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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Amsa:_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Amsa:_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fifth Amsa: Krishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Amsa:_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Amsa:_Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Amsa:_Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sixth Amsa: Liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Amsa:_Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical edition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فيشنو بورانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيشنو بورانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="বিষ্ণুপুরাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিষ্ণুপুরাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Vishnu Purana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visn%C3%BA-purana" title="Visnú-purana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visnú-purana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vishnu Purana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3" title="વિષ્ણુ પુરાણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિષ્ણુ પુરાણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%88%EB%88%84_%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%82%98" title="비슈누 푸라나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비슈누 푸라나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="विष्णु पुराण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विष्णु पुराण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisnupurana" title="Wisnupurana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wisnupurana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Viṣṇu Purāṇa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viṣṇu Purāṇa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ವಿಷ್ಣು ಪುರಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಷ್ಣು ಪುರಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8BVishnu_Purana%E2%80%8B" title="Vishnu Purana – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Vishnu Purana" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1naus_purana" title="Višnaus purana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Višnaus purana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="വിഷ്ണു പുരാണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിഷ്ണു പുരാണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="विष्णु पुराण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विष्णु पुराण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu-Purana" title="Vishnu-Purana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vishnu-Purana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3" title="ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ପୁରାଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ପୁରାଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਨੂੰ ਪੁਰਾਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਨੂੰ ਪੁਰਾਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وشنو پران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وشنو پران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E" title="វិស្ណុបុរាណ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិស្ណុបុរាណ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixenu_Purana" title="Vixenu Purana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vixenu Purana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вишну-пурана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вишну-пурана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="विष्णुपुराणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विष्णुपुराणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB" title="විෂ්ණු පුරාණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විෂ්ණු පුරාණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விஷ்ணு புராணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விஷ்ணு புராணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="విష్ణు పురాణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విష్ణు పురాణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%83-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вішну-пурана – 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vishnu Puran" redirects here. For the television series, see <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Puran_(TV_series)" title="Vishnu Puran (TV series)">Vishnu Puran (TV series)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Vishnu Purana</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg/220px-Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg/330px-Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg/440px-Vishnu_from_Gita_Govinda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">126</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">23,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Vishnu Purana</b> is one of the eighteen <a href="/wiki/Puranas#Mahapuranas" title="Puranas">Mahapuranas</a>, a genre of ancient and medieval texts of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an important <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> text in the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> literature corpus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986245–249_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986245–249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscripts of <i>Vishnu Purana</i> have survived into the modern era in many versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_245–249_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_245–249-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxiv–xxxv_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxiv–xxxv-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma2003GB141_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2003GB141-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than any other major <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Purana</a>, the <i>Vishnu Purana</i> presents its contents in <i>Pancalaksana</i> format – <i>Sarga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>), <i>Pratisarga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>), <i>Vamsa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> of the gods and goddesses, sages and kings and queens), <i><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a></i> (cosmic cycles), and <i>Vamsanucarita</i> (legends during the times of various kings and queens).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248–249_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248–249-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao199385–100_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao199385–100-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009248_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009248-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some manuscripts of the text are notable for not including sections found in other major Puranas, such as those on <i>Mahatmyas</i> and tour guides on pilgrimage,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some versions include chapters on temples and travel guides to sacred pilgrimage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is also notable as the earliest Purana to have been translated and published in 1840 CE by <a href="/wiki/H._H._Wilson" title="H. H. Wilson">HH Wilson</a>, based on manuscripts then available, setting the presumptions and premises about what Puranas may have been.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864i–xviii,_for_full_context_and_comparison_of_''Vishnu_Purana''_with_other_Puranas_then_known,_see_all_of_the_Preface_section._11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864i–xviii,_for_full_context_and_comparison_of_''Vishnu_Purana''_with_other_Puranas_then_known,_see_all_of_the_Preface_section.-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma2003GB148_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2003GB148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Vishnu Purana</i> is among the shorter <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Purana</a> texts, with about 7,000 verses in extant versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxv_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxv-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It primarily centers around the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avataras</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, but it praises <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and says that they are dependent on Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Purana, states Wilson, is <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> and the ideas in it, like other Puranas, are premised on the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> beliefs and ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xii–xiv_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xii–xiv-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Vishnu Purana</i>, like all major Puranas, attributes its author to be sage <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198648_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198648-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual author(s) and date of its composition are unknown and contested. Estimates of its composition range from 400 CE to 900 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text was likely composed and rewritten in layers over a period of time, with roots possibly in ancient 1st-millennium BCE texts that have not survived into the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198641–48,_249_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198641–48,_249-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i> categorizes <i>Vishnu Purana</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">Sattva</a> Purana (Purana that represents goodness and purity).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_of_composition">Date of composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Date of composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Airport_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bangkok_Airport_07.JPG/220px-Bangkok_Airport_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bangkok_Airport_07.JPG/330px-Bangkok_Airport_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bangkok_Airport_07.JPG/440px-Bangkok_Airport_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthanam</a> depicted in above sculpture, is described in the <i>Vishnu Purana</i>. Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok</figcaption></figure> <p>The composition date of <i>Vishnu Purana</i> is unknown and contested, with estimates widely disagreeing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some proposed dates for the earliest version<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <i>Vishnu Purana</i> by various scholars include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Vincent Smith</a> (1908): 400–300 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintaman_Vinayak_Vaidya" title="Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya">CV Vaidya</a> (1925): ~9th-century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Moriz Winternitz</a> (1932): possibly early 1st millennium, but states Rocher, he added, "it is no more possible to assign a definite date to the <i>Vishnu Purana</i> than it is for any other Purana".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rajendra Chandra Hazra (1940): 275–325 CE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Ramachandra_Dikshitar" title="V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar">Ramachandra Dikshitar</a> (1951): 700–300 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992986_with_note_5739_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992986_with_note_5739-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Roy (1968): after the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Horace Hayman Wilson</a> (1864): acknowledged that the tradition believes it to be 1st millennium BCE text and the text has roots in the Vedic literature, but after his analysis suggested that the extant manuscripts may be from the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balfour1885_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balfour1885-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a> (1988): <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 450 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198836_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198836-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Rocher states that the "date of the <i>Vishnu Purana</i> is as contested as that of any other Purana".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to <i>Vishnu</i> <i>Purana</i> in texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brihada_Vishnu_Purana" title="Brihada Vishnu Purana">Brihadvishnu</a></i> whose dates are better established, states Rocher, suggest that a version of <i>Vishnu</i> <i>Purana</i> existed by about 1000 CE, but it is unclear to what extent the extant manuscripts reflect the revisions during the 2nd millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma2003GB141_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2003GB141-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Vishnu</i> <i>Purana</i> like all Puranas has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas including the <i>Vishnu</i> <i>Purana</i> is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus, no Purana has a single date of composition. It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cornelia Dimmitt and <a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">J.A.B. van Buitenen</a>, <i>Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Many of the extant manuscripts were written on <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm leaf</a> or copied during the British India colonial era, some in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powell2010p128_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell2010p128-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholarship on <i>Vishnu Purana</i>, and other Puranas, has suffered from cases of forgeries, states <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a>, where liberties in the transmission of Puranas were normal and those who copied older manuscripts replaced words or added new content to fit the theory that the colonial scholars were keen on publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powell2010p128_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell2010p128-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extant text comprises six <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">amsas</i></span> (parts) and 126 <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">adhyayas</i></span> (chapters).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part has 22 chapters, the second part consists 16 chapters, the third part comprises 18 chapters and the fourth part has 24 chapters. The fifth and the sixth parts are the longest and the shortest part of the text, comprising 38 and 8 chapters respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–248_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–248-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The textual tradition claims that the original <i>Vishnu</i> <i>Purana</i> had 23,000 verses,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the surviving manuscripts have just a third of these, about 7,000 verses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxv_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxv-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is composed in metric verses or <i>sloka</i>, wherein each verse has exactly 32 syllables, of which 16 syllables in the verse may be free style per ancient literary standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xiii_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xiii-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Vishnu</i> Purana is an exception in that it presents its contents in Vishnu worship-related <i>Pancalaksana</i> format – <i>Sarga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a>), <i>Pratisarga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a>), <i>Vamsa</i> (Mythical <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> of the gods, sages, and kings), <i><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a></i> (Cosmic Cycles), and <i>Vamsanucaritam</i> (Legends During The Times Of Various Kings and Queens).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248–249_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248–249-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao199385–100_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao199385–100-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009248_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009248-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is rare, state Dimmitt and van Buitenen, because just 2% of the known Puranic literature corpus is about these five <i>Pancalaksana</i> items, and about 98% is about diverse range of encyclopedic topics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20129_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20129-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Who Is Vishnu?</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Out Of Vishnu This Universe Has Arisen,<br /> In Him Its Exists,<br /> He Is The One Who Governs Its Existence And Destruction,<br /> He Is The Universe. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Vishnu Purana</i>, 1.14<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186594–95_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186594–95-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Vishnu Purana opens as a conversation between sage <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata)" title="Maitreya (Mahābhārata)">Maitreya</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parashara" title="Parashara">Parashara</a>, with the sage asking, "What Is The Nature Of This Universe And Everything That Is In It?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Amsa:_Cosmology">First Amsa: Cosmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Amsa: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <i>Amsha</i> (part) of <i>Vishnu Purana</i> presents cosmology, dealing with the creation, maintenance and destruction of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mythology, states Rocher, is woven with the evolutionary theories of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hindu god Vishnu is presented as the central element of this text's cosmology, unlike some other Puranas where Shiva or Brahma or the <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> are offered prominence. The reverence and the worship of Vishnu is described in 22 chapters of the first part as the means for liberation, along with the profuse use of the synonymous names of Vishnu such as <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janardana" title="Janardana">Janardana</a>, Madhava, Achyuta, <a href="/wiki/Hrishikesha" title="Hrishikesha">Hrishikesha</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186593–96_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186593–96-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapters 1.16 through 1.20 of the <i>Vishnu Purana</i> presents the legend of compassionate and Vishnu devotee <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a> and his persecution by his demon king father <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>, wherein Prahlada is ultimately saved by Vishnu when Vishnu as <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> disimbowels and kills Hiranyakashipu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896ii–iii_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896ii–iii-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186532–68_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186532–68-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story is also found in other Puranas.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishnu is described in the first book of <i>Vishnu Purana</i> as, translates Wilson, all elements, all matter in the world, the entire universe, all living beings, as well as <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Inner Self, essence) within every living being, nature, intellect, ego, mind, senses, ignorance, wisdom, the four Vedas, all that is and all that is not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186593–96_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186593–96-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864170–172,_196–198_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864170–172,_196–198-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Amsa:_Earth">Second Amsa: Earth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Amsa: Earth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second part of the text describes the story of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>, the seven <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> and seven <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1865109–126_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1865109–126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mandara" title="Mount Mandara">Mount Mandara</a> and other major <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">Bharatavarsha</a> (Literally, the country of <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a>) along with its numerous <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and diverse <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1865127–190_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1865127–190-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seven continents are named <i>Jambu</i>, <i>Plaksha</i>, <i>Salmala</i>, <i>Kusha</i>, <i>Krauncha</i>, <i>Saka,</i> and <i>Pushkara</i>, each surrounded by different types of oceans (<a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saltwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">sugarcane juice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghrita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1865109–126_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1865109–126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This part of the <i>Vishnu</i> Purana describes spheres above the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Four Chapters (2.13 to 2.16)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1865312–336_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1865312–336-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the second book of the text present the legends of King <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a>, who abdicates his throne to lead the life of a <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasi</a>, which is similar to the legends found in section 5.7 to 5.14 of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geography of Mount Mandara is east of Mount Meru, presented in this book and other Puranas, states Stella Kramrisch, may be related to the word <i>Mandiram</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu Temple</a>) and the reason of its Design, Image, Aim and Destination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976161_with_footnote_78_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976161_with_footnote_78-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Amsa:_Time">Third Amsa: Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third Amsa: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial chapters of the third book of the <i>Vishnu</i> Purana presents its theory of <i><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantaras</a></i>, (each 306.72 Million Years Long<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18661–19_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18661–19-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is premised upon the Hindu belief that everything is Cyclic, and even <i><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a></i> (Eras) start, complete and then end. Six manvantaras, states the text, have already passed, and the current age belong to the seventh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18661–19_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18661–19-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each age, asserts the text, the Vedas are arranged into four, it is changed, and this has happened twenty eight times already.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186633–51_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186633–51-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each time, a <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> appears and he diligently organizes the eternal knowledge, with the aid of his students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186640–42_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186640–42-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagamati_cremation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/220px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/330px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/440px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Vishnu Purana includes several chapters in book 3 on rites of passage from birth through death. Included are chapters on cremation rites (above).</figcaption></figure> <p>After presenting the emergence of Vedic schools, the text presents the ethical duties of the four <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varnas</a> in chapter 2.8, the four <a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> (Stages) of the life of each human being in chapter 2.9, the rites of passage including wedding rituals in chapters 2.10 through 2.12, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a> (Ancestral rites) in chapters 2.13 through 2.16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–199_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–199-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Vishnu</i> Purana asserts that the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmana</a> should study the <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, worship deities and perform libations on behalf of others, the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> should maintain arms and protect the earth, the <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> should engage in commerce and farming, while the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> should subsist by profits of trade, service other varnas and through mechanical labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186685–87_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186685–87-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–192_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–192-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text asserts the ethical duties of all <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varnas</a> is to do good to others, never abuse anyone, never engage in calumny or untruth, never covet another person's wife, never steal another's property, never bear ill-will towards anyone, never beat and kill anyone wrongfully.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–192_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–192-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Be diligent in the service of the deities, sages and <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a>, asserts the Purana, and seek the welfare of all creatures, one's own children and of one's own soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–193_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–193-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone, regardless of their varna or stage of life, who lives a life according to the above duties is the best worshipper of Vishnu and Lakshmi, says the <i>Vishnu Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–193_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–193-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar statements on ethical things of people are found in other parts of Vishnu Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text describes in chapter 2.9, the four stages of life as <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a> (Student), <a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Grihastha</a> (Householder), <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vanaprastha</a> (Retirement) and <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a> (Renunciation, Mendicant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186692–96_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186692–96-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896194–196_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896194–196-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text repeats the ethical duties in this chapter, translates Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186692–96_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186692–96-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896194–196_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896194–196-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapters on <i>Shraddha</i> (Rites For Ancestors) describe the rites associated with a death in family, the preparation of the dead body, its cremation and the rituals after the cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18661_48–170_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18661_48–170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third book closes with the Legend Of Vishnu, through <i>Mayamoha</i>, helping the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a> win over <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuris</a> by teaching the Asuras and Asuris heretical doctrines that deny the Vedas, who declare their contempt for the Vedas, which makes them easy to identify and all are killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1866207–227_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1866207–227-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Hindu_deity_Krishna_on_ceramic_tile_at_Munnar_Kerala_India_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/3_Hindu_deity_Krishna_on_ceramic_tile_at_Munnar_Kerala_India_2014.jpg/220px-3_Hindu_deity_Krishna_on_ceramic_tile_at_Munnar_Kerala_India_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/3_Hindu_deity_Krishna_on_ceramic_tile_at_Munnar_Kerala_India_2014.jpg/330px-3_Hindu_deity_Krishna_on_ceramic_tile_at_Munnar_Kerala_India_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/3_Hindu_deity_Krishna_on_ceramic_tile_at_Munnar_Kerala_India_2014.jpg/440px-3_Hindu_deity_Krishna_on_ceramic_tile_at_Munnar_Kerala_India_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The longest part of the <i>Vishnu</i> Purana is dedicated to the story Of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> (Above).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Amsa:_Dynasties">Fourth Amsa: Dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fourth Amsa: Dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth book of the text, in 24 long chapters, presents royal dynasties, starting with Brahma and Sarasvati, followed by <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dynasty" title="Lunar dynasty">lunar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnivansha" title="Agnivansha">fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagavanshi" title="Nagavanshi">snake</a> dynasties, then those on earth over the <i>Yugas</i> (eras), with <a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshita</a> is a current king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1866229–336_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1866229–336-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18681–242_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18681–242-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text includes the legends of numerous characters such as Shaubhri, <a href="/wiki/Mandhatri" title="Mandhatri">Mandhatri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimi_(king)" title="Nimi (king)">Nimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyavati" title="Satyavati">Satyavati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puru_and_Yadu_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Puru and Yadu Dynasties">Puru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, Devaka, <a href="/wiki/Pandu" title="Pandu">Pandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896237–306_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896237–306-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_Amsa:_Krishna">Fifth Amsa: Krishna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fifth Amsa: Krishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth book of the <i>Vishnu</i> Purana is the longest, with 38 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1868245–342_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1868245–342-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18701–167_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18701–167-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is dedicated to the legend of Krishna, an incarnation of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896317–418_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896317–418-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book begins with the story of Krishna's birth, his childhood pranks and plays, his exploits, and killing the demon-tyrant king of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870245–342_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870245–342-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18701–167_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18701–167-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Krishna story in the <i>Vishnu Purana</i> is similar to his legend in the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i>, in several other Puranas and the Harivamsa of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have long debated whether the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> expanded the Krishna Legend in the <i>Vishnu Purana</i>, or whether the latter abridged the version in former, or both depended on the Harivamsa estimated to have been composed sometime in the 1st millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walterruben115_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walterruben115-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20079–10,_95–109_(Chapter_by_Ekkehard_Lorenz)_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20079–10,_95–109_(Chapter_by_Ekkehard_Lorenz)-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_Amsa:_Liberation">Sixth Amsa: Liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sixth Amsa: Liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Soul and Prakriti</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>This soul is of its own nature,<br /> pure, composed of happiness and wisdom.<br /> The properties of pain, ignorance and impurity,<br /> are those of <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a>, not of soul. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Vishnu Purana</i>, 6.7<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870225_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870225-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The last book of the <i>Vishnu Purana</i> is the shortest, with 8 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870168–255_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870168–255-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the sixth book asserts that <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i> is vicious, cruel and filled with evilness that create suffering, yet "Kali Yuga is excellent" because one can refuse to join the evil, devote oneself to Vishnu and thus achieve salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870177–185_with_footnotes_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870177–185_with_footnotes-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last chapters, from 6.6 to 6.7 of the text discusses <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and meditation, as a means to Vishnu devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870216–255_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870216–255-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemplative devotion, asserts the text, is the union with the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (supreme soul, ultimate reality), which is only achievable with virtues such as compassion, truth, honesty, disinterestedness, self-restraint and holy studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870227–229_with_footnotes_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870227–229_with_footnotes-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text mentions five <a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870230–232_with_footnotes_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870230–232_with_footnotes-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pure and perfect soul is called Vishnu, states the text, and absorption in Vishnu is liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870242–243_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870242–243-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final chapter 6.8 of the text asserts itself to be an "imperishable Vaishnava Purana".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870244_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870244-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_edition">Critical edition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Critical edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Critical Edition</a> of the Sanskrit text of the <i>Visnu-purana</i> was published in two large volumes, 1997 and 1999. A critical edition is prepared by comparing a number of different <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>, recording their variant readings in notes, and choosing the best readings to constitute the text of the critical edition. This is a real<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, large-scale critical edition, in which 43 Sanskrit manuscripts were gathered and collated, and 27 were chosen from which to prepare the Sanskrit edition. It is: </p><p><i>The Critical Edition of the Visnupuranam</i>, edited by M. M. Pathak, 2 vols., <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda" title="Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda">Vadodara: Oriental Institute</a>, 1997, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All scholars citing translations of Sanskrit texts are expected to refer to the Sanskrit original, because translations are inexact. From 1999 onward, anyone citing the <i>Vishnu Purana</i> will be expected<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to refer to this Sanskrit critical edition. </p><p>A translation of the critical edition was published in 2021 under the title, <i>The Vishnu Purana: Ancient Annals of the God with Lotus Eyes.</i><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Vishnu</i> Purana is one of the 18 major Puranas, and these text share many legends, likely influenced each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifth chapter of the <i>Vishnu</i> Purana was likely influenced by the Mahabharata.<sup id="cite_ref-walterruben115_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walterruben115-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the verses on rites of passage and ashramas (stages) of life are likely drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Dharmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutra">Dharmasutra</a> literature. Rajendra Hazra, in 1940, assumed that Vishnu Purana is ancient and proposed that texts such as <i>Apasthamba Dharmasutra</i> borrowed text from it.<sup id="cite_ref-allandahlaquist92_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allandahlaquist92-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars such as Allan Dahlaquist disagree, however, and state that the borrowing may have been in the other direction, from Dharmasutras into the Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-allandahlaquist92_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allandahlaquist92-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other chapters, particularly those in book 5 and 6 of the <i>Vishnu</i> Purana have <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> influences.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theistic Vedanta scholar <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, according to Sucharita Adluri, incorporated ideas from the <i>Vishnu</i> Purana to identify the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> concept in the Upanishads with Vishnu, thus providing a Vedic foundation to the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnava</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is not the version that has survived into the modern era. The estimates for earliest version are based on the analysis of the content, events described, literary style, references to other Indian texts within this Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20121-7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20121-7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198638-49,_59–66_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198638-49,_59–66-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014460_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2014">Dalal 2014</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986245–249-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986245–249_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 245–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_245–249-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_245–249_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 18, 245–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxiv–xxxv-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxiv–xxxv_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1864">Wilson 1864</a>, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma2003GB141-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2003GB141_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2003GB141_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Bailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Bailey (2003). Arvind Sharma (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC"><i>The Study of Hinduism</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-449-7&rft.au=Gregory+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpCKSUUQYEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248–249-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248–249_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248–249_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao199385–100-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao199385–100_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao199385–100_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao1993">Rao 1993</a>, pp. 85–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009248-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009248_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009248_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2009">Johnson 2009</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986249_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008">Ariel Glucklich 2008</a>, p. 146, <b>Quote:</b> The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called <i>mahatmyas</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864i–xviii,_for_full_context_and_comparison_of_''Vishnu_Purana''_with_other_Puranas_then_known,_see_all_of_the_Preface_section.-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864i–xviii,_for_full_context_and_comparison_of_''Vishnu_Purana''_with_other_Puranas_then_known,_see_all_of_the_Preface_section._11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1864">Wilson 1864</a>, pp. i–xviii, for full context and comparison of <i>Vishnu Purana</i> with other Puranas then known, see all of the Preface section..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma2003GB148-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2003GB148_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Bailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Bailey (2003). Arvind Sharma (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC"><i>The Study of Hinduism</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-449-7&rft.au=Gregory+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpCKSUUQYEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxv-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxv_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xxxv_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1864">Wilson 1864</a>, p. xxxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246,_248_with_footnote_501_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 246, 248 with footnote 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xii–xiv-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864xii–xiv_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1864">Wilson 1864</a>, pp. xii–xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198648-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198648_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198641–48,_249-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198641–48,_249_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 41–48, 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1840" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Wilson, H. H.</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgMxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR12"><i>The Vishnu Purana: A system of Hindu mythology and tradition</i></a>. Oriental Translation Fund. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+A+system+of+Hindu+mythology+and+tradition&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oriental+Translation+Fund&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgMxAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20121-7-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20121-7_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012">Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012</a>, p. 1-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198638-49,_59–66-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198638-49,_59–66_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 38-49, 59–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992986_with_note_5739-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992986_with_note_5739_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFK_P_Gietz1992">K P Gietz 1992</a>, p. 986 with note 5739.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balfour1885-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balfour1885_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Balfour1885" class="citation book cs1">Edward Balfour (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopindiaeast03balfuoft"><i>The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia</i></a>. B. Quaritch. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopindiaeast03balfuoft/page/1025">1025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pages=1025&rft.pub=B.+Quaritch&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Edward+Balfour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyclopindiaeast03balfuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198836-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198836_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1988">Collins 1988</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012">Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 49–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell2010p128-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell2010p128_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell2010p128_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvril_Ann_Powell2010" class="citation book cs1">Avril Ann Powell (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnS1X8a528C"><i>Scottish Orientalists and India: The Muir Brothers, Religion, Education and Empire</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 130, 128–134, 87–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-579-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-579-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-579-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Orientalists+and+India%3A+The+Muir+Brothers%2C+Religion%2C+Education+and+Empire&rft.pages=130%2C+128-134%2C+87-90&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-579-0&rft.au=Avril+Ann+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOnS1X8a528C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–248-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–248_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 246–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1864">Wilson 1864</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKireet_Joshi1991" class="citation book cs1">Kireet Joshi (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CJlM2nhlt0C&pg=PA106"><i>The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0889-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0889-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0889-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Veda+and+Indian+Culture%3A+An+Introductory+Essay&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0889-8&rft.au=Kireet+Joshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CJlM2nhlt0C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xiii-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xiii_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012">Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20129-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20129_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012">Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986247-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986247_34-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186594–95-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186594–95_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1865">Wilson 1865</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Brief History of India", by Alain Daniélou, publisher = Inner Traditions / Bear & Co., p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986246–247_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186593–96-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186593–96_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186593–96_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1865">Wilson 1865</a>, pp. 93–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896ii–iii-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896ii–iii_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1896">Dutt 1896</a>, pp. ii–iii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186532–68-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186532–68_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1865">Wilson 1865</a>, pp. 32–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger (2000), Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877790440" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877790440">978-0877790440</a>, page 455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864170–172,_196–198-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864170–172,_196–198_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1864">Wilson 1864</a>, pp. 170–172, 196–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1865109–126-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1865109–126_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1865109–126_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1865">Wilson 1865</a>, pp. 109–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1865127–190-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1865127–190_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1865">Wilson 1865</a>, pp. 127–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1865312–336-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1865312–336_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1865">Wilson 1865</a>, pp. 312–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976161_with_footnote_78-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976161_with_footnote_78_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramrisch1976">Kramrisch 1976</a>, p. 161 with footnote 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonigerHawley1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>; Hawley, John Stratton, eds. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">"Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster, Incorporated</a>. p. 691 (Manu). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877790442" title="Special:BookSources/0877790442"><bdi>0877790442</bdi></a>. <q>a day in the life of Brahma is divided into 14 periods called manvantaras ("Manu intervals"), each of which lasts for 306,720,000 years. In every second cycle [(new kalpa after pralaya)] the world is recreated, and a new Manu appears to become the father of the next human race. The present age is considered to be the seventh Manu cycle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.pages=691+%28Manu%29&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0877790442&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18661–19-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18661–19_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18661–19_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 1–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186633–51-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186633–51_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 33–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186640–42-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186640–42_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–199-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–199_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 80–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186685–87-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186685–87_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–192-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–192_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–192_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1896">Dutt 1896</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186680–90_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 80–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–193-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–193_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896191–193_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1896">Dutt 1896</a>, pp. 191–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NK Devaraja (1976), What is living and what is dead in traditional Indian philosophy?, Philosophy East and West, Volume 26, Issue 4, pages 427–442, Quote: "Thus in the Visnu Purana, Prahlada, the great devotee of Visnu, is found making a number of statements of the following type: Knowing that god Visnu is present in all creatures – since neither the totality of living beings, nor myself, nor the food is other than Viṣṇu – I serve all creatures with food; may this food bring them satisfaction. Elsewhere, in the same text, we read: We offer obeisance to that unborn, imperishable Brahman which is present in our and others bodies and in everything else, there being nothing other than it anywhere. This teaching of the ethics of universal love and service..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson186692–96-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186692–96_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson186692–96_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 92–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896194–196-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896194–196_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896194–196_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1896">Dutt 1896</a>, pp. 194–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18661_48–170-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18661_48–170_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 1 48–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1866207–227-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1866207–227_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 207–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1866229–336-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1866229–336_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1866">Wilson 1866</a>, pp. 229–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18681–242-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18681–242_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1868">Wilson 1868</a>, pp. 1–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896237–306-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896237–306_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1896">Dutt 1896</a>, pp. 237–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986248-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986248_64-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1868245–342-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1868245–342_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1868">Wilson 1868</a>, pp. 245–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson18701–167-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18701–167_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson18701–167_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, pp. 1–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1896317–418-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1896317–418_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1896">Dutt 1896</a>, pp. 317–418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870245–342-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870245–342_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, pp. 245–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walterruben115-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walterruben115_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walterruben115_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Ruben (1941), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/594498">The Kṛṣṇacarita in the Harivaṃśa and Certain Purāṇas</a>, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 61, No. 3, pages 115–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20079–10,_95–109_(Chapter_by_Ekkehard_Lorenz)-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20079–10,_95–109_(Chapter_by_Ekkehard_Lorenz)_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 9–10, 95–109 (Chapter by Ekkehard Lorenz).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870225-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870225_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870168–255-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870168–255_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, pp. 168–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870177–185_with_footnotes-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870177–185_with_footnotes_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, pp. 177–185 with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870216–255-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870216–255_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, pp. 216–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870227–229_with_footnotes-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870227–229_with_footnotes_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, pp. 227–229 with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870230–232_with_footnotes-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870230–232_with_footnotes_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, pp. 230–232 with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870242–243-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870242–243_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1870244-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1870244_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1870">Wilson 1870</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/html/sa_viSNupurANa-crit.htm">"Viṣṇupurāṇa (GRETIL)"</a>. <i>gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de&rft.atitle=Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87upur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+%28GRETIL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fgretil%2Fcorpustei%2Ftransformations%2Fhtml%2Fsa_viSNupurANa-crit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/3_purana/vipce_pu.htm">"Visnu-Purana, plain text version"</a>. <i>gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de&rft.atitle=Visnu-Purana%2C+plain+text+version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fgretil%2F1_sanskr%2F3_purana%2Fvipce_pu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2021" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, McComas (2021). <i>The Viṣṇu Purāṇa: Ancient Annals of the God with Lotus Eyes</i>. Acton, ACT, Australia: ANU Press (open access). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760464400" title="Special:BookSources/9781760464400"><bdi>9781760464400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%3A+Ancient+Annals+of+the+God+with+Lotus+Eyes&rft.place=Acton%2C+ACT%2C+Australia&rft.pub=ANU+Press+%28open+access%29&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781760464400&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=McComas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allandahlaquist92-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allandahlaquist92_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allandahlaquist92_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_Dahlaquist1996" class="citation book cs1">Allan Dahlaquist (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xp35-8gTRDkC&pg=PA92"><i>Megasthenes and Indian Religion</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 92 with footnote 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1323-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1323-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1323-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megasthenes+and+Indian+Religion&rft.pages=92+with+footnote+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1323-6&rft.au=Allan+Dahlaquist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxp35-8gTRDkC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NK Devaraja (1970), Contemporary Relevance of Advaita Vedānta, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 20, No. 2, pages 129–136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KSR Datta (1978), The Visnu Purana and Advaita, Journal: Purana, Vol 20, pages 193–196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Balasubramanian2000" class="citation book cs1">R. Balasubramanian (2000). "Advaita in the Puranas". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pe3sAAAAIAAJ"><i>Advaita Vedānta</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 51–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8187586043" title="Special:BookSources/978-8187586043"><bdi>978-8187586043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Advaita+in+the+Puranas&rft.btitle=Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta&rft.pages=51-78&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8187586043&rft.au=R.+Balasubramanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPe3sAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sucharita Adluri (2015), Textual authority in Classical Indian Thought: Ramanuja and the Visnu Purana, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415695756" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415695756">978-0415695756</a>, pages 1–11, 18–26</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803400-1"><bdi>978-0-19-803400-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803400-1&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0z02cZe8PU8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1988" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36"><i>The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0"><bdi>978-0-88706-773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iconography+and+Ritual+of+Siva+at+Elephanta%3A+On+Life%2C+Illumination%2C+and+Being&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-773-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Charles+Dillard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQNi6kAGJQ4C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012" class="citation book cs1">Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J. A. B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC"><i>Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas</i></a>. Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0464-0"><bdi>978-1-4399-0464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Hindu+Mythology%3A+A+Reader+in+the+Sanskrit+Puranas&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press+%281st+Edition%3A+1977%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0&rft.aulast=Dimmitt&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft.au=van+Buitenen%2C+J.+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dre7CR2jKn3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Rosen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184752779" title="Special:BookSources/978-8184752779"><bdi>978-8184752779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8184752779&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Rosen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1896" class="citation book cs1">Dutt, MN (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Vishnupurana-English-MnDutt#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>A prose translation of Vishnupuranam</i></a>. Elysium Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+prose+translation+of+Vishnupuranam&rft.pub=Elysium+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=MN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FVishnupurana-English-MnDutt%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0"><bdi>0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_P_Gietz1992" class="citation book cs1">K P Gietz; et al. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870"><i>Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03028-1"><bdi>978-3-447-03028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+and+Puranic+Bibliography+%28Up+to+1985%29+Annoted+and+with+Indexes%3A+Part+I%3A+A+-+R%2C+Part+II%3A+S+-+Z%2C+Indexes&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03028-1&rft.au=K+P+Gietz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgpLBpUCufwC%26pg%3DPA870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ariel Glucklich (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC"><i>The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu+%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971825-2&rft.au=Ariel+Glucklich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, W.J. (2009). <i>A Dictionary of Hinduism</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0"><bdi>978-0-19-861025-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861025-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch1976" class="citation book cs1">Kramrisch, Stella (1976). <i>The Hindu Temple, Volume 1 & 2</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0223-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0223-3"><bdi>81-208-0223-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%2C+Volume+1+%26+2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=81-208-0223-3&rft.aulast=Kramrisch&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1993" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Velcheru Narayana (1993). "Purana as Brahminic Ideology". In Doniger Wendy (ed.). <i>Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0"><bdi>0-7914-1381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purana+as+Brahminic+Ideology&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-1381-0&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Velcheru+Narayana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225"><bdi>978-3447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3447025225&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Past Before Us</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2"><bdi>978-0-674-72651-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Past+Before+Us&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72651-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daei9AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Wilson, H. H.</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst01wils#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 1: Introduction, Book I)</i></a>. Read Country Books (reprinted in 2006). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84664-664-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84664-664-2"><bdi>1-84664-664-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+A+System+of+Hindu+Mythology+and+Tradition+%28Volume+1%3A+Introduction%2C+Book+I%29&rft.pub=Read+Country+Books+%28reprinted+in+2006%29&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=1-84664-664-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvishnupurnsyst01wils%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1865" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, H. H. (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst02wils#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 2: Book I & II)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+A+System+of+Hindu+Mythology+and+Tradition+%28Volume+2%3A+Book+I+%26+II%29&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvishnupurnsyst02wils%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1866" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, H. H. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst03wils#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 3: Book III & IV)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+A+System+of+Hindu+Mythology+and+Tradition+%28Volume+3%3A+Book+III+%26+IV%29&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvishnupurnsyst03wils%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1868" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, H. H. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst04wils#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 4: Book IV & V)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+A+System+of+Hindu+Mythology+and+Tradition+%28Volume+4%3A+Book+IV+%26+V%29&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvishnupurnsyst04wils%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Wilson, H. H.</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst51wils#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 5 Part 1: Book V & VI)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+A+System+of+Hindu+Mythology+and+Tradition+%28Volume+5+Part+1%3A+Book+V+%26+VI%29&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvishnupurnsyst51wils%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishnu+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mani, Vettam. <i>Puranic Encyclopedia</i>. 1st English ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.</li> <li>Shri Vishnupuran published by Gitapress Gorakhpur</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/textbooks/visnu-purana"><i>The Viṣṇu Purāṇa: Ancient Annals of the God with Lotus Eyes</i></a> translation by McComas Taylor</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/index.htm"><i>Vishnu Purana</i></a> translation by <a href="/wiki/H.H._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Wilson">H.H. Wilson</a> at sacred-texts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vishnu-purana-wilson"><i>Vishnu Purana</i> English translation</a> correct IAST transliteration and glossary</li> <li>Other language versions on the Internet Archive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Vishnu_Purana_with_Vishnuchittiyam_-_PB_Annangaracharya_1972">Sanskrit</a> (by Vishnuchitta Alwar, 1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brhatvishnupurana">Bengali</a> by Kaliprasanna Vidyaratna (1926), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puran_vishnu">Hindi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VishnuPuranaTelugu">Telugu</a> by K. Bhavanarayana (1930)</li> <li>Read <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/html/sa_viSNupurANa-crit.htm">Critical Edition of Vishnu Purana</a> by Vadodara: Oriental Institute</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Puranas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puranas" title="Template:Puranas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puranas" title="Template talk:Puranas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Puranas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Puranas#The_Mahapuranas" title="Puranas">Mahapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markendeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaddharma_Purana" title="Brihaddharma Purana">Brihaddharma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanat-kumara_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanat-kumara Purana (page does not exist)">Sanat-kumara Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Purana" title="Kalki Purana">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Purana" title="Mudgala Purana">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Purana" title="Narasimha Purana">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Purana" title="Samba Purana">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_Purana" title="Saura Purana">Saura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 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terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" 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