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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qara_Yusuf's_invasions_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qara_Yusuf's_invasions_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Qara Yusuf's invasions of Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qara_Yusuf's_invasions_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander's_reconquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander's_reconquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alexander's reconquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander's_reconquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jahan_Shah's_first_invasion_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jahan_Shah's_first_invasion_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jahan Shah's first invasion of Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jahan_Shah's_first_invasion_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jahan_Shah's_second_invasion_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jahan_Shah's_second_invasion_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jahan Shah's second invasion of Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jahan_Shah's_second_invasion_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzun_Hasan's_invasions_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzun_Hasan's_invasions_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uzun Hasan's invasions of Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzun_Hasan's_invasions_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yaqub's_invasions_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaqub's_invasions_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Yaqub's invasions of Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaqub's_invasions_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian–Safavid_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian–Safavid_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Georgian–Safavid Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian–Safavid_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">15th-century invasions of Georgia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_1450_map_de_alt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caucasus_1450_map_de_alt.svg/300px-Caucasus_1450_map_de_alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caucasus_1450_map_de_alt.svg/450px-Caucasus_1450_map_de_alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caucasus_1450_map_de_alt.svg/600px-Caucasus_1450_map_de_alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Kingdom">Georgian Kingdom</a> in 1460, bordering <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> to the south.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1407-1502</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Georgian victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory1998628–636_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1998628–636-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory200733_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory200733-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> (1407-1490)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia.png/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia.png/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="227" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a> (1490-1502)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kakheti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kakheti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kakheti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kakheti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kakheti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kakheti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a> (1490-1502)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shirvan_gerb.png/23px-Shirvan_gerb.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shirvan_gerb.png/35px-Shirvan_gerb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shirvan_gerb.png/46px-Shirvan_gerb.png 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="1895" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a> (in 1412)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/23px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/35px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/45px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Empire</a> (1502)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/23px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/35px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/46px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="719" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1407-1468)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (1468-1502)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_VII_of_Georgia" title="George VII of Georgia">George VII</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Georgia" title="Constantine I of Georgia">Constantine I</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shirvan_gerb.png/23px-Shirvan_gerb.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shirvan_gerb.png/35px-Shirvan_gerb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shirvan_gerb.png/46px-Shirvan_gerb.png 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="1895" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I_of_Shirvan" title="Ibrahim I of Shirvan">Ibrahim I</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Georgia" title="Alexander I of Georgia">Alexander I</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang IV of Georgia">Vakhtang IV</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_VI_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat VI of Georgia">Bagrat VI</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><img alt="Kingdom of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Georgia" title="Constantine II of Georgia">Constantine II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty"><img alt="Safavid dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/23px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/35px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/45px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/25px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/38px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/50px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="719" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Yusuf" title="Qara Yusuf">Qara Yusuf</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/25px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/38px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png/50px-Flag_of_Kara_Koyunlu_dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="719" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hasan" title="Uzun Hasan">Uzun Hasan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Aq_Qoyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub Aq Qoyunlu">Ya'qub Beg</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ak_Koyunlu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sufi_Khalil_Beg_Mawsilu" title="Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu">Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Legend of Kartlos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Georgia">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Campaign of Pompey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Duchy of Tao</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Duchy of Klarjeti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Theme of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Duchy of Kldekari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia_(1256%E2%80%931329)" title="Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)">Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aragvi" title="Duchy of Aragvi">Duchy of Aragvi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Georgia">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Duchy of Ksani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir Eyalet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Georgia">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Georgia (country) since 1991">Georgia since 1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Turkoman invasions of Georgia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">თურქომანთა შემოსევები საქართველოში</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">turkomanta shemosevebi sakartveloshi</span>) also <b>Georgian–Turkoman wars</b>, refers to invasions of various Muslim <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> tribes on the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> throughout the 15th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Timur%27s_invasions_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Timur's invasions of Georgia">devastating invasions</a> by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and subsequent enfeeblement of the Kingdom of Georgia, it soon faced a new threat. Timur's death in 1405 marked the beginning of the end of his Empire, unified only by fear and blood of the subjected peoples. Turkomans, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> clan, were among the first to rebel against <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_(Timurid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)">Shah Rukh</a> who ruled most of the Persia and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Mawerannahr</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qara_Yusuf" title="Qara Yusuf">Qara Yusuf</a>, ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu, defeated Shah Rukh, captured Baghdad, and repulsed Timurids from western Persia. After they established themselves as the new leading power in the middle east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qara_Yusuf's_invasions_of_Georgia"><span id="Qara_Yusuf.27s_invasions_of_Georgia"></span>Qara Yusuf's invasions of Georgia</h2></div> <p>They took advantage of the temporary weakness of the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> and launched attacks against them as early as 1407 during which <a href="/wiki/Qara_Yusuf" title="Qara Yusuf">Qara Yusuf</a> took 15,000 prisoners and killed <a href="/wiki/George_VII_of_Georgia" title="George VII of Georgia">George VII of Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouymjian19974_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouymjian19974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Georgia" title="Constantine I of Georgia">Constantine I of Georgia</a>, fearing further encroachment, allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshahs" title="Shirvanshahs">Shirvanshah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I_of_Shirvan" title="Ibrahim I of Shirvan">Ibrahim I</a> to counter Turkoman advance and engaged them in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalagan" title="Battle of Chalagan">Battle of Chalagan</a>, in which he was defeated and taken captive. In captivity Constantine behaved very proudly, which infuriated Qara Yusuf to such an extent, that he ordered his, his half-brother David's and 300 Georgian nobles' execution.<sup id="cite_ref-Toumanoff_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toumanoff-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Georgia" title="Alexander I of Georgia">Alexander I of Georgia</a> who sought to strengthen and restore his declining Kingdom, faced constant invasions by the tribal Turkomans. They sacked <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a>, city of the vital regional importance in 1416, in response of suggested oppression of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alexander's_reconquests"><span id="Alexander.27s_reconquests"></span>Alexander's reconquests</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Georgia" title="Alexander I of Georgia">Alexander</a> reconquered <a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a> from the Turkomans in 1431, which was of great importance in securing of the Georgian borders. Around 1434/5, Alexander encouraged the Armenian prince Beshken II <a href="/wiki/Orbelian_dynasty" title="Orbelian dynasty">Orbelian</a> to attack the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> clansmen in <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a> and, for his victory, granted him Lori under terms of vassalage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jahan_Shah's_first_invasion_of_Georgia"><span id="Jahan_Shah.27s_first_invasion_of_Georgia"></span>Jahan Shah's first invasion of Georgia</h2></div> <p>In 1440, Alexander refused to pay tribute to <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah</a> of the Qara Qoyunlu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In March, Jahan Shah surged into Georgia with 20,000 troops, destroyed the city of <a href="/wiki/Samshvilde" title="Samshvilde">Samshvilde</a> and sacked the capital city <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He massacred 8,000 and enslaved 9,000 in Tbilisi, put heavy indemnity on Georgia, and returned to <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouymjian19977_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouymjian19977-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jahan_Shah's_second_invasion_of_Georgia"><span id="Jahan_Shah.27s_second_invasion_of_Georgia"></span>Jahan Shah's second invasion of Georgia</h2></div> <p>In 1444, Jahan Shah, attempted a new invasion of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012158_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012158-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang IV of Georgia">King Vakhtang IV</a> met him in <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a> fought in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Akhaltsikhe_(1444)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Akhaltsikhe (1444) (page does not exist)">bloody battle</a> that ended without a clear victor. At night, Jahan Shah and his troops escaped to <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, putting an end to the Turkoman incursion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849643_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849643-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzun_Hasan's_invasions_of_Georgia"><span id="Uzun_Hasan.27s_invasions_of_Georgia"></span>Uzun Hasan's invasions of Georgia</h2></div> <p>As a result of foreign and internal struggles, unified Kingdom of Georgia ceased to exist after 1466 and was subdivided into several political units.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Qara Qoyunlu tribal confederation was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a>, their kin tribesmen who formed another confederation, which was similar in many ways to its predecessor. Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans naturally took advantage of the Georgian fragmentation. Georgia was at least twice attacked by <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hasan" title="Uzun Hasan">Uzun Hasan</a>, the prince of the Aq Qoyunlu in 1466, 1472 and possibly 1476-7. <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_VI_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat VI of Georgia">Bagrat VI of Georgia</a>, temporary ruler of most of Georgia at the time, had to make peace with the invaders, abandoning Tbilisi to the enemy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yaqub's_invasions_of_Georgia"><span id="Yaqub.27s_invasions_of_Georgia"></span>Yaqub's invasions of Georgia</h2></div> <p>In 1486, the Georgian cities of <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a> and Kveshi were attacked by the troops of sultan <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Aq_Qoyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub Aq Qoyunlu">Yaqub</a>. But in the fortresses they were met by the soldiers of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulkhan_Baratashvili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulkhan Baratashvili (page does not exist)">Sulkhan Baratashvili</a>, who fought courageously and defeated the enemy. After the departure of the main forces of Yaqub shah, King <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Georgia" title="Constantine II of Georgia">Constantine</a> took advantage of the favorable situation and exterminated the Turkomans in the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1488, sultan Yaqub sent his commander <a href="/wiki/Sufi_Khalil_Beg_Mawsilu" title="Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu">Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu</a> to Georgia to build the fortresses of Kaoziani and Agdzhakala. Having learned about this, Constantine sent his troops led by Sulkhan Baratashvili to Khalil beg. Sulkhan defeated the troops of Khalil Beg. Then the Shah sent a huge army to Georgia, which immediately besieged <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1999143_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1999143-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Constantine set out from <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a> and sent Kaikhosro Tsitsishvili and Javakh Javakhashvili to help Baratashvili. Having united Tsitsishvili, Javakhishvili and Baratashvili attacked the Shah’s troops at Chandari. A battle took place near Chandari which ended in complete victory for the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>. Having learned about the defeat of the army at Chandari, the Shah's troops lifted the siege of Tbilisi. Tsitsishvili, Javakhishvili and Baratashvili rushed after them, caught up with them and beat them badly. After Constantine left Imereti, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Imereti" title="Alexander II of Imereti">Alexander II</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> (1489). He reconciled with <a href="/wiki/Liparit_II_Dadiani" title="Liparit II Dadiani">Liparit Dadiani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_I_Gurieli" title="Giorgi I Gurieli">Gurieli</a>, after which all of Imereti was in his hands.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1490, the king learned that the Shah’s troops were coming to <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>. Constantine asked for help to <a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabeg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Qvarqvare_II_Jaqeli" title="Qvarqvare II Jaqeli">Qvarqvare II</a> and the King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kakheti</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Kakheti" title="Alexander I of Kakheti">Alexander I</a>, but they refused. Soon the Shah's troops approached the Orbeti fortress, but were unable to take it and moved towards the Kojori fortress. The defenders of the Kojori fortress abandoned it at night. The Shah's troops, having destroyed the fortress, moved to Tbilisi. The Shah's troops, having besieged Tbilisi, sent a detachment of 1,500 horsemen and other soldiers to devastate the surrounding area of Orbeti. Following them was an army of Kartlians led by Sulkhan Baratashvili. They quickly caught up with the detachment and defeated it. Merab Baratashvili managed to capture a relative of the Shah. Having learned about the destruction of the detachment, the Shah's troops once again lifted the siege of Tbilisi and withdrew from Kartli. After the departure of the Shah's troops, king Constantine exterminated the nomads in the vicinity, and also destroyed the fortresses of Agdzhakala and Kaoziani.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Georgian–Safavid_Alliance"><span id="Georgian.E2.80.93Safavid_Alliance"></span>Georgian–Safavid Alliance</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, formed an alliance with the Georgians in 1502 and decisively defeated Aq Qoyunlu in the same year, destroying their state and marking the end of their invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory1998628–636_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1998628–636-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory200733_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory200733-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1998628–636-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory1998628–636_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory1998628–636_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavory1998">Savory 1998</a>, pp. 628–636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory200733-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory200733_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavory200733_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavory2007">Savory 2007</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouymjian19974-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouymjian19974_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKouymjian1997">Kouymjian 1997</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toumanoff-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toumanoff_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Toumanoff,_Cyril" class="mw-redirect" title="Toumanoff, Cyril">Toumanoff, Cyril</a> (1949–51). The Fifteenth-Century Bagratids and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia. <i>Traditio</i> 7: 174, 176-177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKouymjian19977-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKouymjian19977_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKouymjian1997">Kouymjian 1997</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2012158-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2012158_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849643-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosset1849643_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrosset1849">Brosset 1849</a>, p. 643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-reading.ws/chapter.php/91235/10/Bagrationi_-_Istoriya_carstva_gruzinskogo.html">"The life and deeds of the kings of Kartli after the collapse of the kingdom into three kingdoms and five principalities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+life+and+deeds+of+the+kings+of+Kartli+after+the+collapse+of+the+kingdom+into+three+kingdoms+and+five+principalities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-reading.ws%2Fchapter.php%2F91235%2F10%2FBagrationi_-_Istoriya_carstva_gruzinskogo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkoman+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods1999143-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods1999143_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods1999">Woods 1999</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouymjian1997" class="citation book cs1">Kouymjian, Dickran (1997). "Armenia from the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)". In Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). <i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i>. Vol. 2. St. Martin Press. pp. 1–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+from+the+Fall+of+the+Cilician+Kingdom+%281375%29+to+the+Forced+Emigration+under+Shah+Abbas+%281604%29&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=1-50&rft.pub=St.+Martin+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kouymjian&rft.aufirst=Dickran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkoman+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Savory, Roger (1998). "ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-i-safawi"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6</i></a>. pp. 628–636.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ESM%C4%80%CA%BF%C4%AAL+I+%E1%B9%A2AFAW%C4%AA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+VIII%2C+Fasc.+6&rft.pages=628-636&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fesmail-i-safawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkoman+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Savory" title="Roger Savory">Savory, Roger</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4Yr4foWFFgC&q=false"><i>Iran under the Safavids</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521042512" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521042512"><bdi>978-0521042512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+under+the+Safavids&rft.pages=1-288&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521042512&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4Yr4foWFFgC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkoman+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosset1849" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1849). <i>Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Volume I</i> [<i>History of Georgia from Ancient Times to the 19th Century, Volume 1</i>] (in French). Saint-Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+G%C3%A9orgie+depuis+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+jusqu%27au+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle.+Volume+I&rft.place=Saint-Petersburg&rft.pub=Imperial+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Brosset&rft.aufirst=Marie-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkoman+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia</i>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%2C+a+History+of+Georgia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-070-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkoman+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Woods_(historian)" title="John E. Woods (historian)">Woods, John E.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eh0XAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire</i></a> (Revised and Expanded ed.). University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874805659" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874805659"><bdi>978-0874805659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aqquyunlu%3A+Clan%2C+Confederation%2C+Empire&rft.edition=Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0874805659&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deh0XAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkoman+invasions+of+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Invasions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Invasions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Invasions_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Invasions of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scytho-Cimmerian_invasions_of_Caucasus_and_the_Ancient_Near_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of Caucasus and the Ancient Near East (page does not exist)">Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Georgian campaign of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Sasanian invasion of 526–532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Sasanian invasion of 541–562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War#Siege_of_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Turkic-Byzantine invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Sajid invasion of Georgia">Sajid invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azat_Mousa%27s_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Azat Mousa's invasion of Georgia">Azat Mousa's invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkoman invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah_Tahmasp_I%27s_invasions_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia (page does not exist)">Shah Tahmasp I's invasions of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha%27s_Caucasian_campaign" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign">Ottoman invasion of 1578</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's sack of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russian intervention of 2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" 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