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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Underground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Postwar operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Postwar_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Postwar operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Postwar_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retaliation_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retaliation_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Retaliation raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retaliation_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_change_in_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_change_in_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>A change in objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_change_in_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Nachshon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Nachshon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Operation Nachshon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Nachshon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mishmar_Ha'amek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mishmar_Ha'amek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mishmar Ha'amek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mishmar_Ha'amek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Yiftach_and_the_conquest_of_Safad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Yiftach_and_the_conquest_of_Safad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Operation Yiftach and the conquest of Safad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Yiftach_and_the_conquest_of_Safad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_creation_of_the_Israeli_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_creation_of_the_Israeli_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>The creation of the Israeli Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_creation_of_the_Israeli_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palmach_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palmach_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Palmach song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palmach_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palmach_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palmach_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Palmach Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palmach_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Palmachniks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Palmachniks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Palmachniks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Palmachniks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palmach</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="بلماح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلماح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmah" title="Palmah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Palmah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaj" title="Palmaj – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palmaj" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma%C4%A5" title="Palmaĥ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Palmaĥ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="پالماخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پالماخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmah" title="Palmah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palmah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD" title="Պալմախ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պալմախ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%22%D7%97" title="פלמ"ח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלמ"ח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="بلماح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلماح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%8F" title="パルマッハ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルマッハ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="پلماخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلماخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Пальмах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пальмах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="پالماخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پالماخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="پاڵماخ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاڵماخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmah" title="Palmah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palmah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palmach" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmah" title="Palmah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Palmah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="پلماخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پلماخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%22%D7%97" title="פלמ"ח – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלמ"ח" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B%E8%B5%AB" title="帕拉玛赫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕拉玛赫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Palmach</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmach.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palmach.svg/200px-Palmach.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palmach.svg/300px-Palmach.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palmach.svg/400px-Palmach.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="180" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Symbol of the Palmach</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> (before 14 May 1948)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (after 14 May 1948)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Combined strike forces</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">Aerial reconnaissance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial warfare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious warfare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank warfare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">Artillery observer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">Bomb disposal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_operation" title="Clandestine operation">Clandestine operation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">Close-quarters combat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert operation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert warfare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Direct_action_(military)" title="Direct action (military)">Direct action</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">Fire support</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Force_protection" title="Force protection">Force protection</a><br /><a href="/wiki/HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">HUMINT</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">Indirect fire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">Internal security</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular warfare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Long-range_penetration" title="Long-range penetration">Long-range penetration</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver warfare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain warfare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Naval boarding</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Patrolling" title="Patrolling">Patrolling</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raiding</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/SIGINT" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special operations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(Scouting)" title="Tracking (Scouting)">Tracking</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haganah_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/20px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/40px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">"Always at your command"<br />"לפקודה תמיד אנחנו"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Sadeh" title="Yitzhak Sadeh">Yitzhak Sadeh</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Palmach</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פלמ״ח</span>‎, acronym for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פלוגות מחץ</span>‎, <i>Plugot Maḥatz</i>, "Strike Companies") was the elite combined strike forces and <a href="/wiki/Sayeret" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayeret">sayeret</a> unit of the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, the underground army of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> (Jewish community) during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a>. The Palmach was established in May 1941. By the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, it consisted of over 2,000 men and women in three fighting brigades and auxiliary aerial, naval and intelligence units. With the creation of Israel's army, the three Palmach Brigades were disbanded. This and political reasons compelled many of the senior Palmach officers to resign in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palmach contributed significantly to Israeli culture and ethos, well beyond its military contribution. Its members formed the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> high command for many years, and were prominent in Israeli politics, literature and culture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_squad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/German_squad.jpg/220px-German_squad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/German_squad.jpg/330px-German_squad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/German_squad.jpg/440px-German_squad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>"The German squad" of the Palmach on a training march.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Palmach was established by the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> High Command in May 1941. Its aim was to defend the Palestinian Jewish community against two potential threats. Firstly the occupation of Palestine by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> in the event of their victory over the British in North Africa. Secondly, if the British army were to retreat from Palestine, Jewish settlements might come under attack from the Arab population. <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Sadeh" title="Yitzhak Sadeh">Yitzhak Sadeh</a> was named as Palmach commander.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the group consisted of around one hundred men. In the early summer of 1941 the British military authorities agreed to joint operations against <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> forces in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. The first action was a sabotage mission (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Boatswain" title="Operation Boatswain">Operation Boatswain</a>) against oil installations at <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli, Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-three Palmach members and a British liaison officer set out by sea but were never heard of again.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 June mixed squads of Palmach and Australians began <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">operating in Lebanon and Syria</a>. The success of these operations led the British GHQ to fund a sabotage training camp for three hundred men at <a href="/wiki/Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Mishmar HaEmek">Mishmar HaEmek</a>. Since the Palmach consisted of unpaid volunteers, the funding was used to cover the needs of twice that number of men.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the British ordered the dismantling of Palmach after the Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> in 1942, the organization went underground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underground">Underground</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Underground"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Palmach" title="Special:EditPage/Palmach">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almog_IL8_Betkeshet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Almog_IL8_Betkeshet.jpg/220px-Almog_IL8_Betkeshet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Almog_IL8_Betkeshet.jpg/330px-Almog_IL8_Betkeshet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Almog_IL8_Betkeshet.jpg/440px-Almog_IL8_Betkeshet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beit_Keshet" title="Beit Keshet">Beit Keshet</a>, First Palmach outpost, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Since British funding had stopped, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Tabenkin" title="Yitzhak Tabenkin">Yitzhak Tabenkin</a>, head of the kibbutz union <a href="/wiki/HaKibbutz_HaMeuhad" title="HaKibbutz HaMeuhad">HaKibbutz HaMeuhad</a>, suggested the Palmach could be self-funding by having its members work in the kibbutzim. Each kibbutz would host a Palmach <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> and supply them with food, homes and resources. In return the platoon would safeguard the kibbutz and carry out work such as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was accepted in August 1942, when it was also decided that each month Palmach members would have eight training days, 14 work days and seven days off. The program of combined <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> training, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> work and Zionist education was called "Hach'shara Meguyeset" הכשרה מגויסת (meaning "Drafted/Recruited Training"). Later, Zionist youth movements offered members aged 18–20 an opportunity to join core groups (<a href="/wiki/Gar%27in" title="Gar'in">gar'in</a>) for agricultural settlement that became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Nahal" title="Nahal">Nahal</a>. </p><p>Basic training included <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAl%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Mêlée">mêlée</a> and <a href="/wiki/KAPAP" class="mw-redirect" title="KAPAP">KAPAP</a>, basic <a href="/wiki/Marine_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine training">marine training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squad_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Squad operations">squad operations</a>. Most of the Palmach members received advanced training in one or more of the following areas: <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, light and medium <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, and operating <a href="/wiki/2-inch_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="2-inch mortar">2-inch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_ML_3_inch_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar">3-inch mortars</a>. Platoon training included long marches, combined live-fire drills with artillery support and machine guns and mortars. </p><p>The Palmach put great emphasis on training independent and broadminded <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_image_of_the_Hebrew_commander_in_the_Palmach">field commanders</a> who would take the initiative and set an example for their troops. It trained squad commanders and company commanders. The major commanders training course was in the Palmach and many <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> commanders were sent to be trained in the Palmach. The Palmach commanders' course was the source for many field commanders, who were the backbone of <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_operations">Postwar operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Postwar operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20707_The_Palmach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_20707_The_Palmach.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_20707_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_20707_The_Palmach.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_20707_The_Palmach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PikiWiki_Israel_20707_The_Palmach.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_20707_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Small arms training of B Company</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish insurgency in Palestine">Jewish insurgency in Palestine</a></div> <p>For seven months after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Moyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Moyne">Lord Moyne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a> in 1944, members of the Palmach under the command of <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Avidan" title="Shimon Avidan">Shimon Avidan</a> were involved in the <a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_Season" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunting Season">Saison activities</a>, in which they cooperated with the British in an attempt to crush the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and Lehi.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>'s decision, 1 October 1945, to launch an armed struggle against the British, the Palmach entered an alliance with the dissident groups, called <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">The Hebrew Resistance Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October 1945 a force led by <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlit_detainee_camp" title="Atlit detainee camp">raided the prison at Atlit</a> freeing 208 Jewish prisoners. The first joint operation took place on <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Trains" title="Night of the Trains">31 October 1945</a> when the Palmach sank three British patrol boats, 2 in Haifa and one in Jaffa, and were involved in 153 bomb attacks on bridges and culverts of the railway system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 22 February 1946, the Palmach attacked the police <a href="/wiki/Tegart_fort" title="Tegart fort">Tegart fort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a> with a 200-pound bomb; in the firefight that followed, the Palmach suffered casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1946 the Palmach blew up ten of the eleven <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Bridges" title="Night of the Bridges">bridges</a> connecting Palestine to its neighbouring countries. Fourteen Palmach members were killed during the attack on <a href="/wiki/Az-Zeeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zeeb">Achziv Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alliance was never completely under Haganah control and the Irgun launched a series of ever more ruthless attacks<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating in the <a href="/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing" title="King David Hotel bombing">King David Hotel bombing</a>. This attack was the Irgun's response to a British crackdown, "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Agatha" title="Operation Agatha">Black Sabbath</a>", launched on 29 June 1946. A combination of the crackdown and the Jewish civilian leadership's outrage at the King David attack led Ben-Gurion to call off further Palmach operations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retaliation_raids">Retaliation raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retaliation raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <p>After a gap of over ten months the Palmach resumed operations. The one weapon of which there was no shortage was locally produced explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 May 1947 they blew up a coffee house in <a href="/wiki/Fajja" title="Fajja">Fajja</a>, specifically in retaliation for the murder of two Jews in nearby <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the escalation of violence after the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Resolution</a> the scale of the retaliation operations increased. </p><p>On 18 December 1947, in an operation approved by Palmach commander <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a>, several houses were blown up in <a href="/wiki/Al-Khisas" title="Al-Khisas">al-Khisas</a>, near the Lebanese border; a dozen civilians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 December 1947 170 men from the Palmach launched an attack on <a href="/wiki/Balad_al-Sheikh" title="Balad al-Sheikh">Balad al-Sheikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, in retaliation for the killing of 47 Jews at the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa oil refinery</a>. Several dozen houses were destroyed and 60-70 villagers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, Palmach units destroyed houses in <a href="/wiki/Yazur" title="Yazur">Yazur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salama,_Jaffa" title="Salama, Jaffa">Salama</a>. An order dated 3 January 1948 said "The aim is ... to attack northern part of the village of Salama ... to cause deaths, to blow up houses and to burn everything possible."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Upper Galilee, the Palmach's third Battalion commanded by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Kelman" title="Moshe Kelman">Moshe Kelman</a>, attacked <a href="/wiki/Sa%27sa%27" title="Sa'sa'">Sa'sa'</a>, 15 February, and blew up ten houses, killing 11 villagers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Further north, they raided <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayniyya,_Safad" title="Al-Husayniyya, Safad">al-Husayniyya</a>, 16 March 1948, in retaliation for a land mine, they blew up five houses and killed "30 Arab adults".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Northern <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, 4 April 1948, a Palmach unit in two armoured cars destroyed "nine bedouin lay-bys and one mud hut" after a mine attack on a Jewish Patrol.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, in the event known as the <a href="/wiki/Convoy_of_35" title="Convoy of 35">Convoy of 35</a>, the Palmach lost 18 men (along with 17 other Haganah fighters) on their way to reinforce the garrison at <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion" title="Kfar Etzion">Kfar Etzion</a> after they were attacked by hundreds of Arab locals and militias.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies of the Palmach and Haganah fighters were mutilated to the point that some of them could not be recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_change_in_objectives">A change in objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: A change in objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Palmach" title="Special:EditPage/Palmach">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sappers_in_a_destroyed_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sappers_in_a_destroyed_village.jpg/250px-Sappers_in_a_destroyed_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sappers_in_a_destroyed_village.jpg/330px-Sappers_in_a_destroyed_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sappers_in_a_destroyed_village.jpg/500px-Sappers_in_a_destroyed_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="2170" /></a><figcaption>Palmach sappers in the ruins of a village, 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 February 1948 the Palmach launched an operation in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, North of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, in which they demolished 30 houses, six were left standing due to lack of explosives. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The objective was to prevent them being occupied by British troops as a base against illegal immigrants. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> opposed the attack. Although occupied by Arabs the buildings were Jewish owned.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2014)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the activation of <a href="/wiki/Plan_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan D">Plan D</a> and its sub-operations Palmach units were used to demolish villages <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with the objective of preventing them being used by <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Palestinian irregulars</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> (ALA) as bases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Nachshon">Operation Nachshon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation Nachshon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nachshon" title="Operation Nachshon">Operation Nachshon</a></div> <p>Following the attempt to clear the road to Jerusalem, Palmach units "more or less systematically leveled the villages of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal,_Jerusalem" title="Al-Qastal, Jerusalem">al-Qastal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qalunya" title="Qalunya">Qalinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a> and largely or partly destroyed <a href="/wiki/Beit_Surik" title="Beit Surik">Beit Surik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biddu" title="Biddu">Biddu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shu%27fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu'fat">Shu'fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Iksa" title="Beit Iksa">Beit Iksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Mahsir" title="Bayt Mahsir">Beit Mahsir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah" title="Sheikh Jarrah">Sheikh Jarrah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>)".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 April a Palmach unit with mortars took part in the Irgun attack on <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin" title="Deir Yassin">Deir Yassin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mishmar_Ha'amek"><span id="Mishmar_Ha.27amek"></span>Mishmar Ha'amek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mishmar Ha'amek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Battle of Mishmar HaEmek">Battle of Mishmar HaEmek</a></div> <p>Following the failed ALA attack on the Haganah base at Mishmar Ha'amek, and the Haganah's refusal of an offer of a truce, Haganah and Palmach troops counterattacked. Between 8 and 14 April, ten villages came under Palmach's control. Within two weeks they were leveled.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Yiftach_and_the_conquest_of_Safad">Operation Yiftach and the conquest of Safad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operation Yiftach and the conquest of Safad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">Operation Yiftach</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_21036_The_Palmach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PikiWiki_Israel_21036_The_Palmach.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_21036_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PikiWiki_Israel_21036_The_Palmach.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_21036_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="3626" /></a><figcaption>Palmach soldier on guard</figcaption></figure><p>On 2 May, the Palmach 3rd Battalion, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Kelman" title="Moshe Kelman">Moshe Kelman</a>, attacked <a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Zeitun" title="Ein al-Zeitun">Ein al-Zeitun</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Davidka" title="Davidka">Davidka</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_ML_3-inch_Mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance ML 3-inch Mortar">3-inch mortars</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/2-inch_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="2-inch mortar">2-inch mortars</a>. During the following two days Palmach sappers blew up and burned all the houses.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the capture of this village Battalion Commander Kelman ordered the execution of seventy prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 May the Palmach launched an attack on Safad. It failed to capture the citadel and the Palmach had to withdraw. The defenders offered a cease-fire, which Allon refused. A second attack was launched on 9 May. This was preceded by a "massive concentrated barrage" using mortars and Davidkas. The empty Arab quarter of Safad was occupied on 11 May. Between 12,000 and 15,000 refugees had been created.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palmach suffered 69 killed during Operation Yiftah.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1948 the Palmach had 2,200 permanently mobilised members.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different source puts the size of the Palmach as 3,000 at the end of November 1947, and, following the mobilization of 3,000 reserves, five battalions were formed by May 1948, consisting of 5,000 fighters of whom 1,200 were women.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmach units took a major part in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. At the beginning of the war, Palmach units were responsible for holding Jewish settlements (such as <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion" title="Gush Etzion">Gush Etzion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Darom" title="Kfar Darom">Kfar Darom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revivim" title="Revivim">Revivim</a>) against Arab <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a>. Although inferior in numbers and arms, Palmach soldiers held out long enough to allow the Haganah to mobilise the Jewish population and prepare for war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_creation_of_the_Israeli_Army">The creation of the Israeli Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The creation of the Israeli Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20809_The_Palmach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PikiWiki_Israel_20809_The_Palmach.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_20809_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PikiWiki_Israel_20809_The_Palmach.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_20809_The_Palmach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PikiWiki_Israel_20809_The_Palmach.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_20809_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The 9th Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Brigade" title="Negev Brigade">Negev Brigade</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1948)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1948)">conquest of Beersheba</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmach_Negev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Palmach_Negev.jpg/220px-Palmach_Negev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Palmach_Negev.jpg/330px-Palmach_Negev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Palmach_Negev.jpg/440px-Palmach_Negev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>A Palmach patrol in the Negev</figcaption></figure> <p>The Palmach's last operation as an independent unit was against the Irgun, in the <a href="/wiki/Altalena_Affair" title="Altalena Affair">Altalena Affair</a>. On 22 June 1948 the Irgun moored the Altalena, loaded with weapons, off Tel Aviv. Ben-Gurion ordered the Palmach to prevent the arms being landed. In an operation commanded by <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> as his deputy, a cannon was used to sink the ship. One member of the Palmach and fourteen members of the Irgun were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defence Forces">Israeli army</a>, the Palmach was reorganised into three IDF brigades—the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Brigade" title="Negev Brigade">Negev Brigade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yiftach_Brigade" title="Yiftach Brigade">Yiftach Brigade</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Harel_Brigade" title="Harel Brigade">Harel Brigade</a>. The Negev and Yiftah Brigades fought in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian army">Egyptian army</a> and managed to stop and later repulse it into the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>. The Yiftah Brigade was later transferred to the north. The Harel Brigade was centered on Jerusalem. The merging of the Palmach into the Israeli army involved a series of power struggles with Ben-Gurion, known as <a href="/wiki/The_Generals%27_Revolt" title="The Generals' Revolt">The Generals' Revolt</a>. In 1949 many senior members of the Palmach resigned from the army. </p><p>In total, the Palmach lost 1,187 fighters during the war of independence and in the years prior to Israel's creation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>Palmach <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tank leading a convoy</figcaption></figure> <p>The Palmach memorial site records 37 deaths of Palmach members between May 1941 and May 1945. Thirty-one are described as killed in action, six were killed while serving in the British Army and six were killed in the "Struggle against the British Government". </p><p>A further 39 members of the Palmach died between the May 1945 and November 1947. Twenty-one are recorded as killed in action and one killed in battle, fourteen being killed during the attempt to blow up the Achziv Bridge during the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Bridges" title="Night of the Bridges">Night of the Bridges</a>. Twenty-eight died in the struggle against the British. </p><p>Between the beginning of December 1947 and the end of May 1948, when the Israeli army was created, 574 deaths are listed, of whom 524 were killed in action or in battle; 77 while on convoy duty or securing roads; 59 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yevusi" title="Operation Yevusi">Operation Yevusi</a>, including 34 at <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Samwil" title="Nabi Samwil">Nabi Samuel</a>; 20 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nachshon" title="Operation Nachshon">Operation Nachshon</a>, all at al-Qastal; 68 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">Operation Yiftach</a>; 12 at <a href="/wiki/Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Mishmar HaEmek">Mishmar HaEmek</a>. By district 171 members of the Palmach were killed in Jerusalem and the surrounding area, 104 in and around <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion" title="Gush Etzion">Gush Etzion</a>, 103 in the Galilee and 81 in the Negev. </p><p>From June 1948 to December 1949, during which time the Palmach was absorbed into the army, 527 members died, 452 killed in action or in battle; 101 were killed during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Danny" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Danny">Operation Danny</a>, including 45 at <a href="/wiki/Shilta" title="Shilta">Khirbet Kurikur</a>; 53 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yoav" title="Operation Yoav">Operation Yoav</a>; 44 in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Horev" title="Operation Horev">Operation Horev</a> and 22 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Death_to_the_Invader" title="Operation Death to the Invader">Operation Death to the Invader</a>. By district 234 died in the Negev and Southern Plain; 62 in Jerusalem and surrounds; 44 around Latrun; 42 in the Gaza Strip and 41 in the Central Plain and Coastal Strip. </p><p>By Brigade, 313 members of the Harel Brigade were killed, 312 from the Negev and 274 from the Yiftach. One of the dead is listed as also being a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lechi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechi">Lechi</a>. </p><p>The Palmach memorial site records the death of 34 female members, seventeen killed in action or in battle. </p><p>Around 520 of the fatalities had been born in Palestine; of whom 117 were from Tel Aviv, 97 from Jerusalem and 56 from Haifa. Over 550 had been born in Europe and Russia; with 181 from Poland, 99 from Germany and 95 from Romania. Another 131 of the dead originated from Arab and Muslim countries; 32 from Turkey, 23 from Syria and 21 from the Yemen. Of the remainder 13 had been born in the USA. </p><p>Of the dead, 633 were aged between 18 and 22 years, 302 were between 22 and 25, 138 were 26 and over, and 91 were under 18 years of age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_organization">Military organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Palmach was organised into regular companies (12 in total), later merged into battalions, and five or six special units.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companies were enumerated by the consecutive letters of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> and when translating into English some enumerated them by numbers and some by the consecutive Latin letters: </p> <ul><li>Pluga Aleph (Company One or A)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Beth (Company Two or B)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Gimel (Company Three or C)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Daled (Company Four or D)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga He (Company Five or E)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Vav (Company Six or F)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Zayin (Company Seven or G, sometimes one may see "Company Z", from "Zayin")<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Het (Company Eight or H)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Tet (Company Nine or I)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Yud – Hapluga Hayamit (Company Ten or J – the Naval Company, see <a href="/wiki/Palyam" title="Palyam">Palyam</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Yud-Alef (Company Eleven or K)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pluga Yud-Beit (Company Twelve or L)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Palmach special units included: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_782_Women_of_the_PALMACH_at_Ein_Gedi_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%27%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PikiWiki_Israel_782_Women_of_the_PALMACH_at_Ein_Gedi_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%27%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_782_Women_of_the_PALMACH_at_Ein_Gedi_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%27%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PikiWiki_Israel_782_Women_of_the_PALMACH_at_Ein_Gedi_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%27%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_782_Women_of_the_PALMACH_at_Ein_Gedi_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%27%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PikiWiki_Israel_782_Women_of_the_PALMACH_at_Ein_Gedi_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%27%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_782_Women_of_the_PALMACH_at_Ein_Gedi_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%27%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Women of the Palmach at <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmach_Sapper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Palmach_Sapper.jpg/220px-Palmach_Sapper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Palmach_Sapper.jpg/330px-Palmach_Sapper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Palmach_Sapper.jpg/440px-Palmach_Sapper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Palmach sapper preparing explosives under bridge in Wadi Serer, 1948.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negev_Beasts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Negev_Beasts.jpg/250px-Negev_Beasts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Negev_Beasts.jpg/330px-Negev_Beasts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Negev_Beasts.jpg/500px-Negev_Beasts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Negev Beasts</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Ha-Machlaka Ha-Germanit</b>: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Platoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Platoon (page does not exist)">German Platoon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:המחלקה הגרמנית">he</a>]</span> (aka the Middle East Commando) performed covert operations and sabotage operations against <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> infrastructure in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ha-Machlaka Ha-Aravit</b>: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Platoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Platoon (page does not exist)">Arab Platoon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:המחלקה הערבית">he</a>]</span> performed covert operations and espionage missions against Arab militias, which frequently attacked Jewish settlements. It was the base for the Israeli Defense Forces's and the Israeli Border Police's <a href="/wiki/Mista%27arvim" title="Mista'arvim">Mista'arvim</a> units.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palyam" title="Palyam">Palyam</a></b> (Sea Companies): the naval force of the Palmach was formed in 1943, attached to the Palmach's Staff Battalion (the 4th Battalion). They were in charge of underwater demolition and maritime activity units. The majority of their activities were related to the escorting of ships of <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a>, immigration ships (66 of them in all) bringing Jewish refugees from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by boat, despite the British <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a>, which introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palavir" title="Palavir">Palavir</a></b> (The Air Companies): made up of Jewish pilots, the Palmach air force was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Sherut_Avir" title="Sherut Avir">Sherut Avir</a> (predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a>) upon the Sherut's foundation in late 1947. Eighteen <a href="/wiki/Taylorcraft_Auster" title="Taylorcraft Auster">Taylorcraft Auster</a> Mk V aircraft and two Mk IIIs were purchased by Aviron from RAF scrapheap at Tel Nof 14 January 1947, with at least 13 aircraft restored to flying condition. First delivered late Feb 1948, these were used by the Palavir's, Tel Aviv, Galilee and Negev Squadrons for supply, reconnaissance and light attack roles.</li> <li><b>Sabotage Units</b>: explosives experts who became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Engineering_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Engineering Corps">Israeli Engineering Corps</a> in the IDF.</li></ul> <p>The Palmach put an emphasis on training field commanders (מפקדי שטח) and formed the basis for the Israeli army. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> the Palmach was expanded to form three infantry brigades commanded by Yigal Allon: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Brigade" title="Negev Brigade">Negev Brigade</a>, March 1948, with four battalions (2nd, 7th, 8th and 9th)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9th one had jeep mounted company nicknamed "Negev Beasts"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harel_Brigade" title="Harel Brigade">Harel Brigade</a>, April 16, 1948; with three battalions operating (4th, 5th and 6th) in the Jerusalem area commanded by <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (then age 26)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiftach_Brigade" title="Yiftach Brigade">Yiftach Brigade</a>, end of 1948 with three battalions operating in Eastern Galilee (1st and 3rd and later 2nd, moved from the Negev Brigade)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Command Battalion controlled naval, air and commando companies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">battle cry</a> of the Palmach commander was "!אחרי" (<i>Aharai</i>), which literally means "after me!" or "follow me!". It refers to the commander leading his troops instead of sending them out and staying behind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_politics">In politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allon_at_Iraq_Suwaydan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Allon_at_Iraq_Suwaydan.jpg/250px-Allon_at_Iraq_Suwaydan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Allon_at_Iraq_Suwaydan.jpg/330px-Allon_at_Iraq_Suwaydan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Allon_at_Iraq_Suwaydan.jpg/500px-Allon_at_Iraq_Suwaydan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Yigal Allon, Commander of Southern Front, watches the bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Suwaydan" title="Iraq Suwaydan">Iraq Suwaydan</a>, 9 November 1948</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmach_ii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Palmach_ii.jpg/250px-Palmach_ii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Palmach_ii.jpg/330px-Palmach_ii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Palmach_ii.jpg/500px-Palmach_ii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Members of 3rd Battalion gathered in <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> prior to the dissolution of the Palmach in 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>The Palmach was a broad spectrum <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">left-wing nationalist</a> organisation, associated with <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> parties. Its members trained and lived in <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a>. The political tendencies of its leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Sadeh" title="Yitzhak Sadeh">Yitzhak Sadeh</a> was towards <a href="/wiki/Mapam" title="Mapam">Mapam</a>, a left-wing party in opposition to <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mapai" title="Mapai">Mapai</a> ruling party. In 1944 a major split had occurred in <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Palestine's Jewish community's</a> dominant party, Mapai, led by David Ben-Gurion. The breakaway group <a href="/wiki/Ahdut_HaAvoda" title="Ahdut HaAvoda">Ahdut HaAvoda</a>, which evolved into Mapam, were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin's</a> regime in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and had a strong following in the kibbutz movement. Since most of the Palmach's members came from the kibbutzim, the Mapam dominated the Palmach, with a majority of its officers being members.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1948 Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister and Minister of Defence of the new state, had a series of confrontations with leaders of the Haganah and the Palmach. In a process that Ben-Gurion described as de-politicizing the army, the three Palmach brigades were disbanded and in 1950 most of the Mapam officers resigned. Those Palmach members who had been in Mapam and remained in the army had to endure several years on the margins. The effect of the de-politicizing was that all senior army posts were held by Mapai members or Ben-Gurion loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After demobilization many Palmach members founded new kibbutzim. In 1949 they set up <a href="/wiki/Bar%27am" title="Bar'am">Bar'am</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Guvrin,_Israel" title="Beit Guvrin, Israel">Beit Guvrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nir_Yitzhak" title="Nir Yitzhak">Nir Yitzhak</a> (named in honour of Yitzhak Sadeh), <a href="/wiki/Palmachim" title="Palmachim">Palmachim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Re%27im" title="Re'im">Re'im</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaNikra_(kibbutz)" title="Rosh HaNikra (kibbutz)">Rosh HaNikra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Re%27im" title="Re'im">Re'im</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yir%27on" title="Yir'on">Yir'on</a>. Palmach members were not, however, a unified, homogeneous collective with a single ideology. In the early years of the state of Israel they could be found in all political parties. </p><p>Yigal Allon, considered by many to be the representative of the Palmach generation, never reached a position of national leadership although he was Prime Minister for a few days between <a href="/wiki/Levi_Eshkol" title="Levi Eshkol">Eshkol's</a> death and <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Meir's</a> appointment in 1969. He died in 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides military contributions, the Palmach had great influence over the Israeli "<a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Tzabar</a>" culture. </p><p>Palmach activities included "Kumzitz" (sitting around a fire at night, eating, passing a "finjan" with coffee around, talking and having fun, as immortalized in the song <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Finjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Finjan (page does not exist)">The Finjan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:הפינג'אן">he</a>]</span>, lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Haim_Hefer" title="Haim Hefer">Haim Hefer</a>), public singing, and cross-country walking trips.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These often took on mythical proportions and have become favorite activities for Israelis. </p><p>The Palmach also contributed many anecdotes, jokes, "chizbat" (short funny tales, often based on exaggerations; a Palmach entertainment band <a href="/wiki/Chizbatron" title="Chizbatron">Chizbatron</a> took the name from this word), songs and even books and stories. </p><p>Notable Palmach cultural figures include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Amichai" title="Yehuda Amichai">Yehuda Amichai</a> – poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahn_Ben-Amotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahn Ben-Amotz">Dahn Ben-Amotz</a> – writer, journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Avigad" title="Gad Avigad">Gad Avigad</a> – scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiva_Ben-Yehuda" title="Netiva Ben-Yehuda">Netiva Ben-Yehuda</a> – journalist, writer, radio host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Hefer" title="Haim Hefer">Haim Hefer</a> – poet, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Gouri" title="Haim Gouri">Haim Gouri</a> – poet, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaike_Ophir" title="Shaike Ophir">Shaike Ophir</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Shamir" title="Moshe Shamir">Moshe Shamir</a> – writer, playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Szenes" title="Hannah Szenes">Hannah Szenes</a> (Senesh) – poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon" title="Vidal Sassoon">Vidal Sassoon</a> – British hairdresser</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palmach_song">Palmach song</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Palmach song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full text of the song:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> original </th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><div dir="rtl" class="poem"> <p>מסביב יהום הסער,<br /> אך ראשינו לא ישח<br /> לפקודה תמיד אנחנו,<br /> תמיד אנו, אנו הפלמ״ח.<br /> <br /> ממטולה עד הנגב,<br /> מן הים עד המדבר<br /> כל בחור וטוב – לנשק<br /> כל בחור על המישמר!<br /> <br /> נתיב לנשר בשמיים,<br /> שביל לפרא בין הרים,<br /> מול אויב דרכנו יעל,<br /> בין ניקרות ובין צורים.<br /> <br /> ראשונים תמיד אנחנו,<br /> לאור היום ובמחשך<br /> לפקודה תמיד אנחנו,<br /> תמיד אנו, אנו הפלמ״ח. </p> </div> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Though the storm is ever mounting<br /> Still, our heads remain unbowed.<br /> We are ready to obey all commands,<br /> The Palmach will win – we've vowed.<br /> <br /> From Metulla to the Negev,<br /> From the desert to the plain,<br /> All our youth defend the homeland,<br /> Till we bring it peace again.<br /> <br /> In the eagle's path, we follow,<br /> Over mountain tracks, we go,<br /> Among stony heights and caverns<br /> We are seeking out the foe.<br /> <br /> When you summon us to battle,<br /> We will be there first by day or night,<br /> We are ready when you give the command,<br /> The Palmach will march in might. </p> </div></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palmach_Museum">Palmach Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Palmach Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Palmach_Museum" title="Palmach Museum">Palmach Museum</a>, located on <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Levanon" title="Chaim Levanon">Chaim Levanon</a> Street in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Eretz_Israel_Museum" title="Eretz Israel Museum">Eretz Israel Museum</a>, explores the Palmach legacy through the stories of individuals and groups. Visitors to the museum join the group of young Palmach recruits from its establishment, and advanced through the story of the Palmach until the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Palmachniks">Notable Palmachniks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable Palmachniks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Palmach_members" title="Category:Palmach members">Category:Palmach members</a></div> <dl><dt>High command</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Golomb" title="Eliyahu Golomb">Eliyahu Golomb</a> – general commander of <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Sadeh" title="Yitzhak Sadeh">Yitzhak Sadeh</a> – first general commander of Palmach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a> – second general commander of Palmach (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giora_Shanan" title="Giora Shanan">Giora Shanan</a> – lieutenant general deputy commander of the Palmach</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Nameri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Nameri (page does not exist)">David Nameri</a> – lieutenant general commander of the Palmach</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yohanan_Ratner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yohanan Ratner (page does not exist)">Yohanan Ratner</a> – strategy officer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Bar-Tikva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moshe Bar-Tikva (page does not exist)">Moshe Bar-Tikva</a> – training officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> – brigade commander; Allon's second in command</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Kelman" title="Moshe Kelman">Moshe Kelman</a> – 3rd Battalion commander</li></ul> <dl><dt>Special units commanders</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Avidan" title="Shimon Avidan">Shimon Avidan</a> – commander of the "German Department"</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Ben-Yehuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Ben-Yehuda (page does not exist)">Israel Ben-Yehuda</a> – commander of the "Arab Department"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a> – commander of the "Syrian Department"</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">Company</a> commanders (as of 1943)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zalman_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zalman Mars (page does not exist)">Zalman Mars</a> – Pluga Aleph commanders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meir_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meir Davidson (page does not exist)">Meir Davidson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uri_Brenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uri Brenner (page does not exist)">Uri Brenner</a> – Pluga Beth commanders</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uri_Yafeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uri Yafeh (page does not exist)">Uri Yafeh</a> – Pluga Gimel commander</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Goldstein_Tzur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Goldstein Tzur (page does not exist)">Benjamin Goldstein Tzur</a> – Pluga Dalet commander</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Negev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Negev (page does not exist)">Abraham Negev</a> – Pluga Hey commander</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Livertovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Livertovski (page does not exist)">Israel Livertovski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Avidan" title="Shimon Avidan">Shimon Avidan</a> – Pluga Vav commander</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabi_Mutzery-Mani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maccabi Mutzery-Mani (page does not exist)">Maccabi Mutzery-Mani</a> – Plugat Shomrei-Ha'Hof (Coastal Watch) – north</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Jean_(Jacob)_Salamon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Jean (Jacob) Salamon (page does not exist)">Jacob Salomon</a> – Plugat Shomrei-Ha'Hof (Coastal Watch) – south</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yehuda._L._Ben-Tzur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yehuda. L. Ben-Tzur (page does not exist)">Yehuda. L. Ben-Tzur</a> – Palyam commander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Tankus" title="Shmuel Tankus">Shmuel Tankus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yanai" title="Shmuel Yanai">Shmuel Yanai</a> – Palyam commander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Eitan" title="Rafael Eitan">Rafael Eitan</a> – 4th Battalion, Company A. 1948</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Har-Zion" title="Meir Har-Zion">Meir Har-Zion</a>, soldier, described by Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a> as "the finest of our commando soldiers, the best soldier ever to emerge in the IDF".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracha_Fuld" title="Bracha Fuld">Bracha Fuld</a> (1926–1946), Palmach squad commander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Gill-Glick" class="mw-redirect" title="Arie Gill-Glick">Arie Gill-Glick</a> (1930–2016), Israeli Olympic runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Amitai Etzioni</a>, author of <i>Diary of a Commando Soldier</i> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Horev" title="Amos Horev">Amos Horev</a> (born 1924), IDF Major-General, nuclear scientist, and President of <a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Rafaeli" title="Eliezer Rafaeli">Eliezer Rafaeli</a> (born 1926), founding President of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="p._61" class="citation book cs1">Peri, Yoram (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweenbattlesba0000peri"><i>Between battles and ballots – Israeli military in politics</i></a></span>. CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24414-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24414-5"><bdi>0-521-24414-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+battles+and+ballots+%E2%80%93+Israeli+military+in+politics&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-24414-5&rft.aulast=Peri&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetweenbattlesba0000peri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yigal Allon, <i>Shield of David</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00133-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00133-1">978-0-297-00133-1</a>, 1970. p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Russell Cox (2015) Britain and the origin of Israeli Special Operations: SOE and PALMACH during the Second World War, Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 8:1, 60-78, DOI:10.1080/17467586.2014.964741</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allon, pp. 118, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allon, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allon, pp. 126, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Silver, <i>Begin, A Biography</i>. 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78399-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78399-8">0-297-78399-8</a>. p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, p. 64; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="p._289" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Edward (1982). <i>A Job Well Done, A History of the Palestine Police Force 1920–1948</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Job+Well+Done%2C+A+History+of+the+Palestine+Police+Force+1920%E2%80%931948&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, pp. 295–96. Also note the author's comment that the Palestine Police found the Palmach easier to penetrate than the Irgun. p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601071247/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0">"Night of the Bridges – Fallen soldiers – First Battalion"</a>. <i>www.palmach.org.il</i>. 17 June 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0">the original</a> on 1 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.palmach.org.il&rft.atitle=Night+of+the+Bridges+%E2%80%93+Fallen+soldiers+%E2%80%93+First+Battalion&rft.date=1948-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmach.org.il%2Fshow_item.asp%3FitemId%3D8519%26levelId%3D42855%26itemType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, p. 64: 27 December 1946 – 10 British servicemen killed; 25 February 1946 – 20 RAF planes destroyed; 26 April 1946 – 6 paratroopers killed in their beds at their Tel Aviv barracks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, p. 68: Weizmann threatened to resign "I demand you stop all operations by all three underground groups." 17 July 1946. (before the King David bomb). p. 73: Ben-Gurion acquiesced in a return to diplomacy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dov_Yosef" title="Dov Yosef">Joseph, Dov</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thefaithfulcity0000unse/page/8/mode/2up"><i>The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-10976">60-10976</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/266413">266413</a>. <q>For example, all the land mines used against Rommel came from Jewish factories in Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+faithful+city%3A+the+siege+of+Jerusalem%2C+1948&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F266413&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60-10976&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Dov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthefaithfulcity0000unse%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walid Khalidi, <i>All That Remains</i>. 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5">0-88728-224-5</a>. p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="p._156" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofpalestini00morr"><i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33028-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33028-9"><bdi>0-521-33028-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-33028-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofpalestini00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, p. 465. Including 4 children.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, pp. 33, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, pp. 43, 156. Puts the number killed at the refinery as 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, pp. 195, 196. Quotes <i>New York Times</i> 16 February 1948 five small children.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Palmach memorial site records all 35 as members of the Palmach</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raz, Simcha (1976). <i>A Tzaddik in Our Time: The life of Rabbi Aryeh Levin</i>. Spring Valley, New York: Philipp Feldheim Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87306-986-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87306-986-2">0-87306-986-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 54. Describes it as "the first pre-planned expulsion of an Arab community by Haganah in 1948".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, p. 309, quotes Harry Levin's eyewitness account; p. 278., 41 houses destroyed in Bayt Naqquba; p. 276, gives the size of Sixth Battalion as 400–500 men.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, pp. 158, 159. "systematically destroyed".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi. For example: p. 142, Abu Shushe, 155 houses in 1945 survey; p. 143, Abu Zurayq, 30 houses blown up; p. 160, al Ghubbayya, 38 houses; p. 169, al Kafrayn "blown up completely", 95 houses; Al Mansi "all houses blown up", 98 houses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 103. Also Morris, p. 122: 5 May, Palmach sappers blew up 50 houses in <a href="/wiki/Al-Zanghariyya" title="Al-Zanghariyya">al-Zanghariyya</a> and other villages in the area.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, p. 436. 1933 census counts 127 houses in 'Ayn al-Zaytun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601071247/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0">"Fallen soldiers – Operations"</a>. Palmach.org.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0">the original</a> on 1 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fallen+soldiers+%E2%80%93+Operations&rft.pub=Palmach.org.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmach.org.il%2Fshow_item.asp%3FitemId%3D8519%26levelId%3D42855%26itemType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Silver, <i>Begin, A Biography</i>. 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78399-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78399-8">0-297-78399-8</a>. p. 87: "Mid 1947 ... full-time Palmach, with 3,100 men and women".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dov_Yosef" title="Dov Yosef">Joseph, Dov</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thefaithfulcity0000unse/page/28/mode/2up"><i>The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-10976">60-10976</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/266413">266413</a>. <q>2,100 fighters and 1,000 reserves</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+faithful+city%3A+the+siege+of+Jerusalem%2C+1948&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F266413&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60-10976&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Dov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthefaithfulcity0000unse%2Fpage%2F28%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimcheKimche1960" class="citation book cs1">Kimche, Jon; Kimche, David (1960). <i>A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel</i>. Frederick A. Praeger. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-6996">60-6996</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348948">1348948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Clash+of+Destinies.+The+Arab-Jewish+War+and+the+Founding+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348948&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60-6996&rft.aulast=Kimche&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Kimche%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span> (Authors use "girls" rather than "women".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601071247/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0">"פלמ״ח"</a>. <i>www.palmach.org.il</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0">the original</a> on 1 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.palmach.org.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%B4%D7%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmach.org.il%2Fshow_item.asp%3FitemId%3D8519%26levelId%3D42855%26itemType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, pp. 107, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601071247/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0">"פלמ״ח"</a>. Palmach.org.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8519&levelId=42855&itemType=0">the original</a> on 1 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%B4%D7%97&rft.pub=Palmach.org.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmach.org.il%2Fshow_item.asp%3FitemId%3D8519%26levelId%3D42855%26itemType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6204">The Palmach Companies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6205">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6205</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6206">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6206</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6207">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6207</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6208">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6208</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6209">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6209</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6210">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6210</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6211">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6211</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6212">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6212</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6213">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6213</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=8413">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=8413</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6214">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6214</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6215">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6215</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendtorf, Dirk. “The German Platoon of the Palmach: the First German-Jewish Fighting Unit in the Second World War and the Unsung Story of Heroism.” <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i>. 5 Nov. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://DOI:%2010.1080/14725886.2020.1840041">https://DOI: 10.1080/14725886.2020.1840041</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130711094433/http://doi/">Archived</a> 11 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6190">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6190</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zionism-israel.com/IDF_Negev_Beasts/Joining_negev_beasts.html">Joining the IDF Negev Beasts, 1948</a>, an from the book, <i>Eyes of the Beholder</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Teperson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Teperson (page does not exist)">David Teperson</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:דוד טפרסון">he</a>]</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6192">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6192</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6191">https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=6191</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peri, p. 47. Five Brigade Commanders and its Commanding Officer Yigal Allon were members.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peri, p. 62. Those who stayed: Yitzhak Rabin, Haim BarLev, David Elazar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palmach.org.il/en/history/database/?itemId=5489">Culture and Folklore</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewsongs.com/?song=shirhapalmach">"Lyrics of the song"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lyrics+of+the+song&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewsongs.com%2F%3Fsong%3Dshirhapalmach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0GqLBlgErU"><span class="plainlinks">Palmach song performed by an Israeli orchestra</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Benny (1993) <i>Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956. Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War</i>. Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827850-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827850-0">0-19-827850-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrener1978" class="citation book cs1">Brener, Uri (1978). <i>The Palmach – Its Warriors and Operation</i>. special edition for Palmach national convention.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmach+%E2%80%93+Its+Warriors+and+Operation&rft.pub=special+edition+for+Palmach+national+convention&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Brener&rft.aufirst=Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPa'ilZoharRonen" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pa'il, Meir; Zohar, Avraham; Ronen, Azriel. <i>Palmach: Plugot Hamahatz shel Hahaganah, 1941–1949</i> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmach%3A+Plugot+Hamahatz+shel+Hahaganah%2C+1941%E2%80%931949&rft.aulast=Pa%27il&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft.au=Zohar%2C+Avraham&rft.au=Ronen%2C+Azriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZoharPail2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zohar, Avraham; Pail, Meir (2001). <i>The Naval Palmach (PalYam)</i> (in Hebrew). Israel: the Ministry of Defence, Israel and the Galili Center for Defence Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9650510826" title="Special:BookSources/9650510826"><bdi>9650510826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Palmach+%28PalYam%29&rft.place=Israel&rft.pub=the+Ministry+of+Defence%2C+Israel+and+the+Galili+Center+for+Defence+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9650510826&rft.aulast=Zohar&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft.au=Pail%2C+Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2009" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (17 April 2009). <i>1948: A History of the First Arab-israeli War</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300151121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300151121"><bdi>978-0300151121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+A+History+of+the+First+Arab-israeli+War&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft.isbn=978-0300151121&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righteousvictims00morr_0"><i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict 1881–2001</i></a>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679744754" title="Special:BookSources/0679744754"><bdi>0679744754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict+1881%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2001-08&rft.isbn=0679744754&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frighteousvictims00morr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBel-Eliezer1998" class="citation book cs1">Bel-Eliezer, Uri (1 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofisraelim00bene"><i>The Making of the Israeli Military</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253333873" title="Special:BookSources/0253333873"><bdi>0253333873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Israeli+Military&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft.isbn=0253333873&rft.aulast=Bel-Eliezer&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofisraelim00bene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkovitzki1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Markovitzki, Yaakov (1989). <i>Palmach Special Ground Units</i> (in Hebrew). Israel: Ministry Defence, Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmach+Special+Ground+Units&rft.place=Israel&rft.pub=Ministry+Defence%2C+Israel&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Markovitzki&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoffer1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goffer, Haim (1995). <i>The Guard on the Shore</i> (in Hebrew). Israel: TAG Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-487-023-1" title="Special:BookSources/965-487-023-1"><bdi>965-487-023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guard+on+the+Shore&rft.place=Israel&rft.pub=TAG+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=965-487-023-1&rft.aulast=Goffer&rft.aufirst=Haim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmach" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmach&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Palmach</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/IDF" class="extiw" title="wikt:IDF">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Israel_Defense_Forces" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Israel Defense Forces">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928141558/http://www.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?itemId=8572&levelId=42850&itemType=0">Official Website of the Palmach in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palyam.org/indexEn">Official Website of the Palyam in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501063731/http://www.palyam.org/indexEn">Archived</a> 1 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=palmach&Search_Code=SUBJ_&PID=21583&SEQ=20060429214057&CNT=25&HIST=1">Library of Congress (U.S.) subject tracings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/Exhibitions/Pages/The-Palmach-convention.aspx">The Palmach convention, October 1949, Exhibition in the IDF&Defense establishment archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806024139/http://www.archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/Exhibitions/Pages/The-Palmach-convention.aspx">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a 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