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#36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kamatz" title="Special:EditPage/Kamatz">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kamatz%22">"Kamatz"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kamatz%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kamatz%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kamatz%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kamatz%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kamatz%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="right" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Qamatz</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:100px"><span style="font-size:325%; font-family:"Times New Roman", David, SBL Hebrew" dir="rtl">ָ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a> </td> <td style="background:white"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration</a> </td> <td style="background:white">a </td></tr> <tr> <td>English approximation </td> <td style="background:white">sp<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Similar sound </td> <td style="background:white"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pata%E1%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Pataḥ">pataḥ</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Example </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"><span style="font-size:325%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דָּג</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The word for fish in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <i>dag</i>. The only vowel (under <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a>, the two perpendicular lines) is a qamatz.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Other <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shwa</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pata%E1%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Pataḥ">Pataḥ</a> <b>·</b> Kamatz <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">Shuruk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kubutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubutz">Kubutz</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin dot">Sin/Shin Dot</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kamatz</b> or <b>qamatz</b> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמָץ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[kaˈmats]</a></span>; alternatively <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמֶץ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">qāmeṣ</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>) sign represented by two <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> lines (looking like an <a href="/wiki/Uppercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppercase">uppercase</a> <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>) <span class="nowrap">⟨<big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ָ </span>‎</big> ⟩</span> underneath a letter. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a>, it usually indicates the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> which is the "<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a>" sound in the word <i>spa</i> and is <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">transliterated</a> as <i>a</i>. In these cases, its sound is identical to the sound of <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pata%E1%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Pataḥ">pataḥ</a></i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a>. In a minority of cases it indicates the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span>, equal to the sound of <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">ḥolam</a></i></span></i>. In traditional <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi Hebrew</a> pronunciation, qamatz is pronounced as the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span>, which becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> in some contexts in southern Ashkenazi dialects. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qamatz_Qaṭan,_Qamatz_Gadol,_Ḥataf_Qamatz"><span id="Qamatz_Qa.E1.B9.ADan.2C_Qamatz_Gadol.2C_.E1.B8.A4ataf_Qamatz"></span>Qamatz Qaṭan, Qamatz Gadol, Ḥataf Qamatz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamatz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Qamatz Qaṭan, Qamatz Gadol, Ḥataf Qamatz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qamatz_Qaṭan_vs._Qamatz_Gadol"><span id="Qamatz_Qa.E1.B9.ADan_vs._Qamatz_Gadol"></span>Qamatz Qaṭan vs. Qamatz Gadol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamatz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Qamatz Qaṭan vs. Qamatz Gadol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Qamatz_Qaṭan"></span><span class="anchor" id="Qamatz_Gadol"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Biblical Hebrew </th> <th>Tiberian phoneme </th> <th>Tiberian vowel </th> <th>Babylonian phoneme </th> <th>Modern Hebrew </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Patach </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Patach </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; valign:center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; valign:center;">Kamatz </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Kamatz Gadol </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; valign:center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Kamatz Katan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Holam </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Holam </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Hebrew of the late centuries BCE and early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> had a system with five <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> long vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː<span class="wrap"> </span>eː<span class="wrap"> </span>iː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span> and five short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>. </p><p>In the later dialects of the 1st millennium CE, phonemic vowel length disappeared, and instead was automatically determined by the context, with vowels pronounced long in <a href="/wiki/Syllable#open_syllable" title="Syllable">open syllables</a> and short in closed ones. However, the previous vowel phonemes merged in various ways that differed from dialect to dialect: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a>, which underlies <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">the written system of vowels</a>, short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> (indicated by <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pataḥ</i></span></i>); long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> (indicated by <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">ḥolam</a></i></span></i>); while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> both merged into an in-between sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> (similar to the vowel in English "caught" without the <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger">cot-caught merger</a>), which was indicated by qamatz.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian vocalization</a>, however, short and long variants simply merged, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> becoming [a], while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> became [o]; and this system underlies the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>.</li></ul> <p>The result is that in Modern Hebrew, the vowel written with qamatz might be pronounced as either [a] or [o], depending on historical origin. It is often said that the two sounds can be distinguished by context: </p> <ul><li>The qamatz sound of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, known as <b><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Qamatz Qaṭan</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמַץ קָטָן</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[kaˈmats<span class="wrap"> </span>kaˈtan]</a></span>, "little qamatz") occurs in a "closed syllable", i.e. one which ends in a consonant marked with a <a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shwa nakh</a> (zero vowel) or with a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh#Dagesh_Ḥazak" title="Dagesh"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh ḥazaq</i></span></a> (which indicates that the consonant was pronounced <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>, i.e. doubled);</li> <li>The qamatz sound of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>, known as <b><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Qamatz Gadol</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמַץ גָּדוֹל</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[kaˈmats<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡaˈdol]</a></span>, "big qamatz") occurs in an "open syllable", i.e. any other circumstance: one which ends in a consonant followed by a normal vowel, a consonant at the end of a word and with no vowel marking, or a consonant marked with a <a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shwa na</a> (originally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>).</li></ul> <p>Unfortunately, the two varieties of shwa are written identically, and pronounced identically in Modern Hebrew; as a result, there is no reliable way to distinguish the two varieties of qamatz when followed by a vowel marked with a shwa. (In some cases, Biblical texts are marked with a <i><a href="/wiki/Metheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Metheg">metheg</a></i> or other <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> mark that helps to indicate which pronunciation is intended, but this usage is not consistent, and in any case such marks are absent in non-Biblical texts.) It should also be noted that there are examples of qamatz qaṭan appearing in open syllables, such as in the plural of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:שורש"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שֹׁרֶשׁ</span>‎</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈʃo.ʁɛʃ]</a></span>, "root"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:שורש"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׇׁרָשִׁים</span>‎</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʃo.ʁa.ˈʃim]</a></span>). </p><p>An example of the <i>qamatz qatan</i> is the Modern Hebrew word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תׇּכְנִית</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[toχˈnit]</a></span>, "program"). </p><p>According to the standard <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a> rules as published by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>, words which have a qamatz qatan in their base form must be written without a <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">vav</a>, hence the standard vowel-less spelling of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תׇּכְנִית</span>‎ is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תכנית</span>‎. In practice, however, Modern Hebrew words containing a qamatz qatan do add a <i>vav</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎⟩</span> to indicate the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> pronunciation; hence the nonstandard (also termed "excessive") spelling <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תוכנית</span>‎ is common in newspapers and is even used in several dictionaries, for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rav_Milim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rav Milim (page does not exist)">Rav Milim</a>. Words which in their base form have a <a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥolam</i></span></a> that changes to <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">qamatz qaṭan</i></span> in declension retain the <i>vav</i> in vowel-less spelling: the noun <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֹפֶשׁ</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈχofeʃ]</a></span>, "freedom") is spelled <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חופש</span>‎ in vowel-less texts; the adjective <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חָפְשִׁי</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[χofˈʃi]</a></span>, "free") is spelled <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חופשי</span>‎ in vowel-less text, despite the use of qamatz qatan, both according to the standard spelling and in common practice. </p><p>Some books print the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">qamatz qaṭan</i></span> differently, although the way in which they do is not consistent. For example, in siddur <a href="/wiki/Rinat_Yisrael" title="Rinat Yisrael">Rinat Yisrael</a> the vertical line of qamatz qatan is longer. In <a href="/wiki/Siddur_Sim_Shalom" title="Siddur Sim Shalom">Siddur Sim Shalom</a>, the horizontal line is separated from the bottom. In a book of <i><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></i> used by some <a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov hassidim</a> the qamatz qatan is bolder. In the popular niqqud textbook <i>Niqqud halakha le-maase</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisan_Netser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisan Netser (page does not exist)">Nisan Netser</a>, the qamatz qatan is printed as an encircled qamatz for didactic purposes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> defines the code point <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+05C7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ׇ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HEBREW POINT QAMATS QATAN</span>, although its usage is not required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ḥaṭaf_Qamatz"><span id=".E1.B8.A4a.E1.B9.ADaf_Qamatz"></span>Ḥaṭaf Qamatz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamatz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ḥaṭaf Qamatz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥaṭaf Qamatz</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטַף קָמַץ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[χaˈtaf<span class="wrap"> </span>kaˈmats]</a></span>) is a "reduced qamatz". Like qamatz qatan, it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span>, but the rationale for its usage is different: it replaces the <a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shva</a> on letters which require a shva according to the grammar, but where the traditional pronunciation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span>. This mostly happens with gutturals, for example in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֳרָנִים</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[oʁaˈnim]</a></span>, "pines", the plural form of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֹרֶן</span>‎, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈoʁen]</a></span>), but occasionally also on other letters, for example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שֳׁרָשִׁים</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʃoʁaˈʃim]</a></span>, "roots", another plural of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שֹׁרֶשׁ</span>‎ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈʃoʁeʃ]</a></span>); and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צִפֳּרִים</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[tsipoˈʁim]</a></span>, "birds", the plural of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צִפּוֹר</span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[tsiˈpoʁ]</a></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation_and_transliteration">Pronunciation and transliteration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamatz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronunciation and transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table contains the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of the different qamatzes in reconstructed historical forms and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. The transcription in IPA is above and the transliteration is below. </p><p>The letters <a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">Bet</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎⟩</span> and <a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)">Het</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎⟩</span> used in this table are only for demonstration, any letter can be used. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Symbol </th> <th rowspan="3">Name </th> <th rowspan="3">English </th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Pronunciation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Reconstructed </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">Qamatz Gadol </td> <td rowspan="2">Big Qamatz </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ~u]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td>?</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a:]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>o,u</td> <td>a</td> <td>o</td> <td>ā</td> <td>?</td> <td>ā </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָה</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָא</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">Qamatz Male </td> <td rowspan="2">Full Qamatz </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ~u]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td>?</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>o,u</td> <td>a</td> <td>o</td> <td>â</td> <td>?</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בׇ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">Qamatz Qatan </td> <td rowspan="2">Little Qamatz </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td>?</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>?</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֳ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">Hataf Qamatz </td> <td rowspan="2">Reduced Qamatz </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̆]</span></td> <td>?</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̝]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>ŏ</td> <td>?</td> <td>u </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowel_length_comparison">Vowel length comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamatz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowel length comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These vowel lengths are not manifested in Modern Hebrew. The short <i>o</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><i>qamatz qaṭan</i></i></span>) and long <i>a</i> (<i>qamatz</i>) have the same <i>niqqud</i>. Because of this, the short <i>o</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Qamatz Qaṭan</i></span>) is usually promoted to a long <i>o</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">holam</a> male</i></i></span>) in Israeli writing, written as a <i>vav</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎⟩</span>, for the sake of disambiguation. </p><p>By adding two vertical dots (<i><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shva</a></i>) the vowel is made very short. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Vowel comparison table </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vowel length</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">English<br />approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Long </th> <th>Short </th> <th>Very Short </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ָ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ַ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֲ </span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">a </td> <td rowspan="2">sp<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>qamatz</i> </td> <td><i>Pataḥ</i> </td> <td><i>Reduced pataḥ</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:24px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> וֹ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ׇ </span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֳ </span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">o </td> <td rowspan="2">c<b>o</b>re </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Ḥolam</a></i></span></i> </td> <td><i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Qamatz qaṭan</i></span></i> </td> <td><i>Reduced qamatz</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_encoding">Unicode encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamatz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Unicode encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyph </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ָ </span>‎</big> </td> <td>U+05B8 </td> <td>QAMATS </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֳ </span>‎</big> </td> <td>U+05B3 </td> <td>HATAF QAMATS </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ׇ </span>‎</big> </td> <td>U+05C7 </td> <td>QAMATS QATAN </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: the glyph for QAMATS QATAN may appear empty or incorrect if one applies a font that cannot handle the glyph necessary to represent Unicode character U+05C7. Usually this Unicode character isn't used and is substituted with the similar looking QAMATS (U+05B8). </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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