' and how it frequently misguides people. He expresses skepticism at other scholars' endeavors to identify authentic sayings of Jesus. Instead of isolating and authenticating individual pericopae, Allison advocates for a methodology focused on identifying patterns and finding what he calls 'recurrent attestation'. Allison argues that the general impressions left by the Gospels should be trusted, though he is more skeptical on the details; if they are broadly unreliable, then our sources almost certainly cannot have preserved any of the particulars. Opposing preceding approaches where the Gospels are historically questionable and must be rigorously sifted through by competent scholars for nuggets of information, Allison argues that the Gospels are generally accurate and often 'got Jesus right'. Dale Allison finds apocalypticism to be recurrently attested, among various other themes. <a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Reviewing his work, Rafael Rodriguez largely agrees with Allison's methodology and conclusions while arguing that Allison's discussion on memory is too one-sided, noting that memory "is nevertheless sufficiently stable to authentically bring the past to bear on the present" and that people are beholden to memory's successes in everyday life. <a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Bruce Chilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a>, "...the Judaism of the period treated such traditions very carefully, and the New Testament writers in numerous passages applied to apostolic traditions the same technical terminology found elsewhere in Judaism [...] In this way they both identified their traditions as 'holy word' and showed their concern for a careful and ordered transmission of it."<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="/wiki/David_Jenkins_(bishop)" title="David Jenkins (bishop)">David Jenkins</a>, a former Anglican Bishop of Durham and university professor, has said: "Certainly not! There is absolutely no certainty in the New Testament about anything of importance."<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Chris Keith has called for the employment of social memory theory regarding the memories transmitted by the Gospels over the traditional form-critical approach emphasizing a distinction between 'authentic' and 'inauthentic' tradition. Keith observes that the memories presented by the Gospels can contradict and are not always historically correct. Chris Keith argues that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> was the one who could create these memories, both true or not. For instance, Mark and Luke disagree on how Jesus came back to the synagogue, with the likely more accurate Mark arguing he was rejected for being an artisan, while Luke portrays Jesus as literate and his refusal to heal in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> as cause of his dismissal. Keith does not view Luke's account as a fabrication since different eyewitnesses would have perceived and remembered differently. <a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> While believing that the study of the process of conversion from memories of Jesus into the Gospel tradition are too complicated for more simplistic a priori arguments the Gospels are reliable,<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Alan Kirk, notable for introducing the methodology of social memory theory to <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> scholarship along with Tom Thatcher,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> criticizes allegations of memory distortion common in Biblical studies. Kirk finds that much research in psychology involves experimentation in labs decontextualized from the real world, making use of their results dubious, hence the rise of what he calls 'ecological' approaches to memory. Kirk claims that social contagion is one phenomenon that is greatly lessened or even ruled out by new study. Kirk claims that there is also an imprudent reliance on a binary distinction between exact information and later interpretation in research.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Kirk argues that the demise of <a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">form criticism</a> means that the Gospels can no longer be automatically considered unreliable and that skeptics must now find new options, such as the aforementioned efforts at using evidence of memory distortion.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Reviewing Kirk's essay "Cognition, Commemoration, and Tradition: Memory and the Historiography of Jesus Research" (2010), biblical scholar Judith Redman provides a reflection based on her view of memory research: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> They [The Gospels] are not ordinary historical accounts and cannot be treated as though they are, but nor are they simply ahistorical materials designed to convince the reader of the author's particular theological perspective. That we have increasing scientific evidence of this has important implications for Christians, but does not, I think, invalidate the preceding two millennia of faith.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></blockquote> Alongside his work defining the Gospels as ancient biography, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Craig Keener</a>, drawing on the works of previous studies by Dunn, Kirk, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Bailey" title="Kenneth E. Bailey">Kenneth Bailey</a>, and Robert McIver, among many others, utilizes memory theory and oral tradition to argue that the Gospels are in many ways historically accurate.<a href="#cite_note-Keener_2019-48">[45]</a> His work has been endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Markus Bockmuehl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Aune" title="David Aune">David Aune</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Keener_2019-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criteria">Criteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criteria">edit</a>]</div> Critical scholars have developed a number of criteria to evaluate the probability or historical authenticity of an attested event or saying in the gospels. These criteria are the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_dissimilarity" title="Criterion of dissimilarity">criterion of dissimilarity</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">criterion of multiple attestation</a>; the criterion of cultural and historical congruency; and the criterion of "Aramaisms". They are applied to the sayings and events described in the Gospels to evaluate their historical reliability. The <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_dissimilarity" title="Criterion of dissimilarity">criterion of dissimilarity</a> argues that if a saying or action is dissimilar or contrary to the views of Judaism in the context of Jesus or the views of the early church, then it can more confidently be regarded as an authentic saying or action of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Commonly cited examples of this are Jesus's controversial reinterpretation of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic law">Mosaic law</a> in his Sermon on the Mount and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>'s decision to allow <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">uncircumcised gentiles</a> into what was at the time a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">sect of Judaism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a> holds that the authors of the gospels had no reason to invent embarrassing incidents such as Peter's denial of Jesus or the fleeing of Jesus's followers after his arrest, and therefore such details would likely not have been included unless they were true.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016168–171-51">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>, using the criterion of dissimilarity to judge the historical reliability of the claim that Jesus was baptized by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, writes, "it is hard to imagine a Christian inventing the story of Jesus' baptism since this could be taken to mean that he was John's subordinate."<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">criterion of multiple attestation</a> says that when two or more independent sources present similar or consistent accounts, it is more likely that the accounts are accurate reports of events or that they are reporting a tradition that predates the sources.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The criterion of cultural and historical congruency says that a source is less credible if the account contradicts known historical facts, or if it conflicts with cultural practices common in the period in question.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> The criterion of "Aramaisms"<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> is that if a <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic of Jesus">saying of Jesus has Aramaic roots</a>, reflecting his <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">cultural context</a>, it is more likely to be authentic than a saying that lacks Aramaic roots.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_sources">Formation and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation and sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship of the Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/220px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/330px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/440px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Evangelist Mattheüs en de engel by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, 1661</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_oral_traditions_to_written_gospels">From oral traditions to written gospels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From oral traditions to written gospels">edit</a>]</div> Most scholars believe that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> was an apocalyptic prophet who predicted the imminent end or transformation of the world, though others, notably the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a>, disagree.<a href="#cite_note-web-57">[54]</a> As eyewitnesses began to die, and as the missionary needs of the church grew, there was an increasing demand and need for written versions of the founder's life and teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201117-58">[55]</a> The stages of this process can be summarised as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019128–29-59">[56]</a> <ol><li>Oral traditions – stories and sayings passed on largely as separate self-contained units, not in any order;</li> <li>Written collections of miracle stories, parables, sayings, etc., with oral tradition continuing alongside these;</li> <li>Written proto-gospels preceding and serving as sources for the gospels;</li> <li>Canonical gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> composed from these sources.</li></ol> The New Testament preserves signs of these oral traditions and early documents:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097-60">[57]</a> for example, parallel passages between Matthew, Mark and Luke on one hand and the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> on the other are typically explained by assuming that all were relying on a shared oral tradition,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and the dedicatory preface of Luke refers to previous written accounts of the life of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartens2004100-61">[58]</a> The early traditions were fluid and subject to alteration, sometimes transmitted by those who had known Jesus personally, but more often by wandering prophets and teachers like the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, who did not know him personally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14-62">[59]</a> Jens Schroter argued that a mass of material from various sources, such as Christian prophets issuing sayings in the name of Jesus, the Hebrew Bible, miscellaneous sayings, alongside the actual words of Jesus, were all attributed by the Gospels to the singular historical Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James DG Dunn</a> and Tucker Ferda point out that the early Christian tradition sought to distinguish between their own sayings and those of the historical Jesus and that there is little evidence that the claims of new "prophets" often became mistaken as those of Jesus himself; Ferda notes that the phenomena of prophetic sayings merging with those of Jesus is more relevant to the dialogue gospels of the second and third centuries.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201313–40-65">[62]</a> The accuracy of the oral gospel tradition was insured by the community designating certain learned individuals to bear the main responsibility for retaining the gospel message of Jesus. The prominence of teachers in the earliest communities such as the Jerusalem Church is best explained by the communities' reliance on them as repositories of oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201355,_223,_279–280,_309-66">[63]</a> The early prophets and leaders of local Christian communities and their followers were more focused on the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> than on the life of Jesus: Paul for example, says very little about him such as he was "born of a woman" (meaning that he was a man and not a phantom), that he was a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jew</a>, and that he suffered, died, and was resurrected: what mattered for Paul was not Jesus's teachings or the details of his death and resurrection, but the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200911-67">[64]</a> Nonetheless, Paul was personally acquainted with Peter and John, two of Jesus’ original <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a>, and James, the brother of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-ehrman_paul-69">[66]</a> Paul's first meeting with Peter and James was approximately 36 AD, close to the time of the crucifixion (30 or 33 AD.)<a href="#cite_note-ehrman_paul-69">[66]</a> Paul was a contemporary of Jesus and, according to some, from Paul's writings alone, a fairly full outline of the life of Jesus can found: his descent from Abraham and David, his upbringing in the Jewish Law, gathering together disciples, including Cephas (Peter) and John, having a brother named James, living an exemplary life, the Last Supper and betrayal, numerous details surrounding his death and resurrection (e.g. crucifixion, Jewish involvement in putting him to death, burial, resurrection, seen by Peter, James, the twelve and others) along with numerous quotations referring to notable teachings and events found in the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The four canonical gospels were first mentioned[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] between 120 and 150 by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, who lived in 2nd century Flavia Neapolis (Biblical <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>, modern day <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>) .Justin had no titles for them and simply called them the "memoirs of the Apostles". Around 185 <a href="/wiki/Iraneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraneus">Iraneus</a>, a bishop of Lyon who lived c.130–c.202, attributed them to: 1) Matthew, an apostle who followed Jesus in his earthly career; 2) Mark, who while himself not a disciple was the companion of Peter, who was; 3) Luke, the companion of Paul, the author of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>; and 4) John, who like Matthew was an apostle who had known Jesus.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most scholars agree that they are the work of unknown Christians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidURdACxKubDICpgPA235_235]-72">[69]</a> and were composed c.65-110 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200919-73">[70]</a> The majority of New Testament scholars also agree that the Gospels do not contain direct eyewitness accounts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEve2014135-74">[71]</a> but that they present the theologies of their communities rather than the testimony of eyewitnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellinzoni2016336-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg200997-76">[73]</a> Nevertheless, they preserve sources that go back to Jesus and his contemporaries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201121–22-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19954–5-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> and the Synoptic writers thought that they were reconfiguring memories of Jesus rather than creating theological stories,<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[note 4]</a>, "draw[ing] on direct memories of the first generation of Jesus' disciples."<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_synoptics:_Matthew,_Mark_and_Luke">The synoptics: Matthew, Mark and Luke</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The synoptics: Matthew, Mark and Luke">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source criticism (biblical studies)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/300px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/450px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/600px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>The "triple tradition" is material shared by the three gospels, and the "double tradition" is shared by Matthew and Luke but not by Mark - this is the Q source. The unique material in Matthew and Luke is Special M and Special L. The chart is based on A.K. Honoré, "A statistical study of the synoptic problem", Novum Testamentum, Vol. 10, Fasc. 2/3 (Apr.-Jul., 1968), pp. 95-147.</figcaption></figure> Matthew, Mark and Luke are called the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> because they share many stories (the technical term is <a href="/wiki/Pericopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericopes">pericopes</a>), sometimes even identical wording; finding an explanation for their similarities, and also their differences, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">synoptic problem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuskasRobbins201186,_89-83">[79]</a> and most scholars believe that the best solution to the problem is that Mark was the first gospel to be written and served as the source for the other two<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201127,_29-84">[80]</a> - alternative theories exist, but create more problems than they solve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid199618-85">[81]</a> Various scholars suggest an entirely oral relationship or a dependence emphasizing memory and tradents in a tradition rather than simple copying. <a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Alan Kirk praises Matthew in particular for his "scribal memory competence" and "his high esteem for and careful handling of both Mark and Q", making any claims that Matthew is significantly different from his sources in terms of historicity questionable.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Since the third quest for the historical Jesus, the four gospels and noncanonical texts have been viewed with more confidence as sources to reconstruct the life of Jesus compared to the previous quests.<a href="#cite_note-rout-91">[87]</a> Matthew and Luke also share a large amount of material which is not found in Mark; this appears in the same order in each, although not always in the same contexts, leading scholars to the conclusion that in addition to Mark they also shared a lost source called the <a href="/wiki/Q_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Q document">Q document</a> (from "Quelle", the German word for "source);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid199618-85">[81]</a> its existence and use alongside Mark by the authors of Matthew and Luke seems the most convincing solution to the synoptic problem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwald202013–14-92">[88]</a> Matthew and Luke contain some material unique to each, called the <a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a> (or Special Matthew) for Matthew and the <a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a> (Special Luke) for Luke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid199618-85">[81]</a> This includes some of the best-known stories in the gospels, such as the birth of Christ and the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Parable of the Good Samaritan</a> (unique to Luke)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016200-93">[89]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Pearl" title="Parable of the Pearl">Parable of the Pearl of Great Price</a> (unique to Matthew).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2011108-94">[90]</a> The Hebrew scriptures were also an important source for all three, and for John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200914-95">[91]</a> Direct quotations number 27 in Mark, 54 in Matthew, 24 in Luke, and 14 in John, and the influence of the scriptures is vastly increased when allusions and echoes are included.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_Chui_Siang_Lau2010159-96">[92]</a> Half of Mark's gospel, for example, is made up of allusions to and citations of the scriptures, which he uses to structure his narrative and to present his understanding of the ministry, passion, death and resurrection of Jesus (for example, the final cry from the cross, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" is an exact quotation from Psalm 22:1<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200982–83-97">[93]</a>). Matthew contains all Mark's quotations and introduces around 30 more, sometimes in the mouth of Jesus, sometimes as his own commentary on the narrative,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise201133-98">[94]</a> and Luke makes allusions to all but three of the Old Testament books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimball199448-99">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mark">Mark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mark">edit</a>]</div> Tradition holds that the gospel was written by <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter">St. Peter</a>'s interpreter, but its reliance on several underlying sources, varying in form and in theology, makes this unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199824–27-100">[96]</a> Most scholars believe it was written shortly before or after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">fall of Jerusalem</a> and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Second Temple</a> in the year 70,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201174-101">[97]</a> and internal evidence suggests that it probably originated in Syria among a Christian community consisting at least partly of non-Jews who spoke Greek rather than Aramaic and did not understand Jewish culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroter2010273–274-102">[98]</a> Scholars since the 19th century have regarded Mark as the first of the gospels (called the theory of <a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a>). Marcan priority led to the belief that Mark must be the most reliable of the gospels, but today there is a large consensus that the author of Mark was not intending to write history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1983[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSEDB-Rg9mBoCpgPA17_17–18]-103">[99]</a> Mark preserves memories of real people (including the disciples), places and circumstances, but it is based on previously existing traditions which have been selected and arranged by the author to express his understanding of the significance of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroter2010273–274-102">[98]</a> In 1901 <a href="/wiki/William_Wrede" title="William Wrede">William Wrede</a> demonstrated that Mark was not a simple historical account of the life of Jesus but a work of theology compiled by an author who was a creative artist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStricklandYoung20173-104">[100]</a> Among the works that the author of Mark may have drawn from include the Elijah-Elisha narrative in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Book of Kings</a> and the Pauline letters, notably <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>, as well as the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelligan2015xivxv-105">[101]</a> According to Adam Winn, Mark is a counter-narrative to the myth of Imperial rule crafted by Vespasian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinn201845-106">[102]</a> Advancing a minority view among scholars, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a> argued that Mark's gospel contains traces of literal translations of Aramaic sources, and that this implies, in some cases, a <a href="/wiki/Sitz_im_Leben" title="Sitz im Leben">Sitz im Leben</a> in the lifetime of Jesus and a very early date for the gospel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey199986,_136-107">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matthew_and_Luke">Matthew and Luke</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Matthew and Luke">edit</a>]</div> The consensus of scholars dates Matthew and Luke to 80-90 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011144-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-DatingMatthewLuke-109">[note 5]</a> The scholarly consensus is that Matthew originated in a "Matthean community" in the city of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESim200815–16-110">[105]</a> Luke was written in a large city west of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199832-111">[106]</a> for an educated Greek-speaking audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199516–17-112">[107]</a> Scholars doubt that the authors were the apostles Matthew and Luke: it seems unlikely, for example, that Matthew would rely so heavily on Mark if its author had been an eyewitness to Jesus's ministry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019177-113">[108]</a> or that the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Apostles">Acts of Apostles</a> (by the same author as the gospel of Luke) would so frequently contradict the Pauline letters if its author had been Paul's companion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199832-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005172,_235-114">[109]</a> though most scholars still believe the author of <a href="/wiki/Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke-Acts">Luke-Acts</a> met Paul.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> Instead, the two took for their sources the gospel of Mark (606 of Matthew's verses are taken from Mark, 320 of Luke's),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugsburger2004unpaginated-116">[111]</a> the Q source, and the "special" material of M and L. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Q_(Quelle)">Q (Quelle)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Q (Quelle)">edit</a>]</div> Mark has 661 verses, 637 of which are reproduced in Matthew and/or Luke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugsburger2004unpaginated-116">[111]</a> Matthew and Luke share a further 200 verses (roughly) which are not taken from Mark: this is called the <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugsburger2004unpaginated-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-QHypothesis-117">[note 6]</a> Q is usually dated about a decade earlier than Mark;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise201187-118">[112]</a> some scholars argue that it was a single written document, others for multiple documents, and others that there was a core written Q accompanied by an oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200933ff-119">[113]</a> Despite ongoing debate over its exact content - some Q materials in Matthew and Luke are identical word for word, but others are substantially different - there is general consensus about the passages that belong to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillman20071112-120">[114]</a> It has no passion story and no resurrection, but the Aramaic form of some sayings suggests that its nucleus reaches back to the earliest Palestinian community and even the lifetime of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrecker2012312–313-121">[115]</a> Identifying the community of Q and the circumstances in which it was created and used is difficult, but it probably originated in Galilee, in a movement in opposition to the leadership in Jerusalem, as a set of short speeches relating to specific occasions such as covenant-renewal, the commissioning of missionaries, prayers for the Kingdom of God, and calling down divine judgement on their enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200946-122">[116]</a> A large majority of scholars consider it to be among the oldest and most reliable material in the gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199838-123">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M_and_L_(Special_Matthew_and_Special_Luke)">M and L (Special Matthew and Special Luke)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: M and L (Special Matthew and Special Luke)">edit</a>]</div> The premise that Matthew and Luke used sources in addition to Mark and Q is fairly widely accepted, although many details are disputed, including whether they were written or oral, or the invention of the gospel authors, or Q material that happened to be used by only one gospel, or a combination of these.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201110,_17-124">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John">John</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: John">edit</a>]</div> The Gospel of John is a relatively late theological document containing little accurate historical information that is not found in the three synoptic gospels, which is why most historical studies have been based on the earliest sources Mark and Q.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201027-125">[119]</a> Nonetheless, since the third quest, John's gospel is seen as having more reliability than previously thought or sometimes even more reliable than the synoptics.<a href="#cite_note-rout-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-john_JH-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> It speaks of an unnamed "disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions, but does not say specifically that he is its author;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw1N-DwAAQBAJpgPA218_218]-129">[123]</a> Christian tradition identifies him as <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>, but the majority of modern scholars have abandoned this or hold it only tenuously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Authorship-131">[note 7]</a> Most scholars believe it was written c. 90–110 AD,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-132">[125]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Ephesus</a> in Anatolia (although other possibilities are Antioch, Northern Syria, Judea and Alexandria)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2003243-133">[126]</a> and went through two or three "edits" before reaching its final form, although a minority continue to support unitary composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015ix-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-132">[125]</a> There has been a decrease in arguing for the existence of hypothetical sources behind the Gospel of John in scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> The fact that the format of John follows that set by Mark need not imply that the author knew Mark, for there are no identical or almost-identical passages; rather, this was most probably the accepted shape for a gospel by the time John was written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201173-136">[129]</a> Nevertheless, John's discourses are full of synoptic-like material: some scholars think this indicates that the author knew the synoptics, although others believe it points instead to a shared base in the oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201176–77-137">[130]</a> John nevertheless differs radically from them:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019218-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201172–73-139">[132]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Synoptics</th> <th>John </th></tr> <tr> <td>Begin with the virgin conception (virgin birth - Matthew and Luke only)</td> <td>Begin with incarnation of the preexistent Logos/Word </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus visits Jerusalem only in the last week of his life; only one Passover</td> <td>Jesus active in Judea for much of his mission; three Passovers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus speaks little of himself</td> <td>Jesus speaks much of himself, notably in the "I am" statements </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus calls for faith in God</td> <td>Jesus calls for faith in himself </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus's central theme is the Kingdom of God</td> <td>Jesus rarely mentions the Kingdom of God </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus preaches repentance and forgiveness</td> <td>Jesus never mentions repentance, and mentions forgiveness only once (John 20:23) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus speaks in <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> and parables</td> <td>Jesus speaks in lengthy dialogues </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus rarely mentions eternal life</td> <td>Jesus regularly mentions eternal life </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus shows strong concern for the poor and sinners</td> <td>Jesus shows little concern for the poor and sinners </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus frequently exorcises demons</td> <td>Jesus never exorcises demons </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Texts">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/200px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/300px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/400px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>An 11th-century Byzantine manuscript containing the opening of the Gospel of Luke</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">Textual variants in the New Testament</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_verses_not_included_in_modern_translations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bible verses not included in modern translations">List of Bible verses not included in modern translations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a> resolves questions arising from the variations between texts: put another way, it seeks to decide the most reliable wording of a text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200623–24-18">[15]</a> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a> made errors or alterations (such as including non-authentic additions).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b46-140">[133]</a> In attempting to determine the original text of the New Testament books, some modern textual critics have identified sections as additions of material, centuries after the gospel was written. These are called <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolations</a>. In modern translations of the Bible, the results of textual criticism have led to certain verses, words and phrases being left out or marked as not original. For example, there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Bible verses</a> in the New Testament that are present in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> (KJV) but are absent from most modern Bible translations. Most modern textual scholars consider these verses <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolations</a> (exceptions include advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_text-type" title="Byzantine text-type">Byzantine or Majority text</a>). The verse numbers have been reserved, but without any text, so as to preserve the traditional numbering of the remaining verses. The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> notes that many current verses were not part of the original text of the New Testament. "These scribal additions are often found in late medieval manuscripts of the New Testament, but not in the manuscripts of the earlier centuries," he adds. "And because the King James Bible is based on later manuscripts, such verses "became part of the Bible tradition in English-speaking lands."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b265-141">[134]</a> He notes, however, that modern English translations, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a>, were written by using a more appropriate textual method.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bch._3-142">[135]</a> Most modern Bibles have footnotes to indicate passages that have disputed source documents. Bible Commentaries also discuss these, sometimes in great detail. While many variations have been discovered between early copies of biblical texts, most of these are variations in spelling, punctuation, or grammar. Also, many of these variants are so particular to the Greek language that they would not appear in translations into other languages.<a href="#cite_note-Strobel,_Lee_1998-143">[136]</a> Three of the most important interpolations are the <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">last verses</a> of the Gospel of Mark<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> the story of the <a href="/wiki/Pericope_Adulterae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericope Adulterae">adulterous woman</a> in the Gospel of John,<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-149">[142]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comma_Johanneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma Johanneum">explicit reference</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> in <a href="/wiki/1_John" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John">1 John</a> to have been a later addition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b166-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metzger1994-151">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> has been preserved in more than 5,800 fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> manuscripts, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic">Ethiopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>. Not all biblical manuscripts come from orthodox Christian writers. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> writings of <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> come from the 2nd century AD, and these Christians were regarded as heretics by the mainstream church.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce,_F.F._1981_P_14-152">[145]</a> The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties, although it gives scholars a better idea of how close modern bibles are to the original versions.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce,_F.F._1981_P_14-152">[145]</a> Bruce Metzger says "The more often you have copies that agree with each other, especially if they emerge from different geographical areas, the more you can cross-check them to figure out what the original document was like. The only way they'd agree would be where they went back genealogically in a family tree that represents the descent of the manuscripts."<a href="#cite_note-Strobel,_Lee_1998-143">[136]</a> In "The Text Of The New Testament", <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Kurt Aland</a> and Barbara Aland compare the total number of variant-free verses, and the number of variants per page (excluding spelling errors), among the seven major editions of the Greek NT (<a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf#Works" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Tischendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament_in_the_Original_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Testament in the Original Greek">Westcott-Hort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann,_Freiherr_von_Soden" title="Hermann, Freiherr von Soden">von Soden</a>, Vogels, Merk, Bover and Nestle-Aland), concluding that 62.9%, or 4,999/7,947, are in agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Aland-153">[146]</a> They concluded, "Thus in nearly two-thirds of the New Testament text, the seven editions of the Greek New Testament which we have reviewed are in complete accord, with no differences other than in orthographical details (e.g., the spelling of names). Verses in which any one of the seven editions differs by a single word are not counted. ... In the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> the agreement is less, while in the <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">letters</a> it is much greater"<a href="#cite_note-Aland-153">[146]</a> Per Aland and Aland, the total consistency achieved in the Gospel of Matthew was 60% (642 verses out of 1,071), the total consistency achieved in the Gospel of Mark was 45% (306 verses out of 678), the total consistency achieved in the Gospel of Luke was 57% (658 verses out of 1,151), and the total consistency achieved in the Gospel of John was 52% (450 verses out of 869).<a href="#cite_note-Aland-153">[146]</a> Almost all of these variants are minor, and most of them are spelling or grammatical errors. Almost all can be explained by some type of unintentional scribal mistake, such as poor eyesight. Very few variants are contested among scholars, and few or none of the contested variants carry any theological significance. Modern biblical translations reflect this scholarly consensus where the variants exist, while the disputed variants are typically noted as such in the translations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bch._3-142">[135]</a> A quantitative study on the stability of the New Testament compared early manuscripts to later manuscripts, up to the Middle Ages, with the Byzantine manuscripts, and concluded that the text had more than 90% stability over this time period.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_Text-154">[147]</a> It has been estimated that only 0.1% to 0.2% of the New Testament variants impact the meaning of the texts in any significant fashion.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_Text-154">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individual_units">Individual units</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Individual units">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency of the Bible</a></div> Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond Brown</a> point out that the Gospels contradict each other in various important respects and on various important details.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._D._Davies" title="W. D. Davies">W. D. Davies</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a> state that: "on many points, especially about Jesus' early life, the evangelists were ignorant … they simply did not know and, guided by rumour, hope or supposition, did the best they could".<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preexistence_of_Jesus">Preexistence of Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Preexistence of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> The gospel of John begins with a statement that the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> existed from the beginning, and was <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genealogy,_nativity_and_childhood_of_Jesus">Genealogy, nativity and childhood of Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Genealogy, nativity and childhood of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> The genealogy, birth and childhood of Jesus appear only in Matthew and Luke, and are ascribed to Special Matthew and Special Luke. Only Luke and Matthew have nativity narratives. Modern critical scholars consider both to be non-historical.<a href="#cite_note-Vermes_64-157">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_birth-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179-159">[152]</a> Many biblical scholars view the discussion of historicity as secondary, given that gospels were primarily written as theological documents rather than historical accounts.<a href="#cite_note-Wiarda75-160">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_p._89-161">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luke'_p._72-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Recovering_Jesus_p._111-163">[156]</a> The nativity narratives found in the Gospel of Matthew (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+1:1–17&version=nasb">Matthew 1:1–17</a>) and the Gospel of Luke (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+3:23–38&version=nasb">Luke 3:23–38</a>) give a <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy of Jesus</a>, but the names, and even the number of generations, differ between the two. Some authors have suggested that the differences are the result of two different lineages, Matthew's from King David's son, Solomon, to Jacob, father of Joseph, and Luke's from King David's other son, Nathan, to <a href="/wiki/Heli_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heli (Bible)">Heli</a>, father of Mary and father-in-law of Joseph.<a href="#cite_note-Warren-164">[157]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> argues that Luke makes no mention of Mary, and questions what purpose a maternal genealogy would serve in a Jewish setting.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating_the_birth_of_Jesus">Dating the birth of Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dating the birth of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth">Date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth</a></div> Both Luke and Matthew date Jesus' birth to within the rule of King Herod the Great, who died in 4BC.<a href="#cite_note-Rahner731-166">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> However the Gospel of Luke also dates the birth ten years after Herod's death, during the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">census of Quirinius</a> in 6 AD described by the historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rahner731-166">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> notes that "most critical scholars acknowledge a confusion and misdating on Luke's part."<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachings_of_Jesus">Teachings of Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Teachings of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a>, only a few of the parables can be attributed with confidence to the historical Jesus, although other scholars disagree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016366-169">[162]</a> Meier argues that most of them come from the M and L sources (rather than Mark or Q), but marked by the special language and theology of each of those gospels; this leads to the conclusion that they are not the original words of Jesus, but have been reworked by the gospel-authors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016369-370-170">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Judas">Death of Judas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death of Judas">edit</a>]</div> There is a contradiction regarding the death of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> with the account of his death in Acts differing from the one given in Matthew.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Matthew_27:3" title="Matthew 27:3">Matthew 27:3</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_27:8" title="Matthew 27:8">8</a>, Judas returns the bribe he has been given for handing over Jesus, throwing the money into the temple before he hangs himself. The temple priests, unwilling to return the defiled money to the treasury,<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> use it instead to buy a field known as the Potter's Field, as a plot in which to bury strangers. In Acts 1:18 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> says that Judas used the bribe money to buy the field himself, and his death is attributed to injuries from having fallen in this field. Some apologists argue that the contradictory stories can be reconciled.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology_and_geography">Archaeology and geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Archaeology and geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hombre_de_Giv%27at_ha-Mivtar..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hombre_de_Giv%27at_ha-Mivtar..jpg/170px-Hombre_de_Giv%27at_ha-Mivtar..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hombre_de_Giv%27at_ha-Mivtar..jpg/255px-Hombre_de_Giv%27at_ha-Mivtar..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hombre_de_Giv%27at_ha-Mivtar..jpg/340px-Hombre_de_Giv%27at_ha-Mivtar..jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Skeletal remains of <a href="/wiki/Jehohanan" title="Jehohanan">Jehohanan</a>, 1st-century CE <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> victim from <a href="/wiki/Givat_HaMivtar" title="Givat HaMivtar">Givat HaMivtar</a> in Jerusalem, with a nail still lodged inside the <a href="/wiki/Heel_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Heel bone">heel bone</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></div> Archaeological tools are very limited with respect to questions of existence of any specific individuals from the ancient past.<a href="#cite_note-Cline_Archaeo-175">[168]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eric_H._Cline" title="Eric H. Cline">Eric Cline</a>, there is no direct archaeological evidence of the existence of a historical Jesus, any of the apostles, or the majority of people in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Cline_Archaeo-175">[168]</a> Bart Ehrman states that having no archeological evidence is not an argument for the non-existence of Jesus because we have no archaeological evidence from anyone else from Jesus's day either.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a> notes that archaeologists have some indirect information on how Jesus' life might have been from <a href="/wiki/Nazareth#Archaeology" title="Nazareth">archaeological finds from Nazareth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas_ossuary" title="Caiaphas ossuary">High Priest Caiaphas' ossuary</a>, numerous synagogue buildings, and <a href="/wiki/Jehohanan" title="Jehohanan">Jehohanan</a>, a crucified victim who had a Jewish burial after execution.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> Archeological findings from Nazareth refute claims by mythicists that Nazareth did not exist in the 1st century and also give credibility to brief passages in the Gospels on Jesus' time in Nazareth, his father's trade, and connection to places in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> Archaeologists have uncovered a site in <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a> which is traditionally believed, with "no definitive proof" and based only upon circumstantial evidence, to have been the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Peter">House of Peter</a>, and which may thus possibly have housed Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> Some of the places mentioned in the gospels have been verified by archaeological evidence, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Bethesda" title="Pool of Bethesda">Pool of Bethesda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Siloam" title="Pool of Siloam">Pool of Siloam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple#Platform,_substructures,_retaining_walls" title="Second Temple">platform extension</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">King Herod</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Megiddo_church_(Israel)" title="Megiddo church (Israel)">third century church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a> mentions Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Cline_Archaeo-175">[168]</a> A geological study based on sediments near the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> indicate that an earthquake occurred around 31 AD ± 5 years, which plausibly coincides with the earthquake reported by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">Matthew 27</a> near the time of the crucifixion of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> A statistical study of name frequency in the Gospels and Acts corresponded well with a population name distribution database from 330 BC - 200 AD and the works of Josephus, but did not fit well with ancient fictional works.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority_(textual_criticism)" title="Authority (textual criticism)">Authority</a> – Reliability of a text as a witness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a> – Debate concerning the proper Bible version to use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Biblical manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a> – Fringe theory claiming that a historical Jesus did not exist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a> – Compiling events of the biblical gospels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a> – Comparative mythology study of Jesus Christ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> – American biblical research project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> – Life of Jesus as told in the New Testament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_interpretation_of_Gospel_elements" title="Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements">Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Criteria-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Criteria_1-0">^</a> These criteria are the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_dissimilarity" title="Criterion of dissimilarity">criterion of dissimilarity</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">criterion of multiple attestation</a>; the criterion of cultural and historical congruency; the criterion of "Aramaisms". </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans1993">Evans 1993</a>, pp. 13–14: "First, the New Testament Gospels are now viewed as useful, if not essentially reliable, historical sources. Gone is the extreme skepticism that for so many years dominated gospel research. Representative of many is the position of E. P. Sanders and Marcus Borg, who have concluded that it is possible to recover a fairly reliable picture of the historical Jesus." </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Historians often study the <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a> when studying the reliability of the gospels, as it is the view of virtually all scholars that The Acts of the Apostles was written by the same author as the Gospel of Luke.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Allison: "Despite the required hesitation, my inference, after taking everything into account, remains conventional: our Synoptic writers thought that they were reconfiguring memories of Jesus, not inventing theological tales. Such a supposition, however, does nothing to clarify whether or not the evangelists were right about the mnemonic nature of their traditions." </li> <li id="cite_note-DatingMatthewLuke-109"><a href="#cite_ref-DatingMatthewLuke_109-0">^</a> Matthew and Luke both use Mark, composed around 70, as a source, and both show a knowledge of the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 (Matthew 22:1-10 and Luke 19:43 and 21:20). These provide an earliest possible date for both gospels; for end-dates, the epistles of <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> show a familiarity with the gospel of Matthew, and as Ignatius died during the reign of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (r.98-117), Matthew cannot have been written later than this; and Acts, which scholars agree was written by the author of Luke, shows no awareness of the letters of Paul, which were circulating widely by the end of the 1st century. See Sim (2008), pages 15-16, and Reddish (2011), pages 144-145. </li> <li id="cite_note-QHypothesis-117"><a href="#cite_ref-QHypothesis_117-0">^</a> The existence of the Q source is a hypothesis linked to the most popular explanation of the synoptic problem; other explanations of that problem do away with the need for Q, but are less widely accepted. See Delbert Burkett, "Rethinking the Gospel Sources: The unity or plurality of Q" (Volume 2), page 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Authorship-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Authorship_131-0">^</a> For the circumstances which led to the tradition, and the reasons why the majority of modern scholars reject it, see <a href="#CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000">Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000</a>, pp. 41–42 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1963ch._10Sanders19953Leiva-Merikakis1996Blomberg2007EhrmanEvansStewart2020-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1963ch._10Sanders19953Leiva-Merikakis1996Blomberg2007EhrmanEvansStewart2020_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1963">Grant 1963</a>, ch. 10; <a href="#CITEREFSanders1995">Sanders 1995</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFLeiva-Merikakis1996">Leiva-Merikakis 1996</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2007">Blomberg 2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEhrmanEvansStewart2020">Ehrman, Evans & Stewart 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2011">Ehrman 2011</a>, pp. 256–257: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on certain and clear evidence." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2004">Grant 2004</a>, p. 200: "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non-historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurridgeGould2004">Burridge & Gould 2004</a>, p. 34: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church's imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998181-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998181_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent". </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrossan,_John_Dominic1995" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusrevolutiona00cros">Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography</a>. HarperOne. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusrevolutiona00cros/page/145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5"><bdi>978-0-06-061662-5</bdi></a>. <q>That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus [...] agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-061662-5&rft.au=Crossan%2C+John+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusrevolutiona00cros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_K._BeilbyPaul_Rhodes_Eddy2009" class="citation book cs1">James K. Beilby; Paul Rhodes Eddy, eds. (2009). "Introduction". The Historical Jesus: Five Views. IVP Academic. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830838684" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830838684"><bdi>978-0830838684</bdi></a>. <q>Contrary to previous times, virtually everyone in the field today acknowledges that Jesus was considered by his contemporaries to be an exorcist and a worker of miracles. However, when it comes to historical assessment of the miracles tradition itself, the consensus quickly shatters. Some, following in the footsteps of Bultmann, embrace an explicit methodological naturalism such that the very idea of a miracle is ruled out a priori. Others defend the logical possibility of miracle at the theoretical level, but, in practice, retain a functional methodological naturalism, maintaining that we could never be in possession of the type and/or amount of evidence that would justify a historical judgment in favor of the occurrence of a miracle. Still others, suspicious that an uncompromising methodological naturalism most likely reflects an unwarranted metaphysical naturalism, find such a priori skepticism unwarranted and either remain open to, or even explicitly defend, the historicity of miracles within the Jesus tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+Five+Views&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0830838684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus_Bockmuehl2001" class="citation book cs1">Markus Bockmuehl (2001). "7. Resurrection". The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521796781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521796781"><bdi>978-0521796781</bdi></a>. <q>Nevertheless, what is perhaps most surprising is the extent to which contemporary scholarly literature on the 'historical Jesus' has studiously ignored and downplayed the question of the resurrection...But even the more mainstream participants in the late twentieth-century 'historical Jesus' bonanza have tended to avoid the subject of the resurrection – usually on the pretext that this is solely a matter of 'faith' or of 'theology', about which no self-respecting historian could possibly have anything to say. Precisely that scholarly silence, however, renders a good many recent 'historical Jesus' studies methodologically hamstrung, and unable to deliver what they promise...In this respect, benign neglect ranks alongside dogmatic denial and naive credulity in guaranteeing the avoidance of historical truth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Resurrection&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521796781&rft.au=Markus+Bockmuehl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-12"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sanders, E. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">"Jesus Christ"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">the original</a> on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 27 November 2010. <q>The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F303091%2FJesus-Christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1995Vermes2004-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1995Vermes2004_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1995">Sanders 1995</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVermes2004">Vermes 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicona2016" class="citation book cs1">Licona, Michael R. (2016). Why Are There Differences in the Gospels? What We Can Learn from Ancient Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Are+There+Differences+in+the+Gospels%3F+What+We+Can+Learn+from+Ancient+Biography&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Licona&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2011" class="citation journal cs1">Keener, Craig S. (2011). "Otho: A Targeted Comparison of Suetonius's Biography and Tacitus's History, with Implications for the Gospels' Historical Reliability". Bulletin for Biblical Research. 21 (3). Penn State University Press: 331–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F26424373">10.2307/26424373</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26424373">26424373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Otho%3A+A+Targeted+Comparison+of+Suetonius%27s+Biography+and+Tacitus%27s+History%2C+with+Implications+for+the+Gospels%27+Historical+Reliability&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-355&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F26424373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26424373%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1995">Sanders 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner200623–24-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200623–24_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner200623–24_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWegner2006">Wegner 2006</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes-Eddy08-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes-Eddy08_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes-Eddy08_19-1">b</a> Paul Rhodes Eddy & <a href="/wiki/Greg_Boyd_(theologian)" title="Greg Boyd (theologian)">Gregory A. Boyd</a>, The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. (2008, Baker Academic). 309-262. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801031144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801031144">978-0801031144</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanEvansStewart202012–18-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrmanEvansStewart202012–18_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrmanEvansStewart2020">Ehrman, Evans & Stewart 2020</a>, pp. 12–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Craig L. Blomberg, Historical Reliability of the Gospels (1986, Inter-Varsity Press).19–72.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830828074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830828074">978-0830828074</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Paul Rhodes Eddy & <a href="/wiki/Greg_Boyd_(theologian)" title="Greg Boyd (theologian)">Gregory A. Boyd</a>, The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. (2008, Baker Academic).237–308. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801031144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801031144">978-0801031144</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009424-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009424_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, p. 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2000522-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2000522_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckett2000">Tuckett 2000</a>, p. 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Graham Stanton, Jesus and Gospel. p.192. </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_H._Talbert_pg_42-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Charles_H._Talbert_pg_42_27-0">^</a> Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwa2019" class="citation book cs1">Litwa, M. David (2019). How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths. Yale University Press. pp. 4, 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300242638" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300242638"><bdi>978-0300242638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Gospels+Became+History%3A+Jesus+and+Mediterranean+Myths&rft.pages=4%2C+11-12&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0300242638&rft.aulast=Litwa&rft.aufirst=M.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2019" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S. (2019). Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-5676-0"><bdi>978-1-4674-5676-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christobiography%3A+Memory%2C+History%2C+and+the+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-5676-0&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> pages 730–741 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiva-Merikakis1996-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiva-Merikakis1996_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeiva-Merikakis1996">Leiva-Merikakis 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-online.org-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion-online.org_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion-online.org_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1963">Grant 1963</a>, ch. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham2008117-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham2008117_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauckham2008">Bauckham 2008</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1996" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, EP (1996). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140144994" title="Special:BookSources/0140144994"><bdi>0140144994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0140144994&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=EP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> James D.G. Dunn, "Messianic Ideas and Their Influence on the Jesus of History," in The Messiah, ed. James H. Charlesworth. pp. 371–372. Cf. James D.G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2014" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Benjamin I. (April 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voice.dts.edu/review/historiographical-jesus-le-donne/">"review of The Historiographical Jesus. Memory, Typology, and the Son of David"</a>. The Voice. Dallas Theological Seminary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Voice&rft.atitle=review+of+The+Historiographical+Jesus.+Memory%2C+Typology%2C+and+the+Son+of+David&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoice.dts.edu%2Freview%2Fhistoriographical-jesus-le-donne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Donne2018" class="citation book cs1">Le Donne, Anthony (2018). Jesus: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786071446" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786071446"><bdi>978-1786071446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1786071446&rft.aulast=Le+Donne&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Allison, Dale</a> (2010). Constructing Jesus: Memory, Imagination, and History. Baker Academic. p. 2-8, 8-9, 16-18, 20, 23-26, 33-43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801048753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801048753"><bdi>978-0801048753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Jesus%3A+Memory%2C+Imagination%2C+and+History&rft.pages=2-8%2C+8-9%2C+16-18%2C+20%2C+23-26%2C+33-43&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0801048753&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael (2014). "Jesus as his Friends Remembered Him". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus: 224-244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01203004">10.1163/17455197-01203004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Jesus+as+his+Friends+Remembered+Him&rft.pages=224-244&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01203004&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton, Bruce</a>; <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig</a> (1998). Authenticating the Words of Jesus & Authenticating the Activities of Jesus, Volume 2 Authenticating the Activities of Jesus. Brill. pp. 53–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004113022" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004113022"><bdi>978-9004113022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+the+Words+of+Jesus+%26+Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus%2C+Volume+2+Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9004113022&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.church.org.uk/resources/csdetail.asp?csdate=01/04/2007">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404151506/http://www.church.org.uk/resources/csdetail.asp?csdate=01%2F04%2F2007">Archived</a> 2014-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 15nov2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Keith, Chris (2011). "Memory and Authenticity: Jesus Tradition and What Really Happened". Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und Kunde der Älteren Kirche (102.2): 172, 176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzntw.2011.011">10.1515/zntw.2011.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Neutestamentliche+Wissenschaft+und+Kunde+der+%C3%84lteren+Kirche&rft.atitle=Memory+and+Authenticity%3A+Jesus+Tradition+and+What+Really+Happened&rft.issue=102.2&rft.pages=172%2C+176&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzntw.2011.011&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kirk, Alan (2017). "The Synoptic Problem, Ancient Media, and the Historical Jesus: A Response". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 15 (2-3): 257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01502006">10.1163/17455197-01502006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=The+Synoptic+Problem%2C+Ancient+Media%2C+and+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Response&rft.volume=15+%282-3%29&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01502006&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Keith, Chris (2011). "Memory and Authenticity: Jesus Tradition and What Really Happened". Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und Kunde der Älteren Kirche (102.2): 166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzntw.2011.011">10.1515/zntw.2011.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Neutestamentliche+Wissenschaft+und+Kunde+der+%C3%84lteren+Kirche&rft.atitle=Memory+and+Authenticity%3A+Jesus+Tradition+and+What+Really+Happened&rft.issue=102.2&rft.pages=166&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzntw.2011.011&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2019" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Alan (2019). Memory and the Jesus Tradition. T&T Clark. pp. 209–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567690036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567690036"><bdi>978-0567690036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+and+the+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=209-216&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0567690036&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kirk, Alan (2017). "The Synoptic Problem, Ancient Media, and the Historical Jesus: A Response". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 15 (2-3): 257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01502006">10.1163/17455197-01502006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=The+Synoptic+Problem%2C+Ancient+Media%2C+and+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Response&rft.volume=15+%282-3%29&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01502006&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedman2015" class="citation web cs1">Redman, Judy (13 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judyredman.wordpress.com/2015/12/13/alan-kirk-on-cognition-commemoration-and-tradition-3-memory-tradition-historiography/">"Alan Kirk on Cognition, Commemoration and Tradition (3) - memory, tradition & historiography"</a>. Judy's research blog. Retrieved 27 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Judy%27s+research+blog&rft.atitle=Alan+Kirk+on+Cognition%2C+Commemoration+and+Tradition+%283%29+-+memory%2C+tradition+%26+historiography&rft.date=2015-12-13&rft.aulast=Redman&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjudyredman.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F12%2F13%2Falan-kirk-on-cognition-commemoration-and-tradition-3-memory-tradition-historiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keener_2019-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keener_2019_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keener_2019_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Keener, Craig</a> (2019). Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802876751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802876751"><bdi>978-0802876751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christobiography%3A+Memory%2C+History%2C+and+the+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0802876751&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Norman Perrin, Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tuckett" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Tuckett">Christopher Tuckett</a>, "Sources and Method" in The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. ed. Markus Bockmuehl. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016168–171-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2016168–171_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier2016">Meier 2016</a>, p. 168–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament:A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.194-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The criteria for authenticity in historical-Jesus research: previous discussion and new proposals, by Stanley E. Porter, pg. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The criteria for authenticity in historical-Jesus research: previous discussion and new proposals, by Stanley E. Porter, pg. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament:A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.193. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Stanley E. Porter, The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: previous discussion and new proposals.127. </li> <li id="cite_note-web-57"><a href="#cite_ref-web_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/historical-jesus-scholarship-and-christians-for-members/">"Historical Jesus Scholarship and Christians"</a>. The Bart Ehrman Blog. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Historical+Jesus+Scholarship+and+Christians&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fhistorical-jesus-scholarship-and-christians-for-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201117-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201117_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019128–29-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019128–29_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2019">Burkett 2019</a>, pp. 128–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009">Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartens2004100-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartens2004100_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartens2004">Martens 2004</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009">Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009</a>, pp. 7, 10, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2006" class="citation book cs1">Horsley, Richard (2006). Performing the Gospel: Orality, Memory, and Mark. Augsburg Books. p. 104-46. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000SELH00">B000SELH00</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+the+Gospel%3A+Orality%2C+Memory%2C+and+Mark&rft.pages=104-46&rft.pub=Augsburg+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000SELH00%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerda2024" class="citation book cs1">Ferda, Tucker (2024). Jesus and His Promised Second Coming: Jewish Eschatology and Christian Origins. Eerdmans. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802879905" title="Special:BookSources/9780802879905"><bdi>9780802879905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Promised+Second+Coming%3A+Jewish+Eschatology+and+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780802879905&rft.aulast=Ferda&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201313–40-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn201313–40_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2013">Dunn 2013</a>, pp. 13–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201355,_223,_279–280,_309-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn201355,_223,_279–280,_309_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2013">Dunn 2013</a>, pp. 55, 223, 279–280, 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200911-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200911_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009">Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Craig (2016). "Mythicism and the Public Jesus of History". Christian Research Journal. 39 (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Mythicism+and+the+Public+Jesus+of+History.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehrman_paul-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehrman_paul_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehrman_paul_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2013">Ehrman 2013</a>, pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805444823" title="Special:BookSources/0805444823">0805444823</a> pp. 441-442 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> The Jesus legend: a case for the historical reliability of the synoptic gospels by Paul R. Eddy, et al 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-3114-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-3114-1">0-8010-3114-1</a> pp. 202, 204, 209-228 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidURdACxKubDICpgPA235_235]-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidURdACxKubDICpgPA235_235]_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235">235</a>: "Why then do we call them Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? Because sometime in the second century, when proto-orthodox Christians recognized the need for apostolic authorities, they attributed these books to apostles (Matthew and John) and close companions of apostles (Mark, the secretary of Peter; and Luke, the traveling companion of Paul). Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications,11 and recognize that the books were written by otherwise unknown but relatively well-educated Greek-speaking (and writing) Christians during the second half of the first century." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200919-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200919_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009">Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEve2014135-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEve2014135_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEve2014">Eve 2014</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellinzoni2016336-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellinzoni2016336_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellinzoni2016">Bellinzoni 2016</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg200997-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg200997_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201121–22-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201121–22_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19954–5-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19954–5_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1995">Sanders 1995</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Nolan" title="Albert Nolan">Nolan, Albert</a> (2001). Jesus Before Christianity. Orbis books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626984929" title="Special:BookSources/9781626984929"><bdi>9781626984929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Before+Christianity&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Orbis+books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781626984929&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Allison, Dale</a> (2010). Constructing Jesus: Memory, Imagination, and History. Baker Academic. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801035852" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801035852"><bdi>978-0801035852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Jesus%3A+Memory%2C+Imagination%2C+and+History&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0801035852&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_DG_Dunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James DG Dunn (page does not exist)">Dunn, James</a> (2017). Who Was Jesus? (Little Books of Guidance). Church Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898692488" title="Special:BookSources/978-0898692488"><bdi>978-0898692488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Jesus%3F+%28Little+Books+of+Guidance%29&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0898692488&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuskasRobbins201186,_89-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuskasRobbins201186,_89_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuskasRobbins2011">Puskas & Robbins 2011</a>, pp. 86, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201127,_29-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201127,_29_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, pp. 27, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid199618-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid199618_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid199618_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid199618_85-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid1996">Reid 1996</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerico2018" class="citation book cs1">Derico, Travis (2018). Oral Tradition and Synoptic Verbal Agreement: Evaluating the Empirical Evidence for Literary Dependence. Pickwick Publications, an Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 368-369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620320907" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620320907"><bdi>978-1620320907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+Tradition+and+Synoptic+Verbal+Agreement%3A+Evaluating+the+Empirical+Evidence+for+Literary+Dependence&rft.pages=368-369&rft.pub=Pickwick+Publications%2C+an+Imprint+of+Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1620320907&rft.aulast=Derico&rft.aufirst=Travis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2019" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Alan (2019). Q in Matthew: Ancient Media, Memory, and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition. T&T Clark. p. 148-183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567686541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567686541"><bdi>978-0567686541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Q+in+Matthew%3A+Ancient+Media%2C+Memory%2C+and+Early+Scribal+Transmission+of+the+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=148-183&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0567686541&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael (2017). "Matthew as Performer, Tradent, Scribe". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus (15(2-3)): 192-212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01502003">10.1163/17455197-01502003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Matthew+as+Performer%2C+Tradent%2C+Scribe&rft.issue=15%282-3%29&rft.pages=192-212&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01502003&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2019" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Alan (2019). Q in Matthew: Ancient Media, Memory, and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition. T&T Clark. p. 298-306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567686541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567686541"><bdi>978-0567686541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Q+in+Matthew%3A+Ancient+Media%2C+Memory%2C+and+Early+Scribal+Transmission+of+the+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=298-306&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0567686541&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael (2017). "Matthew as Performer, Tradent, Scribe". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus (15(2-3)): 203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01502003">10.1163/17455197-01502003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Matthew+as+Performer%2C+Tradent%2C+Scribe&rft.issue=15%282-3%29&rft.pages=203&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01502003&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rout-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rout_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rout_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Historical Criticism". The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge. 2008. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415880886" title="Special:BookSources/9780415880886"><bdi>9780415880886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Criticism&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415880886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiwald202013–14-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiwald202013–14_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTiwald2020">Tiwald 2020</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016200-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2016200_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier2016">Meier 2016</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaak2011108-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaak2011108_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaak2011">Isaak 2011</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200914-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200914_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009">Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_Chui_Siang_Lau2010159-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_Chui_Siang_Lau2010159_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYu_Chui_Siang_Lau2010">Yu Chui Siang Lau 2010</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200982–83-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh200982–83_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009">Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise201133-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise201133_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoyise2011">Moyise 2011</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimball199448-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimball199448_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimball1994">Kimball 1994</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199824–27-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199824–27_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 24–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201174-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201174_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroter2010273–274-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroter2010273–274_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroter2010273–274_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchroter2010">Schroter 2010</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1983[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSEDB-Rg9mBoCpgPA17_17–18]-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson1983[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSEDB-Rg9mBoCpgPA17_17–18]_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1983">Williamson 1983</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEDB-Rg9mBoC&pg=PA17">17–18</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStricklandYoung20173-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStricklandYoung20173_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStricklandYoung2017">Strickland & Young 2017</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelligan2015xivxv-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelligan2015xivxv_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelligan2015">Nelligan 2015</a>, p. xivxv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinn201845-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinn201845_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinn2018">Winn 2018</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey199986,_136-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey199986,_136_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey1999">Casey 1999</a>, pp. 86, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011144-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish2011144_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESim200815–16-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESim200815–16_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSim2008">Sim 2008</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199832-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199832_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199832_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199516–17-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199516–17_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen1995">Green 1995</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019177-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019177_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2019">Burkett 2019</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005172,_235-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005172,_235_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>, pp. 172, 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Keener, Craig</a> (2015). Acts: An Exegetical Commentary (Volume 1). Baker Academic. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801039898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801039898"><bdi>978-0801039898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts%3A+An+Exegetical+Commentary+%28Volume+1%29&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0801039898&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugsburger2004unpaginated-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugsburger2004unpaginated_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugsburger2004unpaginated_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugsburger2004unpaginated_116-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAugsburger2004">Augsburger 2004</a>, p. unpaginated. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoyise201187-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoyise201187_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoyise2011">Moyise 2011</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200933ff-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200933ff_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2009">Burkett 2009</a>, p. 33ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillman20071112-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillman20071112_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillman2007">Gillman 2007</a>, p. 1112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrecker2012312–313-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrecker2012312–313_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrecker2012">Strecker 2012</a>, pp. 312–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett200946-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett200946_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2009">Burkett 2009</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199838-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199838_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201110,_17-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201110,_17_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2011">Jones 2011</a>, pp. 10, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201027-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201027_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesSanders2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W. D.; Sanders, E.P. (2008). "20. Jesus: From the Jewish Point of View". In Horbury, William; Davies, W.D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Cambridge History of Judaism. Volume 3: The Early Roman period. Cambridge Univiversity Press. p. 620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243773" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243773"><bdi>9780521243773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20.+Jesus%3A+From+the+Jewish+Point+of+View&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism.+Volume+3%3A+The+Early+Roman+period&rft.pages=620&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univiversity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521243773&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-john_JH-127"><a href="#cite_ref-john_JH_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Jesus Handbook. William. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 2022. pp. 138–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802876928" title="Special:BookSources/9780802876928"><bdi>9780802876928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Handbook&rft.pages=138-140&rft.pub=William.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780802876928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig (2011). The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel: Issues and Commentary. IVP Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0830838716" title="Special:BookSources/0830838716"><bdi>0830838716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Reliability+of+John%27s+Gospel%3A+Issues+and+Commentary&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=0830838716&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw1N-DwAAQBAJpgPA218_218]-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw1N-DwAAQBAJpgPA218_218]_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2019">Burkett 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1N-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218">218</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000">Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLincoln2005">Lincoln 2005</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2003243-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune2003243_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAune2003">Aune 2003</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015ix-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015ix_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2015">Edwards 2015</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2020" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Chris (2020). The Gospel as Manuscript: An Early History of the Jesus Tradition as Material Artifact. Oxford University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199384372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199384372"><bdi>978-0199384372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+as+Manuscript%3A+An+Early+History+of+the+Jesus+Tradition+as+Material+Artifact&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0199384372&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201173-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn201173_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2011">Dunn 2011</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201176–77-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn201176–77_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2011">Dunn 2011</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019218-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2019218_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2019">Burkett 2019</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201172–73-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn201172–73_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2011">Dunn 2011</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b46-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b46_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005b">Ehrman 2005b</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b265-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b265_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005b">Ehrman 2005b</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bch._3-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bch._3_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bch._3_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005b">Ehrman 2005b</a>, ch. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Strobel,_Lee_1998-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_143-1">b</a> Strobel, Lee. "The Case for Christ". 1998. Chapter three, when quoting biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Guy D. Nave, The role and function of repentance in Luke-Acts,p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> John Shelby Spong, "The Continuing Christian Need for Judaism", Christian Century September 26, 1979, p. 918. see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615090018/http://religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1256">"The Continuing Christian Need for Judaism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1256">the original</a> on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Continuing+Christian+Need+for+Judaism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowarticle.asp%3Ftitle%3D1256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Feminist companion to the New Testament and early Christian writings, Volume 5, by Amy-Jill Levine, Marianne Blickenstaff, pg. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.bible.org/bible.php?book=Joh&chapter=7#n139">"NETBible: John 7"</a>. Bible.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228091803/http://net.bible.org/bible.php?book=Joh&chapter=7#n139">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-02-28. Retrieved 2009-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NETBible%3A+John+7&rft.pub=Bible.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.bible.org%2Fbible.php%3Fbook%3DJoh%26chapter%3D7%23n139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> See note 139 on that page. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Keith, Chris (2008). "Recent and Previous Research on the Pericope Adulterae (John 7.53–8.11)". <a href="/wiki/Currents_in_Biblical_Research" title="Currents in Biblical Research">Currents in Biblical Research</a>. 6 (3): 377–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476993X07084793">10.1177/1476993X07084793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145385075">145385075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Recent+and+Previous+Research+on+the+Pericope+Adulterae+%28John+7.53%E2%80%938.11%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-404&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476993X07084793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145385075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Pericope adulterae". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b166-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005b166_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005b">Ehrman 2005b</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger1994-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger1994_151-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a> "A Textual Commentary on the New Testament", Second Edition, 1994, German Bible Society </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce,_F.F._1981_P_14-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce,_F.F._1981_P_14_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruce,_F.F._1981_P_14_152-1">b</a> Bruce, F.F. (1981). P 14. The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?. InterVarsity Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Aland-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aland_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aland_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aland_153-2">c</a> K. Aland and B. Aland, "The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions & to the Theory & Practice of Modern Textual Criticism", 1995, op. cit., p. 29-30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart_Text-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_Text_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_Text_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide2011" class="citation book cs1">Heide, K. Martin (2011). "Assessing the Stability of the Transmitted Texts of the New Testament and the Shepherd of Hermas". In Stewart, Robert B. (ed.). Bart D. Ehrman & Daniel B. Wallace in Dialogue: The Reliability of the New Testament. Fortress Press. pp. 134–138, 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800697730" title="Special:BookSources/9780800697730"><bdi>9780800697730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Stability+of+the+Transmitted+Texts+of+the+New+Testament+and+the+Shepherd+of+Hermas&rft.btitle=Bart+D.+Ehrman+%26+Daniel+B.+Wallace+in+Dialogue%3A+The+Reliability+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=134-138%2C+157-158&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780800697730&rft.aulast=Heide&rft.aufirst=K.+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a> (1999-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthmessiahcomm00brow">The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library)</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthmessiahcomm00brow/page/n36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14008-8"><bdi>978-0-300-14008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Infancy+Narratives+in+the+Gospels+of+Matthew+and+Luke+%28The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Reference+Library%29&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999-05-18&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14008-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthmessiahcomm00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> W.D Davies and E. P. Sanders, 'Jesus from the Jewish point of view', in The Cambridge History of Judaism ed William Horbury, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermes_64-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Vermes_64_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Vermes, Géza</a> (2006-11-02). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102446-2"><bdi>978-0-14-102446-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nativity%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102446-2&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_birth-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_birth_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1995">Sanders 1995</a>, pp. 85–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_159-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a>, 'The Meaning of the Birth Stories' in Marcus Borg, N T Wright, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions (Harper One, 1999) page 179: "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual." </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiarda75-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiarda75_160-0">^</a> Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology by Timothy Wiarda 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4843-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4843-8">0-8054-4843-8</a> pp. 75–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesus_p._89-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_p._89_161-0">^</a> Jesus, the Christ: Contemporary Perspectives by Brennan R. Hill 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58595-303-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58595-303-2">1-58595-303-2</a> p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke'_p._72-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Luke'_p._72_162-0">^</a> The Gospel of Luke by Timothy Johnson 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5805-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5805-9">0-8146-5805-9</a> p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-Recovering_Jesus_p._111-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Recovering_Jesus_p._111_163-0">^</a> Recovering Jesus: the witness of the New Testament Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58743-202-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58743-202-1">1-58743-202-1</a> p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Warren_164-0">^</a> Warren, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainretreatorg.net/faq/birth2.html">"Is there a Contradiction in the Genealogies of Luke and Matthew?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001045/http://www.mountainretreatorg.net/faq/birth2.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Created 2/2/95 / Last Modified 1/24/00. Accessed 4 May 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Geza Vermes, The Nativity: History and Legend, (Penguin, 2006), page 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahner731-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner731_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner731_166-1">b</a> Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> p. 731 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Blackburn" title="Bonnie J. Blackburn">Blackburn, Bonnie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leofranc_Holford-Strevens" title="Leofranc Holford-Strevens">Holford-Strevens, Leofranc</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00blac/page/770">The Oxford companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00blac/page/770">770</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214231-3"><bdi>978-0-19-214231-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+the+Year%3A+An+exploration+of+calendar+customs+and+time-reckoning&rft.pages=770&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-214231-3&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Holford-Strevens%2C+Leofranc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00blac%2Fpage%2F770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8Mh-GliPIC">An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821232211/https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8Mh-GliPIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> 2016-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (Liturgical Press, 1988), p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016366-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2016366_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier2016">Meier 2016</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016369-370-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2016369-370_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier2016">Meier 2016</a>, p. 369-370. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, p.114. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Edersheim" title="Alfred Edersheim">Alfred Edersheim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes.x.xiv.html">Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 5.xiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052813/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes.x.xiv.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1883. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes.x.xiv.html">Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 5.xiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052813/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes.x.xiv.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1883. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Inter-Varsity_Press" title="Inter-Varsity Press">Inter-Varsity Press</a> New Bible Commentary 21st Century edition p1071 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cline_Archaeo-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cline_Archaeo_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cline_Archaeo_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cline_Archaeo_175-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2009" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2009). Biblical Archaeology : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195342635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195342635"><bdi>978-0195342635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Archaeology+%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0195342635&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2013">Ehrman 2013</a>, p. 42: "This is not much of an argument against his existence, however, since there is no archaeological evidence for anyone else living in Palestine in Jesus's day except for the very upper-crust elite aristocrats, who are occasionally mentioned in inscriptions (we have no other archaeological evidence even for any of these). In fact, we don't have archaeological remains for any non-aristocratic Jew of the 20s CE, when Jesus would have been an adult." </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Craig (2012-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-a-evans/archaeological-evidence-for-jesus_b_1370995.html">"The Archaeological Evidence For Jesus"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320122803/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-a-evans/archaeological-evidence-for-jesus_b_1370995.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archaeological+Evidence+For+Jesus&rft.pub=Huffington+Post&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fcraig-a-evans%2Farchaeological-evidence-for-jesus_b_1370995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDark2023" class="citation book cs1">Dark, Ken (2023). Archaeology of Jesus' Nazareth. Oxford University Press. pp. 159–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192865397" title="Special:BookSources/9780192865397"><bdi>9780192865397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Jesus%27+Nazareth&rft.pages=159-160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780192865397&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/the-house-of-peter-the-home-of-jesus-in-capernaum/">"The House of Peter: The Home of Jesus in Capernaum?"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Society. 2018-04-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324131639/http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/the-house-of-peter-the-home-of-jesus-in-capernaum/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-24. Retrieved 2015-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Peter%3A+The+Home+of+Jesus+in+Capernaum%3F&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2018-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-sites-places%2Fbiblical-archaeology-sites%2Fthe-house-of-peter-the-home-of-jesus-in-capernaum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> James H. Charlesworth, Jesus and archaeology, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2006. p 566 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/crucifixion/jesus-crucifixion-reflected-in-soil-deposition/">"Is Jesus' Crucifixion Reflected in Soil Deposition?"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Society. June 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Jesus%27+Crucifixion+Reflected+in+Soil+Deposition%3F&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-topics%2Fcrucifixion%2Fjesus-crucifixion-reflected-in-soil-deposition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsSchwabBrauer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Jefferson B.; Schwab, Markus J.; Brauer, A. (23 December 2011). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea". International Geology Review. 54 (10): 1219–1228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00206814.2011.639996">10.1080/00206814.2011.639996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129604597">129604597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Geology+Review&rft.atitle=An+early+first-century+earthquake+in+the+Dead+Sea&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1219-1228&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00206814.2011.639996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129604597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jefferson+B.&rft.au=Schwab%2C+Markus+J.&rft.au=Brauer%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegheWilson2024" class="citation journal cs1">Weghe, Luuk van de; Wilson, Jason (2024). "Why Name Popularity is a Good Test of Historicity: A Goodness-of-Fit Test Analysis on Names in the Gospels and Acts". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 22 (2): 184–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Why+Name+Popularity+is+a+Good+Test+of+Historicity%3A+A+Goodness-of-Fit+Test+Analysis+on+Names+in+the+Gospels+and+Acts&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-214&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Weghe&rft.aufirst=Luuk+van+de&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugsburger2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Augsburger, Myron (2004). The Preacher's Commentary. Vol. 24: Matthew. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-7444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-7444-4"><bdi>978-1-4185-7444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Preacher%27s+Commentary&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-7444-4&rft.aulast=Augsburger&rft.aufirst=Myron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2003" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (2003). The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21917-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21917-8"><bdi>978-0-664-21917-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+New+Testament+and+Early+Christian+Literature+and+Rhetoric&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21917-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2008" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (2008). Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6390-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6390-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-6390-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Eyewitnesses%3A+The+Gospels+as+Eyewitness+Testimony&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6390-4&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellinzoni2016" class="citation book cs1">Bellinzoni, Arthur J. (2016). The New Testament: An Introduction to Biblical Scholarship. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3511-2"><bdi>978-1-4982-3511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Scholarship&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-3511-2&rft.aulast=Bellinzoni&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig L. (2007). The Historical Reliability of the Gospels (2nd ed.). InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2807-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2807-4"><bdi>978-0-8308-2807-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2807-4&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig L. (2009). Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey. B&H Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4482-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4482-7"><bdi>978-0-8054-4482-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Gospels%3A+An+Introduction+and+Survey&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4482-7&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2009" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2009). Rethinking the Gospel Sources: The unity or plurality of Q, Volume 2. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-412-5"><bdi>978-1-58983-412-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Gospel+Sources%3A+The+unity+or+plurality+of+Q%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-412-5&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2019" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2019). An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17278-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17278-4"><bdi>978-1-107-17278-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+Origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-107-17278-4&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurridgeGould2004" class="citation book cs1">Burridge, Richard A.; Gould, Graham (2004). Jesus Now and Then. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-0977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Now+and+Then&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3&rft.aulast=Burridge&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Gould%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey1999" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (1999). Aramaic Sources of Mark's Gospel. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42587-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42587-2"><bdi>978-1-139-42587-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aramaic+Sources+of+Mark%27s+Gospel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42587-2&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (2010). Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2003). Jesus Remembered. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2011" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G. (2011). Jesus, Paul, and the Gospels. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6645-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-6645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Paul%2C+and+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6645-5&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2013). The Oral Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6782-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-6782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oral+Gospel+Tradition&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6782-7&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Ruth B. (2015). Discovering John: Content, Interpretation, Reception. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7240-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-7240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+John%3A+Content%2C+Interpretation%2C+Reception&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7240-1&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Ruth+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005b" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2005b). <a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-073817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-073817-4"><bdi>978-0-06-073817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus%3A+The+Story+Behind+Who+Changed+the+Bible+and+Why&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-073817-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2011). Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6"><bdi>978-0-06-207863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God--Why+the+Bible%27s+Authors+Are+Not+Who+We+Think+They+Are&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-207863-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2013" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2013). Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220644-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220644-2"><bdi>978-0-06-220644-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-06-220644-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanEvansStewart2020" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D.; Evans, Craig A.; Stewart, Robert B. (2020). Can we trust the Bible on the Historical Jesus?. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-26585-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-26585-4"><bdi>978-0-664-26585-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+we+trust+the+Bible+on+the+Historical+Jesus%3F&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-664-26585-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1993" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Craig (1993). "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology". Theological Studies. 54: 3–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056399305400102">10.1177/004056399305400102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Life-of-Jesus+Research+and+the+Eclipse+of+Mythology&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=3-36&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004056399305400102&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEve2014" class="citation book cs1">Eve, Eric (2014). Behind the Gospels: Understanding the Oral Tradition. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8753-4"><bdi>978-1-4514-8753-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Gospels%3A+Understanding+the+Oral+Tradition&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-8753-4&rft.aulast=Eve&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillman2007" class="citation book cs1">Gillman, John (2007). "Q Source". In Espín, Orlando O.; Nickoloff, James B. (eds.). An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08457-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08457-3"><bdi>978-0-300-08457-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Q+Source&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08457-3&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Grant, Michael</a> (2004). Jesus. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898799-88-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898799-88-7"><bdi>978-1-898799-88-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-898799-88-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1963" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Robert M. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102923/http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230">"Chapter 10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts"</a>. A Historical Introduction to the New Testament. Harper and Row. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230">the original</a> on 21 June 2010 – via Religion-Online.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+The+Gospel+of+Luke+and+the+Book+of+Acts&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowchapter.asp%3Ftitle%3D1116%26C%3D1230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1995" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel (1995). The Theology of the Gospel of Luke. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46932-6"><bdi>978-0-521-46932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Gospel+of+Luke&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46932-6&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak2011" class="citation book cs1">Isaak, Jon (2011). New Testament Theology: Extending the Table. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-254-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-254-0"><bdi>978-1-62189-254-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Theology%3A+Extending+the+Table&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-254-0&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brice (2011). Matthean and Lukan Special Material. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-737-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-737-1"><bdi>978-1-61097-737-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthean+and+Lukan+Special+Material&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-737-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball1994" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, Charles (1994). Jesus' Exposition of the Old Testament in Luke's Gospel. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-31908-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-31908-1"><bdi>978-0-567-31908-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%27+Exposition+of+the+Old+Testament+in+Luke%27s+Gospel&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-567-31908-1&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiva-Merikakis1996" class="citation book cs1">Leiva-Merikakis, E. (1996). Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word: Chapters 12-18. Vol. 2. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-976-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-976-6"><bdi>978-0-89870-976-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+of+Mercy%2C+Heart+of+the+Word%3A+Chapters+12-18&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-976-6&rft.aulast=Leiva-Merikakis&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2005" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Andrew (2005). The Gospel According to St John. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8822-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-8822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+St+John&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8822-9&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000" class="citation book cs1">Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000). The Johannine Literature. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4"><bdi>978-1-84127-081-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johannine+Literature&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-081-4&rft.aulast=Lindars&rft.aufirst=Barnabas&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Court%2C+John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartens2004" class="citation book cs1">Martens, Allan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsPYJZCToq4C&pg=PA100">"Salvation Today: Reading Luke's Message for a Gentile Audience"</a>. In Porter, Stanley E. (ed.). Reading the Gospels Today. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0517-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-0517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salvation+Today%3A+Reading+Luke%27s+Message+for+a+Gentile+Audience&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Gospels+Today&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0517-1&rft.aulast=Martens&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsPYJZCToq4C%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2016" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (2016). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume V: Probing the Authenticity of the Parables. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21647-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21647-9"><bdi>978-0-300-21647-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+Rethinking+the+Historical+Jesus%2C+Volume+V%3A+Probing+the+Authenticity+of+the+Parables&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21647-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyise2011" class="citation book cs1">Moyise, Steve (2011). Jesus and Scripture: Studying the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3749-1"><bdi>978-1-4412-3749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Scripture%3A+Studying+the+New+Testament+Use+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3749-1&rft.aulast=Moyise&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelligan2015" class="citation book cs1">Nelligan, Thomas P. (2015). The Quest for Mark's Sources: An Exploration of the Case for Mark's Use of First Corinthians. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-716-0"><bdi>978-1-62564-716-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Mark%27s+Sources%3A+An+Exploration+of+the+Case+for+Mark%27s+Use+of+First+Corinthians&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-716-0&rft.aulast=Nelligan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark Allan (1998). Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuskasRobbins2011" class="citation book cs1">Puskas, Charles B.; Robbins, C. Michael (2011). An Introduction to the New Testament (2nd ed.). Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-331-8"><bdi>978-1-62189-331-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-331-8&rft.aulast=Puskas&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft.au=Robbins%2C+C.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddish2011" class="citation book cs1">Reddish, Mitchell (2011). An Introduction to The Gospels. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5008-3"><bdi>978-1-4267-5008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+The+Gospels&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-5008-3&rft.aulast=Reddish&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1996" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Barbara E. (1996). Choosing the Better Part?: Women in the Gospel of Luke. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5494-1"><bdi>978-0-8146-5494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+the+Better+Part%3F%3A+Women+in+the+Gospel+of+Luke&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5494-1&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Barbara+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1995" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, E. P. (1995). The Historical Figure of Jesus. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192822-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192822-7"><bdi>978-0-14-192822-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192822-7&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroter2010" class="citation book cs1">Schroter, Jens (2010). "The Gospel of Mark". In Aune, David E. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37723-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37723-4"><bdi>978-0-567-37723-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-37723-4&rft.aulast=Schroter&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim2008" class="citation book cs1">Sim, David C. (2008). "Reconstructing the Social and Religious Milieu of Matthew". In Van de Sandt, Huub; Zangenberg, Jurgen K. (eds.). Matthew, James, and Didache. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-358-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-358-6"><bdi>978-1-58983-358-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Social+and+Religious+Milieu+of+Matthew&rft.btitle=Matthew%2C+James%2C+and+Didache&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-358-6&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Ian K. (2010). "Passion and Resurrection Narratives". In Harding, Mark; Nobbs, Alanna (eds.). The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition. Eerdmans. pp. 437–455. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3318-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Passion+and+Resurrection+Narratives&rft.btitle=The+Content+and+the+Setting+of+the+Gospel+Tradition&rft.pages=437-455&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3318-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ian+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrecker2012" class="citation book cs1">Strecker, Georg (2012). Theology of the New Testament. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080663-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080663-2"><bdi>978-3-11-080663-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080663-2&rft.aulast=Strecker&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStricklandYoung2017" class="citation book cs1">Strickland, Michael; Young, David M. (2017). The Rhetoric of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-3847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-3847-4"><bdi>978-1-5064-3847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Jesus+in+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-3847-4&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Young%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Fortress Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwald2020" class="citation book cs1">Tiwald, Markus (2020). The Sayings Source: A Commentary on Q. <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-037439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-17-037439-3"><bdi>978-3-17-037439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sayings+Source%3A+A+Commentary+on+Q&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-17-037439-3&rft.aulast=Tiwald&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2000" class="citation book cs1">Tuckett, Christopher (2000). "Gospel, Gospels". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel%2C+Gospels&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009" class="citation book cs1">Valantasis, Richard; Bleyle, Douglas K.; Haugh, Dennis C. (2009). The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7069-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-7069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospels+and+Christian+Life+in+History+and+Practice&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-7069-6&rft.aulast=Valantasis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Bleyle%2C+Douglas+K.&rft.au=Haugh%2C+Dennis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2004" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2004). The Authentic Gospel of Jesus. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191260-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191260-8"><bdi>978-0-14-191260-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Authentic+Gospel+of+Jesus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-191260-8&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegner2006" class="citation book cs1">Wegner, Paul D. (2006). A Student's Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-7444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-7444-4"><bdi>978-1-4185-7444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Student%27s+Guide+to+Textual+Criticism+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-7444-4&rft.aulast=Wegner&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1983" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Lamar (1983). Mark. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23760-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23760-8"><bdi>978-0-664-23760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23760-8&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Lamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2018" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Adam (2018). Reading Mark's Christology Under Caesar: Jesus the Messiah and Roman Imperial Ideology. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-8562-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-8562-6"><bdi>978-0-8308-8562-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Mark%27s+Christology+Under+Caesar%3A+Jesus+the+Messiah+and+Roman+Imperial+Ideology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-8562-6&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu_Chui_Siang_Lau2010" class="citation book cs1">Yu Chui Siang Lau, Theresa (2010). "The Gospels and the Old Testament". In Harding, Mark; Nobbs, Alanna (eds.). The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3318-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospels+and+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Content+and+the+Setting+of+the+Gospel+Tradition&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3318-1&rft.aulast=Yu+Chui+Siang+Lau&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section may need cleanup. Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul W. Barnett">Barnett, Paul W.</a> (1997). Jesus and the Logic of History. <a href="/wiki/New_Studies_in_Biblical_Theology" title="New Studies in Biblical Theology">New Studies in Biblical Theology</a>. Vol. 3. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49449-6"><bdi>978-0-385-49449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Logic+of+History&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.series=New+Studies+in+Biblical+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49449-6&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Paul W. (1987). Is the New Testament History?. Servant Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89283-381-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89283-381-8"><bdi>978-0-89283-381-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+New+Testament+History%3F&rft.pub=Servant+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-89283-381-8&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bird, Michael F. (2014). The Gospel of the Lord: How the Early Church Wrote the Story of Jesus. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-4031-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-4031-8"><bdi>978-1-4674-4031-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+the+Lord%3A+How+the+Early+Church+Wrote+the+Story+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-4031-8&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Bock" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrell Bock">Bock, Darrell L.</a> (2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2451-1"><bdi>978-0-8010-2451-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Guide+to+Sources+and+Methods&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2451-1&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Darrell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym">The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave</a>. Anchor Bible. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-512-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-512-2"><bdi>978-0-85111-512-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+the+Messiah%3A+from+Gethsemane+to+the+Grave&rft.pub=Anchor+Bible&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-85111-512-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathofmessiahvo00raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2475-6"><bdi>978-1-4267-2475-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+An+Essential+Guide&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-2475-6&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983943-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983943-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2016). Jesus Before the Gospels. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-228523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-228523-2"><bdi>978-0-06-228523-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Before+the+Gospels&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-06-228523-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Eve, Eric (2016). Writing the Gospels: Composition and Memory. SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-07341-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-07341-2"><bdi>978-0-281-07341-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Gospels%3A+Composition+and+Memory&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-281-07341-2&rft.aulast=Eve&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fredriksen, Paula (2000). From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08457-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08457-9"><bdi>0-300-08457-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Jesus+to+Christ%3A+The+Origins+of+the+New+Testament+Images+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-08457-9&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birger_Gerhardsson" title="Birger Gerhardsson">Gerhardsson, Birger</a> (2001). The Reliability of the Gospel Tradition. Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-667-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-667-5"><bdi>978-1-56563-667-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reliability+of+the+Gospel+Tradition&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-667-5&rft.aulast=Gerhardsson&rft.aufirst=Birger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Andrew (2006). "The Relationship of John and Luke Reconsidered". In Lierman, John (ed.). Challenging Perspectives on the Gospel of John. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149113-9"><bdi>978-3-16-149113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+of+John+and+Luke+Reconsidered&rft.btitle=Challenging+Perspectives+on+the+Gospel+of+John&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149113-9&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hultgren, Stephen (2014). Narrative Elements in the Double Tradition. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-089137-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-089137-9"><bdi>978-3-11-089137-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Elements+in+the+Double+Tradition&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-089137-9&rft.aulast=Hultgren&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Keith, Chris (2012). "The Indebtedness of the Criteria Approach". In Keith, Chris; Le Donne, Anthony (eds.). Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37723-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37723-4"><bdi>978-0-567-37723-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indebtedness+of+the+Criteria+Approach&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Criteria%2C+and+the+Demise+of+Authenticity&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-567-37723-4&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kloppenborg, John S. (2008). Synoptic Problems: Collected Essays. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-058-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-058-8"><bdi>978-1-61164-058-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synoptic+Problems%3A+Collected+Essays&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-61164-058-8&rft.aulast=Kloppenborg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kloppenborg, John S. (2014). Q, the Earliest Gospel: An Introduction to the Original Stories and Sayings of Jesus. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152617-6"><bdi>978-3-16-152617-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Q%2C+the+Earliest+Gospel%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Original+Stories+and+Sayings+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-16-152617-6&rft.aulast=Kloppenborg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Bock, Darrell L.; Chatraw, Josh (2014). Truth in a Culture of Doubt: Engaging Skeptical Challenges to the Bible. B&H Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-8227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-8227-8"><bdi>978-1-4336-8227-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+in+a+Culture+of+Doubt%3A+Engaging+Skeptical+Challenges+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4336-8227-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Bock%2C+Darrell+L.&rft.au=Chatraw%2C+Josh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Meier, John P., <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier#A_Marginal_Jew:_Rethinking_the_Historical_Jesus" title="John P. Meier">A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus</a>, Doubleday,</li></ul> <dl><dd>v. 1, The Roots of the Problem and the Person, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26425-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-26425-9">0-385-26425-9</a></dd> <dd>v. 2, Mentor, Message, and Miracles, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46992-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46992-6">0-385-46992-6</a></dd> <dd>v. 3, Companions and Competitors, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46993-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46993-4">0-385-46993-4</a></dd> <dd>v. 4, Law and Love <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300140965" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300140965">978-0300140965</a></dd> <dd>v. 5, Probing the Authenticity of the Parables <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300211900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300211900">978-0300211900</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark Allan (2018). Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1313-3"><bdi>978-1-4934-1313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical%2C+Literary%2C+and+Theological+Survey&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-1313-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sanders, E. P. (1996). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4"><bdi>978-0-14-014499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014499-4&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Karl Ludwig; Riches, John (2002). The Place of the Gospels in the General History of Literature. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-430-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-430-5"><bdi>978-1-57003-430-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+the+Gospels+in+the+General+History+of+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-430-5&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Karl+Ludwig&rft.au=Riches%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Senior, Donald (1996). What are they saying about Matthew?. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3624-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-3624-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+are+they+saying+about+Matthew%3F&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3624-7&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Senior, Donald (2001). "Directions in Matthean Studies". In Aune, David E. (ed.). The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4673-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-4673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Directions+in+Matthean+Studies&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew+in+Current+Study%3A+Studies+in+Memory+of+William+G.+Thompson%2C+S.J&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Mark L. (2011). Four Portraits, One Jesus: A Survey of Jesus and the Gospels. Zondervan Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86615-2"><bdi>978-0-310-86615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Portraits%2C+One+Jesus%3A+A+Survey+of+Jesus+and+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-86615-2&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Robert L. (2002). "Introduction". In Thomas, Robert L. (ed.). Three Views on the Origins of the Synoptic Gospels. Kregel Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9882-4"><bdi>978-0-8254-9882-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Three+Views+on+the+Origins+of+the+Synoptic+Gospels&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-9882-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tyson, Joseph B. (2006). Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-650-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcion+and+Luke-Acts%3A+A+Defining+Struggle&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-650-7&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Van Belle, Gilbert; Palmer, Sydney (2007). "John's Literary Unity and the Problem of Historicity". In Anderson, Paul N.; Just, Felix; Thatcher, Tom (eds.). John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1: Critical Appraisals of Critical Views. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John%27s+Literary+Unity+and+the+Problem+of+Historicity&rft.btitle=John%2C+Jesus%2C+and+History%2C+Volume+1%3A+Critical+Appraisals+of+Critical+Views&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-293-0&rft.aulast=Van+Belle&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Sydney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">Wright, N.T.</a> Christian Origins and the Question of God, a projected 6 volume series of which 3 have been published under:</li></ul> <dl><dd>v. 1, The New Testament and the People of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1992.;</dd> <dd>v. 2, Jesus and the Victory of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1997.;</dd> <dd>v. 3, The Resurrection of the Son of God. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 2003.</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wright, N. T. (1996). The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering who Jesus was and is. IVP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Jesus%3A+Rediscovering+who+Jesus+was+and+is&rft.pub=IVP&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Yamazaki-Ransom, Kazuhiko (2010). The Roman Empire in Luke's Narrative. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-36439-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-36439-5"><bdi>978-0-567-36439-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+in+Luke%27s+Narrative&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-36439-5&rft.aulast=Yamazaki-Ransom&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reliability+of+the+Gospels" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historicity" title="Template:Historicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historicity" title="Template talk:Historicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">'Ilm al-rijāl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">Demythologization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_philology" title="Cognitive philology">Cognitive philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">Decipherment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">Comparative linguistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Criteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_contextual_credibility" title="Criterion of contextual credibility">Contextual credibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_dissimilarity" title="Criterion of dissimilarity">Dissimilarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectio_difficilior_potior" title="Lectio difficilior potior">Lectio difficilior potior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">Multiple attestation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mutawatir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawatir">Mutawatir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Historicity" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Historicity" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">The Iliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham#Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya / Smerdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha#Historical_person" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitatus" title="Incitatus">Caligula's horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David#Historicity" title="David">King David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Feng" title="Lei Feng">Lei Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Historicity" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood#Historicity" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu#Historicity" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tell#Historicity_debate" title="William Tell">William Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus#Origins_and_historicity" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents#History_and_theology" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Geography of the Odyssey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Hadith terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth#Mythology" title="Myth">Myth § Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible_and_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bible_and_history" title="Template:The Bible and history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Bible_and_history" title="Template talk:The Bible and history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Bible_and_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Bible and history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Bible_and_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">The Bible and history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/80px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/160px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts in biblical archaeology">List of artifacts in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">List of burial places of biblical figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts" title="List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts">List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">List of New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">List of New Testament uncials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&oldid=1258515547">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&oldid=1258515547</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography_of_Jesus" title="Category:Historiography of Jesus">Historiography of Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canonical_Gospels" title="Category:Canonical Gospels">Canonical Gospels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Category:Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_spam_cleanup_from_April_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2024">Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_further_reading_cleanup" title="Category:Wikipedia further reading cleanup">Wikipedia further reading cleanup</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 04:28 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-v4897","wgBackendResponseTime":297,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.145","walltime":"2.446","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17939,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":343184,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15778,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":521149,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2175.992 1 -total"," 31.36% 682.329 115 Template:Cite_book"," 26.25% 571.210 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.68% 232.484 81 Template:Sfn"," 7.77% 169.143 1 Template:Lang"," 5.70% 124.089 1 Template:Jesus"," 5.52% 120.078 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.87% 105.903 11 Template:Annotated_link"," 4.25% 92.395 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.09% 89.075 2 Template:Sfnm"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.416","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17697269,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllison2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAugsburger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAune2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauckham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellinzoni2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlomberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlomberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlomberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkett2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurridgeGould2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiltonEvans1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCline2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossan,_John_Dominic1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDark2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesSanders2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerico2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrmanEvansStewart2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEve2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerda2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeide2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorsley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_K._BeilbyPaul_Rhodes_Eddy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimball1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Donne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeiva-Merikakis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLicona2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitwa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkus_Bockmuehl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartens2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoyise2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelligan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuskasRobbins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddish2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrecker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStricklandYoung2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenMerz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiwald2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckett2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWegheWilson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWegner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsSchwabBrauer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu_Chui_Siang_Lau2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 11,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 115,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite paper\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Historical Reliability Of The Gospels\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Further reading cleanup\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 13,\n [\"Historicity\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 16,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 2,\n [\"Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 81,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Bible and history\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Why\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","22.5"],["?","160","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","120","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.6"],["ipairs","60","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.8"],["is_alias_used \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:275\u003E","40","2.8"],["[others]","340","23.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nfzrr","timestamp":"20241122143814","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Historical reliability of the Gospels","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3496235","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3496235","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-09-12T01:36:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T04:28:26Z","headline":"New Testament gospels as historical document"}</script> </body> </html>