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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="جورج كايزر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج كايزر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Георг Кайзер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Георг Кайзер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="گئورگ کایزر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گئورگ کایزر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80" title="게오르크 카이저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게오르크 카이저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գեորգ Կայզեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեորգ Կայզեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A8" title="גאורג קייזר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאורג קייזר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgs_Kaizers" title="Georgs Kaizers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Georgs Kaizers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC" title="ജോർഗ് കൈസർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർഗ് കൈസർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="جورج كايزر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج كايزر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC" title="ゲオルグ・カイザー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲオルグ・カイザー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кайзер, Георг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кайзер, Георг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georg Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Георг Кайзер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Георг Кайзер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%B3%BD" title="乔治·凯泽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·凯泽" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German dramatist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/George_Kaiser" title="George Kaiser">George Kaiser</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Kaiser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Georg_Kaiser.jpg/220px-Georg_Kaiser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Georg_Kaiser.jpg/330px-Georg_Kaiser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Georg_Kaiser.jpg/440px-Georg_Kaiser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>Georg Kaiser</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Friedrich Carl Georg Kaiser</b>, called <b>Georg Kaiser</b>, (25 November 1878 – 4 June 1945) was a German dramatist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaiser was born in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>. </p><p>He was highly prolific and wrote in a number of different styles. An <a href="/wiki/Expressionism_(theatre)" title="Expressionism (theatre)">Expressionist</a> dramatist, he was, along with <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a>, the most frequently performed playwright of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georg Kaiser's plays include <i>The Burghers of Calais</i> (1913), <i><a href="/wiki/From_Morning_to_Midnight" title="From Morning to Midnight">From Morning to Midnight</a></i> (1912), and a trilogy, comprising <i>The Coral</i> (1917), <i>Gas</i> (1918), <i>Gas II</i> (1920). </p><p>He died in <a href="/wiki/Ascona" title="Ascona">Ascona</a>, Switzerland, and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Morcote" title="Morcote">Morcote</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Burghers of Calais</i> (<i>Die Bürger von Calais</i>), written in 1913, was not performed until 1917. It was Kaiser's first success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1995_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play is very dense linguistically, with its <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> comprising numerous emotive <a href="/wiki/Monologues" class="mw-redirect" title="Monologues">monologues</a> influenced by the Telegramstil poetics of <a href="/wiki/August_Stramm" title="August Stramm">August Stramm</a>. Like Kaiser's other works of the period, it bears the mark of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s philosophy, calling upon the modern individual to transcend mediocrity through extraordinary actions; the Expressionist 'New Man' became a commonplace of the genre. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/From_Morn_to_Midnight" title="From Morn to Midnight">From Morn to Midnight</a></i>, filmed by <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Martin" title="Karlheinz Martin">Karlheinz Martin</a> in 1920, was written in 1912 and first performed in 1917. One of the most frequently performed works of German Expressionist theatre, its plot concerns a Cashier (played by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Deutsch" title="Ernst Deutsch">Ernst Deutsch</a> in Martin's film) in a small bank in W. (ostensibly <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>) who is alerted to the power of money by the visit of a rich Italian lady. He embezzles 60,000 Marks and absconds to B. (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>) where he attempts to find transcendent experiences in sport, romance and religion, only to be ultimately frustrated. </p><p>Kaiser's classic Expressionist plays, written just before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, often called for man to make a decisive break with the past, rejuvenating contemporary society. He eschewed characterization, and particularly character psychology, instead making his protagonists and other characters <a href="/wiki/Archetypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypes">archetypes</a>, employing highly anti-<a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalistic</a> dialogue often comprising lengthy individual speeches. </p><p>Kaiser's drama <i>Side by Side</i> (<i>Nebeneinander</i>, 1923), a 'people's play' (<i>Volksstück</i>), premiered in Berlin on 3 November 1923, directed by <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Viertel" title="Berthold Viertel">Berthold Viertel</a> with <a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">design</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a>. With this play Kaiser moved away from the Expressionism of his previous works. Utilizing a more rounded characterization and more realistic curt, comic dialogue to tell a light-hearted story of an idealistic pawnbroker caught up in the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation#The_1920s_German_inflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (The 1920s German inflation) has been deleted. (2024-06-04)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> afflicting Germany at the time (the currency stabilization came a fortnight after the play opened), the play inaugurated the 'new sobriety' (<i><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">Neue Sachlichkeit</a></i>) in the drama. "Kaiser has left the cloud that used to surround him," a review in the <i>Weltbühne</i> suggested, "and landed with both feet on the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillett199685_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett199685-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1995_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaiser's plays, particularly <i>From Morning to Midnight</i>, were highly influential on the German dramatists operating during the 1920s, including <a href="/wiki/Iwan_Goll" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwan Goll">Iwan Goll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, who drew on Kaiser's use of revue-type scenes and parable, which was influenced by medieval and 16th-century German <a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">mystery plays</a>. </p><p>Kaiser collaborated with the composer <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> on his one-act operas <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Protagonist" title="Der Protagonist">Der Protagonist</a></i> (1926) and <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Zar_l%C3%A4sst_sich_photographieren" title="Der Zar lässt sich photographieren">Der Zar lässt sich photographieren</a></i> (1928), also <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Silbersee" title="Der Silbersee">Der Silbersee</a></i> (1933). </p><p>In his later years, he further developed his criticism of the modern machine age that had characterised the <i>Gas</i> trilogy. Imprisoned briefly in 1923 for stealing a loaf of bread during the hyper-inflationary crisis, Kaiser fled to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> came to power in the 1930s (Kaiser went into exile in 1938). There he turned to writing verse dramas on mythological themes, including <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a>, and a pacifist drama, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Soldier_Tanaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Soldier Tanaka (page does not exist)">The Soldier Tanaka</a></i> (1940). </p><p><i>The Raft of the Medusa</i> (1945) is a play written in verse that reverses the ethos of <i>The Burghers of Calais</i> in a more pessimistic direction; to avoid bad luck, thirteen children on a life-raft drown the youngest of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1995_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See the <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_M%C3%A9duse_(1810)" title="French frigate Méduse (1810)">frigate <i>Méduse</i></a> for the historical shipwreck and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Raft_of_the_Medusa" title="The Raft of the Medusa">The Raft of the Medusa</a></i> for its famous depiction in art.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plays">Plays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1912: <i>Von Morgens bis Mitternachts</i> (From Morning to Midnight<i>, written; first performed 1917)</i></li> <li>1914: <i>Die Bürger von Calais</i> (<i>The Burghers of Calais</i>)</li> <li>1917: <i>Die Koralle</i></li> <li>1918: <i>Gas I</i></li> <li>1920: <i>Gas II</i></li> <li>1923: <i>Gilles und Johanna</i></li> <li>1928: <i>Oktobertag</i></li> <li>1938: <i>Die Gärtner von Toulouse</i></li> <li>1940: <i>Alain und Elise</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_filmography">Selected filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_adaptations">Film adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Film adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Morn_to_Midnight" title="From Morn to Midnight">From Morn to Midnight</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Martin" title="Karlheinz Martin">Karlheinz Martin</a>, 1920) — based on the play <i><a href="/wiki/From_Morning_to_Midnight" title="From Morning to Midnight">From Morning to Midnight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sacrifice" title="Women's Sacrifice">Women's Sacrifice</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Grune" title="Karl Grune">Karl Grune</a>, 1922) — based on the play <i>Das Frauenopfer</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer_from_Texas" title="The Farmer from Texas">The Farmer from Texas</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Joe_May" title="Joe May">Joe May</a>, 1925) — based on the play <i>Kolportage</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurrah!_I_Live!" title="Hurrah! I Live!">Hurrah! I Live!</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Thiele" title="Wilhelm Thiele">Wilhelm Thiele</a>, 1928) — based on the play <i>Der mutige Seefahrer</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwei_Krawatten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zwei Krawatten (page does not exist)">Zwei Krawatten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwei_Krawatten" class="extiw" title="it:Zwei Krawatten">it</a>]</span></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Basch" title="Felix Basch">Felix Basch</a>, 1930) — based on the play <i>Zwei Krawatten</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Valiant_Navigator" title="The Valiant Navigator">The Valiant Navigator</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Deppe" title="Hans Deppe">Hans Deppe</a>, 1935) — based on the play <i>Der mutige Seefahrer</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Comes_Home" title="The Ghost Comes Home">The Ghost Comes Home</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Thiele" title="Wilhelm Thiele">Wilhelm Thiele</a>, USA, 1940) — based on the play <i>Der mutige Seefahrer</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Frau_am_Weg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Frau am Weg (page does not exist)">Die Frau am Weg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Frau_am_Weg" class="extiw" title="de:Die Frau am Weg">de</a>]</span></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Borsody" title="Eduard von Borsody">Eduard von Borsody</a>, 1948) — based on the story <i>Der Flüchtling</i></li> <li><i>Kolportage</i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lietzau" title="Hans Lietzau">Hans Lietzau</a>, 1957, TV film) — based on the play <i>Kolportage</i></li> <li><i>Napoleon in New Orleans</i> (dir. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imo_Moszkowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imo Moszkowicz (page does not exist)">Imo Moszkowicz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo_Moszkowicz" class="extiw" title="de:Imo Moszkowicz">de</a>]</span>, 1959, TV film) — based on the play <i>Napoleon in New Orleans</i></li> <li><i>Papiermühle</i> (dir. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Dieter_Schwarze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Dieter Schwarze (page does not exist)">Hans Dieter Schwarze</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dieter_Schwarze" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Dieter Schwarze">de</a>]</span>, 1962, TV film) — based on the play <i>Papiermühle</i></li> <li><i>Kolportage</i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jaray" title="Hans Jaray">Hans Jaray</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Neuberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Neuberg (page does not exist)">Erich Neuberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Neuberg" class="extiw" title="de:Erich Neuberg">de</a>]</span>, 1964, TV film) — based on the play <i>Kolportage</i></li> <li><i>Der Gärtner von Toulouse</i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Falk_Harnack" title="Falk Harnack">Falk Harnack</a>, 1965, TV film) — based on the play <i>Der Gärtner von Toulouse</i></li> <li><i>Kolportage</i> (dir. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Semmelroth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Semmelroth (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Semmelroth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Semmelroth" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Semmelroth">de</a>]</span>, 1968, TV film) — based on the play <i>Kolportage</i></li> <li><i>Kolportage</i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weck" title="Peter Weck">Peter Weck</a>, 1980, TV film) — based on the play <i>Kolportage</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Screenwriter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Devoted_Artists" title="Devoted Artists">Devoted Artists</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Lund_(director)" title="Erik Lund (director)">Erik Lund</a>, 1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Cuckoo" title="Prince Cuckoo">Prince Cuckoo</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Leni" title="Paul Leni">Paul Leni</a>, 1919) — based on the novel <i>Prinz Kuckuck</i> by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Julius_Bierbaum" title="Otto Julius Bierbaum">Otto Julius Bierbaum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Lie" title="The Golden Lie">The Golden Lie</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Lund_(director)" title="Erik Lund (director)">Erik Lund</a>, 1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Ingelheim%27s_Dramatic_Life" title="Alfred von Ingelheim's Dramatic Life">Alfred von Ingelheim's Dramatic Life</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Lund_(director)" title="Erik Lund (director)">Erik Lund</a>, 1921) — based on the novel <i>Alfred von Ingelheims Lebensdrama</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Land">Hans Land</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Landsberger" class="extiw" title="de:Hugo Landsberger">de</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conspiracy_in_Genoa" title="The Conspiracy in Genoa">The Conspiracy in Genoa</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Leni" title="Paul Leni">Paul Leni</a>, 1921) — based on the play <i><a href="/wiki/Fiesco_(play)" title="Fiesco (play)">Fiesco</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1995_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1995_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1995_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham1995_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanham1995">Banham 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett199685-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillett199685_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillett1996">Willett 1996</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georg-Kaiser">"Georg Kaiser: German Dramatisist"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Georg+Kaiser%3A+German+Dramatisist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGeorg-Kaiser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Kaiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Frank Krause, ed. (2015). <i>Georg Kaiser and Modernity</i>. Göttingen: V&R unipress. ISBN 3-89971-245-5</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanham1995" class="citation book cs1">Banham, Martin, ed. (1995). "Kaiser, Georg". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh"><i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/585">585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9"><bdi>978-0-521-43437-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaiser%2C+Georg&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=585&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43437-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeguideto0000banh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Kaiser" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillett1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Willett" title="John Willett">Willett, John</a> (1996) [1978]. <i>Art and Politics in the Weimar Period: The New Sobriety 1917–1933</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80724-4"><bdi>978-0-306-80724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Politics+in+the+Weimar+Period%3A+The+New+Sobriety+1917%E2%80%931933&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80724-4&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Kaiser" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60477#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3887" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60477#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118559427">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50045090">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12155326c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12155326c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00543354">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kaiser, Georg"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV070981">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35257351">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2003193681&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1251096">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/558972">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068386796">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90116485">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000144898&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000653990&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199634650">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68cq2d1wsz14q">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810681491805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263433705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058609880806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01137565?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f1a1b647-bb8b-4078-937d-034128ed0fdf">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=50669">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118559427">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/885176">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118559427.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118559427">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030060656">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/012018">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/Georg_Kaiser">Theaterlexikon</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s18563">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30113548">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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