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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Кіру</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Басқа баптаулар" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Жеке құралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Жеке құралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Қатысушы мәзірі" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_kk.wikipedia.org&uselang=kk"><span>Демеу беру</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96&returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Біз сізге есептік жазба бастауды және кіруді ұсынамыз,ол міндетті емес."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Тіркелу</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96&returnto=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Кіруіңізді ұсынамыз, ол міндетті емес. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Кіру</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Шыққан өңдеушілерге арналған беттер <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" aria-label="Өңдеу туралы көбірек білу"><span>көбірек білу</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Бұл IP мекенжаймен жасаған өңдемелер тізімі [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Үлесім</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Бұл IP мекенжай өңдемелерін 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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Мазмұны" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Мазмұны</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">бүйірлік тақтаға жылжыту</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">жасыру</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Кіріспе</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Пайдаланған_сілтеме" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пайдаланған_сілтеме"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Пайдаланған сілтеме</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Пайдаланған_сілтеме-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Мазмұны" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Спектр</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Басқа тілдегі мақалаға өту. 68 тілде қолжетімді" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 тіл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum" title="Spektrum – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="طيف (فيزياء) – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيف (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="سپيكتر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سپيكتر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Spektr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Спектр – беларусь тілі" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спектр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Спектър – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спектър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="বর্ণালি – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্ণালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektar_(fizika)" title="Spektar (fizika) – босния тілі" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spektar (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectre" title="Espectre – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Спектр – чуваш тілі" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Спектр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbectrwm" title="Sbectrwm – валлий тілі" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbectrwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлий тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_(Physik)" title="Spektrum (Physik) – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spektrum (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Φάσμα – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φάσμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Spectrum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektro" title="Spektro – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spektro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro" title="Espectro – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espectro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spekter_(f%C3%BC%C3%BCsika)" title="Spekter (füüsika) – эстон тілі" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Spekter (füüsika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="طیف – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektri" title="Spektri – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Spektri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum" title="Spektrum – батыс фриз тілі" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="батыс фриз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speictream" title="Speictream – ирланд тілі" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Speictream" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4ng-ph%C3%BA" title="Kông-phú – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kông-phú" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ספקטרום – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספקטרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="वर्णक्रम – хинди тілі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्णक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8k" title="Espèk – гаити тілі" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADnk%C3%A9p" title="Színkép – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Színkép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Սպեկտր – армян тілі" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպեկտր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum" title="Spektrum – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spettro_atomico" title="Spettro atomico – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spettro atomico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="スペクトル – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペクトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum" title="Spektrum – ява тілі" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ява тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სპექტრი – грузин тілі" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპექტრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Spektr" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggwa" title="Aggwa – кабил тілі" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aggwa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ರೋಹಿತ – каннада тілі" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಹಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="스펙트럼 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스펙트럼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrs" title="Spektrs – латыш тілі" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spektrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Спектар – македон тілі" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спектар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F" title="वर्णपट – маратхи тілі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्णपट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum" title="Spektrum – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spectrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvensspekter" title="Frekvensspekter – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frekvensspekter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispeektarmii" title="Ispeektarmii – оромо тілі" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ispeektarmii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਰੰਗ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ – пенджаб тілі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੰਗ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджаб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widmo_optyczne" title="Widmo optyczne – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Widmo optyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%85" title="سپیکٹرم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپیکٹرم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Espectro (física) – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espectro (física)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectru_(fizic%C4%83)" title="Spectru (fizică) – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spectru (fizică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Спектр – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спектр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%85" title="اسپيڪٽرم – синдхи тілі" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسپيڪٽرم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektar_zra%C4%8Denja" title="Spektar zračenja – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spektar zračenja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spectrum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spekter" title="Spekter – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spekter" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Спектар зрачења – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спектар зрачења" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9ktrum" title="Spéktrum – сундан тілі" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Spéktrum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum" title="Spektrum – швед тілі" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="நிறமாலை – тамил тілі" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிறமாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="వర్ణపటం – телугу тілі" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వర్ణపటం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="สเปกตรัม – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเปกตรัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispektrum" title="Ispektrum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ispektrum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum" title="Spektrum – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spektrum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Спектр – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спектр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="طیف – урду тілі" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Spektr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%91%E8%B0%B1" title="光学频谱 – қытай тілі (У)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光学频谱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі (У)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1" title="光谱 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光谱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek-lia%CC%8Dt" title="Sek-lia̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek-lia̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" title="光譜 – кантон тілі" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光譜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q654182#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Тіларалық сілтемелерді өңдеу" class="wbc-editpage">Сілтемелерді өңдеу</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ат кеңістіктері"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Мазмұн бетін көру [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Бет</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Мағлұмат бетті талқылау (мұндай бет жоқ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Талқылау</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Тіл нұсқасын ауыстыру" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" 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id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Мұнда сілтейтін барлық бет тізімі [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Мұнда сілтейтін беттер</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" rel="nofollow" title="Осы жерден сілтенген беттердің жуықтағы өзгерістері [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Қатысты өзгерістер</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Барлық арнайы беттер тізімі [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Арнайы беттер</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80&oldid=3287439" title="Мына беттің осы нұсқасының тұрақты сілтемесі"><span>Тұрақты сілтеме</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80&action=info" title="Бұл бет туралы көбірек мәлімет"><span>Бет ақпараты</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:CiteThisPage&page=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80&id=3287439&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Бұл беттен қалай дәйексөз алуға болатыны туралы мәлімет"><span>Беттен дәйексөз алу</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D1%2580"><span>URL мекенжайын 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</nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Уикипедия — ашық энциклопедиясынан алынған мәлімет</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kk" dir="ltr"><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Nitrogen.Spectrum.Vis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Nitrogen.Spectrum.Vis.jpg" decoding="async" width="784" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </p><p><b>Спектр</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Латын тілі">лат</a> spektrum – елестету, бейне) – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика">физикада</a> берілген физикалық шаманың қабылдайтын әр түрлі мәндерінің жиынтығы. Спектрлер үздіксіз және дискретті (үздікті) болып бөлінеді. Спектр ұғымы көбіне тербелмелі процестерде (мысалы, тербеліс спектрі, дыбыс спектрі, оптикалық спектрлер, теледидарлық сигналдар спектрі, т.б.) жиі қолданылады. <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ядролық физика">Ядролық физикада</a> массалар спектрі, сондай-ақ <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Импульс">импульстер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия">энергиялар</a> және жылдамдықтар спектрі ұғымдары да пайдаланылады. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Зат <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Атомдар">атомдары</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Молекулалар">молекулалары</a> электромагниттік сәуле шығаруды сіңіре отырып, энергетикалық қоздырылған күйге ауысады. Атомдар мен молекулалардың осы сіңірген энергиясы олардың тербелмелі, айналмалы немесе ілгерілемелі энергиясын арттыруға жұмсалады, ал кей жағдайда ол екінші реттік сәуле шығаруға немесе <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фотохимия">фотохимиялық</a> процесс түріне түрленеді. </p><p>Электромагниттік сәуле шығарудың бірнеше түрлері белгілі: γ-сәулелер; рентген сәуле шығару; әсірекүлгін, көрінетін, инфрақызыл, микротолқынды және радио жиілікті сәуле шығару. </p><p>Толқындық теория бойынша сәуле шығарудың осы түрлері электрлік және электромагннттік өрістер кернеулігінің тербелісін білдіреді. Спектрофотометрия мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колориметрия">колориметрияда</a> анықталатын құрамы мен алдын-ала жүргізілген химиялық реакция нәтижесінде алынған зат молекулаларының таңдап сіңірулері пайдаланылады. Зат атомы энергияны сіңіре отырып, негізгі коздырылған, яғни аз энергиясы бар (Е<sub>0</sub>) күйден, екінші (Е<sub>1</sub>) күйге ауысады. Атом немесе молекула қозған күйде өте қысқа мерзімде болады (10<sup>-9</sup> – 10<sup>-8</sup> с), осыдан кейін электрондар өзінен-өзі едәуір төменгі энергетикалық деңгейге немесе негізгі күйінің деңгейіне ауысады. Бұл процесс жылу немесе электромагниттік сәуле шығарумен немесе бір мезгілде екеуінің болуымен косарласа жүреді. Электромагниттік сәуле шығарудың белгілі бір кванттарын сіңіруден пайда болған электрондық ауысулар сіңіретін молекулалардың электрондық спектріндегі белгілі бір қатаң сіңіру жолақшаларымен сипатталады. Бұл жерде мына жағдайды ескерте кеткен жөн. Электромагниттік тербеліс кванттарының сіңірілуі тек қана сіңіру энергиясы сіңіретін молекулалардың қоздырылған Е<sub>1</sub> және негізгі Е<sub>о</sub> күйлеріндегі энергетикалық деңгейлер кванттарының энергияларынын айырмасымен дәл келген жағдайда өтеді: </p> <dl><dd>Е = Е<sub>1</sub> – Е<sub>0</sub> = hv,</dd></dl> <p>мұндағы h - <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Планк тұрақтысы">Планк тұрақтысы</a>, ол 6*625*10<sup>-34</sup> Дж*с-қа тең, v - сіңірілетін сәуле шығару жиілігі (С<sup>-1</sup>), (Гц). Жиілік сіңірілетін квант энергиясымен анықталады, ол сәуле шығару таралуы жылдамдығының (ауасыз кеңістіктегі жарық толқыны жылдамдығының С=З*10<sup>10</sup> см/сек) толқын ұзындығына қатынасымен өрнектеледі: </p> <dl><dd>λv = с;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>v = c / λ</dd></dl> <p>Толқын ұзындығы микрометрмен немесе микронмен (1 мкм = 1 мкм = 1*10<sup>-6</sup> м), нанометрмен немесе миллимикронмен өлшенеді (1 нм =1 мкм = 1*10<sup>-9</sup> м). Электромагниттік сәуле шығарудың толқын ұзындығын толқындық санмен де (V) сипаттайды: </p> <dl><dd>v = 1 / λ</dd></dl> <p>Толқындық сан да, жиілік те энергияға пропорционал, яғни неғұрлым <i>Е</i> көп болса, соғұрлым толқындық сан мен жиілік көп болады. Толқын ұзындығы, керісінше, энергияға кері пропорционал болады. Неғұрлым <i>Е</i> аз болса, соғұрлым толқын ұзындығы ұлкен болады. Толқындық сан кері шамамен алынған сантиметрмен өлшенеді (см<sup>-1</sup>). Электромагниттік сәуле шығару ағыны интенсивтігінің кемуін өлшеуге негізделген талдау әдісі абсорбциялы спектроскопия әдістер тобын құрады.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Пайдаланған_сілтеме"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.BD.D2.93.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D1.81.D1.96.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B5"></span>Пайдаланған сілтеме</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Пайдаланған сілтеме" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Пайдаланған сілтеме"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Орысша-қазақша түсіндірме сөздік: Физика / Жалпы редакциясын басқарған э.ғ.д,, профессор Е. Арын – Павлодар: С. Торайғыров атындағы Павлодар мемлекеттік университеті, 2006. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965808880" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-808-88-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Қазақ энциклопедиясы</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Құлажанов Қ.С.Аналитикалық химия: II томдық оқулық . II - том. Оқулық. Алматы:«ЭВЕРО» баспаханасы, 2005. - 464 б. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965680957" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-680-95-7</a></span> </li> </ol> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/40px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/60px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/80px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Бұл мақаланы Уикипедия <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96" title="Уикипедия:Уикидің негізгі синтаксисі">сапа талаптарына</a> лайықты болуы үшін <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Уикипедия:Уикилендіру">уикилендіру</a> қажет.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Спектр&oldid=3287439">https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Спектр&oldid=3287439</a>» бетінен алынған</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Арнайы:Санаттар">Санаттар</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Санат:Аналитикалық химия">Аналитикалық химия</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Санат:Химия">Химия</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Санат:Ғылым">Ғылым</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Жасырын санат: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:ISBN_%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Санат:ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер">ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Санат:Уикилендіруі қажет мақалалар">Уикилендіруі қажет мақалалар</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Бұл беттің соңғы рет өзгертілген кезі: 2024 ж. ақпанның 26, 20:11.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Мәтін <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike лицензиясы</a> аясында қолжетімді; қосымша шарттар қолданылуы мүмкін. 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