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id="toc-Prescription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Laws by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laws_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laws by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laws_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>International crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Victoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Western Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retroactive_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retroactive_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.1</span> <span>Retroactive extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retroactive_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_statutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_statutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.2</span> <span>Civil statutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_statutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_statutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_statutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.3</span> <span>Criminal statutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_statutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initiation_of_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation_of_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.3.1</span> <span>Initiation of charges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation_of_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heinous_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heinous_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.3.2</span> <span>Heinous crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heinous_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.3.3</span> <span>Military law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.3.4</span> <span>State laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.4</span> <span>Exceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fraud_on_the_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraud_on_the_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.4.1</span> <span>Fraud on the court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraud_on_the_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing-violations_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing-violations_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15.4.2</span> <span>Continuing-violations doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing-violations_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7" title="التقادم المسقط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التقادم المسقط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Давност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Давност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proml%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Promlčení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Promlčení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verj%C3%A4hrung" title="Verjährung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verjährung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescripci%C3%B3n_(derecho)" title="Prescripción (derecho) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prescripción (derecho)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preskripto" title="Preskripto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Preskripto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قانون مرور زمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون مرور زمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_(droit)" title="Prescription (droit) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prescription (droit)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="시효 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시효" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="सीमाओं के क़ानून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीमाओं के क़ानून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescrizione_(diritto)" title="Prescrizione (diritto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prescrizione (diritto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התיישנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התיישנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%96%D1%81" title="Ескіріп қалған іс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ескіріп қалған іс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9v%C3%BCl%C3%A9s" title="Elévülés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elévülés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Хөөн хэлэлцэх хугацаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөөн хэлэлцэх хугацаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verjaring" title="Verjaring – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verjaring" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E8%A8%B4%E6%9C%9F%E9%99%90%E6%B3%95" title="出訴期限法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="出訴期限法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreldelse" title="Foreldelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Foreldelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreldingsfrist" title="Foreldingsfrist – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Foreldingsfrist" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescripcion_(drech)" title="Prescripcion (drech) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prescripcion (drech)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescri%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Prescrição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prescrição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescrip%C8%9Bia_r%C4%83spunderii_penale" title="Prescripția răspunderii penale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prescripția răspunderii penale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Срок давности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Срок давности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Statute of limitations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preml%C4%8Danie" title="Premlčanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Premlčanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Застарелост (облигационо право) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Law which sets a maximum time for the initiation of legal proceedings</div> <p> A <b>statute of limitations</b>, known in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> systems as a <b>prescriptive period</b>, is a law passed by a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative body</a> to set the maximum time after an event within which <a href="/wiki/Legal_proceeding" title="Legal proceeding">legal proceedings</a> may be initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-28USC2462_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28USC2462-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most jurisdictions, such periods exist for both <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> and civil law such as <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> law and <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property law</a>, though often under different names and with varying details. </p><p>When the time which is specified in a statute of limitations runs out, a claim might no longer be filed or, if it is filed, it may be subject to dismissal if the defense against that claim is raised that the claim is time-barred as having been filed after the statutory limitations period.<sup id="cite_ref-aggravated_felony_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aggravated_felony-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a statute of limitations expires in a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">criminal case</a>, the courts no longer have <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. In many jurisdictions with statutes of limitation there is no time limit for dealing with <a href="/wiki/Particularly_serious_crime" title="Particularly serious crime">particularly serious crimes</a>. </p><p>In civil law systems, such provisions are typically part of their <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_code" title="Criminal code">criminal codes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">cause of action</a> dictates the statute of limitations, which can be reduced or extended in order to ensure a full and fair <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intention of these laws is to facilitate resolution within a "reasonable" period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What amount of time is considered "reasonable" varies from country to country.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, as in the US, it may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and state (or province, etc.) to state. Internationally, the statute of limitations may vary from one civil or criminal action to another. Some countries do not have a statute of limitations. </p><p>Analysis of a statute of limitations also requires the examination of any associated <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_repose" title="Statute of repose">statute of repose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolling_(law)" title="Tolling (law)">tolling provisions</a>, and exclusions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a> legal systems can include a statute specifying the length of time within which a claimant or prosecutor must file a case. In some jurisdictions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-cal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a case cannot begin after the period specified, and courts have no jurisdiction over cases filed after the statute of limitations has expired. In some other jurisdictions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia), a claim can be filed which may prove to have been brought outside the limitations period, but the court will retain jurisdiction in order to determine that issue, and the onus is on the defendant to plead it as part of their defense, or else the claim will not be statute barred. </p><p>Once they are filed, cases do not need to be resolved within the period specified in the statute of limitations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose and effect of statutes of limitations are to protect defendants. There are three reasons for their enactment:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a> with a valid cause of action can pursue it with reasonable diligence.</li> <li>By the time a stale claim is litigated, a defendant might have lost evidence necessary to disprove the claim.</li> <li>Litigation of a long-dormant claim may result in more cruelty than justice.</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a>, a five-year statute of limitations was established for almost all cases, exceptions being such as the prosecution of non-constitutional laws (which had no limitation). <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> wrote that these statutes of limitations were adopted to control "<a href="/wiki/Sycophant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sycophant">sycophants</a>" (professional accusers).<sup id="cite_ref-Allen2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The limitation period generally begins when the plaintiff's cause of action accrues, meaning the date upon which the plaintiff is first able to maintain the cause of action in court, or when the plaintiff first becomes aware of a previous injury (for example, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_lung_disease" title="Occupational lung disease">occupational lung diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">asbestosis</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statute_of_repose">Statute of repose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Statute of repose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_repose" title="Statute of repose">Statute of repose</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_repose" title="Statute of repose">statute of repose</a> limits the time within which an action may be brought based upon when a particular event occurred (such as the completion of construction of a building or the date of purchase of manufactured goods), and does not permit extensions. A statute of limitations is similar to a statute of repose but may be extended for a variety of reasons (such as the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">minority</a> of the victim). </p><p>For example, most U.S. jurisdictions have passed statutes of repose for construction defects.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a person receives an <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electric shock</a> due to a wiring defect that resulted from the builder's negligence during construction of a building, the builder is potentially liable for damages if the suit is brought within the time period defined by the statute, normally starting with the date that construction is substantially completed. After the statutory time period has passed, without regard to the nature or degree of the builder's negligence or misconduct, the statute of repose presents an absolute defense to the claim. </p><p>Statutes of repose are sometimes controversial; manufacturers contend that they are necessary to avoid unfair litigation and encourage consumers to maintain their property. Alternatively, consumer advocates argue that they reduce incentives to manufacture durable products and disproportionately affect the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a>, because manufacturers will have less incentive to ensure low-cost or "bargain" products are manufactured to exacting safety standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tolling_and_the_discovery_rule">Tolling and the discovery rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tolling and the discovery rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Statute_of_limitations" title="Talk:Statute of limitations">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolling_(law)" title="Tolling (law)">Tolling (law)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">discovery (law)</a></div> <p>Many jurisdictions <a href="/wiki/Tolling_(law)" title="Tolling (law)">toll</a> or suspend the limitation period in <a href="/wiki/Exceptional_circumstances" title="Exceptional circumstances">exceptional circumstances</a> such as if the aggrieved person (<a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellant">appellant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petitioner" title="Petitioner">petitioner</a>) was a minor, or has filed a <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> proceeding. In those instances, the running of limitations is tolled or paused, until the condition ends. <a href="/wiki/Equitable_tolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable tolling">Equitable tolling</a> may also be applied if an individual may intimidate a moving party into not reporting or has been promised a suspended period. </p><p>The statute of limitations may begin when the harmful event, such as fraud or injury, occurs or it may begin when the harmful event is discovered. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> has described the "standard rule" of when the time begins as "when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action." The rule has existed since the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "discovery rule" applies in other cases (including <a href="/wiki/Medical_malpractice" title="Medical malpractice">medical malpractice</a>), or a similar effect may be applied by tolling. </p><p>According to U.S. district judge <a href="/wiki/Sean_J._McLaughlin" title="Sean J. McLaughlin">Sean J. McLaughlin</a>, the discovery rule does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> such as newspapers and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>; the statute of limitations begins to run at the date of publication.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Gabelli_v._SEC" title="Gabelli v. SEC">Gabelli v. SEC</a></i> that the discovery rule does not apply to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>'s investment-advisor-fraud lawsuits since one of the purposes of the agency is to root out fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In private civil matters, the limitation period may generally be shortened or lengthened by agreement of the parties. Under the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, the parties to a contract for sale of goods may reduce the limitation period to one year but not extend it. </p><p>Limitation periods that are known as <a href="/wiki/Laches_(equity)" title="Laches (equity)">laches</a> may apply in situations of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>; a judge will not issue an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> if the requesting party waited too long to ask for it. Such periods are subject to broad <a href="/wiki/Judicial_discretion" title="Judicial discretion">judicial discretion</a>. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="US military">US military</a> cases, the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> (UCMJ) states that all charges except those facing <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital charge</a> have a five-year statute of limitations. If the charges are dropped in all UCMJ proceedings except those headed for general court-martial, they may be reinstated, once only, for six months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prescription">Prescription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prescription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extinctive_prescription" title="Extinctive prescription">Extinctive prescription</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> countries, almost all lawsuits must be brought within a legally-determined period at the end of which the right of action is extinguished. This is known as liberative or extinctive prescription. Under Italian<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Romanian law,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criminal trials must be ended within a time limit. </p><p>In criminal cases, the public prosecutor must lay charges within a time limit which varies by jurisdiction and varies based on the nature of the charge, whose directives vary from country to country. Over the last decade of the 20th century, many United States jurisdictions significantly lengthened the statute of limitations for sex offenses, particularly against children, as a response to research and popular belief that a variety of causes can delay the recognition and reporting of crimes of this nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Common triggers for suspending the prescription include a defendant's fugitive status or the commission of a new crime. In some jurisdictions, a criminal may be convicted <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia"><i>in absentia</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prescription should not be confused with the need to prosecute within "<a href="/wiki/Laches_(equity)" title="Laches (equity)">a reasonable delay</a>" as obligated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_by_region">Laws by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Laws by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_crimes">International crimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> are usually not subject to the statute of limitations as codified in a number of multilateral <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratifying</a> the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Non-Applicability_of_Statutory_Limitations_to_War_Crimes_and_Crimes_Against_Humanity" title="Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity">Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity</a> agree to disallow limitations claims for these crimes. According to Article 29 of the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a>, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes "shall not be subject to any statute of limitations". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, there are no statutes of limitation in criminal proceedings if the maximum penalty that can be imposed for an offence committed by an individual includes imprisonment for more than 6 months. For civil matters, the statutes of limitation are prescribed by each state or territory jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victoria"><span class="anchor" id="Crimes_against_children_and_people_under_guardianship_in_Victoria,_Australia"></span>Victoria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Victoria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Limitations Act of 1958 allows 12 years for victims of child abuse to make a claim, with age 37 the latest at which a claim can be made. The police submitted evidence<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> to a commission, the Victorian Inquiry into Church and Institutional Child Abuse (in existence since 2012) indicating that it takes an average of 24 years for a victims of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> to go to the police.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Attorney General Robert Clark, the government will remove statutes of limitations on criminal child abuse; victims of violent crime should be given additional time, as adults, to deal with the legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offenders of minors and the disabled have used the statute of limitations to avoid detection and prosecution, moving from state to state and country to country; an example which was presented to the Victorian Inquiry was the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An argument for abolishing statutes of limitations for civil claims by minors and people under guardianship is ensuring that abuse of vulnerable people would be acknowledged by lawyers, police, organizations and governments, with enforceable penalties for organisations which have turned a blind eye in the past. <a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Survivors_Network_of_those_Abused_by_Priests" title="Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests">SNAP</a> Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care Leavers Australia Network<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Broken Rites have submitted evidence to the Victoria inquiry,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Law_Institute_of_Victoria" title="Law Institute of Victoria">Law Institute of Victoria</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has advocated changes to the statute of limitations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Australia"><span class="anchor" id="Crimes_against_children_and_people_under_guardianship_in_Victoria,_Australia"></span>Western Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Criminal Procedure Act 2004 outlines the statute of limitations, stating that a simple offense (an offence which can only be brought to a magistrate's court, and cannot include more than 12 months' imprisonment as the maximum penalty) shall have a statute of limitations of 12 months. However, all crimes (offences which can be brought to a district court or the supreme court) have no statute of limitations. Furthermore, a person may be charged with a simple offence after 12 months' if the person consents to such a charge being laid, or if that offence has a different statute of limitations as provided by law.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary conviction offences</a> have a limitation period of 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indictable (serious) offences such as fraud, serious theft, murder, kidnapping, arson, bribery, perjury, do not have a limitation period. A defendant can be charged at any future date.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sexual abuse cases in particular, men and women have been charged and convicted more than 40 years after the abuse had been committed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civil law limitations vary by province.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ontario, this is governed by the <i>Limitations Act, 2002</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finland, the authority of a prosecuting official to bring charges for a crime expires after a set period of time has passed since the act. This period is 20, 10, 5, or 2, years depending on the seriousness of the offence. Offences punishable with life imprisonment, such as murder and treason, do not expire. Sexual offences committed against minors do not expire before the victim reaches 23 or 28 years of age, depending on the nature of the offence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, the statute of limitations on crimes varies by type of crime, with the highest statute of limitation being 30 years for <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">voluntary manslaughter</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Totschlag</i></span>). Murder, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">crime of aggression</a> have no statute of limitations. </p><p>In Germany, the crime of murder used to have a 20-year statute of limitations. In 1969, the statute of limitations for murder was extended from 20 to 30 years. The limitations were abolished altogether in 1979, in order to prevent Nazi criminals from avoiding criminal liability.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For most other criminal offences, the statute of limitations is set by Section 78(3) of the Criminal Code (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch" title="Strafgesetzbuch">Strafgesetzbuch</a></i></span>) as follows: </p> <ul><li>30 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum <a href="/wiki/Term_of_imprisonment" class="mw-redirect" title="Term of imprisonment">term of imprisonment</a> for life;</li> <li>20 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 10 years but not by imprisonment for life;</li> <li>10 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 5 years but no more than 10 years;</li> <li>5 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 1 year but no more than 5 years;</li> <li>3 years for all other offences.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the civil code (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a></i></span>), the regular statute of limitations is three years (plus the time until the end of the calendar year); however, different terms between two and thirty years may apply in specific situations. For example, the term is only two years for claims for alleged defects of purchased goods, but 30 years for claims resulting from a court judgement (such as awarded damages). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statute of limitations in India is defined by the Limitations Act, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statute of limitations for criminal offences is governed by Sec. 468 of the Criminal Procedure Code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statutes of limitations in Indonesia are defined by articles 136-139 of Law No. 1 of 2023 on Criminal Code, and varies by type of crimes and ages of the perpetrators. According to article 136 of the Criminal Code, as well as article 7 and article 46 of Law No. 26 of 2000 on Human Rights Courts, the limits are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-indonesian_criminal_code_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indonesian_criminal_code-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>For crimes committed by adults: <ul><li>3 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 1 year imprisonment and/or by only a maximum criminal fine of category III (Rp50,000,000).</li> <li>6 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 3 years imprisonment.</li> <li>12 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 7 years imprisonment.</li> <li>18 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 15 years imprisonment.</li> <li>20 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 20 years imprisonment, life imprisonment, or capital punishment.</li></ul></li> <li>For crimes committed by children: <ul><li>1 year for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 1 year imprisonment and/or by only a maximum criminal fine of category III (Rp50,000,000).</li> <li>2 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 3 years imprisonment.</li> <li>4 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 7 years imprisonment.</li> <li>6 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 15 years imprisonment.</li> <li>around 6.6 years for crimes which are punishable by a maximum of 20 years imprisonment, life imprisonment, or capital punishment.</li></ul></li> <li>No limit for genocide and crimes against humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For most crimes, the prescriptive period begins from the following day after the crime is committed. However, exceptions are made for crimes of forgery, currency destruction, abduction, and hostage-taking. For the first two, the period is calculated from the following day after the forged goods or damaged currency is used, while for crimes of abduction and hostage-taking, it is calculated from the following day after the victim is released or dies as a direct result of the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-indonesian_criminal_code_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indonesian_criminal_code-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations_in_Ireland" title="Statute of limitations in Ireland">Statute of limitations in Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statutes of limitations in New Zealand are defined by section 25 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011. For offences committed by body corporates, the statutes of limitation are determined as if they were a natural person. The limits are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>6 months for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 3 months imprisonment or a $7,500 fine.</li> <li>12 months for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 6 months imprisonment or a $20,000 fine.</li> <li>5 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 3 years imprisonment, although this can be extended with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor-General of New Zealand">Solicitor-General</a>.</li> <li>No limit for offences which are punishable by more than 3 years imprisonment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statute of limitations on murder was abolished by a change in law on 1 July 2014, causing any murders committed after 1 July 1989 to have no statute of limitations. This led to the national police force implementing a new investigation group for old cases called the "Cold Case" group. The law was also changed to let cases involving domestic violence, forced marriage, human trafficking and genital mutilation to count from the day the defendant turns 18 years old. Cases where the statute of limitations has already passed can not be extended due to the constitution preventing it.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Penal_Code" title="Revised Penal Code">Revised Penal Code</a> has different limitation periods, based on the penalty of the crime:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reclusi%C3%B3n_perpetua" title="Reclusión perpetua">Reclusión perpetua</a></i> or <i>reclusión temporal</i> (imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 40 years): 20 years</li> <li>Other afflictive penalties (imprisonment of 6 years and 1 day to 12 years): 15 years</li> <li>Correctional penalties: 10 years, except: <ul><li><i>Arresto mayor</i> (imprisonment of 1 month and 1 day to 6 months): 5 years</li> <li>Libel and other similar offenses: 1 year</li> <li>Oral defamation and slander: 6 months</li></ul></li> <li>Light penalties (imprisonment of 1 day to 30 days): 2 months</li></ul> <p>Other special laws have their own limitation periods. For crimes punished under the Revised Penal Code, the limitation period won't run if the offender is outside the Philippines, while for those punished under other laws, it does. Municipal ordinances have a limitation period of 2 months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2015, the National Assembly abolished a 25-year limit on first degree murder; it had previously been extended from 15 to 25 years in December 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkish Code of Obligations sets the general limitation period to ten years, which applies where the law does not provide a specific limitation period.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no statute of limitations for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual offense">sexual offenses</a> committed against <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a>, however, under both the Turkish Penal Code (article 99) and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_civil_code_(1926)" title="Turkish civil code (1926)">Turkish Civil Code</a> (Law No. 2827).<sup id="cite_ref-kayahan_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kayahan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Limitation_periods_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Limitation periods in the United Kingdom">Limitation periods in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limitation_Act_1980" title="Limitation Act 1980">Limitation Act 1980</a></div> <p>The United Kingdom has no statute of limitations for criminal offences beyond minor <a href="/wiki/Summary_offences" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary offences">summary offences</a> (offences tried exclusively in the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">magistrates' courts</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-els_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-els-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Courts_Act_1980" title="Magistrates' Courts Act 1980">Magistrates' Courts Act 1980</a> requires that criminal proceedings for summary offences be brought within six months. To obtain a conviction in "some road traffic offences" (e.g. speeding), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_Traffic_Offenders_Act_1988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 (page does not exist)">Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988</a> requires that the driver must be notified within 14 days of the offence of the intention to prosecute.<sup id="cite_ref-els_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-els-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For civil claims, the period of validity varies depending on the type of claim. For example, a claim (debt) from a simple contract can no longer be pursued after six years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, statutes of limitations may apply in <a href="/wiki/United_States_criminal_procedure" title="United States criminal procedure">criminal procedures</a> and civil lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statutes of limitations vary significantly among U.S. jurisdictions. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">government agency</a> is permitted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to create under <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">federal regulations</a> its own statute of limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-8CFR1003.2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8CFR1003.2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retroactive_extensions">Retroactive extensions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Retroactive extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> held in 2003 in <i><a href="/wiki/Stogner_v._California" title="Stogner v. California">Stogner v. California</a></i> by a 5–4 majority that <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s retroactive extension of the criminal statute of limitations for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual offense">sexual offenses</a> committed against <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> was an unconstitutional <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">ex post facto law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stogner_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stogner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_statutes">Civil statutes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Civil statutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A civil statute of limitations applies to a non-criminal legal action, including a <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> case. If the statute of limitations expires before a lawsuit is filed, the defendant may raise the statute of limitations as an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_defense" title="Affirmative defense">affirmative defense</a> to seek dismissal of the claim. The exact time period depends on both the state and the type of claim (contract claim, personal injury, fraud etc.). Most fall in the range of one to ten years, with two to three years being most common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_statutes">Criminal statutes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Criminal statutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A criminal statute of limitations defines a time period during which charges must be initiated for a criminal offense.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a charge is filed after the statute of limitations expires, the defendant may obtain dismissal of the charge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Initiation_of_charges">Initiation of charges</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Initiation of charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statute of limitations in a criminal case only runs until a criminal charge is filed and a warrant issued, even if the defendant is a fugitive.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the identity of a defendant is not known, some jurisdictions provide mechanisms to initiate charges and thus stop the statute of limitations from running. For example, some states allow an indictment of a <a href="/wiki/John_Doe" title="John Doe">John Doe</a> defendant based upon a DNA profile derived from evidence obtained through a criminal investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although rare, a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> can issue an <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a> <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a> for high-profile crimes to get around an upcoming statute of limitations deadline. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Skyjacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyjacking">skyjacking</a> of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 by <a href="/wiki/D._B._Cooper" title="D. B. Cooper">D. B. Cooper</a> in 1971. The identity of D. B. Cooper remains unknown, and he was indicted under the name "John Doe, aka Dan Cooper."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Heinous_crimes"><span class="anchor" id="Heinous_crimes_in_the_United_States"></span>Heinous crimes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Heinous crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crimes which are widely considered heinous have no statute of limitations. Although there is usually no statute of limitations for murder (particularly <a href="/wiki/First-degree_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="First-degree murder">first-degree murder</a>), judges have been known to dismiss murder charges in <a href="/wiki/Cold_case" title="Cold case">cold cases</a> if they feel that the delay violates the defendant's right to a speedy trial.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, waiting many years for an <a href="/wiki/Alibi" title="Alibi">alibi</a> witness to die before commencing a murder trial would be unconstitutional.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Military_law">Military law</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Military law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> (UCMJ), <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a> has no statute of limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Maritime Injury Law</b> </p><p>Under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/46/30106">46 U.S. Code § 30106</a>, "Except as otherwise provided by law, a civil action for damages for personal injury or death arising out of a maritime tort must be brought within 3 years after the cause of action arose." There are some exceptions to this, primarily with regard to Jones Act cases filed against the government, in which case the statute of limitations can be less than 2 years.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="State_laws">State laws</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: State laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks">This table is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Misdemeanor </th> <th>Felony </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td>1 year<sup id="cite_ref-legreport_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legreport-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul><li>Terrorism not resulting in death: 30 years</li> <li>Manslaughter: 25 years</li> <li>Rape: 15 years</li> <li>Violent felonies: 10 years</li> <li>Nonviolent felonies: 5 years</li> <li>Nonviolent felonies committed by a minor: 2 years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> <td>A bill was proposed to abolish the statute of limitations for most sex offenses, but it was not submitted for a vote in the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Senate" title="Connecticut State Senate">state senate</a>. Efforts continue to pass legislation to extend the limitations period for the prosecution of sex offenses.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td>6 years </td> <td> <ul><li>Murder: No limits</li> <li>Kidnapping, extortion, assault with intent or conspiracy to murder: 10 years</li> <li>Sexual conduct, violence or abuse: <ul><li>If DNA evidence is present but offender has not been identified: No limits</li> <li>If DNA evidence is present and offender identified or when the victim turns 21, whichever is earlier: 10 years</li> <li>Against a minor (below the age of 18): 10 years</li></ul></li> <li>Others: 6 years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Statute of limitation tolls if defendant is not a resident and did not usually and publicly reside in the state. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-767-24">MCL 767.24</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>2 years </td> <td>No limits </td> <td>No statute of limitations for "malicious misdemeanors", per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncleg.net/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByChapter/Chapter_15.pdf">NCGS §15-1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Sexual conduct, violence, or abuse against a minor (below the age of 18): 10 years after the victim becomes 18 years old<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Murder, rape, manslaughter, aggravated kidnapping: No limits<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exceptions">Exceptions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Exceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. jurisdictions recognize exceptions to statutes of limitation that may allow for the prosecution of a crime or civil lawsuit even after the statute of limitations would otherwise have expired. Some states stop the clock for a suspect who is not residing within the state or is purposely hiding. Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina have no statutes of limitation for felonies, while Wyoming includes misdemeanors as well. However, the right to <a href="/wiki/Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">speedy trial</a> may derail any prosecution after many years have passed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fraud_on_the_court">Fraud on the court</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fraud on the court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_misconduct" title="Judicial misconduct">Judicial misconduct</a></div> <p>When an <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_court" title="Officer of the court">officer of the court</a> is found to have fraudulently presented facts to impair the court's impartial performance of its legal task, the act (known as <i>fraud upon the court</i>) is not subject to a statute of limitation: "This concept that the inherent power of federal courts to vacate a fraudulently obtained judgment—even years after the judgment was entered—has long been recognized by the Supreme Court."<sup id="cite_ref-Bressman_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bressman-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fraud on the court can be done many ways and in any court. One of which can be "where the court or a member is corrupted or influenced or influence is attempted or where the judge has not performed his judicial function — thus where the impartial functions of the court have been directly corrupted."<sup id="cite_ref-Bulloch_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulloch-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officer of the court includes any <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_clerk" title="Court clerk">court clerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a>, investigator, <a href="/wiki/Probation_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Probation officer">probation officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">referee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">legal guardian</a>, parenting-time expeditor, mediator, evaluator, administrator, special appointee, and/or anyone else whose influence is part of the judicial mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-DOJ_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOJ-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FBI_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBI-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Continuing-violations_doctrine"><span class="anchor" id="Continuing_violations_doctrine"></span>Continuing-violations doctrine</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Continuing-violations doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> law, if any person or entity commits a series of illegal acts against another person or entity (or in criminal law if a defendant commits a continuing crime) the limitation period may begin to run from the last act in the series.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_events" title="Chain of events">chain of events</a> can be tolled if the violations were continuing. Courts have explained that the continuing-violations doctrine "tolls the statute of limitations in situations where a continuing pattern forms due to <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discriminatory</a> acts which have been occurring over a period of time, as long as at least one incident of discrimination occurred within the limitations period."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the continuing-violations doctrine applies to a particular violation is subject to judicial discretion; it was said to apply to <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> in the jurisdiction of the Seventh Circuit,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not in the jurisdiction of the Second Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_limitations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Statute_of_limitations" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Statute of limitations">Statute of limitations</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28USC2462-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28USC2462_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/2462">§ 2462</a> ("Time for commencing proceedings")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cal-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cal_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cal_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="California_Code_of_Civil_Procedure_sections_312–366" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/9618.htm">"Statute of Limitations"</a>. <i>California Court Judicial Branch</i>. Public Access Records<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Court+Judicial+Branch&rft.atitle=Statute+of+Limitations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2F9618.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+limitations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aggravated_felony-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aggravated_felony_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ208/PLAW-104publ208.pdf#page=629">"Subtitle B—Criminal Alien Provisions, Sec. 321. Amended Definition of Aggravated Felony"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Congress</i>. p. 629. <q>(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to <a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">actions taken</a> on or after the date of the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">this Act</a>, regardless of when the <a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">conviction</a> occurred....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Congress&rft.atitle=Subtitle+B%E2%80%94Criminal+Alien+Provisions%2C+Sec.+321.+Amended+Definition+of+Aggravated+Felony&rft.pages=629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2F104%2Fplaws%2Fpubl208%2FPLAW-104publ208.pdf%23page%3D629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+limitations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecial_Historic_Session" class="citation web cs1">Special Historic Session. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/compsum2.pdf">"Opening Remarks:HistoricSpecial section"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.courts.ca.gov</i>. Supreme Court Of California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.courts.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Opening+Remarks%3AHistoricSpecial+section&rft.au=Special+Historic+Session&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fcompsum2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+limitations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalifornia_Courts" class="citation web cs1">California Courts, Judicial Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/selfhelp-start.htm">"Public Access Records"</a>. <i>California Courts</i>. Rewriting Amendments<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Courts&rft.atitle=Public+Access+Records&rft.aulast=California+Courts&rft.aufirst=Judicial+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2Fselfhelp-start.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+limitations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statelaws.findlaw.com/statutes-of-limitations.html">"State Statutes of Limitations"</a>. <i>FindLaw</i>. Thomson Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The time and numerical limitations set forth in paragraph (c)(2) of this section shall not apply to a motion to reopen proceedings:... <br />(v) For which a three-member panel of the Board agrees that reopening is warranted when the following circumstances are present, provided that a respondent may file only one motion to reopen pursuant to this paragraph (c)(3): (A) A material change in fact or law underlying a removability ground or grounds specified in section 212 or 237 of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Act</a> that occurred after the entry of an administratively final order that <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vitiate#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:vitiate">vitiates</a> all grounds of removability applicable to the alien; and (B) The movant exercised <a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">diligence</a> in pursuing the motion to reopen; <br />(vi) Filed based on specific allegations, supported by evidence, that the respondent is a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">United States citizen</a> <i><b>or</b></i> <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">national</a>....") 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