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Dia de la Independència de l'Índia - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Història</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abans_de_la_independència" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abans_de_la_independència"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Abans de la independència</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abans_de_la_independència-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Context_immediat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context_immediat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Context immediat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context_immediat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partició_i_independència" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partició_i_independència"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Partició i independència</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partició_i_independència-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebració" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebració"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Celebració</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebració-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amenaces_a_la_seguretat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amenaces_a_la_seguretat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Amenaces a la seguretat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amenaces_a_la_seguretat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_la_cultura_popular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_la_cultura_popular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>En la cultura popular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_la_cultura_popular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dia de la Independència de l'Índia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 47 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onafhanklikheidsdag_(Indi%C3%AB)" title="Onafhanklikheidsdag (Indië) - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onafhanklikheidsdag (Indië)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="يوم الاستقلال (الهند) - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوم الاستقلال (الهند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4)" title="স্বাধীনতা দিৱস (ভাৰত) - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্বাধীনতা দিৱস (ভাৰত)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="स्वतंत्रता दिवस (भारत) - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्वतंत्रता दिवस (भारत)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4)" title="স্বাধীনতা দিবস (ভারত) - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বাধীনতা দিবস (ভারত)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitstag_(Indien)" title="Unabhängigkeitstag (Indien) - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unabhängigkeitstag (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ημέρα Ανεξαρτησίας (Ινδία) - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ημέρα Ανεξαρτησίας (Ινδία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India) - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Independence Day (India)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_la_Independencia_de_India" title="Día de la Independencia de India - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Día de la Independencia de India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="روز استقلال (هند) - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روز استقلال (هند)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_itsen%C3%A4isyysp%C3%A4iv%C3%A4" title="Intian itsenäisyyspäivä - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian itsenäisyyspäivä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jour_de_l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance_(Inde)" title="Jour de l&#039;Indépendance (Inde) - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jour de l&#039;Indépendance (Inde)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8_(%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4)" title="સ્વતંત્રતા દિવસ (ભારત) - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વતંત્રતા દિવસ (ભારત)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95)" title="יום העצמאות (הודו) - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יום העצמאות (הודו)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="स्वतंत्रता दिवस (भारत) - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वतंत्रता दिवस (भारत)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80" title="Հնդկաստանի անկախության օր - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկաստանի անկախության օր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Kemerdekaan_(India)" title="Hari Kemerdekaan (India) - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari Kemerdekaan (India)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorno_dell%27indipendenza_dell%27India" title="Giorno dell&#039;indipendenza dell&#039;India - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giorno dell&#039;indipendenza dell&#039;India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E6%97%A5_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="独立記念日 (インド) - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="独立記念日 (インド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam_Sa%CC%B1t_(Ndiya)" title="Mam Sa̱t (Ndiya) - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mam Sa̱t (Ndiya)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%C9%99%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Үндістанның тəуелсіздік күні - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үндістанның тəуелсіздік күні" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಾರತದ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%EC%9D%BC_(%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84)" title="독립기념일 (인도) - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독립기념일 (인도)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%84%DB%81_(%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="آزادی ہنٛد دۄہ (ہندوستان) - caixmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آزادی ہنٛد دۄہ (ہندوستان)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caixmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF)" title="സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യദിനം (ഇന്ത്യ) - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യദിനം (ഇന്ത്യ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="भारतीय स्वातंत्र्य दिवस - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय स्वातंत्र्य दिवस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_indiske_uavhengighetsdagen" title="Den indiske uavhengighetsdagen - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den indiske uavhengighetsdagen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E2%80%8C_(%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4)" title="ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ‌ (ଭାରତ) - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ‌ (ଭାରତ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B8_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਸੁਤੰਤਰਤਾ ਦਿਵਸ (ਭਾਰਤ) - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਤੰਤਰਤਾ ਦਿਵਸ (ਭਾਰਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzie%C5%84_Niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci_(Indie)" title="Dzień Niepodległości (Indie) - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzień Niepodległości (Indie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="آزادی دن، بھارت - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آزادی دن، بھارت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_da_Independ%C3%AAncia_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Dia da Independência (Índia) - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dia da Independência (Índia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="День независимости Индии - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="День независимости Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="स्वातन्त्र्यदिनोत्सवः (भारतम्) - sànscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्वातन्त्र्यदिनोत्सवः (भारतम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sànscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8_(%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B)" title="ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉන්දීය නිදහස් දිනය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දීය නිදහස් දිනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India) - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Independence Day (India)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Дан независности (Индија) - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дан независности (Индија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiens_sj%C3%A4lvst%C3%A4ndighetsdag" title="Indiens självständighetsdag - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indiens självständighetsdag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்தியாவின் விடுதலை நாள் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியாவின் விடுதலை நாள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="భారత స్వాతంత్ర్య దినోత్సవం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారత స్వాతంత్ర్య దినోత్సవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2)" title="วันเอกราช (ประเทศอินเดีย) - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วันเอกราช (ประเทศอินเดีย)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ms%C4%B1zl%C4%B1k_G%C3%BCn%C3%BC_(Hindistan)" title="Bağımsızlık Günü (Hindistan) - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağımsızlık Günü (Hindistan)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="День незалежності Індії - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="День незалежності Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="یوم آزادی بھارت - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوم آزادی بھارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%97%A5" title="印度独立日 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度独立日" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%97%A5" title="印度獨立日 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度獨立日" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56106#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" rel="discussion" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Independence_Day_(India)" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56106" title="Enllaç a l&#039;element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates-ind" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><span title="Coordenades geogràfiques WGS84">Coord.:</span> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;language=ca&amp;params=22.8_N_83_E_region:"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapes, fotos aèries i altres informacions per a aquesta localització">22°&#160;48′&#160;N, 83°&#160;00′&#160;E</span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Mapes, fotos aèries i altres informacions per a aquesta localització"><span class="latitude">22.8°N</span>,<span class="longitude">83°E</span></span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">22.8; 83</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-ind-article-bo" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_bons" title="Viquipèdia:Articles bons"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Segell_ABo_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg/30px-Segell_ABo_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Segell_ABo_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg/45px-Segell_ABo_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Segell_ABo_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg/60px-Segell_ABo_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28178455">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle{background:#ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_abovestyle{background:#ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerstyle{background:#ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle{background:#ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle1{width:100%;background:#ccccff;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label{background:#eeeeee;padding-right:1.2em;width:40%;text-align:start}</style><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em;infobox_bodystyle"><caption class="infobox_titlestyle" style="font-weight:bold"><span style="float:left; margin-left: 3px;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Simpleicons_Business_calendar-with-a-clock-time-tools.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantilla:Infotaula esdeveniment"><img alt="Plantilla:Infotaula esdeveniment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simpleicons_Business_calendar-with-a-clock-time-tools.svg/25px-Simpleicons_Business_calendar-with-a-clock-time-tools.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simpleicons_Business_calendar-with-a-clock-time-tools.svg/38px-Simpleicons_Business_calendar-with-a-clock-time-tools.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Simpleicons_Business_calendar-with-a-clock-time-tools.svg/50px-Simpleicons_Business_calendar-with-a-clock-time-tools.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span>Dia de la Independència</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33606766">.mw-parser-output .img_toogle ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:70%}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle_caption{font-size:100%;font-style:normal;text-align:center;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px}</style><div class="img_toogle"> <div class="geobox"><table style="width:auto; margin:auto; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0; text-align:center;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Historic_Lal_Quila,_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imatge"><img alt="Imatge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Historic_Lal_Quila%2C_Delhi.jpg/300px-Historic_Lal_Quila%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Historic_Lal_Quila%2C_Delhi.jpg/450px-Historic_Lal_Quila%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Historic_Lal_Quila%2C_Delhi.jpg/600px-Historic_Lal_Quila%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="img_toogle_caption">La <a href="/wiki/Bandera_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Bandera de l&#39;Índia">bandera nacional de l'Índia</a>, hissada al <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vermell" title="Fort Vermell">Fort Vermell</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, acte simbòlic habitual en aquesta festa nacional als edificis públics i privats indis</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><table align="center" style="width:auto; cellspacing:1; cellpadding:0%; border:0; margin:0; display:table;"><tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-zoom="4" data-lat="22.8" data-lon="83" data-overlays="[&quot;_8f1487f151e5b0476eaa29760d4a18c5cedb157c&quot;]" href="/wiki/Especial:Map/4/22.8/83/ca"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,22.8,83,300x300.png?lang=ca&amp;domain=ca.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;revid=33339451&amp;groups=_8f1487f151e5b0476eaa29760d4a18c5cedb157c" width="300" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,22.8,83,300x300@2x.png?lang=ca&amp;domain=ca.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;revid=33339451&amp;groups=_8f1487f151e5b0476eaa29760d4a18c5cedb157c 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><small>&#160;<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;language=ca&amp;params=22.8_N_83_E_region:"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapes, fotos aèries i altres informacions per a aquesta localització">22°&#160;48′&#160;N, 83°&#160;00′&#160;E</span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Mapes, fotos aèries i altres informacions per a aquesta localització"><span class="latitude">22.8°N</span>,<span class="longitude">83°E</span></span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">22.8; 83</span></span></span></a></span></small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q927083" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q927083">public holidays in India</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q927083?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Festa_nacional" title="Festa nacional">festa nacional</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1197685" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1197685">festa pública</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14914657" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q14914657">dia d'independència</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56106?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Commemora</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Moviment_d%27independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Moviment d&#39;independència de l&#39;Índia">Moviment d'independència de l'Índia</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124728912" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q124728912">independència de l'Índia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56106?uselang=ca#P547" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Dia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/15_d%27agost" title="15 d&#39;agost">15 d'agost</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56106?uselang=ca#P837" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Dia de la setmana</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">15 d'agost</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Interval de temps</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Localització</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56106?uselang=ca#P276" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Estat</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56106?uselang=ca#P17" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Àmbit</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Acció</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">Hissada de la bandera, desfilades, cantant de cançons patriòtiques i l'<a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">himne nacional</a>, i discurs pronunciat pel <a href="/wiki/Primer_ministre_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Primer ministre de l&#39;Índia">primer ministre</a> i el <a href="/wiki/President_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="President de l&#39;Índia">president</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><span style="float:center;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>El <b>Dia de la Independència</b>, celebrat cada 15 d'agost, és una <a href="/wiki/Festa_nacional" title="Festa nacional">festa nacional</a> de l'Índia que commemora la independència respecte del <a href="/wiki/Raj_Brit%C3%A0nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Raj Britànic">domini britànic</a> el 15 d'agost de 1947. L'Índia va obtenir la llibertat seguint un <a href="/wiki/Moviment_d%27independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Moviment d&#39;independència de l&#39;Índia">moviment d'independència</a>, encapçalat pel <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A9s_Nacional_Indi" title="Congrés Nacional Indi">Congrés Nacional Indi</a> (INC) i caracteritzat en gran part per la <a href="/wiki/Resist%C3%A8ncia_no-violenta" title="Resistència no-violenta">resistència no-violenta</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Desobedi%C3%A8ncia_civil" title="Desobediència civil">desobediència civil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La independència va coincidir amb la <a href="/wiki/Partici%C3%B3_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Partició de l&#39;Índia">partició de l'Índia</a>, en la qual l'Índia britànica es va dividir per criteri de religió en els <a href="/wiki/Domini_brit%C3%A0nic" title="Domini britànic">dominis</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Domini_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Domini de l&#39;Índia">Índia</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Domini_del_Pakistan" title="Domini del Pakistan">Pakistan</a>; la partició va desembocar en violents disturbis i nombroses morts. </p><p>El 15 d'agost de 1947 <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, que s'havia convertit en el <a href="/wiki/Primer_ministre_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Primer ministre de l&#39;Índia">primer ministre de l'Índia</a>, va hissar la <a href="/wiki/Bandera_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Bandera de l&#39;Índia">bandera nacional de l'Índia</a> per sobre de la porta de Lahore del <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vermell" title="Fort Vermell">Fort Vermell</a>, de Delhi. A partir de llavors, cada dia de la independència el primer ministre hissa la bandera a l'edifici i hi pronuncia un discurs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El dia se celebra a tota l'Índia amb cerimònies on s'hissa la bandera, desfilades i actes culturals. Particularment, els indis celebren el dia mostrant la bandera nacional en els seus vestits, accessoris, cases i vehicles, escoltant cançons, veient pel·lícules patriòtiques, i reunint-se amb familiars i amics. Es narra la independència i la partició a través de llibres i pel·lícules. Les organitzacions armades separatistes i activistes sovint han perpetrat atacs i vagues i han hissat banderes negres el 15 d'agost i els dies circumdants per boicotejar la celebració. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Moviment_d%27independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Moviment d&#39;independència de l&#39;Índia">Moviment d'independència de l'Índia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Demonstration_against_British_Rule_in_India_-_c1930%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Demonstration_against_British_Rule_in_India_-_c1930%27s.jpg/220px-Demonstration_against_British_Rule_in_India_-_c1930%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Demonstration_against_British_Rule_in_India_-_c1930%27s.jpg/330px-Demonstration_against_British_Rule_in_India_-_c1930%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Demonstration_against_British_Rule_in_India_-_c1930%27s.jpg/440px-Demonstration_against_British_Rule_in_India_-_c1930%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Manifestació contra el domini britànic, vora la dècada de 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Segle_XVII" title="Segle XVII">segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvii</span></a> els comerciants europeus van establir <a href="/wiki/Avantport" title="Avantport">avantports</a> al <a href="/wiki/Subcontinent_indi" title="Subcontinent indi">subcontinent indi</a>. Amb una força militar aclaparadora, la <a href="/wiki/Companyia_Brit%C3%A0nica_de_les_%C3%8Dndies_Orientals" title="Companyia Britànica de les Índies Orientals">Companyia Britànica de les Índies Orientals</a> va sotmetre regnes locals i <a href="/wiki/Domini_de_la_Companyia_a_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Domini de la Companyia a l&#39;Índia">va establir-s'hi com la força dominant</a> del segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xviii</span>. Després de la <a href="/wiki/Rebel%C2%B7li%C3%B3_%C3%ADndia_de_1857" title="Rebel·lió índia de 1857">rebel·lió índia de 1857</a>, es va aprovar la <a href="/wiki/Llei_de_govern_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia_de_1858" title="Llei de govern de l&#39;Índia de 1858">Llei de govern de l'Índia de 1858</a>, que permetia a la <a href="/wiki/Llista_de_monarques_brit%C3%A0nics" title="Llista de monarques britànics">Corona Britànica</a> assumir el control directe de l'Índia. En les dècades següents la societat civil es va anar organitzant a tota l'Índia, encapçalada pel <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A9s_Nacional_Indi" title="Congrés Nacional Indi">Congrés Nacional Indi</a>, format el 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalf_conc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:123</sup> El període posterior a la <a href="/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primera Guerra Mundial">Primera Guerra Mundial</a> va estar marcat per un conjunt de reformes britàniques, com les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformes_Montagu-Chelmsford&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformes Montagu-Chelmsford (encara no existeix)">reformes Montagu-Chelmsford</a>, però també va ser testimoni de l'entrada en vigor de la repressiva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llei_Rowlatt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Llei Rowlatt (encara no existeix)">Llei Rowlatt</a> i de les peticions d'autonomia dels activistes indis. El descontentament d'aquest període va cristal·litzar en l'ascens de moviments <a href="/wiki/No-viol%C3%A8ncia" title="No-violència">no-violents</a> de no-cooperació i <a href="/wiki/Desobedi%C3%A8ncia_civil" title="Desobediència civil">desobediència civil</a> arreu del país, encapçalats per <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalf_conc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:167</sup> </p><p>Durant la dècada de 1930, els britànics van reformar gradualment la legislació i el Congrés va obtenir victòries a les següents eleccions.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalf_conc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:195–197</sup> La següent dècada va estar caracteritzada per la inestabilitat política, a causa de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndia_en_la_Segona_Guerra_Mundial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Índia en la Segona Guerra Mundial (encara no existeix)">participació índia a la Segona Guerra Mundial</a>, l'empenta final del Congrés per a la no-cooperació, i l'augment del <a href="/wiki/Panislamisme" title="Panislamisme">nacionalisme islàmic</a> dirigit per la <a href="/wiki/Lliga_Musulmana" title="Lliga Musulmana">Lliga Musulmana</a>. L'escalada de la tensió política va desencadenar en l'assoliment de la independència, el 1947. Tanmateix, l'exultació es va atenuar per la <a href="/wiki/Partici%C3%B3_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Partició de l&#39;Índia">sagnant divisió</a> del subcontinent en l'Índia i el Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalf_conc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:203</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abans_de_la_independència"><span id="Abans_de_la_independ.C3.A8ncia"></span>Abans de la independència</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Abans de la independència"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg/330px-Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Gandhi</a>, el setembre de 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>El 1929 es va publicar la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purna_Swaraj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Purna Swaraj (encara no existeix)">Purna Swaraj</a> («Declaració d'Independència de l'Índia») a la reunió de <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> del Congrés Nacional Indi,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolpert1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i el dia 26 de gener es va declarar com el Dia de la Independència.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolpert1999_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El Congrés va demanar al poble que es comprometés amb la <a href="/wiki/Desobedi%C3%A8ncia_civil" title="Desobediència civil">desobediència civil</a> i «portés a terme les instruccions del Congrés emeses ocasionalment» fins que l'Índia obtingués la plena independència.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hom considera que l'establiment de la celebració de l'esmentat Dia de la Independència es va concebre per avivar el fervor nacionalista entre els ciutadans de l'Índia, i obligar el govern britànic a considerar la concessió de la independència.<sup id="cite_ref-Guha2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:19</sup> </p><p>El Congrés va celebrar el 26 gener com a Dia de la Independència entre 1930 i 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Vohra2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vohra2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_26_jan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_26_jan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La celebració estava marcada per reunions on els assistents rebien el «compromís de la independència».<sup id="cite_ref-Guha2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:19–20</sup> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> descriu en la seva autobiografia que aquestes reunions eren pacífiques, solemnes i «sense cap mena de discursos o exhortacions».<sup id="cite_ref-Nehru1989_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nehru1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gandhi va concebre que, a més de les reunions, el dia es destinaria «[…] a fer treball constructiu, ja sigui en torn o al servei dels «intocables» o reunint-se els hindús i musulmans, o a treball prohibitiu, o fins i tot a tots dos alhora».<sup id="cite_ref-(Mahatma)1970_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Mahatma)1970-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Després de la materialització de la independència, el 1947, el 26 de gener de 1950 va entrar en vigor la <a href="/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Constitució de l&#39;Índia">Constitució de l'Índia</a> i des de llavors el 26 de gener se celebra el <a href="/wiki/Dia_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Dia de la República de l&#39;Índia">Dia de la República</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Context_immediat">Context immediat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Context immediat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El 1946 el <a href="/wiki/Partit_Laborista_(Regne_Unit)" title="Partit Laborista (Regne Unit)">govern laborista britànic</a>, el tresor del qual es va esgotar per la recentment finalitzada <a href="/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segona Guerra Mundial">Segona Guerra Mundial</a> es va adonar que no comptava ni amb el mandat intern ni amb el suport internacional, ni amb la fiabilitat de les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex%C3%A8rcit_Indi_Brit%C3%A0nic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Exèrcit Indi Britànic (encara no existeix)">forces armades pròpies</a> per continuar controlant una Índia cada vegada més inquieta.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalf_conc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:203</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyam106_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyam106-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_330_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_330-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El febrer de 1947 el primer ministre <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> va anunciar que el govern britànic atorgaria ple autogovern a l'Índia britànica, com a màxim, el juny de 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Romein1962_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romein1962-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El nou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Governador_general_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Governador general de l&#39;Índia (encara no existeix)">virrei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Mountbatten" title="Lluís Mountbatten">Lluís Mountbatten</a>, va avançar la data del traspàs de poder, creient que la contínua disputa entre el Congrés i la Lliga Musulmana podria conduir a un col·lapse del govern interí.<sup id="cite_ref-ReadFisher1999_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReadFisher1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> D'aquesta manera, va escollir el segon aniversari de la rendició del Japó a la Segona Guerra Mundial, el 15 d'agost, com la data del traspàs de poder.<sup id="cite_ref-ReadFisher1999_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReadFisher1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El govern britànic va anunciar el 3 de juny de 1947 que havia acceptat la idea de la partició de l'Índia Britànica en dos estats;<sup id="cite_ref-Romein1962_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romein1962-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> que donarien als governs successors un estatus de <a href="/wiki/Domini_brit%C3%A0nic" title="Domini britànic">domini</a> (<i>dominion</i>) i que aquests tindrien un dret implícit de separar-se de la <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llei_d%27independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia_de_1947&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Llei d&#39;independència de l&#39;Índia de 1947 (encara no existeix)">Llei d'independència de l'Índia de 1947</a> (10 i 11 Geo 6 c. 30) del <a href="/wiki/Parlament_del_Regne_Unit" title="Parlament del Regne Unit">Parlament del Regne Unit</a> va partir l'<a href="/wiki/Raj_Brit%C3%A0nic" class="mw-redirect" title="Raj Britànic">Índia Britànica</a> en els dos nous dominis independents de l'Índia i el Pakistan (incloent-hi el que actualment és <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>). Va entrar en vigor a partir del 15 d'agost de 1947, i va concedir completa autoritat legislativa de les respectives <a href="/wiki/Assemblea_Constituent" title="Assemblea Constituent">assemblees constituents</a> dels nous països.<sup id="cite_ref-the_act_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_act-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La llei va rebre el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consentiment_reial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Consentiment reial (encara no existeix)">consentiment reial</a> el 18 de juliol de 1947. <br style="clear:both;" /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partició_i_independència"><span id="Partici.C3.B3_i_independ.C3.A8ncia"></span>Partició i independència</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Partició i independència"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Partici%C3%B3_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Partició de l&#39;Índia">Partició de l'Índia</a></div> <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> <p>8:30 h Jurament del governador general i dels ministres a<br />la Government House<br />9:40 h Desfilada dels ministres a l'Assemblea Constituent<br />9:50 h Marxa d'estat a l'Assemblea Constituent<br />9:55 h Salutació real al governador general<br />10:30 h Hissada de la bandera nacional a l'Assemblea Constituent<br />10:35 h Marxa d'estat cap a la Government House<br />18:00 h Cerimònia de la bandera a la <a href="/wiki/Porta_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Porta de l&#39;Índia">Porta de l'Índia</a><br />19:00 h Encesa de llums decoratives<br />19:45 h Espectacle de <a href="/wiki/Focs_artificials" title="Focs artificials">focs artificials</a><br />20:45 h Sopar oficial a la Government House<br />22:15 h Rebuda a la Government House </p> </div> </div><div style="text-align: left;">—Programa del 15 d'agost de 1947<sup id="cite_ref-Guha2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:7</sup> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:The_Hindustan_Times_front_page_15_August_1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Hindustan_Times_front_page_15_August_1947.png/220px-The_Hindustan_Times_front_page_15_August_1947.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/The_Hindustan_Times_front_page_15_August_1947.png 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Portada de <i>The Hindustan Times</i> del 15 d'agost de 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>Milions de refugiats musulmans, sikhs i hindús van travessar les <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADnia_Radcliffe" title="Línia Radcliffe">noves fronteres</a> els mesos posteriors a la independència.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El <a href="/wiki/Panjab" title="Panjab">Panjab</a>, on les fronteres divideixen les regions <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">sikhs</a> en dues meitats, va viure un vessament de sang massiu i a <a href="/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala">Bengala</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, on la presència de Mahatma Gandhi va calmar els ànims de la gent, la violència es va atenuar. En total, entre 250.000 i un milió de persones d'ambdós costats de les noves fronteres van morir a conseqüència de la violència.<sup id="cite_ref-DEROUENHEO_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEROUENHEO-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pel que fa a Gandhi, va establir-se a <a href="/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta">Calcuta</a> per intentar aturar la matança, mentre tota la nació celebrava el Dia de la Independència.<sup id="cite_ref-miracle_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miracle-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El 14 d'agost de 1947, el <a href="/wiki/Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_del_Pakistan" title="Dia de la Independència del Pakistan">Dia de la Independència del Pakistan</a>, va néixer el nou Domini del Pakistan i <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> va jurar el càrrec com a primer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Governador_General_del_Pakistan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Governador General del Pakistan (encara no existeix)">governador general</a> a <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>. </p><p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assemblea_Constituent_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Assemblea Constituent de l&#39;Índia (encara no existeix)">Assemblea Constituent de l'Índia</a> es va reunir per primera vegada a les 11 de la nit del 14 d'agost al Constitution Hall de <a href="/wiki/Nova_Delhi" title="Nova Delhi">Nova Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fifthsession_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifthsession-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El president <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> va presidir la sessió. En aquesta, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> va pronunciar el discurs «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cita_amb_el_dest%C3%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cita amb el destí (encara no existeix)">Cita amb el destí</a>» proclamant la independència de l'Índia. </p> <div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="width:50%; padding-right:10px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span>&#160;Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; width:50%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En català">(català)</span>&#160;Fa molts anys tinguérem una cita amb el destí, i ara arriba el moment en què redimim el nostre compromís, no completament o en plena mesura, sinó de manera molt substancial. Quan el rellotge toqui la mitjanit, quan el món dormi, l'Índia despertarà a la vida i la llibertat. Arriba un moment, que poques vegades en la història ho fa, en què abandonem el vell pel nou, quan una època s'acaba, i quan l'ànima d'una nació, reprimida durant molt de temps, troba la veu. És apropiat que en aquest moment solemne prenem el compromís de dedicació al servei de l'Índia i la seva gent i a la causa encara més gran de la humanitat. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller;">— Discurs «Cita amb el destí», <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, 15 d'agost de 1947<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Els membres de l'Assemblea van prendre formalment el compromís de romandre al servei del país. Un grup de dones, en representació de les dones de l'Índia, van presentar oficialment la <a href="/wiki/Bandera_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Bandera de l&#39;Índia">bandera nacional</a> a l'assemblea.<sup id="cite_ref-fifthsession_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifthsession-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/Domini_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Domini de l&#39;Índia">Domini de l'Índia</a> va esdevenir un estat independent i es van celebrar diverses cerimònies oficials a <a href="/wiki/Nova_Delhi" title="Nova Delhi">Nova Delhi</a>. Nehru va assumir el càrrec de <a href="/wiki/Primer_ministre_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Primer ministre de l&#39;Índia">Primer ministre de l'Índia</a>, i el virrei, el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comte_Mountbatten_de_Birm%C3%A0nia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Comte Mountbatten de Birmània (encara no existeix)">comte Mountbatten de Birmània</a>, va continuar com a primer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Governador_general_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Governador general de l&#39;Índia (encara no existeix)">governador general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guha2007_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:6</sup> Les multituds que celebraven l'esdeveniment van invocar el nom de Gandhi, tot i que el mateix Gandhi no va participar en els actes oficials. En canvi, va romandre en dejuni durant 24 hores el mateix dia que es dirigí a una multitud a <a href="/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta">Calcuta</a>, fomentant la pau entre hindús i musulmans.<sup id="cite_ref-Guha2007_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebració"><span id="Celebraci.C3.B3"></span>Celebració</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Celebració"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Pandit_Ram_Kishore_Shukla_observing_Independence_Day_march_in_1987.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pandit_Ram_Kishore_Shukla_observing_Independence_Day_march_in_1987.JPG/220px-Pandit_Ram_Kishore_Shukla_observing_Independence_Day_march_in_1987.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pandit_Ram_Kishore_Shukla_observing_Independence_Day_march_in_1987.JPG/330px-Pandit_Ram_Kishore_Shukla_observing_Independence_Day_march_in_1987.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pandit_Ram_Kishore_Shukla_observing_Independence_Day_march_in_1987.JPG/440px-Pandit_Ram_Kishore_Shukla_observing_Independence_Day_march_in_1987.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Kishore_Shukla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram Kishore Shukla (encara no existeix)">Ram Kishore Shukla</a>, representant del <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A9s_Nacional_Indi" title="Congrés Nacional Indi">Congrés Nacional Indi</a>, presidint la marxa militar del Dia de la Independència de 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>El Dia de la Independència, una de les tres <a href="/wiki/Festa_nacional" title="Festa nacional">festes nacionals</a> de l'Índia (juntament amb el <a href="/wiki/Dia_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Dia de la República de l&#39;Índia">Dia de la República</a> el 26 de gener i l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gandhi_Jayanti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gandhi Jayanti (encara no existeix)">aniversari de Mahatma Gandhi</a> el 2 d'octubre), se celebra a tots els <a href="/wiki/Estats_i_territoris_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Estats i territoris de l&#39;Índia">estats i territoris de l'Índia</a>. La vigília del Dia de la Independència el <a href="/wiki/President_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="President de l&#39;Índia">president de l'Índia</a> pronuncia un «Discurs a la Nació». El 15 d'agost el primer ministre hissa la <a href="/wiki/Bandera_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Bandera de l&#39;Índia">bandera índia</a> a les muralles de l'històric edifici <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vermell" title="Fort Vermell">Fort Vermell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> i es fa la salva en honor de l'acte solemne.<sup id="cite_ref-gove_site_2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gove_site_2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En el seu discurs, el primer ministre posa en relleu els èxits de l'any passat, planteja qüestions importants i demana un major desenvolupament del país. També es ret homenatge als líders que <a href="/wiki/Moviment_d%27independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Moviment d&#39;independència de l&#39;Índia">van lluitar per la llibertat</a> i es canta l'himne nacional de l'Índia, <i><a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">Jana Gana Mana</a></i>. El discurs precedeix una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desfilada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desfilada (encara no existeix)">desfilada</a> de les divisions de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex%C3%A8rcit_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Exèrcit de l&#39;Índia (encara no existeix)">exèrcit de l'Índia</a> i les forces paramilitars. Les desfilades i exhibicions mostren escenes de la lluita per la llibertat i la diversitat de les tradicions culturals de l'Índia. A més, s'organitzen esdeveniments similars a les capitals d'estat, on els caps de govern despleguen la bandera nacional i llavors també s'hi duen a terme exhibicions i desfilades.<sup id="cite_ref-states_desc_outlook_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-states_desc_outlook-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-states_desc_mandc_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-states_desc_mandc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A institucions governamentals i no governamentals i a escoles i col·legis de tot el país s'hissa la bandera i es duen a terme projectes culturals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Els principals edificis del govern són sovint il·luminats de manera especial per a l'ocasió i a Delhi i en altres ciutats s'organitzen vols d'estels.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_site_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov_site-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gove_site_2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gove_site_2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> També s'utilitzen abundantment banderes nacionals de diferents mides per simbolitzar la lleialtat al país.<sup id="cite_ref-dna_pride_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dna_pride-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Els ciutadans adornen la seva roba, vehicles i cases amb rèpliques de la tricolor.<sup id="cite_ref-dna_pride_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dna_pride-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Amb el temps, la celebració ha passat de posar l'èmfasi en el nacionalisme a una celebració més àmplia de tots els aspectes de l'Índia.<sup id="cite_ref-DNA_pop_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA_pop-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toi_cool_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi_cool-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%A0spora_%C3%ADndia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diàspora índia (encara no existeix)">diàspora índia</a> celebra el Dia de la Independència arreu del món amb desfilades i exhibicions, sobretot en les regions amb major concentració d'immigrants indis.<sup id="cite_ref-the_hindu_diaspora_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_hindu_diaspora-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En alguns llocs, com Nova York i altres ciutats dels Estats Units, el 15 d'agost s'ha convertit entre la diàspora i la població local en el Dia de l'Índia, festivitat que se celebra el mateix dia o un dia del cap de setmana més proper.<sup id="cite_ref-India_day_parade_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_day_parade-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amenaces_a_la_seguretat">Amenaces a la seguretat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Amenaces a la seguretat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tres anys després de la independència, el <a href="/wiki/Consell_Nacional_de_Nagaland" title="Consell Nacional de Nagaland">Consell Nacional Naga</a> va fer una crida a boicotejar el Dia de la Independència a la zona nord-est del país.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Les protestes separatistes a aquesta regió es va intensificar la dècada de 1980, i les crides al boicot i els atacs per part d'organitzacions armades com el <a href="/wiki/Front_Unit_d%27Alliberament_d%27Assam" title="Front Unit d&#39;Alliberament d&#39;Assam">Front Unit d'Alliberament d'Assam</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Front_Nacional_Democr%C3%A0tic_de_Bodoland" title="Front Nacional Democràtic de Bodoland">Front Nacional Democràtic de Bodoland</a> van perjudicar les celebracions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Enmig d'una creixent insurgència a <a href="/wiki/Jammu_i_Caixmir" title="Jammu i Caixmir">Jammu i Caixmir</a> des de finals de 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-Heiberg2007_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiberg2007-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> activistes independentistes van boicotejar a aquesta regió el Dia de la Independència amb <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandh (encara no existeix)">bandhs</a></i> (vagues), l'ús de <a href="/wiki/Bandera_negra_(s%C3%ADmbol)" title="Bandera negra (símbol)">banderes negres</a> i fent <a href="/wiki/Ultratge_a_la_bandera" title="Ultratge a la bandera">ultratge a la bandera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_kashmir_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_kashmir-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BeheraChadha_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeheraChadha-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Das2001_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das2001-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Grups militars com <a href="/wiki/Laixkar-e-Toiba" title="Laixkar-e-Toiba">Laixkar-e-Toiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizb-ul-Mujahideen" title="Hizb-ul-Mujahideen">Hizb-ul-Mujahideen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammad_Mujhaeddin_E-Tanzeem" title="Jaish-e-Mohammad Mujhaeddin E-Tanzeem">Jaish-e-Mohammad Mujhaeddin E-Tanzeem</a> han amenaçat i han dut a terme atacs al voltant del Dia de la Independència.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurg%C3%A8ncia_maoista-naxalita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Insurgència maoista-naxalita (encara no existeix)">Organitzacions insurgents maoistes-naxalites</a> també han donat suport a les crides al boicot de la celebració.<sup id="cite_ref-hind_mao_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hind_mao-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verma2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verma2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>En previsió d'atacs d'organitzacions armades, en particular d'activistes, s'intensificaren les mesures de seguretat, especialment a les grans ciutats com <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bombai" title="Bombai">Bombai</a> i en estats com <a href="/wiki/Jammu_i_Caixmir" title="Jammu i Caixmir">Jammu i Caixmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_islamic_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_islamic-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_terror_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_terror-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'espai aeri al voltant del Fort Vermell ha estat declarat zona d'exclusió aèria per impedir atacs aeris i es despleguen forces policials addicionals en altres ciutats.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="En_la_cultura_popular">En la cultura popular</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: En la cultura popular"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Flags-on-bicycle-Independence-Day.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flags-on-bicycle-Independence-Day.JPG/220px-Flags-on-bicycle-Independence-Day.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flags-on-bicycle-Independence-Day.JPG/330px-Flags-on-bicycle-Independence-Day.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flags-on-bicycle-Independence-Day.JPG/440px-Flags-on-bicycle-Independence-Day.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>Banderes índies en una bicicleta el Dia de la Independència, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siliguri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Siliguri (encara no existeix)">Siliguri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bengala_Occidental" title="Bengala Occidental">Bengala Occidental</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>El Dia de la Independència i el Dia de la República s'emeten per la televisió i la ràdio cançons patriòtiques en <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">hindi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Llista_de_lleng%C3%BCes_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Llista de llengües de l&#39;Índia">llengües regionals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> que també sonen en les cerimònies on s'hissa la bandera índia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar2006_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De la mateixa manera, també s'emeten pel·lícules patriòtiques,<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2006_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tot i que progressivament, segons <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>, el nombre de pel·lícules emeses d'aquest gènere ha disminuït, a causa de la sobresaturació de l'audiència per films de caràcter nacionalista.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_patr_film_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi_patr_film-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El conjunt de la població que pertany a l'anomenada <a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3_Y" title="Generació Y">Generació Y</a> sovint combina el nacionalisme amb la <a href="/wiki/Cultura_popular" title="Cultura popular">cultura popular</a> durant les festes. Aquesta barreja s'exemplifica amb vestits tenyits dels colors de la bandera índia i <a href="/wiki/Indument%C3%A0ria" title="Indumentària">indumentària</a> pròpia de les diverses tradicions culturals de l'Índia.<sup id="cite_ref-DNA_pop_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA_pop-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> D'altra banda, les botigues ofereixen ofertes el Dia de la Independència,<sup id="cite_ref-toi_commerce_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi_commerce-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-et_retail_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et_retail-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> fet que alguns mitjans han denunciat per comercial.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_commerce_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi_commerce-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-et_commercial_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et_commercial-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El servei postal indi el 15 d'agost publica segells commemoratius que representen els líders del moviment independentista, motius nacionalistes i temes relacionats amb la defensa.<sup id="cite_ref-indiapost_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiapost-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La independència i la partició de l'Índia van inspirar creacions artístiques i literàries en moltes llengües,<sup id="cite_ref-Cleary2002_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleary2002-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> que majoritàriament narren el cost humà de la partició i dediquen una petita part a la celebració.<sup id="cite_ref-Natarajan1996_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natarajan1996-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La novel·la <i><a href="/wiki/Els_fills_de_la_mitjanit" title="Els fills de la mitjanit">Els fills de la mitjanit</a></i> (1980), de <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, guanyadora del <a href="/wiki/Premi_Booker" title="Premi Booker">Premi Booker</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Best_of_the_Booker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Best of the Booker (encara no existeix)">Booker of Bookers</a>, construeix la seva narrativa al voltant d'uns nens amb habilitats màgiques nascuts a la mitjanit del 14 al 15 d'agost de 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2011_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El 2013 es va estrenar la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Els_fills_de_la_mitjanit_(pel%C2%B7l%C3%ADcula)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Els fills de la mitjanit (pel·lícula) (encara no existeix)">versió cinematogràfica</a> de la novel·la de Rushdie.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Freedom at Midnight</i> (1975) és una obra de no-ficció de <a href="/wiki/Larry_Collins" title="Larry Collins">Larry Collins</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre" title="Dominique Lapierre">Dominique Lapierre</a> que narra els esdeveniments al voltant de la primera celebració del Dia de la Independència, el 1947. Poques pel·lícules se centren en el moment de la independència<sup id="cite_ref-Bhatia2008_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hindi_guide_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindi_guide-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2009_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2009-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i destaquen les circumstàncies de la partició i les seves conseqüències.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhatia2008_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vishwanath_2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vishwanath_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ritwik_journal_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritwik_journal-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Quant a Internet, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> commemora el Dia de la Independència des de 2003 amb un <i><a href="/wiki/Logo_de_Google#Google_Doodle" title="Logo de Google">doodle</a></i> especial a la seva pàgina d'inici de l'Índia.<sup id="cite_ref-doodle_ibn_2012_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doodle_ibn_2012-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_del_Pakistan" title="Dia de la Independència del Pakistan">Dia de la Independència del Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285841">Indian National Congress</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>,&#32;2003.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece">«Manmohan first PM outside Nehru-Gandhi clan to hoist flag for 10th time»</a>, The Hindu (en anglès)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSarkar1983"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumit_Sarkar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumit Sarkar (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sarkar</span>, Sumit</a>. <i>Modern India, 1885–1947</i>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>,&#32;1983,&#32;pp. 1 – 4. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-333-90425-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-333-90425-1">ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+India%2C+1885%E2%80%931947&amp;rft.aulast=Sarkar&amp;rft.aufirst=Sumit&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMacmillan+Publishers%7CMacmillan%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=pp.+1+%E2%80%93+4&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-333-90425-1"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metcalf_conc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-1">4,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-2">4,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-3">4,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-metcalf_conc_4-4">4,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_D._Metcalf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara D. Metcalf (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Metcalf</span>, B.</a>;&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Metcalf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas R. Metcalf (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Metcalf</span>, T. R.</a>. <i>A Concise History of Modern India</i>&#32;(en anglès). 2a&#160;edició.&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>,&#32;9 octubre 2006. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-521-68225-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-521-68225-1">ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&amp;rft.aulast=Metcalf&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.date=9+octubre+2006&amp;rft.edition=2a%C2%A0edici%C3%B3&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-68225-1"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolpert1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert1999_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert1999_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWolpert1999"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Wolpert&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Wolpert (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wolpert</span>, Stanley A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=nHnOERqf-MQC"><i>India</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; University of California Press,&#32;12 octubre 1999,&#32;p. 204. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-520-22172-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-520-22172-7">ISBN 978-0-520-22172-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=India&amp;rft.aulast=Wolpert&amp;rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&amp;rft.date=12+octubre+1999&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.pages=p.+204&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-22172-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHnOERqf-MQC"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi2006_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDatta2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Datta</span>, V.N..&#32;«India's Independence Pledge». A: <i>India's Date with Destiny</i>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Publishers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Allied Publishers (encara no existeix)">Allied Publishers</a>,&#32;2006,&#32;pp. 34 – 39. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-81-7764-932-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-81-7764-932-1">ISBN 978-81-7764-932-1</a></span>.&#32;«<div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="width:50%; padding-right:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span>&#160;We recognise, however, that the most effective way of getting our freedom is not through violence. We will therefore prepare ourselves by withdrawing, so far as we can, all voluntary association from British Government, and will prepare for civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes. We are convinced that if we can but withdraw our voluntary help and stop payment of taxes without doing violence, even under provocation; the need of his inhuman rule is assured. We therefore hereby solemnly resolve to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time for the purpose of establishing Purna Swaraj. </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; width:50%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En català">(català)</span>&#160;Reconeixem, però, que la forma més eficaç d'aconseguir la nostra llibertat no és a través de la violència. Per tant, ens prepararem mitjançant l'abandonament, tant com puguem, de tota associació voluntària amb el Govern britànic, i prepararem la desobediència civil, incloent l'impagament d'impostos. Estem convençuts que podem retirar la nostra ajuda voluntària i suspendre el pagament dels impostos sense emprar violència, fins i tot davant de la provocació; la necessitat del seu domini inhumà està garantida. D'aquesta manera, demanem solemnement dur a terme les instruccions del Congrés emesos ocasionalment per establir la Purna Swaraj. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr></tbody></table></div>»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=India%27s+Date+with+Destiny&amp;rft.atitle=India%27s+Independence+Pledge&amp;rft.aulast=Datta&amp;rft.aufirst=V.N.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAllied+Publishers%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=pp.+34+%E2%80%93+39&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7764-932-1"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guha2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Guha2008_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Guha2008_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGuha2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Guha</span>, Ramachandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=2fvd-CaFdqYC"><i>India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Harper Collins,&#32;12 agost 2008. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-06-095858-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-06-095858-9">ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=India+After+Gandhi%3A+The+History+of+the+World%27s+Largest+Democracy&amp;rft.aulast=Guha&amp;rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&amp;rft.date=12+agost+2008&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Collins&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-095858-9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fvd-CaFdqYC"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vohra2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vohra2001_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVohra2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Vohra</span>, Ranbir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=IDKoyGjFo44C"><i>The Making of India: a Historical Survey</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; M.E. Sharpe,&#32;2001,&#32;p. 148. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-7656-0711-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-7656-0711-9">ISBN 978-0-7656-0711-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Making+of+India%3A+a+Historical+Survey&amp;rft.aulast=Vohra&amp;rft.aufirst=Ranbir&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&amp;rft.pages=p.+148&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0711-9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDKoyGjFo44C"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph_26_jan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_26_jan_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRamaseshan2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ramaseshan</span>, Radhika&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120126/jsp/nation/story_15055256.jsp#.UAi98fVnNbM">Why January 26: the History of the Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Telegraph_(Calcuta)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Telegraph (Calcuta) (encara no existeix)">The Telegraph</a></i>,&#32;26-01-2012.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nehru1989-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nehru1989_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNehru1989"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nehru</span>, Jawaharlal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=NFKgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography: With Musings on Recent Events in India</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Bodley Head,&#32;1989,&#32;p. 209. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-370-31313-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-370-31313-9">ISBN 978-0-370-31313-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%2C+An+Autobiography%3A+With+Musings+on+Recent+Events+in+India&amp;rft.aulast=Nehru&amp;rft.aufirst=Jawaharlal&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.pub=Bodley+Head&amp;rft.pages=p.+209&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-370-31313-9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFKgAAAAMAAJ"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Mahatma)1970-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-(Mahatma)1970_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGandhi1970"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gandhi</span>, Mahatma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=1sEmAQAAMAAJ"><i>Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi</i></a>&#32;(en anglès). 42.&#32; Divisió de Publicacions del Ministeri d'Informació i Radiodifusió del Govern de l'Índia,&#32;1970,&#32;pp. 398 – 400.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&amp;rft.aulast=Gandhi&amp;rft.aufirst=Mahatma&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.pub=Divisi%C3%B3+de+Publicacions+del+Ministeri+d%27Informaci%C3%B3+i+Radiodifusi%C3%B3+del+Govern+de+l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;rft.pages=pp.+398+%E2%80%93+400&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1sEmAQAAMAAJ"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyam106-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hyam106_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHyam2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hyam</span>, Ronald. <i>Britain's Declining Empire: the Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968</i>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>,&#32;2006,&#32;p. 106. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-521-68555-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-521-68555-9">ISBN 978-0-521-68555-9</a></span>.&#32;«<div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="width:50%; padding-right:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span>&#160;By the end of 1945, he and the Commander-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">General Auckinleck</a> were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large-scale anti-British disorder amounting to even a well-organized rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. <br />it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army: "Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different. <br /> …Thus, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell">Wavell</a> concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteen to twenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain the status quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; width:50%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En català">(català)</span>&#160;A la fi de 1945, ell i el comandant en cap, el <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">General Auckinleck</a>, van informar que existia el 1946 una amenaça real i creixent de disturbis antibritànics a gran escala i ben organitzats amb l'objectiu d'expulsar els britànics mitjançant la paralització de l'administració. […] <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a> tenia clar que tot depenia de l'esperit i la fiabilitat de l'exèrcit de l'Índia: "Si complissin amb el seu deure, una insurrecció armada de l'Índia no seria un problema sense solució. Si, però, l'exèrcit de l'Índia es passés a l'altre bàndol, la imatge seria molt diferent. […] <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell">Wavell</a> va concloure que, si l'exèrcit i la policia 'fallaven', la Gran Bretanya es veuria obligada a anar-hi. En teoria, seria possible reviure i revitalitzar els serveis, i governar-hi durant quinze o vint anys més, però seria una fal·làcia suposar que la solució resideix en tractar de mantenir l&#39;<i>statu quo</i>. Ja no tenim els recursos, ni el prestigi ni la confiança necessaris en nosaltres mateixos". </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr></tbody></table></div>»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Declining+Empire%3A+the+Road+to+Decolonisation%2C+1918%E2%80%931968&amp;rft.aulast=Hyam&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=p.+106&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-68555-9"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_330-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_330_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBrown1994"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Brown</span>, Judith Margaret. <i>Modern India: the Origins of an Asian Democracy</i>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>,&#32;1994,&#32;p. 330. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-19-873112-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-19-873112-2">ISBN 978-0-19-873112-2</a></span>.&#32;«<div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="width:50%; padding-right:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span>&#160;India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretaria_d%27Estat_per_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaria d&#39;Estat per l&#39;Índia (encara no existeix)">Secretary of State for India</a> recognized that neither international opinion nor their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the <i>raj</i>, even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; width:50%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En català">(català)</span>&#160;L'Índia sempre havia estat d'interès minoritari en la vida pública britànica; cap gran sector de l'opinió pública del moment argumentava que la Gran Bretanya, cansada de la guerra i empobrida, hauria d'enviar tropes i diners per sostenir, contra la seva voluntat, un imperi de dubtós valor. A finals de 1946, tant el Primer Ministre i com el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretaria_d%27Estat_per_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaria d&#39;Estat per l&#39;Índia (encara no existeix)">Secretari d'Estat per l'Índia</a> van reconèixer que ni l'opinió internacional ni els seus propis votants donarien suport a qualsevol reafirmació del <i>raj</i>, encara que hi haguessin hagut els homes, diners i la maquinària administrativa necessària </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr></tbody></table></div>»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+the+Origins+of+an+Asian+Democracy&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith+Margaret&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=p.+330&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-873112-2"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSarkar1983"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumit_Sarkar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumit Sarkar (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sarkar</span>, Sumit</a>. <i>Modern India, 1885–1947</i>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>,&#32;1983,&#32;p. 418. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-333-90425-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-333-90425-1">ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1</a></span>.&#32;«<div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="width:50%; padding-right:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span>&#160;With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat. </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; width:50%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En català">(català)</span>&#160;Amb un exèrcit i un poble cansat de la guerra i una economia devastada, la Gran Bretanya hagués hagut de retirar-se; la victòria laborista només va accelerar lleugerament el procés. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr></tbody></table></div>»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+India%2C+1885%E2%80%931947&amp;rft.aulast=Sarkar&amp;rft.aufirst=Sumit&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMacmillan+Publishers%7CMacmillan%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=p.+418&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-333-90425-1"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romein1962-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Romein1962_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Romein1962_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRomein1962"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Romein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Romein (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Romein</span>, Jan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=OXaIQZMevjcC&amp;pg=PA357"><i>The Asian Century: a History of Modern Nationalism in Asia</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>,&#32;1962,&#32;p. 357.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Asian+Century%3A+a+History+of+Modern+Nationalism+in+Asia&amp;rft.aulast=Romein&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+California+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=p.+357&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXaIQZMevjcC%26pg%3DPA357"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReadFisher1999-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReadFisher1999_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReadFisher1999_16-1">16,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFReadFisher1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Read</span>, Anthony;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fisher</span>, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=q9ebuSG64dkC&amp;pg=PA459"><i>The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; W. W. Norton &amp; Company,&#32;1 juliol 1999,&#32;pp. 459 – 460. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-393-31898-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-393-31898-2">ISBN 978-0-393-31898-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Proudest+Day%3A+India%27s+Long+Road+to+Independence&amp;rft.aulast=Read&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft.date=1+juliol+1999&amp;rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&amp;rft.pages=pp.+459+%E2%80%93+460&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-393-31898-2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9ebuSG64dkC%26pg%3DPA459"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_act-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-the_act_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/10-11/30">Indian Independence Act 1947</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/Arxius_Nacionals_del_Regne_Unit" title="Arxius Nacionals del Regne Unit">Arxius Nacionals</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Govern_de_Sa_Majestat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Govern de Sa Majestat (encara no existeix)">Govern de Sa Majestat</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guha2007-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Guha2007_18-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Guha2007_18-1">18,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Guha2007_18-2">18,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGuha2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Guha</span>, Ramachandra. <i>India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy</i>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Londres:&#32;Macmillan,&#32;2007. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-230-01654-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-230-01654-5">ISBN 978-0-230-01654-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=India+After+Gandhi%3A+The+History+of+the+World%27s+Largest+Democracy&amp;rft.aulast=Guha&amp;rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-230-01654-5"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKeay2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Keay</span>, John. <i>India: A History</i>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Grove Press,&#32;2000,&#32;p. 508. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780802137975" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780802137975">ISBN 9780802137975</a></span>.&#32;«<div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">« </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="width:50%; padding-right:10px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span>&#160;East to west and west to east perhaps ten million fled for their lives in the greatest exodus in recorded history. </td> <td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; width:50%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En català">(català)</span>&#160;D'est a oest i d'oest a est uns deu milions van fugir de les seves cases en el major èxode en la història fins llavors. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:silver;">» </td></tr></tbody></table></div>»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&amp;rft.aulast=Keay&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Grove+Press&amp;rft.pages=p.+508&amp;rft.isbn=9780802137975"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEROUENHEO-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DEROUENHEO_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">DeRouen</span>, Karl;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Heo</span>, Uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=nrN077AEgzMC&amp;pg=PA414"><i>Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>,&#32;pp. 408 – 414. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-85109-919-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-85109-919-1">ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Civil+Wars+of+the+World%3A+Major+Conflicts+since+World+War+II&amp;rft.aulast=DeRouen&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BABC-CLIO%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=pp.+408+%E2%80%93+414&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85109-919-1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrN077AEgzMC%26pg%3DPA414"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miracle-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-miracle_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAlexander2007"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Alexander&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Alexander (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Alexander</span>, Horace</a>&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/amiracleincalcutta/">A miracle in Calcutta</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prospect_(publicaci%C3%B3)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prospect (publicació) (encara no existeix)">Prospect</a></i>,&#32;01-08-2007.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifthsession-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fifthsession_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fifthsession_22-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904092038/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol5p1.htm">Constituent Assembly of India Volume V</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Parlament de l'Índia. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol5p1.htm">original</a> el 2013-09-04.&#32;[Consulta: 29 agost 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818123622/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html">Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964): Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence, August 14, 1947</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitat_Fordham&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitat Fordham (encara no existeix)">Universitat Fordham</a>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html">original</a> el d’agost 18, 2012.&#32;[Consulta: d’agost 29, 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gove_site_2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gove_site_2_24-0">24,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gove_site_2_24-1">24,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=66">Independence Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Government of India.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-states_desc_outlook-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-states_desc_outlook_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120820102252/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=772093">India Celebrates Its 66th Independence Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outlook_(revista)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Outlook (revista) (encara no existeix)">Outlook</a></i>,&#32;15-08-2012. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=772093">original</a> el 20 d’agost 2012&#32;[Consulta: 31 d’agost 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120820102252/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=772093">Arxivat</a> 20 August 2012<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><sup>[Date mismatch]</sup></span> a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-states_desc_mandc-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-states_desc_mandc_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129044441/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1343371.php/Barring_northeast_peaceful_I-Day_celebrations_across_India%0A_State_Roundup_combining_different_series_">Barring Northeast, Peaceful I-Day Celebrations across India (State Roundup, Combining Different Series)</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monsters_and_Critics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monsters and Critics (encara no existeix)">Monsters and Critics</a></i>,&#32;15-08-2007. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1343371.php/Barring_northeast_peaceful_I-Day_celebrations_across_India%0A_State_Roundup_combining_different_series_">original</a> el 29 de gener 2013&#32;[Consulta: 31 d’agost 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129044441/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1343371.php/Barring_northeast_peaceful_I-Day_celebrations_across_India%0A_State_Roundup_combining_different_series_">Arxivat</a> 29 de gener 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2006_27-0">27,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2006_27-1">27,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGuptaGupta2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gupta</span>, K.R.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gupta</span>, Amita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&amp;pg=PA1002"><i>Concise Encyclopaedia of India</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Atlantic Publishers,&#32;1 gener 2006,&#32;p. 1002. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-81-269-0639-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-81-269-0639-0">ISBN 978-81-269-0639-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopaedia+of+India&amp;rft.aulast=Gupta&amp;rft.aufirst=K.R.&amp;rft.date=1+gener+2006&amp;rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&amp;rft.pages=p.+1002&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-269-0639-0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dNOT9iYxcMC%26pg%3DPA1002"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov_site-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gov_site_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=46">Independence Day Celebration</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Government of India.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBhattacharya2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bhattacharya</span>, Suryatapa&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/indians-still-battling-it-out-on-independence-day">Indians Still Battling it out on Independence Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a></i>,&#32;15-08-2011.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dna_pride-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dna_pride_30-0">30,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dna_pride_30-1">30,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_when-india-wears-its-badge-of-patriotism-with-pride_1115730">When India Wears its Badge of Patriotism with Pride</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">DNA</a></i>,&#32;15-08-2007.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNA_pop-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DNA_pop_31-0">31,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DNA_pop_31-1">31,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAnsari2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ansari</span>, Shabana&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_independence-day-for-gennext-its-cool-to-flaunt-patriotism_1576086">Independence Day: For GenNext, It's Cool to Flaunt Patriotism</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>DNA</i>,&#32;15-08-2011.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi_cool-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-toi_cool_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDutta_SachdevaMathur2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dutta Sachdeva</span>, Sujata;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mathur</span>, Neha&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511025139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-14/india/27859884_1_desh-bhakti-american-independence-day-patriotism">It's Cool to Be Patriotic: GenNow</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>,&#32;14-08-2005. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-14/india/27859884_1_desh-bhakti-american-independence-day-patriotism">original</a> el 2013-05-11&#32;[Consulta: 31 agost 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511025139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-14/india/27859884_1_desh-bhakti-american-independence-day-patriotism">Arxivat</a> 2013-05-11 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_hindu_diaspora-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-the_hindu_diaspora_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article573903.ece">Indian-Americans Celebrate Independence Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hindu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Hindu (encara no existeix)">The Hindu</a></i>,&#32;16-08-2010.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_day_parade-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-India_day_parade_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGhosh2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ghosh</span>, Ajay.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729041552/http://www.nritoday.net/community-news/428-cover-story-indias-independence-day-celebrations-across-the-united-states">India's Independence Day Celebrations across the United States—Showcasing India's Cultural Diversity and Growing Economic Growth</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; NRI Today,&#32;2008. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nritoday.net/community-news/428-cover-story-indias-independence-day-celebrations-across-the-united-states">original</a> el 2012-07-29.&#32;[Consulta: 31 agost 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma2006-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2006_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSharma2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sharma</span>, Suresh K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=_-YixIgJbSAC"><i>Documents on North-East India: Nagaland</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Mittal Publications,&#32;2006,&#32;pp. 146, 165. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-81-8324-095-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-81-8324-095-6">ISBN 978-81-8324-095-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Documents+on+North-East+India%3A+Nagaland&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Suresh+K.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&amp;rft.pages=pp.+146%2C+165&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-8324-095-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-YixIgJbSAC"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMazumdar2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mazumdar</span>, Prasanta.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ulfas-independence-day-gift-for-india-blasts_1574951">ULFA's Independence Day Gift for India: Blasts</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; DNA,&#32;11-08-2011.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Oficina de Contraterrorisme.&#32;Departament d'Estat dels Estats Units. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=-fCbolclzRgC&amp;pg=PA129"><i>Country Reports on Terrorism 2004</i></a>&#32;(en anglès),&#32;p. 129.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Terrorism+2004&amp;rft.au=Oficina+de+Contraterrorisme&amp;rft.pages=p.+129&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fCbolclzRgC%26pg%3DPA129"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSchendelAbraham2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Schendel</span>, Willem Van;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Abraham</span>, Itty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=FTJhFP1FK1wC&amp;pg=PA55"><i>Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>,&#32;2005,&#32;pp. 55 – 56. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-253-21811-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-253-21811-7">ISBN 978-0-253-21811-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Illicit+Flows+and+Criminal+Things%3A+States%2C+Borders%2C+and+the+Other+Side+of+Globalization&amp;rft.aulast=Schendel&amp;rft.aufirst=Willem+Van&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BIndiana+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=pp.+55+%E2%80%93+56&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-253-21811-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTJhFP1FK1wC%26pg%3DPA55"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/10/northeast-rebel-groups-call-for-iday-boycott.htm">Rebels Call for I-Day Boycott in Northeast</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediff.com&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediff.com (encara no existeix)">Rediff</a>,&#32;10-08-2010.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBiswasSuklabaidya2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Biswas</span>, Prasenjit;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Suklabaidya</span>, Chandan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=lO8MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Ethnic Life-Worlds in North-East India: an Analysis</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sage_Publications&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sage Publications (encara no existeix)">Sage</a>,&#32;6 febrer 2008,&#32;p. 233. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-7619-3613-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-7619-3613-8">ISBN 978-0-7619-3613-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ethnic+Life-Worlds+in+North-East+India%3A+an+Analysis&amp;rft.aulast=Biswas&amp;rft.aufirst=Prasenjit&amp;rft.date=6+febrer+2008&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BSage+Publications%7CSage%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=p.+233&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3613-8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlO8MAQAAMAAJ"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFThakuria2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Thakuria</span>, Nava.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013124514/http://www.globalpolitician.com/27087-india-independence-day-ethnicities">Appreciating the Spirit of India's Independence Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Politician&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Politician (encara no existeix)">Global Politician</a>,&#32;05-09-2011. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolitician.com/27087-india-independence-day-ethnicities">original</a> el 2012-10-13.&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heiberg2007-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Heiberg2007_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHeibergO&#39;LearyTirman2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Heiberg</span>, Marianne;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">O'Leary</span>, Brendan;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Tirman</span>, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=m8_pM7Ncij8C&amp;pg=PA254"><i>Terror, Insurgency, and the State: Ending Protracted Conflicts</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; University of Pennsylvania Press,&#32;2007,&#32;p. 254. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-8122-3974-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-8122-3974-4">ISBN 978-0-8122-3974-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Terror%2C+Insurgency%2C+and+the+State%3A+Ending+Protracted+Conflicts&amp;rft.aulast=Heiberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Marianne&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&amp;rft.pages=p.+254&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3974-4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8_pM7Ncij8C%26pg%3DPA254"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_kashmir-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_kashmir_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7562634.stm">Kashmir Independence Day Clashes</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; BBC,&#32;15-08-2008.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeheraChadha-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BeheraChadha_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Behera</span>, Navnita Chadha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC&amp;pg=PA146"><i>Demystifying Kashmir</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_Education&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearson Education (encara no existeix)">Pearson Education India</a>,&#32;p. 146. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-81-317-0846-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-81-317-0846-0">ISBN 978-81-317-0846-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Demystifying+Kashmir&amp;rft.aulast=Behera&amp;rft.aufirst=Navnita+Chadha&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BPearson+Education%7CPearson+Education+India%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=p.+146&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-317-0846-0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqM6kW9ZRMRkC%26pg%3DPA146"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das2001-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Das2001_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDas2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Das</span>, Suranjan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=S-t6WPdnAlgC&amp;pg=PA49"><i>Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-Building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Anthem Press,&#32;1 agost 2001,&#32;p. 49. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-898855-87-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-898855-87-3">ISBN 978-1-898855-87-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kashmir+and+Sindh%3A+Nation-Building%2C+Ethnicity+and+Regional+Politics+in+South+Asia&amp;rft.aulast=Das&amp;rft.aufirst=Suranjan&amp;rft.date=1+agost+2001&amp;rft.pub=Anthem+Press&amp;rft.pages=p.+49&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-898855-87-3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-t6WPdnAlgC%26pg%3DPA49"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-14/news/27354409_1_fidayeen-attacks-security-forces-suicide-squads">LeT, JeM Plan Suicide Attacks in J&amp;K on I-Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Economic_Times&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Economic Times (encara no existeix)">The Economic Times</a></i>,&#32;14-08-2002.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513040227/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/08/11/jaish-coordinator-killed-in-jammu-1186806783.html">Ayodhya Attack Mastermind Killed in Jammu</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; OneIndia News,&#32;11 agost2007. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.oneindia.in/2007/08/11/jaish-coordinator-killed-in-jammu-1186806783.html">original</a> el 2013-05-13.&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/india/let-to-hijack-plane-from-ahmedabahd-ahead-of-independence-day-415350.html">LeT to Hijack Plane Ahead of Independence Day?</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_First_Post&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The First Post (encara no existeix)">The First Post</a>,&#32;12-08-2012.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/two-hizbul-militants-held-in-delhi-6820">Two Hizbul Militants Held in Delhi</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=NDTV&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="NDTV (encara no existeix)">NDTV</a>,&#32;07-08-2009.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hind_mao-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hind_mao_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2359094.ece">Maoist Boycott Call Mars I-Day Celebrations in Orissa</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>The Hindu</i>,&#32;15-08-2011.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verma2012-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Verma2012_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVerma2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Verma</span>, Bharat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=ztwBmVMUOW4C&amp;pg=PA111"><i>Indian Defence Review Vol. 26.2: Apr–Jun 2011</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancer_Publishers_%26_Distributors&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lancer Publishers &amp; Distributors (encara no existeix)">Lancer Publishers</a>,&#32;1 juny 2012,&#32;p. 111. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-81-7062-219-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-81-7062-219-2">ISBN 978-81-7062-219-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Defence+Review+Vol.+26.2%3A+Apr%E2%80%93Jun+2011&amp;rft.aulast=Verma&amp;rft.aufirst=Bharat&amp;rft.date=1+juny+2012&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BLancer+Publishers+%26+Distributors%7CLancer+Publishers%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=p.+111&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-7062-219-2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztwBmVMUOW4C%26pg%3DPA111"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_islamic-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_islamic_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRamgopal2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ramgopal</span>, Ram.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2002-08-14/world/india.independence_1_srinagar-militants-new-delhi?_s=PM:asiapcf">India Braces for Independence Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; CNN,&#32;14-08-2002.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>&#91;<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d&#39;enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>&#93;</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_terror-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_terror_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4782525.stm">US Warns of India Terror Attacks</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; BBC,&#32;11-08-2006.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&amp;test=2">Rain Brings Children Cheer, Gives Securitymen a Tough Time</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>The Hindu</i>,&#32;16-08-2011.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511025112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-14/india/27804393_1_security-personnel-security-blanket-security-arrangements">India Heightens Security ahead of I-Day</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>The Times of India</i>,&#32;14-08-2006. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-14/india/27804393_1_security-personnel-security-blanket-security-arrangements">original</a> el 2013-05-11&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511025112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-14/india/27804393_1_security-personnel-security-blanket-security-arrangements">Arxivat</a> 2013-05-11 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar2006-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nayar2006_56-0">56,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nayar2006_56-1">56,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNayar2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nayar</span>, Pramod K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=8FiPb3JCmy0C&amp;pg=PA57"><i>Reading Culture: Theory, Praxis, Politics</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; SAGE,&#32;14 juny 2006,&#32;p.&#160;57. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-7619-3474-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-7619-3474-5">ISBN 978-0-7619-3474-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Reading+Culture%3A+Theory%2C+Praxis%2C+Politics&amp;rft.aulast=Nayar&amp;rft.aufirst=Pramod+K.&amp;rft.date=14+juny+2006&amp;rft.pub=SAGE&amp;rft.pages=57&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3474-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FiPb3JCmy0C%26pg%3DPA57"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi_patr_film-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-toi_patr_film_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPantPasricha2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pant</span>, Nikhila;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pasricha</span>, Pallavi&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511035649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-26/news-interviews/27771292_1_patriotic-films-masala-films-channels-show">Patriotic Films, Anyone?</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>The Times of India</i>,&#32;26-01-2008. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-26/news-interviews/27771292_1_patriotic-films-masala-films-channels-show">original</a> el 2013-05-11&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511035649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-26/news-interviews/27771292_1_patriotic-films-masala-films-channels-show">Arxivat</a> 2013-05-11 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVohraTripathi2012"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Vohra</span>, Meera;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Tripathi</span>, Shashank&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613085146/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-14/trends/33199927_1_national-colours-independence-day-indian-flag">Fashion fervour gets tri-coloured!</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>Times of India</i>,&#32;14-08-2012. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-14/trends/33199927_1_national-colours-independence-day-indian-flag">original</a> el 2013-06-13&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613085146/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-14/trends/33199927_1_national-colours-independence-day-indian-flag">Arxivat</a> 2013-06-13 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi_commerce-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-toi_commerce_59-0">59,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-toi_commerce_59-1">59,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSharma2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sharma</span>, Kalpana&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030034/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/people/28280639_1_weekend-getaways-independence-day-discounts">Pop Patriotism—Is Our <i>Azaadi</i> on Sale?</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>The Times of India</i>,&#32;13-08-2010. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/people/28280639_1_weekend-getaways-independence-day-discounts">original</a> el 2013-05-11&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030034/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/people/28280639_1_weekend-getaways-independence-day-discounts">Arxivat</a> 2013-05-11 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-et_retail-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-et_retail_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSreeradha_DMukherjee2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sreeradha D</span>, Basu;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mukherjee</span>, Writankar&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/news/27623445_1_retail-chains-indian-retailers-double-sales">Retail Majors Flag Off I-Day Offers to Push Sales</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Economic_Times&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Economic Times (encara no existeix)">The Economic Times</a></i>,&#32;14-08-2010.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFChatterjee1997"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chatterjee</span>, Sudeshna&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19970816/22850113.html">The Business of Patriotism</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>,&#32;16-08-1997.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-et_commercial-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-et_commercial_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSinha2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sinha</span>, Partha&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-18/news/27667084_1_patriotism-national-colours-cricket">Commercial Patriotism Rides New Wave of Optimism</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>The Economic Times</i>,&#32;18-09-2007.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiapost-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-indiapost_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117224026/http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf">Indian Postage Stamps Catalogue 1947–2011</a>»&#32;(PDF)&#32;(en anglès).&#32; India Post. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf">original</a> el 2013-01-17.&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleary2002-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cleary2002_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCleary2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cleary</span>, Joseph N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=omFqtDGADfYC"><i>Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Conflict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>,&#32;3 gener 2002,&#32;p. 104. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-521-65732-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-521-65732-7">ISBN 978-0-521-65732-7</a></span>.&#32;«The partition of India figures in a goo deal of imaginative writing…»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Literature%2C+Partition+and+the+Nation-State%3A+Culture+and+Conflict+in+Ireland%2C+Israel+and+Palestine&amp;rft.aulast=Cleary&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+N.&amp;rft.date=3+gener+2002&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=p.+104&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-65732-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomFqtDGADfYC"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natarajan1996-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Natarajan1996_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBhatia1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bhatia</span>, Nandi.&#32;«Twentieth Century Hindi Literature». A:&#32;Nalini Natarajan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC"><i>Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Greenwood Publishing Group,&#32;1996,&#32;pp. 146 – 147. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-313-28778-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-313-28778-7">ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Twentieth-Century+Literatures+of+India&amp;rft.atitle=Twentieth+Century+Hindi+Literature&amp;rft.aulast=Bhatia&amp;rft.aufirst=Nandi&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.pages=pp.+146+%E2%80%93+147&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-28778-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lTnv6o-d_oC"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2011-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2011_66-0">66,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2011_66-1">66,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRoy2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Roy</span>, Rituparna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=HCQfRFr6iMgC"><i>South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh</i></a>.&#32; Amsterdam University Press,&#32;15 juliol 2011,&#32;pp. 24 – 29. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-90-8964-245-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-90-8964-245-5">ISBN 978-90-8964-245-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=South+Asian+Partition+Fiction+in+English%3A+From+Khushwant+Singh+to+Amitav+Ghosh&amp;rft.aulast=Roy&amp;rft.aufirst=Rituparna&amp;rft.date=15+juliol+2011&amp;rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&amp;rft.pages=pp.+24+%E2%80%93+29&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-8964-245-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCQfRFr6iMgC"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGoñalons2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Goñalons</span>, Lluís.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201202320/http://www.elsingulardigital.cat/cat/notices/2013/07/una_amalgama_de_secrets_i_amors_prohibits_despres_de_la_indepenencia_india_95021.php">La independència de l'Índia, a pantalla</a>».&#32; El Singular Digital,&#32;05-07-2013. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsingulardigital.cat/cat/notices/2013/07/una_amalgama_de_secrets_i_amors_prohibits_despres_de_la_indepenencia_india_95021.php">original</a> el 1 de febrer 2014.&#32;[Consulta: 19 gener 2014].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCastillo2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Castillo</span>, David&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpuntavui.cat/noticia/article/5-cultura/19-cultura/659637-fills-de-la-independencia.html">Fills de la independència</a>».&#32;<i>Cultura (El Punt Avui)</i>,&#32;05-07-2013.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatia2008-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bhatia2008_69-0">69,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bhatia2008_69-1">69,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMandal2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mandal</span>, Somdatta.&#32;«Constructing Post-partition Bengali Cultural Identity through Films». A:&#32;Nandi Bhatia; Anjali Gera Roy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=YWB0GmmoOSMC"><i>Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Pearson Education India,&#32;2008,&#32;pp. 66 – 69. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-81-317-1416-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-81-317-1416-4">ISBN 978-81-317-1416-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Partitioned+Lives%3A+Narratives+of+Home%2C+Displacement%2C+and+Resettlement&amp;rft.atitle=Constructing+Post-partition+Bengali+Cultural+Identity+through+Films&amp;rft.aulast=Mandal&amp;rft.aufirst=Somdatta&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&amp;rft.pages=pp.+66+%E2%80%93+69&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-317-1416-4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWB0GmmoOSMC"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindi_guide-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hindi_guide_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDwyer2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dwyer</span>, R.&#32;«Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Modern India»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i>Asian Affairs</i>,&#32;41,&#32;3,&#32;2010,&#32;pp. 381 – 398. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03068374.2010.508231">10.1080/03068374.2010.508231</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkar2009-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2009_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSarkar2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sarkar</span>, Bhaskar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC"><i>Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Duke University Press,&#32;29 abril 2009,&#32;p. 121. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-8223-4411-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-8223-4411-7">ISBN 978-0-8223-4411-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mourning+the+Nation%3A+Indian+Cinema+in+the+Wake+of+Partition&amp;rft.aulast=Sarkar&amp;rft.aufirst=Bhaskar&amp;rft.date=29+abril+2009&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.pages=p.+121&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4411-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwghFNlpM3PIC"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vishwanath_2009-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-vishwanath_2009_72-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVishwanathMalik2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Vishwanath</span>, Gita;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Malik</span>, Salma&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053940/http://www.careerlauncher.com/lstcontent/plansuppliments/attachments/40/62/REVISITING%201947%20THROUGH%20popular%20cinema.pdf">Revisiting 1947 through Popular Cinema: a Comparative Study of India and Pakistan</a>»&#32;(PDF)&#32;(en anglès).&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_and_Political_Weekly&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic and Political Weekly (encara no existeix)">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>,&#32;XLIV,&#32;36,&#32;2009,&#32;pp. 61 – 69. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.careerlauncher.com/lstcontent/plansuppliments/attachments/40/62/REVISITING%201947%20THROUGH%20popular%20cinema.pdf">original</a> el 2013-09-21&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053940/http://www.careerlauncher.com/lstcontent/plansuppliments/attachments/40/62/REVISITING%201947%20THROUGH%20popular%20cinema.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2013-09-21 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritwik_journal-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ritwik_journal_73-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Raychaudhuri</span>, Anindya&#32;«Resisting the Resistible: Re-writing Myths of Partition in the Works of Ritwik Ghatak».&#32;<i>Social Semiotics</i>,&#32;19,&#32;4,&#32;2009,&#32;pp. 469 – 481. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10350330903361158">10.1080/10350330903361158</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doodle_ibn_2012-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-doodle_ibn_2012_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817221156/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-independence-day-india/282430-11.html">Google doodles Independence Day India</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; CNN-IBN,&#32;15-08-2012. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-independence-day-india/282430-11.html">original</a> el 17 d’agost 2012.&#32;[Consulta: 2 setembre 2013].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Independence_Day_(India)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Independence Day (India)">Dia de la Independència de l&#39;Índia</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/spotlight/independence-day">Dia de la Independència de l'Índia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122201642/http://india.gov.in/spotlight/independence-day">Arxivat</a> 2013-11-22 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. al web del Govern de l'Índia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/08/indian-independence-day/">Dia de la Independència de l'Índia</a> al blog de l'<i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐67456955cd‐b8jgp Cached time: 20241121123723 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.438 seconds Real time usage: 2.158 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 30847/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 222965/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 101521/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 32/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 102308/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.703/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5156084/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 29/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1738.351 1 -total 65.05% 1130.788 1 Plantilla:Infotaula_festa 64.45% 1120.315 1 Plantilla:Infotaula_esdeveniment 64.23% 1116.524 1 Plantilla:Infobox_event 59.34% 1031.549 1 Plantilla:Infobox_event/formatglobal 57.03% 991.347 1 Plantilla:InfoboxFrame 24.58% 427.275 47 Plantilla:If_empty 24.36% 423.530 1 Plantilla:Referències 10.12% 175.850 1 Plantilla:Comma_separated_entries 9.15% 159.031 31 Plantilla:Ref-llibre --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key cawiki:pcache:idhash:1114224-0!canonical and timestamp 20241121123723 and revision id 33339451. 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