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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="uZLl5Re37h26VseuIiu06gBLzYxPzh_kshLWJ1-0V27H8JdHiGBnx5egTs-8RzRS1C9I7ASVpg2zfWn2TQvXPw" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Vokalické artikulace rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Spisovná čeština a jazyková kultura 2018" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Petr Pořízka" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/38601499/Vokalick%C3%A9_artikulace_rozhlasov%C3%BDch_a_televizn%C3%ADch_moder%C3%A1tor%C5%AF" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Vokalické artikulace rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="EN The paper focuses on analyzing the quality of Czech monophthongs. The data for the analysis is mostly taken from the database NAKI (audio recordings of Czechoslovak and later Czech radio news). The probe analyzes and compares two studies of audio" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/18684248/16382983/23231406/s200_petr.porizka.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/38601499/Vokalick%C3%A9_artikulace_rozhlasov%C3%BDch_a_televizn%C3%ADch_moder%C3%A1tor%C5%AF" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Vokalické artikulace rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="EN The paper focuses on analyzing the quality of Czech monophthongs. The data for the analysis is mostly taken from the database NAKI (audio recordings of Czechoslovak and later Czech radio news). The probe analyzes and compares two studies of audio" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://upol.academia.edu/PetrPorizka" /> <meta name="description" content="EN The paper focuses on analyzing the quality of Czech monophthongs. The data for the analysis is mostly taken from the database NAKI (audio recordings of Czechoslovak and later Czech radio news). The probe analyzes and compares two studies of audio" /> <title>(PDF) Vokalické artikulace rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/38601499/Vokalick%C3%A9_artikulace_rozhlasov%C3%BDch_a_televizn%C3%ADch_moder%C3%A1tor%C5%AF" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739838737000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739838737000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"EN The paper focuses on analyzing the quality of Czech monophthongs. The data for the analysis is mostly taken from the database NAKI (audio recordings of Czechoslovak and later Czech radio news). The probe analyzes and compares two studies of audio recordings that captured the speech patterns of radio and TV news presenters in four decades: (1) Naki1: 1970–1989 a (2) Naki2: 1990–2010. The comparison of data from both studies (Naki1 vs. Naki2) showed that vowel articulation changed within 40 years: Vowels from Dataset Naki1 are characterized by more stable pronunciation, distinction between individual sounds, and the absence of tendencies for approximation in formant ranges. The formant values of this set also match the reference data (Palková, 2014). On the other hand, the vowels of Naki2 confirms the tendencies listed in other recently published papers: formant ranges of the individual sounds are extending and getting closer, or even overlapping. Simultaneously, the data showed a certain difference between short and long vowels. The vowels are classified both qualitatively and statistically, and the results are visualized as graphs (box plots and vowel charts displaying formant ranges as XY points). CZE Tento příspěvek se zaměřuje na analýzu kvality českých vokálů (monoftongů). Data pocházejí z tzv. databáze NAKI (zvukový archiv Českého rozhlasu). Studie analyzuje a porovnává dvě sondy zahrnující nahrávky rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů (tzv. řečových vzorů) v období čtyř dekád: (1) Naki1: 1970–1989 a (2) Naki2: 1990–2010. Porovnáním naměřených výsledků z obou sond (Naki1 vs. Naki2) jsme zjistili poměrně zřetelné změny ve výslovnosti samohlásek zkoumaných moderátorů v průběhu sledovaných čtyř dekád. Dataset Naki1 se vyznačuje stabilnější výslovností jednotlivých vokálů, jež jsou zároveň mezi sebou poměrně zřetelně odlišeny a nevykazují tendence ke sbližování formantových polí. Hodnoty formantů korespondují s údaji referenčními (Palková, 2014). Sonda Naki2 naopak potvrzuje tendence evidované i v jiných odborných studiích z minulých let: formantová pole dílčích vokálů se nápadně rozšiřují a vzájemně sbližují, až prolínají. Zároveň data ukázala jistý rozdíl mezi krátkými vs. dlouhými vokály. Výsledky jsou prezentovány formou základních deskriptivněstatistických údajů pro všechny samohlásky, doplněné vizualizacemi a grafy (krabicové grafy, vokalické trojúhelníky – formantová pásma prostřednictvím bodových XY grafů).","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Petr Pořízka","url":"https://upol.academia.edu/PetrPorizka"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2019-03-21","dateModified":"2021-08-25","datePublished":"2018-01-01","headline":"Vokalické artikulace rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60387551/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"cs","keywords":["Linguistics","Acoustic Phonetics","Spoken language","Vowels","Czech language","Orthoepy","Vowel Formants","Czech Linguistics"],"publication":"The Vowel Articulation by Radio and TV News presenters","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"upol"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60387551/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38601499/Vokalick%C3%A9_artikulace_rozhlasov%C3%BDch_a_televizn%C3%ADch_moder%C3%A1tor%C5%AF"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: 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false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":38601499,"created_at":"2019-03-21T15:26:29.483-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-06-13T09:18:46.779-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"EN\nThe paper focuses on analyzing the quality of Czech monophthongs. The data for the analysis is mostly taken from the database NAKI (audio recordings of Czechoslovak and later Czech radio news). The probe analyzes and compares two studies of audio recordings that captured the speech patterns of radio and TV news presenters in four decades: (1) Naki1: 1970–1989 a (2) Naki2: 1990–2010. The comparison of data from both studies (Naki1 vs. Naki2) showed that vowel articulation changed within 40 years: Vowels from Dataset Naki1 are characterized by more stable pronunciation, distinction between individual sounds, and the absence of tendencies for approximation in formant ranges. The formant values of this set also match the reference data (Palková, 2014). On the other hand, the vowels of Naki2 confirms the tendencies listed in other recently published papers: formant ranges of the individual sounds are extending and getting closer, or even overlapping. Simultaneously, the data showed a certain difference between short and long vowels. The vowels are classified both qualitatively and statistically, and the results are visualized as graphs (box plots and vowel charts displaying formant ranges as XY points).\n\nCZE\n\tTento příspěvek se zaměřuje na analýzu kvality českých vokálů (monoftongů). Data pocházejí z tzv. databáze NAKI (zvukový archiv Českého rozhlasu). Studie analyzuje a porovnává dvě sondy zahrnující nahrávky rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů (tzv. řečových vzorů) v období čtyř dekád: (1) Naki1: 1970–1989 a (2) Naki2: 1990–2010. Porovnáním naměřených výsledků z obou sond (Naki1 vs. Naki2) jsme zjistili poměrně zřetelné změny ve výslovnosti samohlásek zkoumaných moderátorů v průběhu sledovaných čtyř dekád. Dataset Naki1 se vyznačuje stabilnější výslovností jednotlivých vokálů, jež jsou zároveň mezi sebou poměrně zřetelně odlišeny a nevykazují tendence ke sbližování formantových polí. Hodnoty formantů korespondují s údaji referenčními (Palková, 2014). Sonda Naki2 naopak potvrzuje tendence evidované i v jiných odborných studiích z minulých let: formantová pole dílčích vokálů se nápadně rozšiřují a vzájemně sbližují, až prolínají. Zároveň data ukázala jistý rozdíl mezi krátkými vs. dlouhými vokály. Výsledky jsou prezentovány formou základních deskriptivněstatistických údajů pro všechny samohlásky, doplněné vizualizacemi a grafy (krabicové grafy, vokalické trojúhelníky – formantová pásma prostřednictvím bodových XY grafů).","journal_name":"Spisovná čeština a jazyková kultura 2018","page_numbers":"220–236","publication_date":"2018,,","publication_name":"The Vowel Articulation by Radio and TV News presenters"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"cs","title":"Vokalické artikulace rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [18684248]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":60387551,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Vokalické artikulace rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/60387551/mini_magick20190825-1056-z1tsfd.png?1566721301" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Vokalické artikulace rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18684248" href="https://upol.academia.edu/PetrPorizka"><img alt="Profile image of Petr Pořízka" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/18684248/16382983/23231406/s65_petr.porizka.jpg" />Petr Pořízka</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2018, The Vowel Articulation by Radio and TV News presenters</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">17 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 38601499; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">EN The paper focuses on analyzing the quality of Czech monophthongs. The data for the analysis is mostly taken from the database NAKI (audio recordings of Czechoslovak and later Czech radio news). The probe analyzes and compares two studies of audio recordings that captured the speech patterns of radio and TV news presenters in four decades: (1) Naki1: 1970–1989 a (2) Naki2: 1990–2010. The comparison of data from both studies (Naki1 vs. Naki2) showed that vowel articulation changed within 40 years: Vowels from Dataset Naki1 are characterized by more stable pronunciation, distinction between individual sounds, and the absence of tendencies for approximation in formant ranges. The formant values of this set also match the reference data (Palková, 2014). On the other hand, the vowels of Naki2 confirms the tendencies listed in other recently published papers: formant ranges of the individual sounds are extending and getting closer, or even overlapping. Simultaneously, the data showed a certain difference between short and long vowels. The vowels are classified both qualitatively and statistically, and the results are visualized as graphs (box plots and vowel charts displaying formant ranges as XY points). CZE Tento příspěvek se zaměřuje na analýzu kvality českých vokálů (monoftongů). Data pocházejí z tzv. databáze NAKI (zvukový archiv Českého rozhlasu). Studie analyzuje a porovnává dvě sondy zahrnující nahrávky rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů (tzv. řečových vzorů) v období čtyř dekád: (1) Naki1: 1970–1989 a (2) Naki2: 1990–2010. Porovnáním naměřených výsledků z obou sond (Naki1 vs. Naki2) jsme zjistili poměrně zřetelné změny ve výslovnosti samohlásek zkoumaných moderátorů v průběhu sledovaných čtyř dekád. Dataset Naki1 se vyznačuje stabilnější výslovností jednotlivých vokálů, jež jsou zároveň mezi sebou poměrně zřetelně odlišeny a nevykazují tendence ke sbližování formantových polí. Hodnoty formantů korespondují s údaji referenčními (Palková, 2014). Sonda Naki2 naopak potvrzuje tendence evidované i v jiných odborných studiích z minulých let: formantová pole dílčích vokálů se nápadně rozšiřují a vzájemně sbližují, až prolínají. Zároveň data ukázala jistý rozdíl mezi krátkými vs. dlouhými vokály. Výsledky jsou prezentovány formou základních deskriptivněstatistických údajů pro všechny samohlásky, doplněné vizualizacemi a grafy (krabicové grafy, vokalické trojúhelníky – formantová pásma prostřednictvím bodových XY grafů).</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":60387551,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38601499/Vokalick%C3%A9_artikulace_rozhlasov%C3%BDch_a_televizn%C3%ADch_moder%C3%A1tor%C5%AF"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":60387551,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38601499/Vokalick%C3%A9_artikulace_rozhlasov%C3%BDch_a_televizn%C3%ADch_moder%C3%A1tor%C5%AF"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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We analysed the letters of this group at the same way as the letters of the examinees, the result served as the prototype of the Czech native speakers and allowed the comparison and the frame for description of variants in the learners' language.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Realizace vybraných komunikačních funkcí v porovnání nerodilých a rodilých mluvčích češtiny","attachmentId":113355805,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117520297/Realizace_vybran%C3%BDch_komunika%C4%8Dn%C3%ADch_funkc%C3%AD_v_porovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_nerodil%C3%BDch_a_rodil%C3%BDch_mluv%C4%8D%C3%ADch_%C4%8De%C5%A1tiny","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117520297/Realizace_vybran%C3%BDch_komunika%C4%8Dn%C3%ADch_funkc%C3%AD_v_porovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_nerodil%C3%BDch_a_rodil%C3%BDch_mluv%C4%8D%C3%ADch_%C4%8De%C5%A1tiny"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="125233774" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125233774/Sekven%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_struktury_v_medi%C3%A1ln%C3%ADch_dialogick%C3%BDch_s%C3%ADt%C3%ADch">Sekvenční struktury v mediálních dialogických sítích</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="321858164" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvanLeudar">Ivan Leudar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Czech Sociological Review, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">'Dialogical networks' are communications which occur in mass media. One of their characteristics is that contributions of individual actors-politicians, journalists, representatives of pressure groups, etc.-are distributed in time and space. (A politician can, for instance, react in the media to what another politician expressed publically elsewhere). Another central property of dialogical networks is that an individual's contribution to a network can be duplicated, or even multiplicated (e.g. what is said in a TV studio may be reproduced in several newspapers). Dialogical networks are in certain respects like everyday conversations, but they also have unique characteristics. Working in a broadly ethnomethodological and conversation analytical framework, we focus on two aspects of sequential organisation-adjacency pair structures and repair structures, with the aim to clarify the respects in which they differ in dialogical networks and in everyday conversations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sekvenční struktury v mediálních dialogických sítích","attachmentId":119313842,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125233774/Sekven%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_struktury_v_medi%C3%A1ln%C3%ADch_dialogick%C3%BDch_s%C3%ADt%C3%ADch","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125233774/Sekven%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_struktury_v_medi%C3%A1ln%C3%ADch_dialogick%C3%BDch_s%C3%ADt%C3%ADch"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="118395148" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118395148/Metoda_jevi%C5%A1tn%C3%ADho_tvaru_vy%C5%BEaduj%C3%ADc%C3%AD_kvalitativn%C3%AD_p%C5%99%C3%ADstup_pro_m%C4%9B%C5%99en%C3%AD_pokroku_jinojazy%C4%8Dn%C3%BDch_mluv%C4%8D%C3%ADch">Metoda jevištního tvaru vyžadující kvalitativní přístup pro měření pokroku jinojazyčných mluvčích</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="242102308" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarieBoccouKest%C5%99%C3%A1nkov%C3%A1">Marie Boccou Kestřánková</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Theatre Based Method Requiring a Qualitative Approach for Measuring the Progress of Learners. In this article we introduce a teaching methodology "theatre pedagogy" ("MJT"), which is used in teaching Czech for foreigners. The primary goal of MJT is not only to positively influence the acquisition of language, but also to focus on sociolinguistic, discourse, sociocultural and social and strategic competences. Theatre practices also help students overcome their fear of talking (i.e. reduce the fear of making a mistake while speaking), it also strengthens communication, interaction and social skills of students. The second part of this text presents our empirical research used to validate MJT. The foundations of this analysis are video recording of role plays which students prepare throughout the classwork. The evaluation of particular role plays is more qualitative than quantitative: it is based on assessment criteria and assessment grids, the main keys for evaluation are fulfillment of role play instructions, success rate of information transfer with a partner, meeting of various communication competences. Each criterion is commented in a table and then scored.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metoda jevištního tvaru vyžadující kvalitativní přístup pro měření pokroku jinojazyčných mluvčích","attachmentId":114032010,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118395148/Metoda_jevi%C5%A1tn%C3%ADho_tvaru_vy%C5%BEaduj%C3%ADc%C3%AD_kvalitativn%C3%AD_p%C5%99%C3%ADstup_pro_m%C4%9B%C5%99en%C3%AD_pokroku_jinojazy%C4%8Dn%C3%BDch_mluv%C4%8D%C3%ADch","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118395148/Metoda_jevi%C5%A1tn%C3%ADho_tvaru_vy%C5%BEaduj%C3%ADc%C3%AD_kvalitativn%C3%AD_p%C5%99%C3%ADstup_pro_m%C4%9B%C5%99en%C3%AD_pokroku_jinojazy%C4%8Dn%C3%BDch_mluv%C4%8D%C3%ADch"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="124369015" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124369015/M%C3%A9dia_a_ve%C5%99ejnost_K_nacion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_a_transnacion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_moci_m%C3%A9di%C3%AD_v_konfliktn%C3%ADm_poli_mezi_%C4%8Cechy_Slov%C3%A1ky_a_N%C4%9Bmci">Média a veřejnost: K nacionální a transnacionální moci médií v konfliktním poli mezi Čechy, Slováky a Němci</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39789429" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MiroslavKun%C5%A1t%C3%A1t">Miroslav Kunštát</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studia Territorialia, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this introductory contribution, the authors explain the central questions and themes which are raised in the papers contained in this special issue. The papers were presented at a conference of the German-Czech and German-Slovak Commission of Historians. Their starting point is the observation that modern mass media, while trans-national in effect, always remain linked to a national context due to language and traditions. With this as a backdrop, individual case histories exemplify the development of the mass media since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The focus is on the political potential of the media on one hand, with their importance for the fundamental politicization of European societies during the nineteenth century being assessed as well as their being exploited by the dictatorships of the twentieth century. On the other hand, aspects characterizing the development of intersocietal relations are examined, such as how the media shaped perceptions which Czechs, Germans, and Slovaks harbored of each other. Finally, the authors highlight the deficit of the research situation with a special view to the particularities applying to East Central Europe where, during the last two decades, not only a rapid development of the mass media themselves has taken place, but media sciences have been recreated to a considerable degree.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Média a veřejnost: K nacionální a transnacionální moci médií v konfliktním poli mezi Čechy, Slováky a Němci","attachmentId":118607886,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124369015/M%C3%A9dia_a_ve%C5%99ejnost_K_nacion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_a_transnacion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_moci_m%C3%A9di%C3%AD_v_konfliktn%C3%ADm_poli_mezi_%C4%8Cechy_Slov%C3%A1ky_a_N%C4%9Bmci","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124369015/M%C3%A9dia_a_ve%C5%99ejnost_K_nacion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_a_transnacion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_moci_m%C3%A9di%C3%AD_v_konfliktn%C3%ADm_poli_mezi_%C4%8Cechy_Slov%C3%A1ky_a_N%C4%9Bmci"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="118090317" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118090317/Pr%C3%A1ce_s_emocemi_v_televizn%C3%AD_reklam%C4%9B">Práce s emocemi v televizní reklamě</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="288136082" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EvaPe%C5%88%C3%A1zov%C3%A1">Eva Peňázová</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Diplomová práce "Práce s emocemi v televizní reklamě" pojednává o roli emocí v přesvědčovacích procesech v rámci televizní reklamy. Úvodní část je věnována obecné charakteristice reklamy se zaměřením na specifika reklamy v televizi. Druhá kapitola se zabývá způsobem, jakým reklamní sdělení působí na publikum a vlivy, jeţ toto působení podmiňují. Následující část je věnována úloze, kterou sehrávají emoce v rámci reklamních přesvědčovacích procesů, přičemţ zahrnuje i krátký exkurz do historie uţívání emocí v reklamě. Čtvrtá kapitola je pak jakýmsi rozšířením kapitoly předchozí, neboť se zabývá rolí emocí jako jednoho ze zdrojů nákupní motivace spotřebitelů. Následuje teoretické pojednání o práci s emocemi v televizní reklamě. To je rozděleno do dvou kapitol. První se zabývá způsobem, jakým tvůrci televizních reklam vyuţívají emocí a jaké reklamní modely přitom uplatňují. Druhá pak popisuje práci se specifickými emočními apely, jako jsou obraz, zvuk, strach, humor, erotika či přítomnost dětí. Závěrečná část jiţ představuje samotný praktický výzkum. Obsahuje analytické rozbory konkrétních televizních spotů, v nichţ na základě předešlého teoretického výkladu demonstruji, jak se reklamní tvůrci pokoušejí působit na divácké emoce v praxi. Annotation Diploma thesis "Work with emotions in television commercials" deals with the role of emotions in the persuasion processes of television commercials. The introductory part addresses the general characteristics of advertising with the focus on specifics of television commercials. Second chapter deals with the way, in which advertising messages influence their audience, and the factors which determine this influence. The following part focuses on the role of emotions in the commercial persuasion processes. It also involves a brief excursion into the history of use of emotions in advertising. Fourth chapter is in a way an extension of the previous chapter, because it deals with the Diplomová práce Práce s emocemi v televizní reklamě 4 role of emotions as one of the sources of consumer´s purchase motivation. What follows, is the theoretical part devoted to the work with emotions in television commercials. It is divided into two chapters. First one deals with the way, in which commercial creators use the emotions, and which commercial models do they apply. The second one describes their work with particular emotional appeals, such as visual and acoustic effects, fear, humour, sexuality, or the presence of children. The closing part is the practical research itself. It contains the analyses of specific television commercial spots, based on the previous theoretical explanation, through which I demonstrate, how the commercial creators try to influence the audience´s emotions in practice.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Práce s emocemi v televizní reklamě","attachmentId":113796820,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118090317/Pr%C3%A1ce_s_emocemi_v_televizn%C3%AD_reklam%C4%9B","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118090317/Pr%C3%A1ce_s_emocemi_v_televizn%C3%AD_reklam%C4%9B"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="75739367" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75739367/Etika_ve%C5%99ejnopr%C3%A1vn%C3%ADch_m%C3%A9di%C3%AD">Etika veřejnoprávních médií</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108685527" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MartinekDavid">David Martinek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The public media are in principle supporting pillar in the dissemination of information. The place where information should flow, whose objectivity and relevance to the ongoing processes should be absolute. In the context of rapidly changing media market, unprecedented dynamics of social change and especially the fierce competition are the public media exposed to demands that examine the role primarily in terms of ethical approaches. The work includes the following topics: ethics and ethical systems, history, ethics, media, and media markets, media convergence and the applied ethics of the media.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Etika veřejnoprávních médií","attachmentId":83389965,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75739367/Etika_ve%C5%99ejnopr%C3%A1vn%C3%ADch_m%C3%A9di%C3%AD","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75739367/Etika_ve%C5%99ejnopr%C3%A1vn%C3%ADch_m%C3%A9di%C3%AD"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="52272075" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52272075/Vytv%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD_kac%C3%AD%C5%99e_P%C5%99%C3%ADpad_Bolka_V_Opolsk%C3%A9ho">Vytváření kacíře. Případ Bolka V. Opolského</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1288536" href="https://slu-cz.academia.edu/DavidRadek">David Radek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cílem předkládané studie je poukázat na rozšířené stereotypy a topoi, které byly využívané středověkými kronikáři při popisech tzv. heretických hnutí. V centru mé pozornosti byla postava opolského knížete Bolka V. (ok. 1400-1460), který nechvalně proslul již za svého života spojenectvím s husitskými vojsky. Pro mnohé autory nejenom ze slezského prostředí se tím stal husitou a kacířem. I kroky, které Bolek V. podnikal po husitských válkách, upoutaly v negativním smyslu pozornost dobových autorů (např. Jana Dlugosze, Petra Eschenloera, Eneáše Silviuse Piccolominiho nebo Kaspara Borgeniho). Jak jsem se pokusil doložit v tétostudii, pro mnohé z výše zmíněných autorů byla důležitější podpora Jiřího z Poděbrad ze strany Bolka V. (Petr Eschenloer, Kaspar Borgeni) nebo útoky, které podnikal vůči polskému království ve čtyřicátých a padesátých letech patnáctého století (Jan Dlugosz) než samotné spojenectví s husity, ke kterému došlo na začátku třicátých let. Právě kroky, které opolský kníže ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vytváření kacíře. Případ Bolka V. Opolského","attachmentId":69613918,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52272075/Vytv%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD_kac%C3%AD%C5%99e_P%C5%99%C3%ADpad_Bolka_V_Opolsk%C3%A9ho","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52272075/Vytv%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD_kac%C3%AD%C5%99e_P%C5%99%C3%ADpad_Bolka_V_Opolsk%C3%A9ho"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="117693434" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117693434/Uk%C3%A1zky_z_p%C5%99ekladatelsk%C3%A9ho_d%C3%ADla_Otokara_Fischera_H%C3%B6lderlin_a_Werfel">Ukázky z překladatelského díla Otokara Fischera: Hölderlin a Werfel</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61384344" href="https://cuni.academia.edu/MichalTopor">Michal Topor</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Již v roce 1907 si Fischer v souvislosti s motivy "odporu proti fatu" a "ohromného, drtivého vítězství osudu nad smrtelníky" povšiml hölderlinovského motta "Des Herzens Woge schäumte nicht so schön empor und würde Geist, wenn nicht der alte stumme Fels, das Schicksal, ihr entgegenstände" na prahu Hofmannsthalova dramatu Ödipus und die Sphinx. 1 Na jaře a v létě 1910 na pražské českojazyčné filozofické fakultě přednášel na téma "Z literárních dějin německého individualismu (Nietzsche)": vykládaje o "N. úmyslu napsati tragédii Empedokles", vyzdvihl zde Hölderlina jako Nietzschova "nejmilejšího básníka", "v tolika ohledech s ním úzce spřízněného (láskou k Řecku, stejnými náměty, nenávistí k Německu, duševní chorobou)". 2 Podstatné místo Hölderlinovi vyhradil také o dvacet let později v rámci přednáškového cyklu Romantika, drženého tamtéž v zimním semestru 1930/1931: pojednal jej-spolu s Jeanem Paulem-jako "předchůdce", jako básníka a filozofa, rozkročeného "mezi klas. a romt.". 3 Co se otištěných textů týče, nevěnoval však Hölderlinovu dílu žádný monograficky zevrubný komentář a překladatelsky je spíše obcházel. Vzhledem k výsostné pozici, do níž ho přitom průběžně, ačkoli spíše jen letmo kladl, je to překvapivé. Z mnoha Hölderlinových básní přeložil Fischer jen tři:</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ukázky z překladatelského díla Otokara Fischera: Hölderlin a Werfel","attachmentId":113485589,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117693434/Uk%C3%A1zky_z_p%C5%99ekladatelsk%C3%A9ho_d%C3%ADla_Otokara_Fischera_H%C3%B6lderlin_a_Werfel","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117693434/Uk%C3%A1zky_z_p%C5%99ekladatelsk%C3%A9ho_d%C3%ADla_Otokara_Fischera_H%C3%B6lderlin_a_Werfel"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="118015783" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118015783/Symbolika_v_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_a_polsk%C3%BDch_somatick%C3%BDch_fraz%C3%A9mech_s_lex%C3%A9my_sluch_s%C5%82uch_a_ucho_a_jejich_vz%C3%A1jemn%C3%A1_ekvivalence">Symbolika v českých a polských somatických frazémech s lexémy sluch/słuch a ucho a jejich vzájemná ekvivalence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="297953276" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DariuszTkaczewski">Dariusz Tkaczewski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Bohemica litteraria, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Symbolism in Czech and Polish Somatic Phraseological Units with Lexemes sluch/ słuch [hearing] and ucho [ear]] and their Mutual Equivalence The use of names of senses and sense organs as a basic component of so-called somatisms, i.e. phraseological units referring to human (animal) body/organism and its functions has a long history which goes back to ancient times. As a linguist and a Slavic studies specialist, the author of this article examines the fact that such phraseological expressions exist in closely related languages and investigates the issue of their equivalence-their mutual translatability. Phraseological expressions play an essential role in the teaching of Czech or Polish and in the work of translators of these languages, since learning, active knowledge and awareness of the content of rich phraseology, which has great semantic significance, are equally important as the knowledge of the vocabulary. In the course of the investigation, the author of this article indicates the meaning, sense and symbolism of hearing and ear in world cultures, excerpts 61 (7+54) Czech and Polish phrasemes and 6 proverbs containing these lexemes from available 'classic' dictionaries in which the particular sense sluch/słuch [hearing] and sense organ ucho [ear] make the main entry, orders and compares them in terms of equivalence, and presents the quantitative statistical data by means of three graphs.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Symbolika v českých a polských somatických frazémech s lexémy sluch/słuch a ucho a jejich vzájemná ekvivalence","attachmentId":113739500,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118015783/Symbolika_v_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_a_polsk%C3%BDch_somatick%C3%BDch_fraz%C3%A9mech_s_lex%C3%A9my_sluch_s%C5%82uch_a_ucho_a_jejich_vz%C3%A1jemn%C3%A1_ekvivalence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118015783/Symbolika_v_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_a_polsk%C3%BDch_somatick%C3%BDch_fraz%C3%A9mech_s_lex%C3%A9my_sluch_s%C5%82uch_a_ucho_a_jejich_vz%C3%A1jemn%C3%A1_ekvivalence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":60387551,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":60387551,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_60387551" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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