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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Tungusic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Tungusic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Proto-Tungusic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Tungusic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurchen-Manchu_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurchen-Manchu_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jurchen-Manchu language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurchen-Manchu_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Tungusic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Tungusic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other Tungusic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Tungusic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Common characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationships with other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tungusic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toengoesiese_tale" title="Toengoesiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toengoesiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات تونغوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات تونغوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tunguses" title="Llingües tunguses – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües tunguses" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunqus-mancur_dill%C9%99ri" title="Tunqus-mancur dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tunqus-mancur dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تونقوس-مانجور دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تونقوس-مانجور دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Тунгуса-маньчжурскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тунгуса-маньчжурскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Тунгуса-маньчжурскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тунгуса-маньчжурскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тунгусо-манджурски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тунгусо-манджурски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_toungousek" title="Yezhoù toungousek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù toungousek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_manx%C3%BA-tung%C3%BAs" title="Llengües manxú-tungús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües manxú-tungús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguzsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Tunguzské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tunguzské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu-tungusiske_sprog" title="Manchu-tungusiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manchu-tungusiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusische_Sprachen" title="Tungusische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tungusische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguzske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Tunguzske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tunguzske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguusi_keeled" title="Tunguusi keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tunguusi keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Τουνγκουζικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουνγκουζικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_tunguses" title="Lenguas tunguses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas tunguses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguz-man%C4%89ura_lingvaro" title="Tunguz-manĉura lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tunguz-manĉura lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungus_hizkuntzak" title="Tungus hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tungus hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های تونگوزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های تونگوزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_toungouses" title="Langues toungouses – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues toungouses" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Tungusacha" title="Teangacha Tungusacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Tungusacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungus_dilleri" title="Tungus dilleri – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Tungus dilleri" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tung%C3%BAs" title="Linguas tungús – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas tungús" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%89%81%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="퉁구스어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퉁구스어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD-%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տունգուս-մանջուրական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տունգուս-մանջուրական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तुंगुसी भाषा-परिवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुंगुसी भाषा-परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguski_jezici" title="Tunguski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tunguski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusiana_lingui" title="Tungusiana lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tungusiana lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Tungus" title="Rumpun bahasa Tungus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Tungus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansj%C3%BA-t%C3%BAng%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Mansjú-túngísk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mansjú-túngísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_tunguse" title="Lingue tunguse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue tunguse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות טונגוסיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות טונגוסיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D2%A3%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Тұңғыс-маньчжур тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұңғыс-маньчжур тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kitungusi" title="Lugha za Kitungusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kitungusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тунгус-манжур тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тунгус-манжур тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Tungusicae" title="Linguae Tungusicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Tungusicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusu_valodas" title="Tungusu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tungusu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusesch_Sprooch" title="Tungusesch Sprooch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tungusesch Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungus%C5%B3-mand%C5%BEi%C5%ABr%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Tungusų-mandžiūrų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tungusų-mandžiūrų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tungusica" title="Linguas tungusica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas tungusica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тунгуски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тунгуски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviam-piteny_tongoza" title="Fianakaviam-piteny tongoza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviam-piteny tongoza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Tunggus" title="Bahasa-bahasa Tunggus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Tunggus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6-%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Манж-Тунгус хэлний язгуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манж-Тунгус хэлний язгуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toengoezische_talen" title="Toengoezische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toengoezische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ツングース語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツングース語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguusisk_spriaken" title="Tunguusisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tunguusisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tungusiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tungusiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tungusiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tungusiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_tongozas" title="Lengas tongozas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas tongozas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungus-manjur_tillari" title="Tungus-manjur tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tungus-manjur tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਤੁੰਗੁਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁੰਗੁਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="تنگسی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تنگسی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_tungusko-mand%C5%BCurskie" title="Języki tungusko-mandżurskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki tungusko-mandżurskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_tung%C3%BAsicas" title="Línguas tungúsicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas tungúsicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_tunguze" title="Limbi tunguze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi tunguze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тунгусо-маньчжурские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тунгусо-маньчжурские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tungusic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dnguske_g%C5%8Fdki" title="Tōnguske gŏdki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tōnguske gŏdki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тунгуски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тунгуски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguusikielet" title="Tunguusikielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tunguusikielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tungusiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tungusiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="துங்குசிக் மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துங்குசிக் மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Тунгус-маньчжур телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тунгус-маньчжур телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กลุ่มภาษาตุงกูซิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาตุงกูซิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguz_dilleri" title="Tunguz dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tunguz dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тунгусо-маньчжурські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тунгусо-маньчжурські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="تونگوزی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تونگوزی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%87%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%87_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="تۇنگۇس مانجۇ تىللىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۇنگۇس مانجۇ تىللىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Tungus" title="Ngữ hệ Tungus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Tungus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1-%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="满-通古斯语系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="满-通古斯语系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="通古斯語系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="通古斯語系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguzki" title="Tunguzki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tunguzki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1-%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="满-通古斯语系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="满-通古斯语系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34230#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family of Siberia and Manchuria</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: yellowgreen;">Tungusic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Northern (<a href="/wiki/Ewenic_languages" title="Ewenic languages">Ewenic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Udegheic_languages" title="Udegheic languages">Udegheic</a>)</li> <li>Southern (<a href="/wiki/Jurchenic_languages" title="Jurchenic languages">Jurchenic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nanaic_languages" title="Nanaic languages">Nanaic</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tuw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tuw">tuw</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tung1282">tung1282</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungusic_map_unlabeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tungusic_map_unlabeled.svg/300px-Tungusic_map_unlabeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tungusic_map_unlabeled.svg/450px-Tungusic_map_unlabeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tungusic_map_unlabeled.svg/600px-Tungusic_map_unlabeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of the Tungusic languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tungusic languages</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> (also known as <b>Manchu–Tungus</b> and <b>Tungus</b>) form a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> spoken in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>. Many Tungusic languages are endangered. There are approximately 75,000 native speakers of the dozen living languages of the Tungusic language family. The term "Tungusic" is from an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenk people</a> (Ewenki) used by the <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> ("tongus"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. Some scholars have criticized the tree-based model of Tungusic classification and argue that the long history of contact among the Tungusic languages makes them better treated as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_the_Tungusic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Distribution_of_the_Tungusic_languages.svg/300px-Distribution_of_the_Tungusic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Distribution_of_the_Tungusic_languages.svg/450px-Distribution_of_the_Tungusic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Distribution_of_the_Tungusic_languages.svg/600px-Distribution_of_the_Tungusic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Current geographic distribution of languages in the Tungusic family. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aa251c; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d5462d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f37343; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Negidal_language" title="Negidal language">Negidal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f29e22; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a04720; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kili_language" title="Kili language">Kili</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#94bf62; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oroch_language" title="Oroch language">Oroch</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3aa03a; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Udihe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Udihe language">Udihe</a></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#48a0b5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2f6384; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9797dd; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6464b2; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok language">Orok</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3b246d; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ulch_language" title="Ulch language">Ulch</a></div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The main classification is into a northern branch and a southern branch (Georg 2004) although the two branches have no clear division, and the classification of intermediate groups is debatable. </p><p>Four mid-level subgroups are recognized by Hölzl (2018),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namely <a href="/wiki/Ewenic_languages" title="Ewenic languages">Ewenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udegheic_languages" title="Udegheic languages">Udegheic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanaic_languages" title="Nanaic languages">Nanaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jurchenic_languages" title="Jurchenic languages">Jurchenic</a>. </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#FF7F00; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 273.44028251828px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.19783478746px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:30.901699437495px 95.105651629515px 0 0; border-top-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Population distribution of total speakers of Tungusic languages, by speaker </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a> (55%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a> (28.97%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a> (10.45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Others (5.58%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Alexander Vovin</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a> are aberrant languages within South Tungusic but nevertheless still belong in it, and that this aberrancy is perhaps due to influences from the Para-Mongolic <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a>, and perhaps also from <a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a> and unknown languages of uncertain linguistic affiliation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tungusic</b> <ul><li><b>Southern Tungusic (<a href="/wiki/Jurchenic_languages" title="Jurchenic languages">Jurchenic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nanaic_languages" title="Nanaic languages">Nanaic</a>)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchenic_languages" title="Jurchenic languages">Jurchenic</a> (Southwestern Tungusic) ("Manchu group") <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a>† (extinct, developed into Manchu in the 17th century) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: speakers originated from the <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Sungari Ula River</a> area (they founded the <a href="/wiki/Jin_Dynasty_(1115-1234)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)">Jin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manchu_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu dynasty">Manchu</a> dynasties of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a>: spoken in <a href="/wiki/Qapqal_Xibe_Autonomous_County" title="Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County">Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. (Developed separately since 1764 from a <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> military garrison)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Kyakala_language" title="Chinese Kyakala language">Chinese Kyakala</a>† (恰喀拉<sup id="cite_ref-Mu1987_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mu1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bala_language_(China)" title="Bala language (China)">Bala</a>†? (巴拉<sup id="cite_ref-Mu1987_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mu1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchuka_language" title="Alchuka language">Alchuka</a>† (阿勒楚喀<sup id="cite_ref-Mu1987_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mu1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaic_languages" title="Nanaic languages">Nanaic</a> (Southeastern Tungusic) ("Nanai group" / "Amur group") <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a> (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen) (Akani, Birar, Samagir) <ul><li><i>Upper Amur</i> <ul><li><i>Right-bank Amur</i></li> <li><i>Sungari</i></li> <li><i>Bikin</i> <i>(Ussuri)</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Central Amur</i> <ul><li><i>Sakachi-Alyan</i></li> <li><i>Naykhin</i> <i>(basis of standard <a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a> but not identical)</i></li> <li><i>Dzhuen</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Lower Amur</i> <ul><li><i>Bolon</i></li> <li><i>Ekon</i></li> <li><i>Gorin</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok language">Orok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok language">Uilta</a>) <ul><li><i>Northern (East Sakhalin)</i></li> <li><i>Southern (South Sakhalin, Poronaysky)</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulch_language" title="Ulch language">Ulch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulch_language" title="Ulch language">Olcha</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Northern Tungusic (<a href="/wiki/Ewenic_languages" title="Ewenic languages">Ewenic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Udegheic_languages" title="Udegheic languages">Udegheic</a>)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ewenic_languages" title="Ewenic languages">Ewenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lamut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamut language">Lamut</a>) (in eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>) <ul><li><i>Arman</i>† (transitional between Even and Evenki)</li> <li><i>Indigirka</i></li> <li><i>Kamchatka</i></li> <li><i>Kolyma-Omolon</i></li> <li><i>Okhotsk</i></li> <li><i>Ola</i></li> <li><i>Tompon</i></li> <li><i>Upper Kolyma</i></li> <li><i>Sakkyryr</i></li> <li><i>Lamunkhin</i></li></ul></li> <li>Evenki <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a> (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Solon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Solon language">Solon</a></i> <i>(Solon Ewenki)</i> <ul><li><i>Hihue/Hoy</i> <i>(basis of the standard, but not identical)</i></li> <li><i>Haila’er</i></li> <li><i>Aoluguya</i> <i>(Olguya)</i></li> <li><i>Chenba’erhu</i> <i>(Old Bargu)</i></li> <li><i>Morigele</i> <i>(Mergel)</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Siberian Ewenki</i> / <i>Ewenki of Siberia</i> <ul><li><i>Northern (spirant)</i> <ul><li><i>Ilimpeya</i> (<i>subdialects</i>: <i>Ilimpeya</i>, <i>Agata and Bol'shoi</i>, <i>Porog</i>, <i>Tura</i>, <i>Tutonchany</i>, <i>Dudinka/Khantai</i>)</li> <li><i>Yerbogachen</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Yerbogachen</i>, <i>Nakanno</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Southern</i> <i>(sibilant)</i> <ul><li><i>Hushing</i> <ul><li><i>Sym</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Tokma/Upper Nepa</i>, <i>Upper Lena/Kachug</i>, <i>Angara</i>)</li> <li><i>Northern Baikal</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Northern Baikal</i>, <i>Upper Lena</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Hissing</i> <ul><li><i>Stony Tunguska</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Vanavara</i>, <i>Kuyumba</i>, <i>Poligus</i>, <i>Surinda</i>, <i>Taimura/Chirinda</i>, <i>Uchami</i>, <i>Chemdal'sk</i>)</li> <li><i>Nepa</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Nepa</i>, <i>Kirensk</i>)</li> <li><i>Vitim-Nercha/Baunt-Talocha</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Baunt" title="Baunt">Baunt</a></i>, <i>Talocha</i>, <i>Tungukochan</i>, <i>Nercha</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Eastern</i> <i>(sibilant-spirant)</i> <ul><li><i>Vitim-Olyokma</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Barguzin</i>, <i>Vitim/<a href="/wiki/Kalar_(river)" title="Kalar (river)">Kalar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Olyokma" title="Olyokma">Olyokma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tungir" title="Tungir">Tungir</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tokko_(river)" title="Tokko (river)">Tokko</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Upper Aldan</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Aldan</i>, <i>Upper Amur</i>, <i>Amga</i>, <i>Dzheltulak</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Timpton" title="Timpton">Timpton</a></i>, <i>Tommot</i>, <i>Khingan</i>, <i>Chul'man</i>, <i>Chul'man-Gilyui</i>)</li> <li><i>Uchur-Zeya</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Uchur</i>, <i>Zeya</i>)</li> <li><i>Selemdzha-Bureya-Urmi</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Selemdzha</i>, <i>Bureya</i>, <i>Urmi</i>)</li> <li><i>Ayan-Mai</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Ayan</i>, <i>Aim</i>, <i>Mai</i>, <i>Nel'kan</i>, <i>Totti</i>)</li> <li><i>Tugur-Chumikan</i> (<i>subdialects:</i> <i>Tugur</i>, <i>Chumikan</i>)</li> <li><i>Sakhalin</i> <i>(no subdialects)</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negidal_language" title="Negidal language">Negidal</a> <ul><li><i>Lower Negidal</i> †</li> <li><i>Upper Negidal</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a> <ul><li><i>Gankui</i> <i>(basis of standard Oroqen but not identical)</i></li> <li><i>Selpechen</i></li> <li><i>Kumarchen</i></li> <li><i>Selpechen</i></li> <li><i>Orochen</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kili_language" title="Kili language">Kili</a> (previously thought to be a dialect of Nanai)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udegheic_languages" title="Udegheic languages">Udegheic</a> (Oroch–Udege; strongly influenced by Southern Tungusic) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oroch_language" title="Oroch language">Oroch</a> †? <ul><li><i>Tumninsky dialect</i> †<i>?</i></li> <li><i>Khadinsky dialect</i> †<i>?</i></li> <li><i>Hungarisky dialect</i> †<i>?</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_language" title="Udege language">Udege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Udege_language" title="Udege language">Udihe</a> <ul><li><i>Kur-Urmi</i></li> <li>Northern (Udihe) <ul><li><i>Xor</i></li> <li><i>Anjuj</i></li> <li><i>(Xungari)</i></li></ul></li> <li>Southern (Kekar <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Kyakala) <ul><li><i>Samarga</i></li> <li><i>Iman</i>; <i>Bikin</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Tungusic">Proto-Tungusic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proto-Tungusic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some linguists estimate the divergence of the Tungusic languages from a common ancestor spoken somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Eastern Manchuria</a> around 500 BC to 500 AD. (Janhunen 2012, Pevnov 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-conference_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conference-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories favor a homeland closer to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Menges" title="Karl Heinrich Menges">Menges</a> 1968, Khelimskii 1985)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the general form of the protolanguage is clear from the similarities in the daughter languages, there is no consensus on detailed reconstructions. As of 2012, scholars are still trying to establish a shared vocabulary to do such a reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-conference_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conference-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lake_Khanka" title="Lake Khanka">Lake Khanka</a> region was found to present the most likely homeland, based on linguistic and ancient genetic data.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some proposed sound correspondences for Tungusic languages. For example, Norman (1977) supports a Proto-Tungusic <i>*t</i> > Manchu <i>s</i> when followed by <i>*j</i> in the same stem, with any exceptions arising from loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some linguists believe there are connections between the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> of Proto-Tungusic and some of the neighboring non-Tungusic languages. For example, there are proposals for an areal or genetic correspondence between the vowel harmonies of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Korean">Proto-Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Mongolic">Proto-Mongolian</a>, and Proto-Tungusic based on an original <a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">RTR harmony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RTR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of several competing proposals, and on the other hand, some reconstruct Proto-Tungusic without RTR harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-RTR_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources describe the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu people</a> of 7th century BC to 2nd century BC Manchuria as Proto-Tungusic.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources sharply criticize this as a random similarity in pronunciation with "Tungus" that has no real basis in fact.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical records of the Korean kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> note battles with the <a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">靺鞨</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> during the 1st and 2nd centuries. Some scholars suggest these Mohe are closely connected to the later Jurchens, but this is controversial. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Alexander Vovin</a> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that Northern Tungusic languages have <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Eskimo–Aleut</a> loanwords that are not found in Southern Tungusic, implying that Eskimo–Aleut was once much more widely spoken in eastern Siberia. Vovin (2015) estimates that the Eskimo–Aleut loanwords in Northern Tungusic had been borrowed no more than 2,000 years ago, which was when Tungusic was spreading northwards from its homeland in the middle reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a>. </p><p>Wang and <a href="/wiki/Martine_Robbeets" title="Martine Robbeets">Robbeets</a> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> place the Proto-Tungusic homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Khanka" title="Lake Khanka">Lake Khanka</a> region. </p><p>Liu et al. (2020) <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed that <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C2_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup C2 (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup C-F5484</a> and its subclades are the genetic markers of Tungusic-speaking peoples. C-F5484 emerged 3,300 years ago and began to diverge 1,900 years ago, indicating the approximate age of differentiation of Tungusic languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurchen-Manchu_language">Jurchen-Manchu language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jurchen-Manchu language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest written attestation of the language family is in the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen language</a>, which was spoken by the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jurchens invented a <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen script</a> to write their language based on the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan scripts</a>. During this time, several <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> were put up in Manchuria and Korea. One of these, among the most important extant texts in Jurchen, is the inscription on the back of "the Jin Victory Memorial Stele" (<i>Da Jin deshengtuo songbei</i>), which was erected in 1185, during the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Dading</a> period (1161–1189). It is apparently an abbreviated translation of the Chinese text on the front of the stele.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known example of the Jurchen script was written in 1526. </p><p>The Tungusic languages appear in the historical record again after the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">unification of the Jurchen tribes</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a>, who ruled 1616–1626. He commissioned a new <a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a> based on the Mongolian alphabet, and his successors went on to found the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. In 1636, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Huang_Taiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Huang Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> decreed that the ethnonym "Manchu" would replace "Jurchen". Modern scholarship usually treats Jurchen and Manchu as different stages of the same language. </p><p>Currently, Manchu proper is a <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">dying language</a> spoken by a dozen or so elderly people in <a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a>, China. However, the closely related <a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, which historically was treated as a divergent dialect of Jurchen-Manchu, maintains the literary tradition of the script, and has around 30,000 speakers. As the only language in the Tungusic family with a long written tradition, Jurchen-Manchu is a very important language for the reconstruction of Proto-Tungusic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Tungusic_languages">Other Tungusic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other Tungusic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other Tungusic languages have relatively short or no written traditions. Since around the 20th century, some of these other languages can be written in a Russian-based <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, but the languages remain primarily spoken languages only.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest Western accounts of Tungusic languages came from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> traveler <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Witsen" title="Nicolaes Witsen">Nicolaes Witsen</a>, who published in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a> a book, <i>Noord en Oost Tartarye</i> (literally 'North and East Tartary'). It described a variety of peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> and included some brief word lists for many languages. After his travel to Russia, his collected findings were published in three editions, 1692, 1705, and 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book includes some words and sentences from the <a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki language</a>, then called "Tungus". </p><p>The German linguist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grube" title="Wilhelm Grube">Wilhelm Grube</a> (1855–1908) published an early dictionary of the <a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai language</a> (Gold language) in 1900, as well as deciphering the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen language</a> for modern audiences using a Chinese source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_characteristics">Common characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tungusic languages are of an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> morphological type, and some of them have complex <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">case</a> systems and elaborate patterns of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> marking. However, none of the languages have <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> or noun classes. All Tungusic languages have <a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">postpositions</a>. Counting is done in <a href="/wiki/Base_ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Base ten">base ten</a>, and the names of the cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Oskolskaya2024_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oskolskaya2024-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The normal word order for all of the languages is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dartmouth_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dartmouth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tungusic languages exhibit a complex pattern of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, based on two parameters: vowel <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">roundedness</a> and vowel <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tenseness</a> (in Evenki, the contrast is back and front). Tense and lax vowels do not occur in the same word; all vowels in a word, including suffixes, are either one or the other. Rounded vowels in the root of a word cause all the following vowels in the word to become rounded, but not those before the rounded vowel. Those rules are not absolute, and there are many individual exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dartmouth_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dartmouth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vowel length</a> is phonemic in most languages, with many words distinguished based on the distinction between short vowel and long vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Dartmouth_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dartmouth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages without long vowels consist of the <a href="/wiki/Jurchenic_languages" title="Jurchenic languages">Jurchenic languages</a> (Jurchen, Manchu, Xibe) and the Hezhe language. <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> also occur in all languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Oskolskaya2024_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oskolskaya2024-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tungusic words have simple word <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">codas</a>, and usually have simple word onsets, with <a href="/wiki/Consonant_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant clusters">consonant clusters</a> forbidden at the end of words and rare at the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-Dartmouth_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dartmouth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below are Proto-Tungusic consonants as reconstructed by Tsintsius (1949) and the vowels according to Benzing (1955):<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td>p</td> <td>t</td> <td></td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td></td> <td>ɡ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td></td> <td>s</td> <td>ʃ ⟨š⟩</td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ɲ ⟨ń⟩</td> <td>ŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">Lateral approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td>l</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td></td> <td>r</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Glide </th> <td>w</td> <td></td> <td>j</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>front</th> <th>central</th> <th>back </th></tr> <tr> <th>high </th> <td>i y ⟨ü⟩</td> <td>ɨ ⟨ï⟩</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>mid </th> <td>e ø ⟨ö⟩</td> <td></td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th>low </th> <td></td> <td>a</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_other_languages">Relationships with other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationships with other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tungusic is today considered a primary language family. Especially in the past, some linguists linked Tungusic with <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a>, among others, in either the <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Transeurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Transeurasian">Transeurasian</a> language family.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the proposal that there are genetic rather than merely areal links remains highly controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tian_2022_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tian_2022-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars believe that the language spoken in Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> (who created the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a>) is of Tungusic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_endangered_languages" title="Lists of endangered languages">Lists of endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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Whaley, Lenore A. Grenoble and Fengxiang Li (June 1999). 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Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995, pp. 228–229. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2274-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2274-7">0-7914-2274-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWXGlb_9GAEC">Partial text</a> on Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaas_Witsen1785" class="citation web cs1">Nicolaas Witsen (1785). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5YNFAAAAcAAJ&q=noord+en+oost+tartarten">"Noord en oost Tartaryen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noord+en+oost+Tartaryen&rft.date=1785&rft.au=Nicolaas+Witsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YNFAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dnoord%2Ben%2Boost%2Btartarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungusic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oskolskaya2024-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oskolskaya2024_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oskolskaya2024_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOskolskaya2024" class="citation book cs1">Oskolskaya, Sofia (19 February 2024). "3 The Tungusic language family". <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 123–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110556216-003">10.1515/9783110556216-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055621-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055621-6"><bdi>978-3-11-055621-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+The+Tungusic+language+family&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Northern+Asia&rft.pages=123-166&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110556216-003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-055621-6&rft.aulast=Oskolskaya&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungusic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dartmouth-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dartmouth_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dartmouth_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dartmouth_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dartmouth_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Tungusic_Research_Group_at_Dartmouth_College" class="citation web cs1">The Tungusic Research Group at Dartmouth College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202656/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~trg/languages/section3.html">"Basic Typological Features of Tungusic Languages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~trg/languages/section3.html">the original</a> on 30 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Typological+Features+of+Tungusic+Languages&rft.au=The+Tungusic+Research+Group+at+Dartmouth+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~trg%2Flanguages%2Fsection3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungusic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Benzing, "Die tungusischen Sprachen: Versuch einer vergleichenden Grammatik", <i>Abhandlungen der Geistes und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse</i>,vol. 11 (1955), pp. 949–1099.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeets2017" class="citation journal cs1">Robbeets, Martine (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320915864">"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal"</a>. <i>Language Dynamics and Change</i>. <b>7</b>: 210–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105832-00702005">10.1163/22105832-00702005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7">11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Dynamics+and+Change&rft.atitle=Austronesian+influence+and+Transeurasian+ancestry+in+Japanese%3A+A+case+of+farming%2Flanguage+dispersal&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=210-251&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105832-00702005&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320915864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungusic+languages" class="Z3988"></span>, Robbeets, Martine et al. 2021 Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages, Nature 599, 616–621</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg2023" class="citation book cs1">Georg, Stefan (2023). "Connections between Uralic and Other Language Families". In Daniel Abondolo; Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi (eds.). <i>The Uralic Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 176–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315625096-4">10.4324/9781315625096-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315625096" title="Special:BookSources/9781315625096"><bdi>9781315625096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Connections+between+Uralic+and+Other+Language+Families&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=176-209&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315625096-4&rft.isbn=9781315625096&rft.aulast=Georg&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungusic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tian_2022-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tian_2022_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianTaoZhuJacques2022" class="citation cs2">Tian, Zheng; Tao, Yuxin; Zhu, Kongyang; <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques" title="Guillaume Jacques">Jacques, Guillaume</a>; Ryder, Robin J.; de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso; Antonov, Anton; Xia, Ziyang; Zhang, Yuxuan; Ji, Xiaoyan; Ren, Xiaoying; He, Guanglin; Guo, Jianxin; Wang, Rui; Yang, Xiaomin; Zhao, Jing; Xu, Dan; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Gray" title="Russell Gray">Gray, Russell D.</a>; Zhang, Menghan; Wen, Shaoqing; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Pellard, Thomas (12 June 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495471v1"><i>Triangulation fails when neither linguistic, genetic, nor archaeological data support the Transeurasian narrative</i></a>, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2022.06.09.495471">10.1101/2022.06.09.495471</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249649524">249649524</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triangulation+fails+when+neither+linguistic%2C+genetic%2C+nor+archaeological+data+support+the+Transeurasian+narrative&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory&rft.date=2022-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F2022.06.09.495471&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249649524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Zheng&rft.au=Tao%2C+Yuxin&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Kongyang&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Robin+J.&rft.au=de+la+Fuente%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Andr%C3%A9s+Alonso&rft.au=Antonov%2C+Anton&rft.au=Xia%2C+Ziyang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yuxuan&rft.au=Ji%2C+Xiaoyan&rft.au=Ren%2C+Xiaoying&rft.au=He%2C+Guanglin&rft.au=Guo%2C+Jianxin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Rui&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xiaomin&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jing&rft.au=Xu%2C+Dan&rft.au=Gray%2C+Russell+D.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Menghan&rft.au=Wen%2C+Shaoqing&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Pellard%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2F10.1101%2F2022.06.09.495471v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungusic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helimski, E (2004). "Die Sprache(n) der Awaren: Die mandschu-tungusische Alternative". Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies, Vol. II: 59–72.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Kane, Daniel. <i>The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters</i>. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 153. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933070-23-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-933070-23-3">0-933070-23-3</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Roy Andrew. <i>Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages</i>. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1971.</li> <li>Poppe, Nicholas. <i>Vergleichende Grammatik der Altaischen Sprachen</i> [A Comparative Grammar of the Altaic Languages]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960.</li> <li>Tsintsius, Vera I. <i>Sravnitel'naya Fonetika Tunguso-Man'chzhurskikh Yazïkov</i> [Comparative Phonetics of the Manchu-Tungus Languages]. Leningrad, 1949.</li> <li>Stefan Georg. "Unreclassifying Tungusic", in: Carsten Naeher (ed.): <i>Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies (Bonn, August 28 – September 1, 2000), Volume 2: Trends in Tungusic and Siberian Linguistics</i>, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 45–57.</li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Hölzl, Andreas & Payne, Thomas E. (eds.). 2022. Tungusic languages: Past and present. (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 32). Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7025328 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/355">https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/355</a> Open Access.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aixinjueluo Yingsheng. 2014. Manyu kouyu yindian . Peking: Huayi chubanshe.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApatóczkyKempf,_Béla2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81kos_Bertalan_Apat%C3%B3czky" title="Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky">Apatóczky, Ákos Bertalan</a>; Kempf, Béla (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/56019/1/062.2017.70.2.1.pdf"><i>Recent developments on the decipherment of the Khitan small script. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. 70(2). 109–133</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 70. pp. 109–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F062.2017.70.2.1">10.1556/062.2017.70.2.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+developments+on+the+decipherment+of+the+Khitan+small+script.+Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hung.+70%282%29.+109%E2%80%93133.&rft.pages=109-133&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F062.2017.70.2.1&rft.aulast=Apat%C3%B3czky&rft.aufirst=%C3%81kos+Bertalan&rft.au=Kempf%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F56019%2F1%2F062.2017.70.2.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungusic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>.</li> <li>Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejournals.eu/pliki/art/4457/">Tungusic historical linguistics and the Buyla (a.k.a. Nagyszentmiklós) inscription</a>. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 20. 17–46.</li> <li>Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés. 2017a. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/an-oroch-wordlist-lost-and-rediscovered-a-critical-edition-of-tronsons-1859-pseudonivkh-vocabulary/EEA32937377AA9F7FB1B9187D45AE212">An Oroch word-list lost and rediscovered: A critical edition of Tronson's 1859 pseudo- Nivkh vocabulary</a>. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 80(1). 97–117.</li> <li>Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés. 2017b. From converb to classifier? On the etymology of Literary Manchu nofi. In Michał Né meth, Barbara Podolak & Mateusz Urban (eds.), Essays in the history of languages and linguistics. Dedicated to Marek Stachowski on the occasion of his 60th birthday, 57–80. Cracow: Księgarnia Akademicka.</li> <li>Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés. 2018. 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Peking: Minzu chubanshe.</li> <li>Zhu Zhenhua, Hongyan Zhang, Jianjun Zhao, Xiaoyi Guo, Zhengxiang Zhang, Yanling Ding & Tao Xiong. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/2/563/pdf">Using toponyms to analyze the endangered Manchu language in Northeast China</a>. Sustainability 10(563). 1–17.</li> <li>Zikmundová, Veronika. 2013. Spoken Sibe. Morphology of the inflected parts of speech. Prague: Karolinum. 37</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Vovin, Alexander</a> (2009) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1103">"Tungusic Languages"</a>. In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i> (1st ed.). Amsterdam and Boston: Elsevier. pp. 1103–1105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/264358379">264358379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tungusic+Languages&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Amsterdam+and+Boston&rft.pages=1103-1105&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F264358379&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA1103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATungusic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungusic_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~trg/languages/preface.html">Tungusic Research Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006081839/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~trg/languages/preface.html">Archived</a> 2012-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/mundo/manchu.htm">Tungusic languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaltric.de/mat/matlingu/even">Vergleich der Reziproken des Ewenischen mit verwandten Sprachen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.siberianlanguages.surrey.ac.uk/summary/">http://www.siberianlanguages.surrey.ac.uk/summary/</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tungusic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tungusic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tungusic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ewenic_languages" title="Ewenic languages">Ewenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kili_language" title="Kili language">Kili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negidal_language" title="Negidal language">Negidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Udegheic_languages" title="Udegheic languages">Udegheic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oroch_language" title="Oroch language">Oroch</a> (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_language" title="Udege language">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nanaic_languages" title="Nanaic languages">Nanaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulch_language" title="Ulch language">Ulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uilta_language" title="Uilta language">Uilta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurchenic_languages" title="Jurchenic languages">Jurchenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bala_language_(China)" title="Bala language (China)">Bala</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchuka_language" title="Alchuka language">Alchuka</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Kyakala_language" title="Chinese Kyakala language">Chinese Kyakala</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">dead, split or changed languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Altaic_hypothesis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Altaic_languages" title="Template:Altaic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Altaic_languages" title="Template talk:Altaic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Altaic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Altaic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Altaic_hypothesis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic hypothesis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Altaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Altaic language">Proto-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japonic">Proto-Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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