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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposing_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposing parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposing_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carlists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carlists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Carlists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carlists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Liberals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_and_Second_Carlist_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_and_Second_Carlist_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First and Second Carlist war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_Second_Carlist_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Carlist_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Carlist_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>First Carlist War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Carlist_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Carlist_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Carlist_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Second Carlist War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Carlist_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain's_political_situation_before_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain's_political_situation_before_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spain's political situation before the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain's_political_situation_before_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain's_finances_at_the_outbreak_of_war_and_during_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain's_finances_at_the_outbreak_of_war_and_during_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Spain's finances at the outbreak of war and during the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain's_finances_at_the_outbreak_of_war_and_during_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposing_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Opposing plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carlist_battle_dispositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carlist_battle_dispositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Carlist battle dispositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carlist_battle_dispositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberals'_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberals'_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Liberals' plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberals'_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_the_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Outbreak of the hostilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Carlist_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Carlist_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Carlist advance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Carlist_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1873" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1873"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>1873</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1873-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basque_Provinces_and_Navarre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_Provinces_and_Navarre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span>Basque Provinces and Navarre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_Provinces_and_Navarre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.2</span> <span>Eastern Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1874" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1874"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>1874</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1874-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basque_Provinces_and_Navarre_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_Provinces_and_Navarre_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1</span> <span>Basque Provinces and Navarre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_Provinces_and_Navarre_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Bilbao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Bilbao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1.1</span> <span>Siege of Bilbao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Bilbao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_advance_against_Estella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_advance_against_Estella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1.2</span> <span>Government advance against Estella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_advance_against_Estella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Front_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Front_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.2</span> <span>Eastern Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Front_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalemate_in_the_Basque_Country_and_the_fall_of_Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalemate_in_the_Basque_Country_and_the_fall_of_Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stalemate in the Basque Country and the fall of Catalonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalemate_in_the_Basque_Country_and_the_fall_of_Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1875" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1875"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>1875</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1875-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basque_Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.1</span> <span>Basque Country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Front_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Front_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.2</span> <span>Eastern Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Front_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>End of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1876" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1876"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>1876</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1876-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_self-government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_self-government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Abolition of self-government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_self-government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque_Economic_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_Economic_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Basque Economic Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_Economic_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_expansion_in_the_Basque_Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_expansion_in_the_Basque_Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Industrial expansion in the Basque Country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_expansion_in_the_Basque_Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Constitution_of_1876" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Constitution_of_1876"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>The Constitution of 1876</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Constitution_of_1876-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Basque nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalan_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalan_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Catalan nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalan_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Third Carlist War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="الحرب الكارلية الثالثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الكارلية الثالثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Guerra_Carlina" title="Tercera Guerra Carlina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera Guerra Carlina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%84_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γ΄ Καρλικός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γ΄ Καρλικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_guerra_carlista" title="Tercera guerra carlista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera guerra carlista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tria_karlisma_milito" title="Tria karlisma milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tria karlisma milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Karlistaldia" title="Bigarren Karlistaldia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Karlistaldia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_guerra_carlista" title="Terceira guerra carlista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terceira guerra carlista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Carlista_Ketiga" title="Perang Carlista Ketiga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Carlista Ketiga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלחמה הקרליסטית השלישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה הקרליסטית השלישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derde_Carlistenoorlog" title="Derde Carlistenoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Derde Carlistenoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_wojna_karlistowska" title="III wojna karlistowska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="III wojna karlistowska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish civil war (1872–1876)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Third Carlist War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bataille_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.jpg/310px-Bataille_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bataille_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.jpg/465px-Bataille_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bataille_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.jpg/620px-Bataille_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="527" /></a></span><br /><i>The Battle of Treviño, 7 July 1875</i>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Oller" title="Francisco Oller">Francisco Oller</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 April 1872 – 28 February 1876</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Liberal and republican victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1876" title="Spanish Constitution of 1876">Spanish Constitution of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Economic_Agreement" title="Basque Economic Agreement">Basque Economic Agreement</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Liberals</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">Republicans</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XII of Spain">Alfonso XII</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos">Martínez-Campos</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Pav%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Pavía">Manuel Pavía</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano_y_Dom%C3%ADnguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Serrano y Domínguez">Francisco Serrano</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco_y_Erenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Blanco y Erenas">Ramón Blanco</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eulogio_Despujol" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogio Despujol">Eulogio Despujol</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Moriones" title="Domingo Moriones">Domingo Moriones</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Concha" title="Manuel de la Concha">Manuel de la Concha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cabrinetty" title="José Cabrinetty">José Cabrinetty</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nouvilas" title="Ramón Nouvilas">Ramón Nouvilas</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jenaro_Quesada,_1st_Marquis_of_Miravalles" title="Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles">Jenaro Quesada</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Carlos VII</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Alfonso Carlos</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo" title="Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo">Ramón Cabrera</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Mendiri" title="Torcuato Mendiri">Torcuato Mendiri</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Ollo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Ollo (page does not exist)">Nicolas Ollo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Dorregaray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Dorregaray (page does not exist)">Antonio Dorregaray</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Cucala" title="Pascual Cucala">Pascual Cucala</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfonso,_Count_of_Caserta" title="Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta">Alfonso de Borbón</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Savalls" title="Francisco Savalls">Francisco Savalls</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Tristany" title="Rafael Tristany">Rafael Tristany</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Castells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Castells (page does not exist)">Joan Castells</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquin_Elio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquin Elio (page does not exist)">Joaquin Elio</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Santes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Santes (page does not exist)">José Santes</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomas_Segarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomas Segarra (page does not exist)">Tomas Segarra</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Marco_de_Bello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Marco de Bello (page does not exist)">Manuel de Bello</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Altarriba_y_Villanueva" title="Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva">Ramón Altarriba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Third Carlist War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Tercera Guerra Carlista</i>), which occurred from 1872 to 1876, was the last <a href="/wiki/Carlist_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist War">Carlist War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier <a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">"Second" War (1847–1849)</a> was smaller in scale and relatively trivial in political consequence. </p><p>Leading up to the war, Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a> abdicated the throne in 1868, and the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I</a>, son of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of Italy, was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> in 1870. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Carlist" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist">Carlist</a> pretender, <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Carlos VII</a>, tried to earn the support of various Spanish regions by promising to reintroduce various area-specific customs and laws. The Carlists proclaimed the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">fueros</a> (charters) which had been abolished at the beginning of the 18th century by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> in his unilateral <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a>. </p><p>The call for rebellion made by the Carlists was echoed in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and especially in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country" title="Southern Basque Country">Basque region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>), where the Carlists managed to erect a temporary state. During the war, <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlist</a> forces occupied several inland Spanish towns, the most important ones being <a href="/wiki/La_Seu_d%27Urgell" title="La Seu d'Urgell">La Seu d'Urgell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estella_-_Lizarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Estella - Lizarra">Estella</a> in <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>. They also laid siege to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, but failed to seize them. </p><p>The Third Carlist War saw a series of regime changes in Spain, beginning with the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> after the abdication of Amadeo I in February 1873. Over one year later, in December 1874, a military coup installed a new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> monarch, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XII of Spain">Alfonso XII</a>, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Bourbon Restoration</a> in Spain. </p><p>After four years of war, on 28 February 1876, Carlos VII was defeated, and went into exile in France. On the same day, King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XII of Spain">Alfonso XII of Spain</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>. After the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_fuero" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque fuero">Basque charters</a> (<i>fueros/foruak</i>) were abolished, shifting the border customs from the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebro River">Ebro River</a> to the Spanish coast. In the chartered territories, home rule provisions, left over from the resolution of the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a>, were abolished, and conscription of youth in the Spanish army became compulsory. </p><p>The war resulted in between 7,000 and 50,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_carlos_de_borb%C3%B3n_nypl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Don_carlos_de_borb%C3%B3n_nypl.jpg/180px-Don_carlos_de_borb%C3%B3n_nypl.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Don_carlos_de_borb%C3%B3n_nypl.jpg/270px-Don_carlos_de_borb%C3%B3n_nypl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Don_carlos_de_borb%C3%B3n_nypl.jpg/360px-Don_carlos_de_borb%C3%B3n_nypl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Carlos VII, Carlist pretender</figcaption></figure> <p>The Third <a href="/wiki/Carlist_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist war">Carlist War</a> began in 1871, after the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">La Gloriosa</a> revolution in 1868 and the subsequent coronation of <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I</a> of Savoy as King of Spain in 1870. The selection of Amadeo I as King instead of the Carlist pretender, <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Carlos VII</a>, was considered a great insult to the Carlists who had strong support in northern Spain, especially in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country" title="Southern Basque Country">Basque Country</a>) </p><p>After some internal dissensions in 1870–1871, ending with the removal of <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo" title="Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo">Ramón Cabrera</a> as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Carlist_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist party">Carlist party</a>, the Carlists started a general uprising against Amadeo I's government and its Liberal supporters. The Third Carlist War became the final act of a long fight between Spanish progressives (centralists) and traditionalists which started after the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> (1808–1814) and the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">constitution of Cadiz</a> in 1812 which ended the <i>ancien regime</i> in Spain. Mistrust and rivalry among members of the royal family also enlarged the conflict. The three Carlist wars were started for diverse reasons: the establishment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1830" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1830">Pragmatic Sanction</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a>, the inability to find a compromise led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">Second Carlist War</a>, and the proclamation of a foreign king as Spanish monarch sparked the Third Carlist War. </p><p>Some contemporary authors described the Third Carlist War as deadly, especially for civilians on the sidelines of the conflict. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The bell rings to the dead across the heroic town of <a href="/wiki/Igualada" title="Igualada">Igualada</a>...Horrible details...People [killed] by bayonets, burned houses, factories attacked at dawn, robberies, rap[es], insults...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/La_Campana_de_Gr%C3%A0cia" title="La Campana de Gràcia">La Campana de Gràcia</a>, July 27, 1873, about the Carlist attack on the town of <a href="/wiki/Igualada" title="Igualada">Igualada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>About the Carlists' entrance on <a href="/wiki/El_Vendrell" title="El Vendrell">Vendrell</a> thousands atrocities are told, done by the followers of absolutism... If our brothers fell to the edge of the Carlist dagger, why we the liberals have to be considered with them?... It is necessary to fight the war with war and to employ all kind of resources to exterminate the bandits that burn, steal and kill in the name of a religion and a peace.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>La Redención del Pueblo, March 6, 1874, about the entrance of the Carlists in the town of <a href="/wiki/El_Vendrell" title="El Vendrell">Vendrell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_parties">Opposing parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opposing parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carlists">Carlists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carlists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%C3%B3n,_por_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_por_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg/180px-Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_por_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_por_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg/270px-Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_por_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_por_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg/360px-Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_por_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>Infant Carlos Maria Isidro</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carlist_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist party">Carlist party</a> was formed in the last years of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a>'s (1784–1833) reign. Carlism is named after the <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infant</a> <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Carlos Maria Isidro</a> (1788–1855), <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">count of Molina</a> and Ferdinand's brother. The <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1830" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1830">pragmatic sanction</a>, published by Ferdinand in 1830, abolished the <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Salic Law</a>, allowing women to be queens of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in their own right. This meant that <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabel</a>, Ferdinand's daughter, became heir instead of <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Carlos</a>, his brother. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Carlos</a> almost instantly became a cause around which Spain's conservative groups could unite. The anti-liberalism of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Zeballos" title="Fernando de Zeballos">Fernando de Zeballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Herv%C3%A1s_y_Panduro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro">Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Alvarado" title="Francisco Alvarado">Francisco Alvarado</a> during the 1820s was a precursor to the Carlist movement. Another important aspect of the Carlist ideology was its defense of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and its institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a> and the special tributary laws, against the comparatively more liberal crown. The Carlists identified themselves with Spanish military traditions, adopting the <i>Burgundian cross</i> of the 16th- and 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercios</a>. This nostalgia for <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'s past was an important rallying point for <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a>. There was also a perceived support for the feudal system displaced by the French occupation, although this is disputed by historians. The Carlists summarized their beliefs in the motto: "For God, for the Fatherland and the King."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the deeply religious and conservative atmosphere of 19th century Spain, Carlism attracted a large number of followers, particularly among sections of society which resented the growing liberalism of the Spanish state. Carlism found most of its supporters in rural areas, especially in places which had previously enjoyed special status before 1813, such as <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and especially the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>. In these parts of the country, Carlists enjoyed support from the Catholic peasantry and minor nobles, with occasional support from the major nobility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberals">Liberals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liberals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a>'s death in 1833 without a male heir, the succession was disputed, despite the abrogation of the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a> in 1830. As the new queen <a href="/wiki/Isabel_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel II of Spain">Isabel</a> was only a child, her mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Cristina</a>, became regent until Isabel was ready to reign in her own right. Because conservatives backed <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Cristina</a> was forced to side with the Liberals, who sympathized with the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Liberals were well-represented in the high echelons of the army and among the large landowners, and drew some support from the middle classes. </p><p>The Liberals promoted <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and social modernization. Reforms included the confiscation and sale of church lands and other institutions that supported the old regime, the establishment of elected parliaments, the construction of railways and the general expansion of industry throughout Spain. There was also a strong current of <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> among them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_and_Second_Carlist_war">First and Second Carlist war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First and Second Carlist war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Carlist_War">First Carlist War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Carlist War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom%C3%A1s_Zumalac%C3%A1rregui_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tom%C3%A1s_Zumalac%C3%A1rregui_%28portrait%29.jpg/180px-Tom%C3%A1s_Zumalac%C3%A1rregui_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tom%C3%A1s_Zumalac%C3%A1rregui_%28portrait%29.jpg/270px-Tom%C3%A1s_Zumalac%C3%A1rregui_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tom%C3%A1s_Zumalac%C3%A1rregui_%28portrait%29.jpg/360px-Tom%C3%A1s_Zumalac%C3%A1rregui_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Tomas de Zumalacárregui commandant of the Carlist forces in the Basque Country</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldomero_Espartero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baldomero_Espartero.jpg/180px-Baldomero_Espartero.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baldomero_Espartero.jpg/270px-Baldomero_Espartero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baldomero_Espartero.jpg/360px-Baldomero_Espartero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="6006" /></a><figcaption>General Espartero commander of the liberal army and later regent of Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>After Ferdinand's death, the government undertook a division of Spain into provinces and "historic regions" with the <a href="/wiki/1833_territorial_division_of_Spain" title="1833 territorial division of Spain">1833 territorial division of Spain</a>. The division overruled the traditional administration of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country" title="Southern Basque Country">Basque districts</a>, who held a specific autonomous status within Spain. For example, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> was still a Basque-based kingdom with its own decision-making bodies and customs on the Ebro river. The unilateral decision was regarded as a hostile government move by the Basque people, precipitating a general uprising in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> in support of the traditionalist Carlists, resulting in the First Carlist War. The resulting success allowed Carlists to gain control of the countryside, although cities like <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a> stayed in Liberal hands. The insurrection spread to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Castile" title="Old Castile">Castilla la Vieja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, where Carlist armies and guerrillas operated until the end of the war. Expeditions outside these areas resulted in limited success. </p><p>The Basque Country was subdued on August 31, 1839, with the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Vergara" title="Convention of Vergara"><i>Convenio de Vergara</i></a> and <i>Abrazo de Vergara</i> signed between the Liberal general <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Baldomero Espartero</a> and the Carlist general <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Maroto" title="Rafael Maroto">Rafael Maroto</a>. Carlos, the pretender, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Bidasoa" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoa</a> river into <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> for exile, but Carlists in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> continued fighting until July 1840, when they escaped to France led by the Carlist general <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo" title="Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo">Ramón Cabrera</a>. </p><p>Prominent figures emerged on both sides during the war. On the Liberal side, <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Baldomero Espartero</a> rose to prominence and replaced <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Cristina</a> as regent in 1840, although his subsequent unpopularity meant that he was later overthrown by a coalition of politicians and moderate military figures. On the Carlist side, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo" title="Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo">Ramón Cabrera</a> rose to become the head of the Carlist party, a position he would hold until 1870. His future move to change his allegiance to the Spanish regime during the Third Carlist War would prove crucial to the government's success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Carlist_War">Second Carlist War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Carlist War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">Second Carlist War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera.jpg/180px-Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera.jpg/270px-Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera.jpg/360px-Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Ramón Cabrera. A prominent figure in the Carlist ranks, his later support for the government of the restoration was crucial to undermining the Carlist cause.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Carlist war">Second Carlist war</a> started in 1846, after the failure of a scheme to marry <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabel II</a> with the Carlist claimant, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Montemolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin">Carlos Luis de Borbón</a>. Fighting was concentrated in the mountains of South <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a> until 1849. The context was an agricultural and industrial crisis that hit <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> in 1846, together with unpopular taxes and military service laws introduced by the government of <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Maria_Narvaez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Maria Narvaez">Ramon Maria Narvaez</a>. </p><p>Another critical factor was the presence of lingering <i>trabucaires</i>, or Carlist fighters, from the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> who had neither surrendered to the government nor fled to exile. Those circumstances resulted in the creation of the first Carlist parties in 1846, usually consisting of no more than 500 men and always directed by a <i>cabecilla</i>, or chief, often a veteran from the first war. These groups attacked politicians and military units. </p><p>As 1847 ended with an escalation of fighting, Carlists, backed by progressives and republicans, gathered 4,000 men in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. In 1848, Carlists rose up in many parts of Spain, especially in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maestrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Maestrat">Maestrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castille</a>. The uprisings failed in almost all parts of Spain except for <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maestrazgo" title="Maestrazgo">Maestrat</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo" title="Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo">Ramón Cabrera</a> arrived in mid-1848 to create the <i>Ejército Real de Cataluña</i>, or the Royal Army of Catalonia. However, Carlist failures in the rest of Spain, in addition to the campaign conducted by government commander <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_la_Concha" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha">Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha</a> to weaken the Carlist presence in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> during fall 1848, condemned the Carlist cause to failure. In January 1849, the Liberal army in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> numbered 50,000, while the Carlist army numbered only 26,000. The detention of the Carlist pretender, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Montemolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin">Carlos VI</a>, on the frontier when he was attempting to enter <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> put an end to the uprising in April 1849. Outnumbered, without a leader and having failed to achieve a victory in all fronts, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo" title="Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo">Ramón Cabrera</a> and the Carlists in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in April and May 1849. Later, an amnesty announced by the government convinced some to return to Spain, but most stayed in exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain's_political_situation_before_the_war"><span id="Spain.27s_political_situation_before_the_war"></span>Spain's political situation before the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spain's political situation before the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1814%E2%80%931873)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1814–1873)">History of Spain (1814–1873)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlismo_Caricatura_de_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carlismo_Caricatura_de_1870.jpg/220px-Carlismo_Caricatura_de_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carlismo_Caricatura_de_1870.jpg/330px-Carlismo_Caricatura_de_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carlismo_Caricatura_de_1870.jpg/440px-Carlismo_Caricatura_de_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of the Carlists (1870)</figcaption></figure> <p>Amidst opposing political ideals in Spain, the growing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and constant conflict in Spanish politics, the Third Carlist War was a culmination of a long political process. The political appearance of the conflict, exemplified by the struggle for the Spanish crown, masked a more crude reality. The growth of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal ideals</a> after <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte's occupation of Spain</a> and Spain's <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">subsequent fight for independence</a> alarmed Spain's traditional groups, who decided to fight for their beliefs. Tumultuous reigns of monarchs <a href="/wiki/Fernando_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando VII">Ferdinand VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel II of Spain">Isabel II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I</a> exemplified the political unrest present in Spain, and resulted in the loss of traditionalist predominance, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Isabel_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel II of Spain">Isabel II</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pascual_Madoz,_de_Jos%C3%A9_Nin_y_Tud%C3%B3_(1873),_Congreso_de_los_Diputados_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pascual_Madoz%2C_de_Jos%C3%A9_Nin_y_Tud%C3%B3_%281873%29%2C_Congreso_de_los_Diputados_%282%29.jpg/180px-Pascual_Madoz%2C_de_Jos%C3%A9_Nin_y_Tud%C3%B3_%281873%29%2C_Congreso_de_los_Diputados_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pascual_Madoz%2C_de_Jos%C3%A9_Nin_y_Tud%C3%B3_%281873%29%2C_Congreso_de_los_Diputados_%282%29.jpg/270px-Pascual_Madoz%2C_de_Jos%C3%A9_Nin_y_Tud%C3%B3_%281873%29%2C_Congreso_de_los_Diputados_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pascual_Madoz%2C_de_Jos%C3%A9_Nin_y_Tud%C3%B3_%281873%29%2C_Congreso_de_los_Diputados_%282%29.jpg/360px-Pascual_Madoz%2C_de_Jos%C3%A9_Nin_y_Tud%C3%B3_%281873%29%2C_Congreso_de_los_Diputados_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3540" /></a><figcaption>Pascual Madoz</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Alvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Juan_Alvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal.png/180px-Juan_Alvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Juan_Alvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal.png/270px-Juan_Alvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Juan_Alvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal.png/360px-Juan_Alvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Juan Álvarez Mendizabal</figcaption></figure> <p>Political reforms, carried out between 1833 and 1872 by moderate liberals such as <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_la_Rosa_y_Berdejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo">De la Rosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Cea_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Francisco Cea Bermúdez">Cea Bermudez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Baldomero Espartero</a>, as well as the government formed after <i>"<a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">La Gloriosa</a>",</i> left Carlists and other traditional circles in a weakened position. The expropriations of ecclesiastic property carried out by <a href="/wiki/Mendizabal" title="Mendizabal">Mendizabal</a> (1836), followed by those of <a href="/wiki/Espartero" class="mw-redirect" title="Espartero">Espartero</a> (1841) and <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Madoz" title="Pascual Madoz">Pascual Madoz</a> (1855), were considered an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Catholic Church</a> and the nobility. Many nobles and Church lost real estate, which in turn was sold to high-ranking Liberals, contributing to unrest among those two important parts of Spanish society. However, the Church and the nobility were not the only important groups to feel threatened by the advance of new <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> liberalism—in both its economic and political forms. The drive for Spanish centralization (a rising Spanish <a href="/wiki/Nationalism#History" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>) collided with long-running sources of authority other than the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralist</a> constitution based in Madrid. </p><p>Institutions specific to certain territories, such as <a href="/wiki/Fuero#Basque_and_Pyrenean_fueros" title="Fuero">the <i>fueros</i></a> of the Basque Country, were removed by the liberal <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">1812 Constitution</a> proclaimed in Cádiz, but were largely restored on the installation of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> to the Spanish throne in 1814. The conflict over home rule in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country" title="Southern Basque Country">Basque Country</a> (Basque Provinces and Navarre) was an important point of confrontation. <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> had lost their <a href="/wiki/Fuero#Basque_and_Pyrenean_fueros" title="Fuero">specific institutions and laws</a> during and after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> due to the <i><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a></i> of <i>1707–1716,</i> and wanted to win them back. <a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a> upheld these former institutions during the two major Carlist wars, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people#Revolution_and_war" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">Basque Country</a> becoming the epicentres of fighting. </p><p>Finally, the constant political unrest during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Isabel_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel II of Spain">Isabel II</a>, caused by numerous changes in government and the discontent of army officers sent to fight the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%9360)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)">Hispano-Moroccan War</a>, convinced many traditionalists to favor an armed uprising to restore their lost privileges. After <a href="/wiki/Isabel_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel II of Spain">Isabel II</a> was overthrown in 1868 by the generals <a href="/wiki/Juan_Prim,_1st_Marquis_of_los_Castillejos" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos">Prim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topete" title="Topete">Topete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano,_1st_Duke_of_la_Torre" title="Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre">Serrano</a>, the resulting search for a new king resulted in the coronation of the Italian prince <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I</a>, who was supported by the moderate liberals. However, this decision was not welcomed by the Carlists, who elevated their leader <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> to the position of claimant to replace the foreign king. Once again, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> appeared to be on the brink of another fight for the crown between two declared enemies, but was actually hiding a more complex array of political goals and tensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain's_finances_at_the_outbreak_of_war_and_during_the_war"><span id="Spain.27s_finances_at_the_outbreak_of_war_and_during_the_war"></span>Spain's finances at the outbreak of war and during the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain's finances at the outbreak of war and during the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the war, the Spanish government struggled to balance its finances. The Treasury's leeway in 1871 was virtually non-existent. It was unable to buy gold or silver to earn solvency because it would require further loan requests from international financiers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015225_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015225-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Rothschild">House of Rothschild</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paribas" title="Paribas">Paribas</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo</a> I, the Treasury received a new loan of 143,876,515 pesetas. 72.34% of the loan was provided by the Rothschild's Houses of Paris and London, for which <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_James_de_Rothschild" title="Alphonse James de Rothschild">Alphonse Rothschild</a> and his Spanish agent <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Bauer" title="Ignacio Bauer">Ignacio Bauer</a> were awarded the Great Cross of Charles III. However, the loan only briefly patched the financial gaps. Soon, the Treasury required another loan to cover the staggering public debt. </p><p>Successive Spanish governments during <i><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">La Gloriosa</a></i> attempted to combat financial woes by making new loan requests to pay back existing debt, accepting ever-higher interest rates. At the outbreak of the Third Carlist War in 1872, half of the Spanish Treasury's overall revenue was destined to pay interest on public debt, with rates as high as 22.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015227,_229_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015227,_229-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At any moment, the government could officially declare bankruptcy. </p><p>The House of Rothschild, a major beneficiary of this arrangement, soon lost hope of a recuperation of the Spanish finances, and refused to engage in any further major operations. The government turned to Paribas for new loans, which agreed to a loan of 100 million francs, signed in September 1872, six months after the outbreak of the Third Carlist War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015229_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015229-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in February 1873, after the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeo I">Amadeo I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> was proclaimed, prompting the collapse of political and economic relations between France and the new Spanish republic. </p><p>The Rothschilds and Ignacio Bauer came back to Spain in November 1873. They found the situation of public finances so ruinous that they avoided embarking in any financial operations. The Spanish government took emergency measures aimed at collecting the funds necessary for their campaign against the Carlist outbreak in the north, some of which broke the boundaries of what could be ethical and economically viable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015231_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015231-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874, after General Serrano's military victory in Bilbao, Alphonse Rothschild wrote to his cousins in London: </p> <blockquote><p>The fall of the Carlists will be a great victory for the government... [However,] it would be a better victory to discard all this cancer of financiers that devour the country. That does not seem very probable though, and soon there will be no wealth in Spain. It is not really in our interest to associate with this looting more or less legal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015232_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015232-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important fronts of the war were the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and the Eastern Front (<a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maestrazgo" title="Maestrazgo">Maestrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>). Other minor fronts included <a href="/wiki/Albacete" title="Albacete">Albacete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Castile-La Mancha">Castilla La Mancha</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_plans">Opposing plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opposing plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carlist_battle_dispositions">Carlist battle dispositions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carlist battle dispositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1872_nafarroa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1872_nafarroa.jpg/180px-1872_nafarroa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1872_nafarroa.jpg/270px-1872_nafarroa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/1872_nafarroa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Carlist horseman with his son</figcaption></figure> <p>As in previous <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a>, the Carlists focused on raising war parties commanded by provisional commanders. These war parties would carry out irregular warfare, focusing on guerrilla or partisan activities, attacking telegram posts, railways, outposts using <i>hit and run</i> tactics. The Carlists tried to avoid large cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> or <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastian</a>, because they were not powerful enough to commit to the siege and capture of such cities. Instead, they showed great skill in attacking undefended towns or isolated outposts, employing their knowledge of the terrain to their benefit. </p><p>In addition to guerilla parties, there were also several Carlist armies operating in the main theaters of the war under the command of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a>'s most trusted officers. These armies were composed of royalist volunteers which were united under the Carlist banner, forming regular infantry, cavalry and artillery units. The real strength of these forces, however, was questionable due to the lack of military training and discipline among the volunteers. Carlist forces lacked a defined supply line, resulting in a constant lack of horses, ammunition, and weapons. The weapons they actually received were often obsolete. Finally, Carlist forces were severely limited in mobility because they were unable to use the government-held railway network. These handicaps put Carlists at a severe disadvantage in <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional warfare</a>. As such, Carlists attempted to avoid direct confrontation with the Liberals, and instead relied on <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> to achieve their goals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infanteria_Navarra-album_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Infanteria_Navarra-album_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Infanteria_Navarra-album_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Infanteria_Navarra-album_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Infanteria_Navarra-album_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Infanteria_Navarra-album_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Infanteria_Navarra-album_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Carlist infantry firing into Liberal positions</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberals'_plans"><span id="Liberals.27_plans"></span>Liberals' plans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Liberals' plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to Carlist weaknesses, the Liberals planned to conduct a <i>pacification war</i> to drive the Carlists into a direct confrontation where the Liberals' superior training, equipment and leadership would prove decisive. These advantages included the control of the railway system, which enabled the transport of troops and supplies from one critical sector to another within days, the experienced troops and officers of the regular Spanish army, the support of large cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, and superior weapons and manpower. These advantages were, however, somewhat negated by the political instability of the government and the lack of available resources, such as financing, to suppress the Carlist uprising. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guardia_Real_infanteria-album_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guardia_Real_infanteria-album_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Guardia_Real_infanteria-album_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guardia_Real_infanteria-album_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Guardia_Real_infanteria-album_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guardia_Real_infanteria-album_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Guardia_Real_infanteria-album_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Government guards</figcaption></figure> <p>The guerrilla attacks carried out by the Carlists were challenging for the Liberals to deal with because of the Carlists' ability to use the terrain to their benefit. All the aforementioned Liberal advantages were largely irrelevant in this kind of warfare, putting both sides on similar footing. However, the Carlist emphasis on guerilla warfare restricted the fighting to specific areas of Spain, limiting the Carlist range of action. Regardless, the suppression of Carlist guerrillas was a hazardous and costly task that required enormous amounts of manpower and resources that, in the first stages of the war, the Liberals were unable to provide. Only with the stabilization of the government under King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a> in 1874, were the Liberals able to start turning the tide of the war in their favor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_the_hostilities">Outbreak of the hostilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Outbreak of the hostilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Carlists' plans called for a general uprising across <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, hoping to gain recruits among the least content groups of the Spanish population. On April 20 <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a>, the Carlist pretender, appointed General Rada as the commander-in-chief of what would become the Carlist army. After this, plans for a general uprising were established, and April 21 was set as the opening day of the uprising. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borboni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Borboni.jpg/180px-Borboni.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Borboni.jpg/270px-Borboni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Borboni.jpg/360px-Borboni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="6400" /></a><figcaption>The Italian Bourbons in the Carlist War. Standing, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Parma">Robert I of Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Count_of_Bardi" title="Prince Henry, Count of Bardi">Prince Henry, Count of Bardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Count_of_Caserta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso, Count of Caserta">Alfonso, Count of Caserta</a>. Seated: <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VII of Spain">Charles VII of Spain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the uprising, thousands of sympathetic volunteers, most without training and some without weapons, gathered in Orokieta-Erbiti (Oroquieta-Erbiti), north of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, awaiting Carlos's arrival. As in <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, groups in <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> also rose in arms against the government on the same day. Several raiding parties carried out <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> activities across <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> (under the command of generals Tristany, Savalls and Castells), <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>,... Arriving from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> on May 2, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> himself crossed the <a href="/wiki/Bidasoa" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoa</a> River from France into Spain, and took command of his forces in Orokieta. However, a quick counterattack of 1,000 government troops led by General Moriones assaulted the Carlist camp in Orokieta during the night of May 4, forcing <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> to retreat to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Fifty Carlists were killed and over 700 were taken prisoner. As a result, the Carlists in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> were left disorganized for nearly the rest of the year. The Battle of Orokieta threatened to end the Third Carlist war almost as soon as it began. </p><p>The government's victory at Orokieta was a huge setback for the Carlists, but the war was not yet ended. Following their defeat at Orokieta, Carlists from <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, under the leadership of Fausto de Urquizu, Juan E. de Orúe and Antonio de Arguinzóniz, laid down their arms and surrendered, signing the <i>Conveno de <a href="/wiki/Amorebieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorebieta">Amorebieta</a></i> with General Serrano in exchange for a general indult and the possibility of escaping to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or of being incorporated into the national army. </p><p>However, in other areas of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, Carlist parties remained active, engaging government forces in heavy fighting across the area. Though the Carlists suffered a setback in the Basque Provinces, they were far from beaten and still posed a serious threat to the government. Furthermore, the arrangement signed in Amorebieta was rejected by both sides; <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano_y_Dom%C3%ADnguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Serrano y Domínguez">Serrano</a> was forced to leave his post, while Carlists denounced those who surrendered as traitors. </p><p>Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the uprising started earlier than <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> had expected. Seventy men led by Joan Castell revolted and started raising supporters to form new war parties. The command post was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Tristany" title="Rafael Tristany">Rafael Tristany</a> until <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> replaced him with the <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso</a>, Carlos's own brother. Several efforts were made to form a common military structure during the summer of 1872 but were unsuccessful until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Alfonso</a> in December 1872. At the same time, Carlist <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Cucala" title="Pascual Cucala">Pascual Cucala</a> gained popular support in the <a href="/wiki/Maestrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Maestrat">Maestrat</a>. With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">infant Alfonso</a> and the reactivation of the war parties, Carlists were able to muster 3,000 men in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, 2,000 in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, and 850 in <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Carlist_advance">The Carlist advance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Carlist advance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the failure of the uprising in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and the escape of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Carlist forces regrouped and reformed themselves for the next strike. All high-ranking officials were removed and replaced with new ones, including General Dorregaray who replaced General Rada as the Commander-in-Chief of the Carlist forces in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country" title="Southern Basque Country">Basque Country</a>. A new date was established for another uprising, which would start on December 18, 1872. With the intention of supporting the uprising, small cadres of trained officers entered <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to create a Carlist Army in November 1872. New war parties were raised during this period, such as the one famously led by priest <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Santa_Cruz_Loidi" title="Manuel Santa Cruz Loidi">Manuel Santa Cruz</a>. The second Carlist uprising was successful, resulting in the growth of Carlist forces in the first months of 1873. In February, the Carlist army numbered around 50,000 men on all fronts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conflictos_en_la_I_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Conflictos_en_la_I_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/220px-Conflictos_en_la_I_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Conflictos_en_la_I_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/330px-Conflictos_en_la_I_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Conflictos_en_la_I_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg/440px-Conflictos_en_la_I_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Carlist uprisings and controlled areas (red) across Spain during 1874</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1873">1873</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1873"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Basque_Provinces_and_Navarre">Basque Provinces and Navarre</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Basque Provinces and Navarre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February, after the abdication of King <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo I</a> and the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a>, General Dorregaray arrived to lead the Carlist army in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, starting a campaign against government forces. At May 5, Carlist forces under the command of Dorregaray and Rada won an important victory at <a href="/wiki/Eraul" class="mw-redirect" title="Eraul">Eraul</a> (Navarre), inflicting heavy casualties on a government army led by General Navarro, taking many prisoners. Three months later, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> entered the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a>, and in August, Carlist forces captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Estella-Lizarra" title="Estella-Lizarra">Estella</a>, establishing their capital and a provisional government under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a>. </p><p>The Carlist advance continued with the inconclusive battle of <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1eru" title="Mañeru">Mañeru</a>, where both sides claimed victory over the other. One month later, government general Moriones attempted an assault on Estella, defended by the Carlist general Joaquin Elio, but was repulsed with heavy casualties in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Montejurra" title="Montejurra">Montejurra</a>. Although the battle was inconclusive, both sides claimed victory once again. Estella would remain as a Carlist stronghold until 1876. Combined, the battles of Mañeru and Montejurra led to the victory of Belabieta near <a href="/wiki/Villabona" class="mw-redirect" title="Villabona">Villabona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, reaffirming the Carlist cause in the surrounding areas, and strengthening their army and morale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eastern_Front">Eastern Front</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eastern Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the situation in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, the Carlist cause in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maestrazgo" title="Maestrazgo">Maestrat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> had been successful since the initial uprising in 1872. The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso</a> to take command in December 1872 strengthened the Carlist cause, but the work of other Carlist leaders such as Marco de Bello, who added more men to the cause by organizing several Carlist battalions and the <i>Compañias del Pilar</i> in <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, was also valuable. The first major encounter between the opposing armies was at <a href="/wiki/Alpens" title="Alpens">Alpens</a> on July 9, when a government column, led by Jose Cabrinety, was ambushed by Carlist forces under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Savalls" title="Francisco Savalls">Francisco Savalls</a>. In the ensuing slaughter, Cabrinety was killed, and his column of 800 men were either killed or captured by Carlists. Another important clash occurred at <a href="/wiki/Bocairente" class="mw-redirect" title="Bocairente">Bocairente</a> on December 22, when a government force commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler" title="Valeriano Weyler">Valeriano Weyler</a> was attacked by a numerically superior Carlist force led by Jose Santes. Driven back in the initial stage of the fight, <a href="/wiki/Weyler" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyler">Weyler</a> was able to emerge victorious by leading an effective counter-attack which routed Carlist forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1874">1874</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1874"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Basque_Provinces_and_Navarre_2">Basque Provinces and Navarre</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Basque Provinces and Navarre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1874 would be the turning point of the war in this region, marking the limit of the Carlist advance with the failure of the siege of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> and the battles near <a href="/wiki/Estella-Lizarra" title="Estella-Lizarra">Estella</a>. Carlists, encouraged by their recent successes and the instability of the republican government, decided to attempt a critical blow on the government by laying siege to the important city of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>. At the same time, a strong Carlist force was ordered to <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> to secure the region, which it finally did after capturing <a href="/wiki/Tolosa,_Spain" title="Tolosa, Spain">Tolosa</a> on February 28. The siege of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> would last from February 21, 1874, until May 2, 1874, and was the turning point of the Third Carlist war in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, with brutal fighting between both sides for possession of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Siege_of_Bilbao">Siege of Bilbao</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Siege of Bilbao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilbo_Coello_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bilbo_Coello_1857.jpg/220px-Bilbo_Coello_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bilbo_Coello_1857.jpg/330px-Bilbo_Coello_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Bilbo_Coello_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Bilbao in the mid-19th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Murrieta_en_San_Pedro_Abanto_(Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Batalla_de_Murrieta_en_San_Pedro_Abanto_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Murrieta_en_San_Pedro_Abanto_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Batalla_de_Murrieta_en_San_Pedro_Abanto_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Murrieta_en_San_Pedro_Abanto_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Batalla_de_Murrieta_en_San_Pedro_Abanto_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Murrieta_en_San_Pedro_Abanto_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4524" data-file-height="3006" /></a><figcaption>The battle of San Pedro Abanto in 1874</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acci%C3%B3n_de_Piedrabuena_-_Carga_de_la_caballer%C3%ADa_del_Coronel_Melgerizo_(Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Piedrabuena_-_Carga_de_la_caballer%C3%ADa_del_Coronel_Melgerizo_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Piedrabuena_-_Carga_de_la_caballer%C3%ADa_del_Coronel_Melgerizo_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Piedrabuena_-_Carga_de_la_caballer%C3%ADa_del_Coronel_Melgerizo_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4002" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Cavalry charge in 1874</figcaption></figure> <p>The Carlist siege of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> began on February 21, 1874, with the entrenchment of the <a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a> in the hills around <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, and the cutting-off of the government supply line and communications along the <a href="/wiki/Ibaizabal" title="Ibaizabal">Ibaizabal</a> River. Carlist besiegers, led by Joaquin Elio and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> himself, numbered around 12,000 men, and faced 1,200 government forces in addition to citizens of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> recruited to serve as auxiliaries. Bombardment of the city began the same day, with Carlist artillery opening fire from their positions in the hills near <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>. The initial objectives were civilian structures such as food stores, bakeries and markets which provided food to the besieged citizens. Trying to undermine the determination and willingness of the citizens to resist, the Carlists continued with the bombardment until mid-April, when the attempts of lifting the siege by the government army under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano_y_Dom%C3%ADnguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Serrano y Domínguez">Serrano</a> forced Carlists to divert attacks to the liberating army and cease the bombardment of the city. </p><p>Government commanders, determined to lift the siege and liberate <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, launched a counteroffensive. On February 24, Marshal Serrano sent General Moriones with a relief force of 14,000 men. Carlist besiegers under the command of Nicolas Ollo, entrenched near the town of <a href="/wiki/Muskiz" title="Muskiz">Somorrostro</a>, repelled the attackers and inflicted heavy casualties; 1,200 government troops were killed, and many more were wounded. As the assault was halted, Moriones was removed from command due to mental instability. Another attempt was made between March 25–27. Serrano took command of 27,000 men and 70 pieces of artillery and attacked the town of <a href="/wiki/Muskiz" title="Muskiz">Somorrostro</a> once again. Joaquin Elio, the Carlist commander in Somorrostro, had 17,000 men able to repel the attack. After three days of heavy fighting around Carlist positions, government forces were driven back. The siege was finally lifted with a renewed offensive on May 1, which succeeded in turning the Carlist flank, forcing them to retreat. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serrano_y_Dom%C3%ADnguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Serrano y Domínguez">Serrano</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> the next day. By the time government forces liberated <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, the city on the brink of surrender of starvation due to food shortages caused by the Carlist siege. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Government_advance_against_Estella">Government advance against Estella</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Government advance against Estella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the Carlist siege of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> broken, Marshal Serrano sent General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_la_Concha" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha">Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha</a> to lead an attack against the Carlist capital of <a href="/wiki/Estella-Lizarra" title="Estella-Lizarra">Estella</a>. Defended by Generals <a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Mendiri" title="Torcuato Mendiri">Torcuato Mendiri</a> and Dorregaray, the garrison of Estella took positions in the hills on the approach to the town, near <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A1rzuza" title="Abárzuza">Abárzuza</a>, repelling government forces after fighting which lasted from June 25 to June 27. Half-starved and tired by the long march, government forces were unable to defeat the entrenched Carlists. After suffering over 1,000 casualties, with Gutiérrez among them, the government forces were routed by <a href="/wiki/Mendiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendiri">Mendiri</a>. By September 24, Carlists still held the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> outside of their capitals and kept a 24,000-strong army despite being forced to lift the siege of Bilbao. Government forces made more attempts to take the Carlist capital of Estella despite their earlier failures at Abárzuza. The next attack was a diversionary attack, led by Moriones, southeast of the town of <a href="/wiki/Oteiza" title="Oteiza">Oteiza</a> on August 11. Government forces were able to defeat Carlists under the command of Mendiri, gaining a small tactical victory with heavy casualties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eastern_Front_2">Eastern Front</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eastern Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As it had been in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, 1874 would be the turning point of the war. It began with a small Carlist defeat in <a href="/wiki/Caspe" title="Caspe">Caspe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, where a government force under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Eulogio_Despujol" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogio Despujol">Eulogio Despujol</a> surprised Manuel Marco de Bello's forces in the town of Caspe, defeating them and forcing to flee in disorder. 200 Carlists were taken prisoner during this surprise attack. However, Carlists, strengthened by reinforcements sent by the <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A8s" title="Vallès">Vallès</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, were able to establish a small state in the <a href="/wiki/Maestrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Maestrat">Maestrat</a>, centered around the town of <a href="/wiki/Cantavieja" title="Cantavieja">Cantavieja</a>. They repelled several attacks on <a href="/wiki/Cantavieja" title="Cantavieja">Cantavieja</a> but finally capitulated after a siege. </p><p>In the meantime, Carlist forces in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> were extremely active in <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>. In March, a Carlist force commanded by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Savalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Savalls">Francesc Savalls</a> laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Olot" title="Olot">Olot</a> (Girona) and frustrated the attempts to relieve the town by defeating a relief army led by Ramon Nouvilas at <a href="/wiki/Castellfollit_de_la_Roca" title="Castellfollit de la Roca">Castellfollit de la Roca</a> on March 14. The battle ended with the capture of 2,000 men and Nouviles himself. <a href="/wiki/Olot" title="Olot">Olot</a> capitulated two days after the battle. Immediately, Catalan Carlists set their capital at <a href="/wiki/Olot" title="Olot">Olot</a>, forming a new government in San Joan de les Abadeses with <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Tristany" title="Rafael Tristany">Rafael Tristany</a> as head of state. The main objective of the government was to establish a political administration of the territories held by Carlist forces in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso</a> started gathering his forces at <a href="/wiki/Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a>. Seeing an opportunity to gain the initiative, Republican Colonel <a href="/wiki/Eulogio_Despujol" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogio Despujol">Eulogio Despujol</a>, victorious over Carlists at <a href="/wiki/Caspe" title="Caspe">Caspe</a>, attacked a Carlist stronghold led by Colonel Tomas Segarra at <a href="/wiki/Gandesa" title="Gandesa">Gandesa</a> on June 4, taking it and inflicting 100 casualties on the Carlists. This success, however, would be irrelevant in the outcome of the war, as <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso</a> gathered a 14,000-strong Carlist army and marched to <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a> one month later. Cuenca, 136 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, capitulated after two days of siege and was brutally sacked, but a Republican counter-attack defeated the disordered Carlists, who withdrew beyond the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> River. In October, the splitting of Carlist armies of central Spain and of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, as dictated by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a>, combined with the rivalries between commanders <a href="/wiki/Savalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Savalls">Savalls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso</a>, forced the latter to give up his command and to leave Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalemate_in_the_Basque_Country_and_the_fall_of_Catalonia">Stalemate in the Basque Country and the fall of Catalonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Stalemate in the Basque Country and the fall of Catalonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1875">1875</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1875"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Pronunciamiento" title="Pronunciamiento">pronounciamiento</a></i> of General <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Martinez_de_Campos" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martinez de Campos">Arsenio Martinez de Campos</a> and Brigadier Daban proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy on December 29, 1874, enthroning <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a>, the son of the deposed Queen Regnant <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabel II</a>, as King. A subsequent manifesto, written by former prominent Carlist leader <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo" title="Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo">Ramon Cabrera</a>, announced his support of the new monarch, severely undermining the Carlist cause. Several Carlist leaders, such as Savalls, Mendiri, Dorregaray and many others, were put on trial for disloyalty by fellow Carlists or removed from command in 1875. From this point onward, Carlists made few advances and instead fought to defend the holdings gained between 1873 and 1874, setting the basis for the end of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Basque_Country">Basque Country</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Basque Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-right: 0em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#99FF99; color:black; width:20em; max-width:40%" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left">"<i>We know without a doubt that triggered by the extermination policy of the <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XII of Spain"><i>Alfonsino</i></a> party and the unswerving faith of our brothers, the Basque-Navarrese Country would rather proclaim independence than kneel under sir Alfonso, should sir <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Charles VII</a> surrender in the battlefield shrouded in his glorious flag.</i>" </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Weekly periodical <i>La bandera carlista</i>, 19/09/1875<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The restoration of the monarchy and internal dissensions promoted by the royal sympathizer, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo" title="Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo">Ramon Cabrera</a>, in the Carlist ranks proved fatal for the Carlist cause. Many high-ranking Carlist officers defected and joined the government army, spreading mistrust and suspicion at the Carlist headquarters. Although shaken by recent events, Carlists demonstrated that they had not been defeated yet. On February 3, General <a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Mendiri" title="Torcuato Mendiri">Torcuato Mendiri</a> was able to surprise a government column near Lácar, east of <a href="/wiki/Estella-Lizarra" title="Estella-Lizarra">Estella</a>, recently captured by government forces. In the subsequent battle, the Carlists captured some pieces of artillery, 2,000 rifles and 300 prisoners. 1,000 men died during the battle, most of whom were government troops. The Carlists missed an opportunity for more decisive success when King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a>, who was traveling with the column, escaped capture. Once again, the Carlists showed their effectiveness in ambushes. </p><p>The defeat at Lácar did not stop the Spanish government, however, which launched another offensive in the summer of 1875. This time, the central government's force, advancing into <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Jenaro_Quesada,_1st_Marquis_of_Miravalles" title="Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles">Jenaro de Quesada</a>'s orders, encountered a Carlist army led by General José Pérula at <a href="/wiki/Trevi%C3%B1o" title="Treviño">Treviño</a> on July 7. General Tello, <a href="/wiki/Jenaro_Quesada,_1st_Marquis_of_Miravalles" title="Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles">Quesada</a>'s subordinate, won a decisive victory over the Carlist army, forcing it to retreat in disarray. Soon afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Jenaro_Quesada,_1st_Marquis_of_Miravalles" title="Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles">Quesada</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria</a> unopposed and triumphant. Government forces continued their offensive during summer and fall, with two armies encroaching on Carlist territory, one led by General <a href="/wiki/Jenaro_Quesada,_1st_Marquis_of_Miravalles" title="Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles">Quesada</a> and the other by General <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Martinez Campos</a>. Carlists responded with a scorched-earth tactic, burning crops and retreating from areas they could not hold against the government's advance. A change in Carlist leadership, with the dismissal of Mendiri and the naming of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfonso,_Count_of_Caserta" title="Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta">Count of Caserta</a> as commander-in-chief, did not stabilize the situation. Even with 48 infantry battalions, 3 cavalry regiments, 2 engineer battalions and 100 pieces of artillery under his command, the Count was not able to bring government advance to a halt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eastern_Front_3">Eastern Front</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Eastern Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the defeat at <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a> and the renunciation of <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso</a>'s command, the Carlist cause in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> started to collapse. The process was accelerated by the government's offensive that took place in <a href="/wiki/Olot" title="Olot">Olot</a> in March, laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Seo_de_Urgel" class="mw-redirect" title="Seo de Urgel">Seo de Urgel</a>, which was taken on August. The fighting in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> lasted until November 19, when it was considered "pacified" and free of Carlist parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_war">End of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: End of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1876">1876</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1876"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_carlistes,_battus_%C3%A0_Montejurra,_transportent_leurs_bless%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_l%27h%C3%B4pital_d%27Irache,_de_Vierge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Les_carlistes%2C_battus_%C3%A0_Montejurra%2C_transportent_leurs_bless%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_l%27h%C3%B4pital_d%27Irache%2C_de_Vierge.jpg/220px-Les_carlistes%2C_battus_%C3%A0_Montejurra%2C_transportent_leurs_bless%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_l%27h%C3%B4pital_d%27Irache%2C_de_Vierge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Les_carlistes%2C_battus_%C3%A0_Montejurra%2C_transportent_leurs_bless%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_l%27h%C3%B4pital_d%27Irache%2C_de_Vierge.jpg/330px-Les_carlistes%2C_battus_%C3%A0_Montejurra%2C_transportent_leurs_bless%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_l%27h%C3%B4pital_d%27Irache%2C_de_Vierge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Les_carlistes%2C_battus_%C3%A0_Montejurra%2C_transportent_leurs_bless%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_l%27h%C3%B4pital_d%27Irache%2C_de_Vierge.jpg/440px-Les_carlistes%2C_battus_%C3%A0_Montejurra%2C_transportent_leurs_bless%C3%A9s_%C3%A0_l%27h%C3%B4pital_d%27Irache%2C_de_Vierge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>The Carlists, defeated in <a href="/wiki/Montejurra" title="Montejurra">Montejurra</a>, carried their wounded to the hospital of the Irache monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>Having lost the war in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, and faced with the advance of the two government armies led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Martinez Campos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenaro_Quesada,_1st_Marquis_of_Miravalles" title="Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles">Quesada</a>, Carlists began to prepare their last stand in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>. The final battle of the war would be fought near <a href="/wiki/Estella-Lizarra" title="Estella-Lizarra">Estella</a>. Government forces, under General <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Primo_de_Rivera,_1st_Marquis_of_Estella" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella">Fernando Primo de Rivera</a>, advanced with the intention to capture Estella in February 1876 in a final offensive to put an end to the Carlist uprising. Carlist forces, this time under General Carlos Calderón, fortified themselves at <a href="/wiki/Montejurra" title="Montejurra">Montejurra</a>, a nearby mountain, and built a powerful stronghold. </p><p>The battle began with a government attack on February 17, which forced Carlist soldiers to withdraw from their defensive positions. The defense inflicted many casualties on government forces, but it did not change the course of the battle. An estimate sets the number of Basque Carlist volunteers at 35,000, while Spanish troops numbered at 155,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003111_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 19, government forces drove through the weak Carlist forces protecting Estella, taking the city. The loss of their capital convinced the remaining Carlist forces that their cause was now lost, and they began to head to exile. <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos VII">Carlos VII</a> was among them, leaving <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> on February 28, the same day that <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> with a 200,000-strong army, ending the Third, and final, Carlist war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUriarte68_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUriarte68-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the conflict marked the dawn of a new political system and a new social reality that affected the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The new constitutional monarchy, established in 1876, was created amidst much violence and little negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new regime based its power on the military and the paramilitary police force, which were solidified during the 19th century through the defense of the centralist state and the stamping-out of popular uprisings. Thus, the new regime guaranteed the preservation and extension of the interests of Spain's political and economic oligarchy, i.e. the agrarian aristocracy and the industrial bourgeoisie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112–113_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112–113-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new political ideology of Spanish Nationalism also emerged, linked to the need for a modern Spain. This ideology pivoted on the premises of centralization and homogeneity. As pointed out by Adam Shubert, this idea was rejected by many Spanish citizens, laying the foundations for a contentious "national problem" that persists in Spain to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003113_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003113-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_self-government">Abolition of self-government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Abolition of self-government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/End_of_Basque_home_rule_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Basque home rule (Spain)">End of Basque home rule (Spain)</a></div> <p>The relentless centralizing drive of the Spanish Crown after the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> led to the reduction of the autonomy of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people#Revolution_and_war" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">Basque institutional and legal system</a> (1839–1841), but it was only <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people#1st_Carlist_War_and_the_end_of_the_fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">after the Third Carlist War</a> that it was virtually wiped out. Of the huge government army occupying Pamplona, 40,000 troops were stationed in the Basque Provinces, where martial law was imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUriarte68_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUriarte68-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carlist defeat prompted the end of the secular <a href="/wiki/Fuero#Basque_and_Pyrenean_fueros" title="Fuero">confederate Basque self-government</a>. </p><p>However, in May 1876, pragmatic considerations left the Spanish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Antonio Canovas del Castillo</a> with no option but to negotiate with the Basque Provinces. The negotiations, held between government officials and high-ranking Liberal officials of the regional chartered councils, took place behind closed doors, and thus bypassed the Basque representative assemblies, the <i><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Generales" class="mw-redirect" title="Juntas Generales">Juntas Generales</a></i>. </p><p>After a number of heated debates in the Spanish parliament<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and closed-doors meetings between the government and the Basque leaders, no agreement was reached. In response, an official Spanish decree was approved on July 21, 1876, by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canovas_del_Castillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Canovas del Castillo">Antonio Canovas del Castillo</a>, which abolished the Basque institutional system of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>. The decree reduced the Basque province to the status held by Navarre after 1841, and essentially ended Basque home rule. This "Abolition Act" was "a punishment law," as stated by the Chair of the Council of Ministers, and guaranteed "the expansion the Spanish constitutional union to all Spain," as stated by the Prime Minister Canovas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUriarte74–75,_79_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUriarte74–75,_79-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first article of the law proclaimed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The duties that the politic[al] Constitution has imposed upon the Spanish people to do...military service when they [are] call[ed] by...law and, to contribute, in proportion of their assets, to the state expenditures, to the inhabitants of the Provinces of <i><a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a></i>, just as others of the Nation.</p></blockquote> <p>From then on, Basques were forced to enrol in the Spanish military on an individual basis, not in separate groups or corps. Basque soldiers in the Spanish army were often exposed to stressful experiences; many Basques spoke little Spanish and were thus unable to communicate with fellow soldiers. </p><p>Navarre was affected by the law, but for the moment, it was spared from further constraints due to the 1841 "Compromise Act" (<i>Ley Paccionada</i>) that had already officially turned the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre#Later_history_and_the_end_of_the_fueros" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> into a Spanish province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque_Economic_Agreement">Basque Economic Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Basque Economic Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basque_Economic_Agreement" title="Basque Economic Agreement">Basque Economic Agreement</a></div> <p>The abolition of Basque charters and the requirement for Basques to "contribute in proportion of their assets to the state expenditures" raised the question of how to collect taxes from the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a>. The Basque Liberal elite, based in the capital cities, initially wanted to retain home rule and their pre-war political status. However, in the midst of military occupation, negotiations between the Canovas government and the Liberal officials of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a> resulted in the signing of first Basque Economic Agreement in 1878. Under the new system, Spanish tax collectors would not directly collect contributions from the Basque people. Rather, the newly established Provincial Councils would be responsible for tax collection in their province as they saw fit, and would then remit a portion of the revenues, as decided by the State Treasury, to the central government. Though designed to be provisional, the system is still in use today. </p><p>Through this agreement, the Spanish government theoretically diffused the lingering regionalist sentiment, and created a solid basis for both industrial development and political and administrative consolidation of the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_expansion_in_the_Basque_Country">Industrial expansion in the Basque Country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Industrial expansion in the Basque Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people#1st_Carlist_War_and_the_end_of_the_fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">Industrialization of the Basque Country</a></div> <p>Another consequence of the Carlist defeat and ensuing abolition of the Basque institutional system was the liberalization of the industries in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>. The liberalization of the mines, industries and ports attracted many companies, especially British mining companies, that were established in Biscay along with small local societies, such as Ybarra-Mier y Compañía. Large mining companies, such as the Orconera Iron Ore Company Limited and the <i>Societé Franco-Belge des Mines de Somorrostro</i> (the Franco-Belgian Society of Somorrostro Mines), were created, leading to an industrial society based on iron ore mining. </p><p>The industrial expansion of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> had major consequences. The demographics of the region soon shifted as the rural society evolved into an industrial one. There was marked growth in immigration to Biscay, at first from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Provinces</a>, but later from all of Spain. Due to the growth of the industrial working class, <a href="/wiki/Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Unions">trade unions</a> were formed and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist movement">socialist movement</a> began growing in strength. As a result of the industrialization, Basque identity was plunged into crisis due to the perception that local customs and language were being eroded by the massive wave of immigration from diverse parts of Spain. In combination with the abolition of the remaining Basque government institutions, the industrial expansion in the Basque Country played a major role the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration">Restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_the_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under the Restoration">Spain under the Restoration</a></div> <p>In December 1874, in the midst of the war, Major <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Martinez Campos</a> proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XII of Spain">Alfonso XII</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> through a successful military uprising, ending the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a>. Six years after the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabel II</a>, Alfonso's mother, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon dynasty</a> was restored to the Spanish throne. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canovas2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Canovas2.jpg/180px-Canovas2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Canovas2.jpg/270px-Canovas2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Canovas2.jpg/360px-Canovas2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>Canovas del Castillo, one of the masterminds of the Restoration and leader of the conservative party</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the restoration, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Antonio Cánovas del Castillo</a>, a prominent political figure in Spain, took the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a> and the parliamentary system as models for a potential restoration, attending the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a> in Britain. There, before the military uprising of 1874, Alfonso XII proclaimed a manifesto, written by Canovas, which advocated monarchy as the only way to end the crisis of the revolutionary period, and which set out the most important ideas of a new Spanish political system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Constitution_of_1876">The Constitution of 1876</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: The Constitution of 1876"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1876" title="Spanish Constitution of 1876">Spanish Constitution of 1876</a></div> <p>In the first months of the <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_the_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under the Restoration">Restoration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Canovas</a> concentrated the majority of power in his own hands. However, to legitimize his new government, he needed a constitution to regulate and guarantee the new political regime. He and his companions organized elections on the basis of male <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> to form the "<i>cortes constituyentes</i>," and to write a new constitution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was partially inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1845" title="Spanish Constitution of 1845">Constitution of 1845</a> but also incorporated some elements of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1869" title="Spanish Constitution of 1869">Constitution of 1869</a>, such as civil rights and liberties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The new constitution announced that: </p> <ul><li>The sovereignty of the state would be shared between the monarchy (the king) and the legislature.</li> <li>The King would be the major power and he had more executive power than the government.</li> <li>The legislature was to be <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a>, elitist, and guaranteed the control of executive power by the privileged minority.</li> <li>Some individual rights and freedoms would be introduced, although the latter would be regulated by other laws.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> would be the official state religion.</li></ul> <p>The entrance of Alfonso into Spain and the proclamation of the constitutional monarchy began a long period of political stability founded on conservative values, property, monarchy, and a liberal state. The new system only provided for <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two parties</a>; all other parties were barred from participating. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Spain)" title="Conservative Party (Spain)">Conservative Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Antonio Canovas del Castillo</a>, represented the interests of the landowners, bourgeoisie, Catholic groups, and the aristocracy of the former regime. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain,_1880)" title="Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)">Liberal Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta" title="Práxedes Mateo Sagasta">Práxedes Mateo Sagasta</a>, represented those who did not accept the new law of the 1876 Constitution, radicals, and groups of moderate republicans. Both parties supported the monarchy. </p><p>The government was chosen through a process known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Turno" title="Turno">turno</a></i> system, agreed upon by Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Canovas</a> and Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta" title="Práxedes Mateo Sagasta">Sagasta</a>. The ideologically similar Liberal and Conservative parties would decide election results in advance, taking alternating turns serving in government to ensure support for the monarchy and to prevent radical parties from taking power. The parties were unresponsive to voters, and instead relied on electoral fraud and the support of the <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> and political bosses (<a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">Caciquism</a>) to attain desired results. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta._Pintado_por_Casado_del_Alisal_en_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta._Pintado_por_Casado_del_Alisal_en_1884.jpg/180px-Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta._Pintado_por_Casado_del_Alisal_en_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta._Pintado_por_Casado_del_Alisal_en_1884.jpg/270px-Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta._Pintado_por_Casado_del_Alisal_en_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta._Pintado_por_Casado_del_Alisal_en_1884.jpg/360px-Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta._Pintado_por_Casado_del_Alisal_en_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, head of the Liberal party</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque_nationalism">Basque nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Basque nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SabinoAranaTxapeldun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SabinoAranaTxapeldun.jpg/180px-SabinoAranaTxapeldun.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SabinoAranaTxapeldun.jpg/270px-SabinoAranaTxapeldun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/SabinoAranaTxapeldun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Sabino Arana Goiri, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a></div> <p>One consequence of the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Basque_home_rule_in_Spain" title="End of Basque home rule in Spain">abolition of Basque home rule</a> was an evolution of <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> into a range of factions, one of which became <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a>. In response to the abolition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fueros</a></i>, a movement was created defend the lost Basque <a href="/wiki/Fuero#Basque_and_Pyrenean_fueros" title="Fuero">native institutional and legal framework</a> and to restore the receding Basque cultural identity, namely <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque culture">culture</a>. The 1894 <i>Sanrocada</i> protest in <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> echoed the 1893–1894 <i>Gamazada</i> popular uprising in Navarre. They sowed the seeds for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a> (EAJ-PNV), founded in 1895, by <a href="/wiki/Sabino_Arana" title="Sabino Arana">Sabino Arana</a>, a Basque writer. Arana, commonly seen as the father of Basque nationalism, rejected the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> monarchy, and based <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a> on the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and the <i>fueros</i>. Such ideals were summarized in the Basque Nationalist Party's motto: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Jaungoikoa eta Lagi zaharra ("God and Tradition").</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a> was ideologically conservative, opposing <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanishness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. However, it attracted diverse personalities concerned with the loss of Basque identity and institutions, such as Ramón de la Sota, a Basque industrialist born in <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>. At the end of the 19th century, the Basque Nationalist Party won its first seats in local and regional councils. Many votes came from the rural areas and the middle class, who were worried by industrialization and the growth of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. </p><p>Opposing centralism and the new proletarian ideologies, Arana founded the first Basque nationalist political program, which showed a striking resemblance to the Carlist movement. Arana's manifesto <i>Bizkaya por su independencia</i> ("Biscay for its independence") spoke specifically of Biscay, but pointed to a reality beyond the boundaries of each specific district: the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque country</a> as a whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalan_nationalism">Catalan nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Catalan nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a> peaked when <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> lost most of its colonies in 1898, at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish-American War</a>. Earlier in the 19th century, however, the Catalan bourgeoisie worked with the central government, and even supported the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in 1875. </p><p>Catalan federalist <a href="/wiki/Valenti_Almirall" class="mw-redirect" title="Valenti Almirall">Valenti Almirall</a> produced one of the earliest formulations of <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a>, outlined in his 1886 book <i>Lo Catalanisme</i>. He was persuaded of the need to create a new political force separate from Spanish political parties, creating the party <i>Centre Catalá</i> in 1882. Although the party integrated a variety of different political beliefs, its common purpose was the demand for autonomy, or <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>. </p><p>The project, however, failed to progress very far. Even during the late 19th century, Catalan nationalism was not strong enough. One section of the moderate <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> supported <a href="/wiki/Catalanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanism">Catalanism</a> as a reaction to the liberal and centralist policies of the Spanish government. In this context, <a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Enric Prat de la Riba</a> established the "Lliga de Catalunya" in 1887, defending a tradiational Catalan project. In 1891 the <i><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Catalanista" title="Unió Catalanista">Unió Catalanista</a></i> was founded by the convergence of different political ideas, leading to the first political program of Catalanism known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bases_de_Manresa" title="Bases de Manresa">Bases de Manresa</a></i> in 1892. They demanded one regional autonomous power, traditionalist and not liberal (suffrage by census, no references to the knights and freedom...).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Paz en la guerra</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_War" title="Peace in War">Peace in War</a></i>) (1895), a novel by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>, explores the relationship of self and world through the familiarity with death. It is based on his experiences as a child during the Carlist siege of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> in the Third Carlist War. The writer <a href="/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Benito Pérez Galdós">Benito Pérez Galdós</a> also mentions some tales of the Third Carlist War in his books <i><a href="/wiki/Episodios_Nacionales" title="Episodios Nacionales">Episodios Nacionales</a></i> (1872–1912), often showing them as religious bandits and mocking their leaders, who are often referred to as "wild beasts." </p><p>The Anglo-Polish novelist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>, originally a merchant seaman, claimed that he had smuggled arms to Spain for the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlist</a> supporters of <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Carlos de Borbón y de Austria-Este</a>. An authoritative Conrad scholar <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Najder" title="Zdzisław Najder">Zdzisław Najder</a> reports: ‘A careful reading of "The <i>Tremolino</i>" and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Arrow_of_Gold" title="The Arrow of Gold">The Arrow of Gold</a></i> reveals that the whole Carlist plot is a sideline, an ornament that does not affect the course of action; its only function seems to be to glamorize and idealize smuggling.’<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Vacas" title="Vacas">Vacas</a></i> (1992) is set during the Third Carlist War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1873 <a href="/wiki/Montejurra" title="Montejurra">Montejurra</a> battle (celebrated each year since)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Communion" title="Traditionalist Communion">Traditionalist Communion</a> – the Carlist political party from 1869 to 1937</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xiloca.com/data/Bases%20datos/Xiloca/356.pdf">General Marco de Bello's biography <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AN1AiQ0hUq8">Carlist anthem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navarra.es/home_en/Temas/Turismo+ocio+y+cultura/Museos/Museos+y+colecciones+permanentes/Museo+del+Carlismo/">Carlist museum of Estella</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Out of strong convictions, the Álavan Mateo de Moraza delivered a 6-hour-long speech in defence of home rule before the Spanish parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUriarte68_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUriarte68-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#3Carl">"Nineteenth Century Death Tolls"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nineteenth+Century+Death+Tolls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2Fwars19c.htm%233Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Carlist+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015225-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015225_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez-Morell2015">López-Morell (2015)</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015227,_229-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015227,_229_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez-Morell2015">López-Morell (2015)</a>, pp. 227, 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015229-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015229_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez-Morell2015">López-Morell (2015)</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015231-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015231_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez-Morell2015">López-Morell (2015)</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015232-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez-Morell2015232_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez-Morell2015">López-Morell (2015)</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsparza_Zabalegi2012" class="citation book cs1">Esparza Zabalegi, Jose Mari (2012). <i>Euskal Herria Kartografian eta Testigantza Historikoetan</i>. Euskal Editorea SL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8493603793" title="Special:BookSources/978-8493603793"><bdi>978-8493603793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euskal+Herria+Kartografian+eta+Testigantza+Historikoetan&rft.pub=Euskal+Editorea+SL&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8493603793&rft.aulast=Esparza+Zabalegi&rft.aufirst=Jose+Mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Carlist+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003111-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003111_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2003">Watson (2003)</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUriarte68-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUriarte68_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUriarte68_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUriarte68_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUriarte">Uriarte</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2003">Watson (2003)</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112–113-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003112–113_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2003">Watson (2003)</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2003113-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2003113_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2003">Watson (2003)</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUriarte74–75,_79-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUriarte74–75,_79_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUriarte">Uriarte</a>, pp. 74–75, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajder2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Najder" title="Zdzisław Najder">Najder, Z.</a> (2007). <i>Joseph Conrad: A Life</i>. Camden House. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1571133472" title="Special:BookSources/978-1571133472"><bdi>978-1571133472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Conrad%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1571133472&rft.aulast=Najder&rft.aufirst=Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Carlist+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The decline of Carlism</i>, Jeremy MacClancy. University of Nevada Press, Reno (USA), 2000, 349 pages.</li> <li><i>A military history of modern Spain: from the Napoleonic era to the war on terror</i>, Wayne H. Bowen, José E. Alvarez. Greenwood Publishing, 2007, 222 pages.</li> <li>Ferrer Melchor (1958–1959), <i>Historia del tradicionalismo español</i>, Editorial Católica, Sevilla, vols. 24–27</li> <li><i>Spain in the nineteenth century</i>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wormeley_Latimer" title="Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer">Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer</a>. A. C. McClurg & Co, 1907, 441 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-Morell2015" class="citation book cs1">López-Morell, Migule Á. (2015). <i>Rothschild; Una historia de poder e influencia en España</i>. Madrid: Marcial Pons, Ediciones de Historia, S.A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8415963592" title="Special:BookSources/978-8415963592"><bdi>978-8415963592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rothschild%3B+Una+historia+de+poder+e+influencia+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons%2C+Ediciones+de+Historia%2C+S.A.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8415963592&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Morell&rft.aufirst=Migule+%C3%81.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Carlist+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Amadeo I: El rey caballero</i>, Villa San Juan. Planeta, Los reyes de España, 1997, 229 pages.</li> <li><i>Carlos VII</i>: Duque de Madrid, Anonymous. Espasa Calpe, Vidas españolas del siglo XIX, 1929. 263 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUriarte" class="citation web cs1">Uriarte, Jose Luis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.publitas.com/el-concierto-economico-vasco/03-titulo-ii-ocho-etapas-en-una-trayectoria-muy-dilatada/page/1">"El Concierto Económico; Una Visión Personal"</a>. <i>El Concierto Económico</i>. Publitas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Concierto+Econ%C3%B3mico&rft.atitle=El+Concierto+Econ%C3%B3mico%3B+Una+Visi%C3%B3n+Personal&rft.aulast=Uriarte&rft.aufirst=Jose+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fview.publitas.com%2Fel-concierto-economico-vasco%2F03-titulo-ii-ocho-etapas-en-una-trayectoria-muy-dilatada%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Carlist+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Cameron (2003). <i>Modern Basque History: Eighteenth Century to the Present</i>. University of Nevada, Center for Basque Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1877802166" title="Special:BookSources/1877802166"><bdi>1877802166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Basque+History%3A+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Present&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada%2C+Center+for+Basque+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1877802166&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird+Carlist+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>La Tercera Guerra Carlista 1872–1876</i>, César Alcalá. Grupo Medusa Ediciones. 33 pages.</li> <li><i>Las Guerras Carlistas</i>, Antonio M. Moral Roncal, Silex, 389 pages.</li> <li><i>España 1808–2008</i>, Raymond Carr, Ariel, 972 pags.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Carlist_War&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media 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