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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li 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class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Pendjab" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Pendjab" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Pendjab" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Pendjab" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Histoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Histoire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Géographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Géographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Géographie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Géographie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Géographie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Géographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_Pendjab_pakistanais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_Pendjab_pakistanais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Le Pendjab pakistanais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_Pendjab_pakistanais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_Pendjab_indien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_Pendjab_indien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Le Pendjab indien</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Le_Pendjab_indien-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Le Pendjab indien</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Le_Pendjab_indien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L’État_indien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L’État_indien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>L’État indien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L’État_indien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haryana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haryana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Haryana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haryana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Himachal_Pradesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himachal_Pradesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Himachal Pradesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himachal_Pradesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pendjab</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 84 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="بنجاب (منطقة) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنجاب (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punyab" title="Punyab – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Punyab" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99ncab_regionu" title="Pəncab regionu – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pəncab regionu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%B1" title="Пәнжәб – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пәнжәб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD)" title="Пенджаб (рэгіён) – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пенджаб (рэгіён)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пенджаб – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пенджаб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2)" title="পাঞ্জাব (অঞ্চল) – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্জাব (অঞ্চল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Panjab" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panjab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ناوچەی پەنجاب – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوچەی پەنجاب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%88d%C5%BE%C3%A1b" title="Paňdžáb – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paňdžáb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(rhanbarth)" title="Punjab (rhanbarth) – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Punjab (rhanbarth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Παντζάμπ – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παντζάμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%9Dabio" title="Panĝabio – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panĝabio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punyab" title="Punyab – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punyab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab" title="Pandžab – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pandžab" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="منطقه پنجاب – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه پنجاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandjab_(Regiuun)" title="Pandjab (Regiuun) – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pandjab (Regiuun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puinse%C3%A1b" title="Puinseáb – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Puinseáb" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC" title="પંજાબ – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પંજાબ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%91" title="חבל פנג'אב – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבל פנג'אב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पंजाब क्षेत्र – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंजाब क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BEab_(regija)" title="Pendžab (regija) – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pendžab (regija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandzs%C3%A1b_r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3" title="Pandzsáb régió – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pandzsáb régió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A2" title="Փանջաբ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փանջաբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAnjab" title="Púnjab – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púnjab" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(regione)" title="Punjab (regione) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punjab (regione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96" title="パンジャーブ – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンジャーブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%80%EC%9E%90%EB%B8%8C" title="펀자브 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펀자브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пенжаб – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пенжаб" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengabum" title="Pengabum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pengabum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabas" title="Pandžabas – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pandžabas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BE%C4%81ba" title="Pendžāba – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pendžāba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="പഞ്ചാബ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചാബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Панжаб – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панжаб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="पंजाब प्रदेश – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पंजाब प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantau_Punjab" title="Rantau Punjab – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rantau Punjab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پنجاب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पञ्जाब – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पञ्जाब" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(gebied)" title="Punjab (gebied) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punjab (gebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panjab" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panjab" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пенджаб – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пенджаб" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਪੰਜਾਬ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਜਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BCab" title="Pendżab – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pendżab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabe" title="Panjabe – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panjabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пенджаб – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенджаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D" title="पञ्जाब् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पञ्जाब्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پنجاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(regija)" title="Punjab (regija) – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Punjab (regija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punjab region" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BE%C3%A1b_(historick%C3%A9_%C3%BAzemie)" title="Pandžáb (historické územie) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pandžáb (historické územie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پنجاب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Панџаб – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панџаб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பஞ்சாப் பகுதி – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சாப் பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="పంజాబ్ ప్రాంతం – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంజాబ్ ప్రాంతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="ภูมิภาคปัญจาบ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิภาคปัญจาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencap" title="Pencap – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pencap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Пәнҗаб – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пәнҗаб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پەنجاب – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پەنجاب" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Пенджаб (регіон) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенджаб (регіон)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%82_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="خطۂ پنجاب – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خطۂ پنجاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjob" title="Panjob – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panjob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="旁遮普地区 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旁遮普地区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="旁遮普地区 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旁遮普地区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Punjab" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E6%B8%A3%E5%88%A5" title="頻渣別 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="頻渣別" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169132#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pendjab"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Pendjab" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Pendjab" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&oldid=218405088" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Pendjab&id=218405088&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPendjab"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPendjab"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pendjab"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pendjab&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Punjab_region" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Penjab" hreflang="fr"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169132" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" class="noprint"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/8/31.2316/74.5503/fr" data-zoom="8" data-lat="31.2316" data-lon="74.5503" data-overlays="["_c54e682ddf3b59e95afc14105985a3ed061f2911"]">31° 13′ 54″ nord, 74° 33′ 01″ est</a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour la province pakistanaise, voir <a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Pakistan)" title="Pendjab (Pakistan)">Pendjab (Pakistan)</a>, pour l’État indien, voir <a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Inde)" title="Pendjab (Inde)">Pendjab (Inde)</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete map" style="background-color:#14866d;color:#ffffff;">Pendjab<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r151886662">.mw-parser-output .entete.map{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Punjab_map_(topographic)_with_cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Pendjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/280px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/420px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a></span> <br />Localisation du Pendjab en <a href="/wiki/Asie_du_Sud" title="Asie du Sud">Asie du Sud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px; color:inherit; background-color:#14866d;" /></td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_pays_du_monde" title="Liste des pays du monde">Pays</a> </th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Inde"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Inde"><img alt="Drapeau de l'Inde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a></span><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Pakistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Pakistan"><img alt="Drapeau du Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Subdivision_par_pays" title="Catégorie:Subdivision par pays">Subdivisions administratives</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Inde)" title="Pendjab (Inde)">Pendjab indien</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Pakistan)" title="Pendjab (Pakistan)">Pendjab pakistanais</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Coordonnées </th><td><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/8/31.2316/74.5503/fr" data-zoom="8" data-lat="31.2316" data-lon="74.5503" data-overlays="["_c54e682ddf3b59e95afc14105985a3ed061f2911"]">31° 13′ 54″ nord, 74° 33′ 01″ est</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Superficie approximative </th> <td>355 705 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cours_d%27eau" title="Cours d'eau">Cours d'eau</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Be%C3%A2s" class="mw-redirect" title="Beâs">Beâs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_(rivi%C3%A8re)" title="Ravi (rivière)">Ravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenab" title="Chenab">Chenab</a> et <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_(rivi%C3%A8re)" title="Jhelum (rivière)">Jhelum</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Production </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9" title="Blé">Blé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riz" title="Riz">riz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coton" title="Coton">coton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canne_%C3%A0_sucre" title="Canne à sucre">canne à sucre</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Indicateurs_de_population_de_l%27Insee" title="Indicateurs de population de l'Insee">Population totale</a> </th> <td>152 000 000 hab. <small>()</small> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px; color:inherit; background-color:#009000;" /></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Punjab_map.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Pendjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punjab_map.svg/langfr-280px-Punjab_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punjab_map.svg/langfr-420px-Punjab_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punjab_map.svg/langfr-560px-Punjab_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <br />Carte du Pendjab. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="img_toggle" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="geobox"> <div><small>Géolocalisation sur la carte : <a href="/wiki/Asie" title="Asie">Asie</a></small></div> <table class="DebutCarte" style="width:auto; margin:0; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0"><div style="position:relative;;"><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Voir situation sur carte : Asie)"><img alt="(Voir situation sur carte : Asie)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/280px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/420px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/560px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute;border:none;line-height:0px;top:57.651289841693%;left:33.838831651065%;"><div style="position:absolute;border:none;top:-5px;left:-5px;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pendjab"><img alt="Pendjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/10px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/15px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/20px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><span class="toponyme" style="display:none">Pendjab</span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #009000 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_R%C3%A9gion_naturelle" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>Pendjab</b> ou <b>Panjab</b> ou encore <b>Pandjab</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Pendjabi" title="Pendjabi">pendjabi</a> : <span class="lang-pa" lang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬ</span> / <span class="lang-pa" lang="pa" dir="rtl">پنجاب</span> ; en <a href="/wiki/Anglais" title="Anglais">anglais</a> : <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>Punjab</i></span>) est une région du <a href="/wiki/Sous-continent_indien" title="Sous-continent indien">sous-continent indien</a> comprenant une grande partie de l'est du <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (province du <a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Pakistan)" title="Pendjab (Pakistan)">Pendjab pakistanais</a>) et du nord-ouest de l'<a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a> (État du <a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Inde)" title="Pendjab (Inde)">Pendjab indien</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le nom « Pendjab » est d'origine <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">perse</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, de <i><span class="lang-fa-latn" lang="fa-latn">panj</span></i> (« cinq ») et <i><span class="lang-fa-latn" lang="fa-latn">āb</span></i> (« rivière ») : « (pays des) cinq rivières ». Ces cinq rivières sont la <a href="/wiki/Be%C3%A2s" class="mw-redirect" title="Beâs">Beâs</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Ravi_(rivi%C3%A8re)" title="Ravi (rivière)">Ravi</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Chenab" title="Chenab">Chenab</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_(rivi%C3%A8re)" title="Jhelum (rivière)">Jhelum</a> ; toutes sont des <a href="/wiki/Affluent" title="Affluent">affluents</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Indus" title="Indus">Indus</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le Pendjab a une longue histoire. Il a été habité par les <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_de_la_vall%C3%A9e_de_l%27Indus" title="Civilisation de la vallée de l'Indus">Harappéens</a>, les proto-<a href="/wiki/Dravidiens" title="Dravidiens">Dravidiens</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Aryens" title="Aryens">Indo-Aryens</a> et envahi par les <a href="/wiki/Perses" class="mw-redirect" title="Perses">Perses</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Grecs" title="Grecs">Grecs</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Kouchans" title="Kouchans">Kouchans</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Ghazn%C3%A9vides" title="Ghaznévides">Ghaznévides</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Timourides" class="mw-redirect" title="Timourides">Timourides</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Moghols" class="mw-redirect" title="Moghols">Moghols</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghans</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Britanniques" title="Britanniques">Britanniques</a>. Les habitants du Pendjab sont aujourd'hui plus de 152 millions, ils <a href="/wiki/Gentil%C3%A9" title="Gentilé">sont appelés</a> « Pendjabis » et parlent principalement le <a href="/wiki/Pendjabi" title="Pendjabi">pendjabi</a>. Les religions principales sont l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme">sikhisme</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Hindouisme" title="Hindouisme">hindouisme</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>, lors de la <a href="/wiki/Partition_des_Indes" title="Partition des Indes">partition des Indes</a>, le Pendjab a été divisé en deux entre l'Inde (<a href="/wiki/Union_indienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Union indienne">Union indienne</a>) et le Pakistan (<a href="/wiki/Dominion_du_Pakistan" title="Dominion du Pakistan">dominion du Pakistan</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg/220px-Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg/330px-Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg/440px-Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> au Pakistan: Fondation bouddhique d'une <a href="/wiki/Satrape" title="Satrape">satrapie</a> <a href="/wiki/Royaumes_indo-grecs" title="Royaumes indo-grecs">Indo-grecque</a> à Taxila : sur le site archéologique de Jaulian, <a href="/wiki/Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupa">stupas</a> votifs (terre crue) autour de la plateforme du grand stupa. <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:July_9_2005_-_The_Lahore_Fort-Pavillion_adjacent_to_the_Shish_Mahal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/July_9_2005_-_The_Lahore_Fort-Pavillion_adjacent_to_the_Shish_Mahal.jpg/220px-July_9_2005_-_The_Lahore_Fort-Pavillion_adjacent_to_the_Shish_Mahal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/July_9_2005_-_The_Lahore_Fort-Pavillion_adjacent_to_the_Shish_Mahal.jpg/330px-July_9_2005_-_The_Lahore_Fort-Pavillion_adjacent_to_the_Shish_Mahal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/July_9_2005_-_The_Lahore_Fort-Pavillion_adjacent_to_the_Shish_Mahal.jpg/440px-July_9_2005_-_The_Lahore_Fort-Pavillion_adjacent_to_the_Shish_Mahal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Le <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Lahore" title="Fort de Lahore">fort de Lahore</a> construit par l'empereur <a href="/wiki/Empire_moghol" title="Empire moghol">moghol</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Durant la <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9histoire" title="Préhistoire">Préhistoire</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_de_la_vall%C3%A9e_de_l%27Indus" title="Civilisation de la vallée de l'Indus">civilisation de la vallée de l'Indus</a>, l'une des plus anciennes d'<a href="/wiki/Asie_du_Sud" title="Asie du Sud">Asie du Sud</a>, occupe ce qui est aujourd'hui la région du Pendjab. Dès le troisième millénaire av.J-C, un commerce international existe entre la méditerranée et l'Indus. Il fournit notamment du lapis aux états Mesopotamiens. Les cargos partent de l'Indus, passent par des ports relais, puis arrivent à <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>, où les marchandises sont achetées par les marchands Sumériens, qui les transportent en Mésopotamie et au-delà, jusqu'en Égypte et en Anatolie. La poule a été introduite en Égypte de cette manière, et une espèce d'éléphant syrien a existé grâce à cette importation, mais elle a disparu à cause des <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chasses_des_rois_assyriens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chasses des rois assyriens (page inexistante)">chasses des rois assyriens</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/-518" class="mw-redirect" title="-518">-518</a>, le Grand Roi <a href="/wiki/Darius_Ier" title="Darius Ier">Darius Ier</a> lance une campagne pour conquérir la région. Les troupes achéménides traversent le <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucase_indien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caucase indien (page inexistante)">Caucase indien</a> et arrivent dans le Pendjab où les royaumes locaux sont soumis et la région, incorporée dans l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_perse" title="Empire perse">Empire perse</a>, devient la vingtième satrapie. Une route est construite par les Perses pour faciliter le contrôle du pays, et des garnisons sont installées à <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, sur les ponts et les routes. </p><p>Les batailles épiques du <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> sont situées dans l'actuel <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, partie du Pendjab historique<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/-326" class="mw-redirect" title="-326">326 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_le_Grand" title="Alexandre le Grand">Alexandre le Grand</a> envahit une partie du Pendjab à partir du nord et défait le roi <a href="/wiki/Poros_(roi)" title="Poros (roi)">Porus</a>. Ses armées entrent dans la région par l'<a href="/wiki/Hindou_Kouch" title="Hindou Kouch">Hindou Kouch</a> et son empire s'étend jusqu'à la ville de <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sagala</a>. En <a href="/wiki/-305" class="mw-redirect" title="-305">305 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>, le Pendjab fait partie de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Maurya">empire Maurya</a> puis du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_indo-grec" class="mw-redirect" title="Royaume indo-grec">Royaume indo-grec</a> vers <a href="/wiki/-200" class="mw-redirect" title="-200">200 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9nandre_Ier" title="Ménandre Ier">Ménandre <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, qui règne d'environ <a href="/wiki/-160" class="mw-redirect" title="-160">160</a> à <a href="/wiki/-135" class="mw-redirect" title="-135">135 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>, se convertit probablement au <a href="/wiki/Bouddhisme" title="Bouddhisme">bouddhisme</a>. La région est envahie plusieurs fois, notamment par les <a href="/wiki/Scythes" title="Scythes">Scythes</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>. Ces derniers fondent l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_kouchan" title="Empire kouchan">Empire kouchan</a> au <a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle" title="Ier siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Empire_Gupta" title="Empire Gupta">Guptas</a> dominent ensuite la région (<a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>), puis <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="VIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>) et les <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="VIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>). En <a href="/wiki/711" title="711">711</a>–<a href="/wiki/713" title="713">713</a> le sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a> de <a href="/wiki/Taif" class="mw-redirect" title="Taif">Taif</a>, une ville d'<a href="/wiki/Arabie" title="Arabie">Arabie</a>, défait le raja Dahir et conquiert le <a href="/wiki/Sind" title="Sind">Sind</a> et le Pendjab au nom des <a href="/wiki/Omeyyades" title="Omeyyades">Omeyyades</a>. Il est le premier à introduire l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> dans la région. </p><p>Par la suite, une série de dynasties musulmanes se succèdent jusqu'à l'établissement des <a href="/wiki/Empire_moghol" title="Empire moghol">Moghols</a> en <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>. Une période de prospérité et de paix relative s'ensuit. Le <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> (<a href="/wiki/1469" title="1469">1469</a>-<a href="/wiki/1539" title="1539">1539</a>) fonde le <a href="/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme">sikhisme</a> pendant cette période. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1758" title="1758">1758</a>, le Pendjab est pris par les <a href="/wiki/Marathes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathes">Marathes</a>. Ceux-ci résistent à l'invasion des forces afghanes de <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sh%C3%A2h_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Shâh Durrani">Ahmad Shâh Durrani</a> mais sont affaiblis. La Dhal <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> sikhe est fondée en <a href="/wiki/1748" title="1748">1748</a> à <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>. Elle domine la majorité du Pendjab au sein de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_sikh" title="Empire sikh">Empire sikh</a> à partir de <a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a> sous le règne du <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja">maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, couronné en <a href="/wiki/1801" title="1801">1801</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Punjab_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/220px-Punjab_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/330px-Punjab_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/440px-Punjab_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>La province du Pendjab, dans l'<a href="/wiki/Raj_britannique" title="Raj britannique">Empire britannique des Indes</a> en 1909.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dix ans après sa mort, l'empire éclate et les <a href="/wiki/Britanniques" title="Britanniques">Britanniques</a> défont les sikhs avec l'aide des rois Dogra. L'Empire sikh était alors le dernier État indien à ne pas être dominé par les Britanniques. </p><p>Lors de la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_cipayes" title="Révolte des cipayes">révolte indienne de 1857</a>, les dirigeants sikhs soutiennent la <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_britannique_des_Indes_orientales" title="Compagnie britannique des Indes orientales">Compagnie des Indes orientales</a> et lui procurent des troupes<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, la rébellion est écrasée avec l'aide des chefs pendjabis de Nabha et Malerkotla. </p><p>Toutefois, quelques années plus tard, de nombreux Pendjabis jouent un rôle important lors du <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_pour_l%27ind%C3%A9pendance_de_l%27Inde" title="Mouvement pour l'indépendance de l'Inde">Mouvement pour l'indépendance de l'Inde</a>, notamment <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>, au moment de l'<a href="/wiki/Ind%C3%A9pendance_de_l%27Inde" class="mw-redirect" title="Indépendance de l'Inde">indépendance</a>, le Pendjab est, avec le <a href="/wiki/Bengale" title="Bengale">Bengale</a>, une des deux provinces partagées entre l'<a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> : le Pendjab oriental (environ 35 % de la province du <a href="/wiki/Raj_britannique" title="Raj britannique">Raj</a>) est rattaché à l'Inde et le Pendjab occidental (65 %) au Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les déplacements de populations et les violences qui suivent la <a href="/wiki/Partition_des_Indes" title="Partition des Indes">partition</a> font plusieurs millions de morts. </p><p>L’activité économique et les transports sont en partie paralysés en novembre 2020 à la suite d'un mouvement de grève et de manifestations conduit par les <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_en_Inde" title="Agriculture en Inde">paysans</a>. Ces derniers entendent protester contre la décision du Premier ministre <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> de supprimer les prix minimaux garantis<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Géographie"><span id="G.C3.A9ographie"></span>Géographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Géographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Géographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/300px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/450px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/600px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Région du Pendjab (en marron).</figcaption></figure> <p>Le Pendjab ou le Punjab, au temps de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_sikh" title="Empire sikh">Empire sikh</a>, couvrait un large territoire comprenant le bassin de l'<a href="/wiki/Indus" title="Indus">Indus</a> et la ligne de partage des eaux entre l'Indus et la <a href="/wiki/Plaine_indo-gang%C3%A9tique" title="Plaine indo-gangétique">plaine gangétique</a>. Il pouvait être divisé en quatre régions naturelles<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <ul><li>la région montagneuse de l'est, incluant le <a href="/wiki/Jammu-et-Cachemire_(%C3%89tat)" title="Jammu-et-Cachemire (État)">Jammu-et-Cachemire</a></li> <li>la plaine centrale et ses cinq rivières ;</li> <li>la région nord-ouest séparée de la plaine centrale par le <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a> entre les cours d'eau <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_(rivi%C3%A8re)" title="Jhelum (rivière)">Jhelum</a> et Indus ;</li> <li>la région semi-désertique au sud de la <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>.</li></ul> <p>L'Indus et les cinq rivières prennent leur source dans les chaines de montagne au nord du Pendjab et emporte du terreau, des minéraux et de la vase vers les riches plaines alluviales qui sont très fertiles<sup id="cite_ref-Gosal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosal-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climat">Climat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Climat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Climat"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le climat est un facteur important pour l'économie du Pendjab, principalement agricole. Les zones près de l'Himalaya reçoivent des chutes de pluie plus fortes que les régions plus éloignées des montagnes<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il y a trois principales saisons et deux périodes transitoires. Pendant la saison chaude, de mi-avril à la fin juin, la température peut atteindre <span title="120,2 °F ou 322,2 K" style="cursor:help">49</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>. La <a href="/wiki/Mousson" title="Mousson">mousson</a>, de juillet à septembre, est une période de fortes chutes de pluie, apportant de l'eau pour les cultures et le réseau de canaux d'irrigation. La période transitoire après la mousson est douce et amène la saison d'hiver, où les températures en janvier descendent jusqu'à <span title="41 °F ou 278,2 K" style="cursor:help">5</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> la nuit et <span title="53,6 °F ou 285,2 K" style="cursor:help">12</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> le jour. Pendant la période transitoire entre les saisons fraîches et chaudes, des tempêtes de grêle et de fortes chutes de pluie peuvent avoir lieu, endommageant les cultures<sup id="cite_ref-rgs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgs-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_Pendjab_pakistanais">Le Pendjab pakistanais</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Le Pendjab pakistanais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le Pendjab pakistanais"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Punjab_in_Pakistan_(claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Punjab_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/220px-Punjab_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Punjab_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/330px-Punjab_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Punjab_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/440px-Punjab_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Pakistan)" title="Pendjab (Pakistan)">province pakistanaise du Pendjab</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Pakistan)" title="Pendjab (Pakistan)">Pendjab (Pakistan)</a>.</div></div> <p>Le Pendjab compte aujourd'hui environ 90 millions des 170 millions d'habitants du Pakistan, et représente 60 % du territoire du Pendjab historique. Son économie repose massivement sur son système d'irrigation, soit plus de 30 500 km de canaux. La plupart ont été construits sous la domination britannique. Le Pendjab domine le <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> économiquement, et a une grande influence culturelle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_Pendjab_indien">Le Pendjab indien</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Le Pendjab indien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le Pendjab indien"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les États indiens du <a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Inde)" title="Pendjab (Inde)">Pendjab</a>, de l'<a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> et de l'<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> qui recouvrent 40 % du territoire du Pendjab historique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L’État_indien"><span id="L.E2.80.99.C3.89tat_indien"></span>L’État indien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : L’État indien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : L’État indien"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Punjab_in_India_(disputed_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg/220px-Punjab_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg/330px-Punjab_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg/440px-Punjab_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>L’État indien du Pendjab.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Pendjab_(Inde)" title="Pendjab (Inde)">Pendjab (Inde)</a>.</div></div> <p>Son territoire compte 25 millions d'habitants pour une superficie de 50 362 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haryana">Haryana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Haryana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Haryana"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>.</div></div> <p>Son territoire compte 25 millions d'habitants pour une superficie de 44 212 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Himachal_Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Himachal Pradesh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Himachal Pradesh"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>.</div></div> <p>Son territoire compte 6 millions d'habitants pour une superficie de 55 673 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region?oldid=558043985">Punjab region</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:30em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Pritam Singh and Shinder S. Thandi, ed. (1996). Globalisation and the region: explorations in Punjabi identity. Coventry Association for Punjab Studies, Coventry University. p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">H K Manmohan Siṅgh. "The Punjab". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala. Consulté le 12 août 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">"Punjab." Pp. 107 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition (page inexistante)"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (9th ed.)</a>, vol. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Buddha Parkash, <i>Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab</i>, p 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ganda_Singh2004"><span class="nom_auteur">Ganda Singh</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sikhspectrum.com/2004/08/the-truth-about-the-indian-mutiny-of-1857/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Truth about the Indian Mutiny</cite></a> », Sikh Spectrum, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-08" data-sort-value="2004-08">août 2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-03-13" data-sort-value="2013-03-13">13 mars 2013</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C05%5C10%5Cstory_10-5-2012_pg1_1"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Daily Times</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08-13" data-sort-value="2020-08-13">13 août 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courrierinternational.com/revue-de-presse/revolte-dans-le-nord-de-linde-les-paysans-en-colere-sen-prennent-aux-soldats-et"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Révolte. Dans le Nord de l’Inde, les paysans en colère s’en prennent aux soldats et bloquent l’économie</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Courrier international</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-11-16" data-sort-value="2020-11-16">16 novembre 2020</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos/">The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism</a>, section <i>Punjab</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gosal-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Gosal_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gosal"><span class="ouvrage" id="G._S._Gosal">G. S. Gosal, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/3_gosal.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Physical Geography of the Punjab</cite></a> », University of California, Santa Barbara <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-11-03" data-sort-value="2012-11-03">3 novembre 2012</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Maps of India, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofindia.com/punjab/geography-and-history/climate.html">Climate of Punjab</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-rgs_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Royal Geographical Society <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/5F44251D-8FD1-4102-BCDB-240A4E9EA1B8/0/F3ClimateandLandscapeFactsheet.pdf">Climate and Landscape of the Punjab</a></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendjab&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Punjab_region?uselang=fr">Pendjab</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80152695">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4047850-6">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629038">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455877">Espagne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6027560">Norvège</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ge130346">Tchéquie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80-152695">WorldCat</a></span></li> </ul></div></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFDE90;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Sikhisme" title="Modèle:Palette Sikhisme"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Sikhisme&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme">Sikhisme</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFEE90;"><a href="/wiki/Gurus_du_sikhisme" title="Gurus du sikhisme">Gurus sikhs</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:7px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khaṇḍā"><img alt="Khaṇḍā" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFEE90;">Philosophie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croyances_et_principes_sikhs" title="Croyances et principes sikhs">Croyances et principes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdictions_dans_le_sikhisme" title="Interdictions dans le sikhisme">Interdictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehat_Maryada" title="Rehat Maryada">Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Maneyo" title="Guru Granth Maneyo">Guru Granth Maneyo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFEE90;">Pratiques</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardas" title="Ardas">Ardas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritvela" title="Amritvela">Amritvela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japna" title="Naam Japna">Naam Japna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Baptême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinq_D%C3%A9mons" title="Cinq Démons">Cinq Démons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinq_K" title="Cinq K">Cinq K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinq_Vertus" title="Cinq Vertus">Cinq Vertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar" title="Langar">Langar</a><small>/<a href="/wiki/Pangat" title="Pangat">Pangat</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois_Piliers_du_Sikhisme" title="Trois Piliers du Sikhisme">Trois Piliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chakko" title="Vand Chakko">Vand Chakko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardi_Kala" title="Chardi Kala">Chardi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasan" title="Sukhasan">Sukhasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9ress%C3%A9" title="Service désintéressé">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Pahul" title="Charan Pahul">Charan Pahul</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFEE90;">Textes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantra" title="Mul Mantra">Mul Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinq_Banis" title="Cinq Banis">Cinq Banis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sahib" title="Anand Sahib">Anand Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rehras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rehras (page inexistante)">Rehras</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehras" class="extiw" title="en:Rehras"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Rehras »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohila" title="Sohila">Sohila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani" title="Sukhmani">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asa_di_Var&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asa di Var (page inexistante)">Asa di Var</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_di_Var" class="extiw" title="en:Asa di Var"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Asa di Var »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Sahib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Sahib (page inexistante)">Jaap Sahib</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" class="extiw" title="en:Jaap Sahib"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Jaap Sahib »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaupai_(Sikhism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaupai (Sikhism) (page inexistante)">Benti Chaupai</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Chaupai (Sikhism)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Chaupai (Sikhism) »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amrit_Savaiye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amrit Savaiye (page inexistante)">Amrit Savaiye</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Savaiye" class="extiw" title="en:Amrit Savaiye"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Amrit Savaiye »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarbloh_Granth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarbloh Granth (page inexistante)">Sarbloh Granth</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" class="extiw" title="en:Sarbloh Granth"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Sarbloh Granth »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varan_Bhai_Gurdas" title="Varan Bhai Gurdas">Varan Bhai Gurdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Tegh_Fateh" title="Deg Tegh Fateh">Deg Tegh Fateh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFEE90;">Sujets généraux</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_du_sikhisme" title="Histoire du sikhisme">Histoire du sikhisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ek_onkar" title="Ek onkar">Ek onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81ls%C4%81" title="Khālsā">Khālsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kha%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81" title="Khaṇḍā">Khaṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Litt%C3%A9rature_sikhe" title="Catégorie:Littérature sikhe">Littérature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_sikhe" title="Musique sikhe">Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Lieu_du_sikhisme" title="Catégorie:Lieu du sikhisme">Lieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_Nanakshahi" title="Calendrier Nanakshahi">Calendrier Nanakshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurpurb" title="Gurpurb">Gurpurb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat">Bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Farid" title="Cheikh Farid">Cheikh Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kab%C3%AEr" title="Kabîr">Kabîr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morcha" title="Morcha">Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragi" title="Ragi">Ragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tarisme_sikh" title="Végétarisme sikh">Végétarisme sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_indien" title="Portail du monde indien"><img alt="icône décorative" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/66px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Pakistan" title="Portail:Pakistan">Portail du Pakistan</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Sikhisme" title="Portail du sikhisme"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SikhismSymbol.PNG/23px-SikhismSymbol.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SikhismSymbol.PNG/34px-SikhismSymbol.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SikhismSymbol.PNG/46px-SikhismSymbol.PNG 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a 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