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id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SNTV_Compared_to_Block_Voting_(multiple_non-transferable_voting)_and_Limited_Voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SNTV_Compared_to_Block_Voting_(multiple_non-transferable_voting)_and_Limited_Voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>SNTV Compared to Block Voting (multiple non-transferable voting) and Limited Voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SNTV_Compared_to_Block_Voting_(multiple_non-transferable_voting)_and_Limited_Voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proportional_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proportional_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proportional representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proportional_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_for_tactical_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_for_tactical_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Potential for tactical voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_for_tactical_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan,_South_Korea_and_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan,_South_Korea_and_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Japan, South Korea and Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan,_South_Korea_and_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanuatu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanuatu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Vanuatu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanuatu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Single non-transferable vote</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="صوت واحد غير قابل للتحويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوت واحد غير قابل للتحويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_jednoho_nep%C5%99enosn%C3%A9ho_hlasu" title="Systém jednoho nepřenosného hlasu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Systém jednoho nepřenosného hlasu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicht_%C3%BCbertragbare_Einzelstimmgebung" title="Nicht übertragbare Einzelstimmgebung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicht übertragbare Einzelstimmgebung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%A3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تک‌رأی انتقال‌ناپذیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌رأی انتقال‌ناپذیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_unique_non_transf%C3%A9rable" title="Vote unique non transférable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vote unique non transférable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B9%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%91%EC%8B%9D_%ED%88%AC%ED%91%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="단기 비이양식 투표 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단기 비이양식 투표 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_singolo_non_trasferibile" title="Voto singolo non trasferibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Voto singolo non trasferibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyetlen_nem-%C3%A1truh%C3%A1zhat%C3%B3_szavazat" title="Egyetlen nem-átruházható szavazat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyetlen nem-átruházható szavazat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undian_tunggal_tidak_boleh_pindah" title="Undian tunggal tidak boleh pindah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Undian tunggal tidak boleh pindah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkele_niet-overdraagbare_stem" title="Enkele niet-overdraagbare stem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enkele niet-overdraagbare stem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="एकल असंक्रमणीय मत प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एकल असंक्रमणीय मत प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E8%A8%98%E9%9D%9E%E7%A7%BB%E8%AD%B2%E5%BC%8F%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="単記非移譲式投票 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="単記非移譲式投票" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojedynczy_g%C5%82os_nieprzechodni" title="Pojedynczy głos nieprzechodni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pojedynczy głos nieprzechodni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_%C3%BAnico_intransfer%C3%ADvel" title="Voto único intransferível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voto único intransferível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Система единого непереходного голоса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система единого непереходного голоса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Single non-transferable vote" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Једноструко непреносиво гласање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Једноструко непреносиво гласање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89" title="การลงคะแนนแบบเสียงเดียวโอนไม่ได้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การลงคะแนนแบบเสียงเดียวโอนไม่ได้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devredilemez_tek_oy" title="Devredilemez tek oy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devredilemez tek oy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Система єдиного неперехідного голосу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система єдиного неперехідного голосу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E5%96%AE%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6" title="不可轉移單票制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="不可轉移單票制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1307208#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Single_non-transferable_vote" rel="discussion" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li></ul></div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Single non-transferable vote</b> or <b>SNTV</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> used to elect multiple winners. It is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">semi-proportional</a> variant of <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>, applied to <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">multi-member districts</a> where each voter casts just one vote. It can also be seen as a variant of STV but with no vote transfers. </p><p>SNTV generally makes it unlikely that a single party will take all seats in a city, as generally happens with <a href="/wiki/Winner-take-all_system" title="Winner-take-all system">winner-take-all systems</a>. SNTV can be considered a variant of <a href="/wiki/Dot_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot voting">dot voting</a> where each voter has only one point to assign. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Block_voting" title="Block voting">block voting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">limited voting</a>, where voters can cast multiple votes, under SNTV each voter casts just one. This produces a kind of <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">semi-proportional representation</a> at the district level, meaning small parties, as well as large parties, have a chance to be represented. Under certain assumptions, such as perfect tactical voting SNTV is equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> by the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a>. </p><p>SNTV retains many of the problems of <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> (first-preference plurality voting), and as a result is sometimes viewed skeptically by <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice theorist">social choice theorists</a>. However, its extreme simplicity and easy vote-counting makes the system particularly popular for small elections to offices such as <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">city councils</a>, particularly when compared to the more-intricate <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV) system, and has resulted in the method becoming commonly used for ordering <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open party lists</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting">Voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In any election, each voter casts one vote for one candidate in a multi-candidate race for multiple offices. Posts are filled by the candidates with the most votes (<a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a>). Thus, in a three-seat constituency, the three candidates receiving the largest numbers of votes would win office. </p><p>SNTV, like <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, can be used with non-partisan ballots, in election contests where there are no parties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three seats are to be filled among five candidates: A, B, C, D and E fielded by 3 parties X, Y and Z. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em; border-collapse:collapse;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>Candidate </th> <th>Party </th></tr> <tr> <td>2,718 </td> <td>E </td> <td>Y </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,999 </td> <td>D </td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,996 </td> <td>C </td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,804 </td> <td>B </td> <td>Y </td></tr> <tr> <td>819 </td> <td>A </td> <td>X </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>E, D and C are the winning candidates. Thus, Party Z gets two seats and Party Y gets one seat. No one party took all the seats as might have been the result under <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality block voting</a>. </p><p>But counting the votes by party gives these vote tallies: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em; border-collapse:collapse;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Percent </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>4,522 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td>3,995 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>819 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Party Y has more votes than Party Z, but receives fewer seats because of an inefficient spread of votes across the candidates. If Party Y's two candidates had had more equal vote tallies, it would have won two seats and Party Z only one. Or if Party Z's candidates had received less equal vote tallies, Party Y would have won two seats even if its candidates were not equally popular. (There is more chance in SNTV than a more orderly system of PR, such as list PR or STV.) </p><p>If either party had risked trying to win all three seats, causing more vote splitting among supporters of Parties Y and Z, then A of Party X might have won a seat and either party Y or Z would then have taken one fewer seat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SNTV_Compared_to_Block_Voting_(multiple_non-transferable_voting)_and_Limited_Voting"><span id="SNTV_Compared_to_Block_Voting_.28multiple_non-transferable_voting.29_and_Limited_Voting"></span>SNTV Compared to Block Voting (multiple non-transferable voting) and Limited Voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SNTV Compared to Block Voting (multiple non-transferable voting) and Limited Voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, 10,000 voters vote to elect three members. Cumulative voting is not used so each voter may not cast more than one vote for a single candidate. </p> <ul><li>Under <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">block voting</a> (multiple non-transferable voting), each voter may cast 3 votes (but does not have to)</li> <li>Under <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a>, each voter may cast 2 votes maximum.</li> <li>Under the single non-transferable vote, each voter may cast 1 vote.</li></ul> <p>Party A has about 35% support among the electorate (with one particularly well-liked candidate), Party B around 25% (with two well-liked candidates) and the remaining voters primarily support independent candidates, but mostly lean towards party B if they have to choose between the two parties. All voters <a href="/wiki/Sincere_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sincere voting">vote sincerely</a>; there is no tactical voting. Percent of votes under MNTV and Limited Voting is the percent of voters who voted for the candidate, not the percent of votes cast. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Candidate </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">Party </th> <th colspan="8">Multiple non-transferable vote </th> <th colspan="4" rowspan="2">Single non-transferable vote </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Plurality block voting </th> <th colspan="4">Limited voting </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th colspan="2">Elected? </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th colspan="2">Elected? </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th colspan="2">Elected? </th></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A1 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td><b>3700</b> </td> <td><b>37%</b> </td> <td><b>1.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td><b>3500</b> </td> <td><b>35%</b> </td> <td><b>1.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td><b>2000</b> </td> <td><b>20%</b> </td> <td><b>1.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A2 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td><b>3600</b> </td> <td><b>36%</b> </td> <td><b>2.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td><b>1900</b> </td> <td><b>19%</b> </td> <td><b>2.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>8% </td> <td>4. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A3 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td><b>3555</b> </td> <td><b>36%</b> </td> <td><b>3.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td>1800 </td> <td>18% </td> <td>4. </td> <td> </td> <td>700 </td> <td>7% </td> <td>7. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B1 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>2600 </td> <td>26% </td> <td>4. </td> <td> </td> <td><b>1950</b> </td> <td><b>20%</b> </td> <td><b>3.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td><b>1100</b> </td> <td><b>11%</b> </td> <td><b>2.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B2 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>2500 </td> <td>25% </td> <td>5. </td> <td> </td> <td>1750 </td> <td>18% </td> <td>4. </td> <td> </td> <td><b>900</b> </td> <td><b>9%</b> </td> <td><b>3.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B3 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>2400 </td> <td>24% </td> <td>6. </td> <td> </td> <td>1425 </td> <td>14% </td> <td>7. </td> <td> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>4% </td> <td>12. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I1 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>2300 </td> <td>23% </td> <td>8. </td> <td> </td> <td>1400 </td> <td>14% </td> <td>8. </td> <td> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>8% </td> <td>4. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I2 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>2395 </td> <td>24% </td> <td>7. </td> <td> </td> <td>1500 </td> <td>15% </td> <td>6. </td> <td> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>8% </td> <td>4. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I3 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>19% </td> <td>9. </td> <td> </td> <td>1300 </td> <td>13% </td> <td>9. </td> <td> </td> <td>700 </td> <td>7% </td> <td>7. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>1800 </td> <td>15% </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td>1200 </td> <td>12% </td> <td>10. </td> <td> </td> <td>700 </td> <td>7% </td> <td>7. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I5 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>650 </td> <td>7% </td> <td>11. </td> <td> </td> <td>625 </td> <td>6% </td> <td>11. </td> <td> </td> <td>600 </td> <td>6% </td> <td>10. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I6 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>600 </td> <td>6% </td> <td>12. </td> <td> </td> <td>550 </td> <td>6% </td> <td>12. </td> <td> </td> <td>500 </td> <td>5% </td> <td>11. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>TOTAL votes cast</i> </td> <td>28000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>19000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">TOTAL possible votes </td> <td>30000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>20000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Voters </td> <td>10000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10000 </td> <td>100% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Single non-transferable vote described here is not a type of approval voting.</li> <li>The three most-popular candidates according to voters' first preferences are elected, regardless of party affiliation.</li> <li>Under block voting (<a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">Plurality block voting</a>), the three candidates of the most-popular party are elected if its supporters vote along party lines. In this case a party with only 35 percent support took all the seats.</li> <li>Under limited voting, it is most likely that the party with a plurality takes two seats (or the same number of seats as the number of votes each voter has), and another less-popular party receives the remaining seat(s).</li> <li>Under the single non-transferable vote (like in the other two methods) the number of seats are sometimes not proportionately allocated. Over-optimism (running too many candidates) and vote splitting is harshly punished. But each popular party that runs one candidate is assured of success to that degree anyway. In this case, even though the most-popular party ran three and risked vote splitting, it did elect one member.</li> <li>STV (not shown here) would see each party take its due share of seats if voters mark their preferences along party lines. Thus Party A and Party B would take one seat for sure, with the other seat going to Party B due to it being the choice of supporters of the lesser parties if it came to choice of those two main parties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proportional_representation">Proportional representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proportional representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SNTV facilitates minority representation, that is, it produces mixed representation of large and small parties where no party takes all the seats.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, SNTV would elect the same people as are elected in STV contests where the vote transfers do not move an initially-lower-placing candidate over an initially-higher-placing one. It is common even after STV vote transfers to elect the same as would be elected under SNTV. But not having transfers, SNTV sees more votes wasted than under STV due to votes being placed on un-electable candidate or due to surpluses received by successful candidate over and above the quota used in STV elections that are not able to be transferred under SNTV.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SNTV produces representation that is most proportional (<a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>) when political parties have accurate information about their relative levels of electoral support, and nominate candidates in accordance with their respective levels of electoral support or when all parties suffer from poor information of that sort. Knowing the portion of the votes a party can take allows it to avoid vote waste due to lessening the chance of vote splitting and inefficient placement of party support. Under 'perfect' tactical voting and strategic nomination, SNTV would be equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a> (Jefferson) method of proportional representation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But under SNTV even inefficient distribution of votes allows more balanced representation than would be elected under either single-member plurality or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">block voting</a>. </p><p>Given <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> candidates to be elected, Candidate A can guarantee success by receiving one more than <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n+1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n+1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d12abbdff5f3e0797022694d0e062b1727df3c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:6.234ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n+1}}}"></span> of the votes (the <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a>), because <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span>+1 other candidates cannot each receive more than Candidate A (too many would not pass Droop quota) </p><p>But as SNTV is a plurality system and votes are wasted (not used to elect anyone), it is possible to win with less than Droop quota (but never possible to lose if you have at least Droop). </p><p>To determine the successful candidates, candidates' vote tallies are compared with the vote tallies of others, not with a theoretical threshold or quota. In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="2020 Vanuatuan general election">2020 Vanuatuan general election</a>, using SNTV, as few as 5 percent of the vote was enough to be elected in a seven-seat district, where about 13 percent is Droop quota.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vote splitting due to poor information on voters' behaviour may deny a popular party its due share of representation. (Single Transferable Voting does not suffer from this handicap as votes are transferable and many are transferred and used that are wasted under SNTV.) Parties organizing slates of multiple candidates may nominate many candidates and then learn on election night that the party was not as popular as they thought. </p><p>If every party does that, all suffer the same inefficiency and the final result is proportional. If one party is more prudent, it may do better than the others. Because votes cannot be transferred, there is more chance of vote wastage than under STV. </p><p>But in elections that use SNTV, representation is usually mixed. It is rare for one party to make a sweep of a city's seats, a thing common in <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> elections. The number of wasted votes in an SNTV election is generally lower than in <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> elections as well.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under SNTV, parties often do not receive representation exactly proportional to their strength, because it is difficult to accurately judge their strength when deciding how many candidates to field (<a href="/wiki/Strategic_nomination" title="Strategic nomination">strategic nomination</a>) and difficult to direct party supporters as a whole to spread their votes efficiently. If they field too many, supporters' votes might be <a href="/wiki/Split_vote" title="Split vote">split</a> across too many candidates. The party votes might spread their vote numbers to the point where all of a party's candidates lose to a less thinly spread opposing party. </p><p>If a party fields too few candidates, they might elect all their candidates but not win seats proportional to their level of support, and the winning candidates would have more support than necessary and thus <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasted vote effect">wasting</a> votes. </p><p>The risks of poor strategic nomination are not equal for parties of various strengths. A large party would have much more to lose from the split vote effect than to gain from avoiding the wasted vote effect, and so would likely decide to err on the side of fielding fewer candidates (but probably not less than their existing number of seats). A small party with little representation would be more risk-tolerant and err on the side of too many candidates, hoping to gain as many seats as possible, perhaps even winning more than its proportion of the electorate if they can edge out candidates from larger parties with just a few votes. As well, a small party running just one candidate would not suffer from vote spitting, while a larger party running four or more may suffer from that. </p><p>SNTV electoral systems, like STV and <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional electoral</a> systems generally, typically produce more proportional electoral outcomes as the size of the electoral districts (number of seats in each constituency) increases.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_for_tactical_voting">Potential for tactical voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Potential for tactical voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The potential for <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactical voting</a> in a single non-transferable vote system is large. Casting only one vote, a rational voter wanting to maximize the number of seats captured by his party should vote for a candidate of the party that has a chance of winning, but one that will not win by too great a margin and thus take votes away from party colleagues. This creates opportunities for tactical nominations, with parties nominating candidates similar to their opponents' candidates in order to split the vote. Like all multiple-winner selections, parties find it advantageous to run a range of candidates in SNTV elections. </p><p>SNTV has been measured through the lens of such concepts as <i>decision-theoretic analysis</i>. Professor <a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Cox" title="Gary W. Cox">Gary W. Cox</a>, an expert on SNTV, has studied this system's use in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox1994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cox has an explanation of real-world data finding the, "two systems [plurality and semi-proportional] are alike in their strategic voting equilibria."<sup id="cite_ref-Cox1994_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His research found that voters use the information offered in campaigns (polls, reporting, fundraising totals, endorsements, etc.), to rationally decide who the most viable candidates are and then vote for them. </p><p>SNTV can result in complicated intra-party dynamics because in a SNTV system, a candidate runs against candidates from their own party as well as against candidates from the other party. SNTV elections are not zero-sum contests. Just because one particular candidate is elected does not mean that another specific candidate will not be. They both can be elected. </p><p>Because running on issues may lead to a situation in which a candidate becomes too popular and therefore draws votes away from other allied candidates, SNTV may encourage legislators to join factions that consist of patron-client relationships in which a powerful legislator can apportion votes to his or her supporters. </p><p>In addition, parties will do best if their supporters evenly distribute their votes among the party's candidates. Historically, in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> did this by sending members a letter telling them which candidate to vote for. With the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a>, vote sharing is done informally, as members of a family or small group will coordinate their votes. The <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Party (Republic of China)">New Party</a> had a surprisingly effective system by asking party supporters to vote for the candidate whose identification number corresponded to their birthdate. This led to a system of <a href="/wiki/Vote_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote allocation">vote allocation</a> which had been adopted by all parties for the <a href="/wiki/2004_Republic_of_China_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Republic of China legislative election">2004 ROC legislative elections</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Single Non-transferable Voting was first proposed in solid form by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a> in 1793, in a proposal to the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Convention">French National Convention</a>. He proposed having the whole country as one multi-seat district; but the idea was not adopted in France at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan was the first country to adopt SNTV for election of government members a hundred years later than Saint-Just's proposal. In 1880s Japan adopted SNTV for provincial politicians and in 1900 for national politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SNTV is used for elections in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kuwait" title="Elections in Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, SNTV is known as <i>at-large representation</i> ("representación por acumulación" in Spanish), SNTV is used to elect the 11 at-large members in each of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Under <i>at-large representation</i>, political parties vary the ballot order of their candidates across electoral divisions, in order to ensure each candidate has a roughly equal chance of success. Since most voters choose the candidates placed at the top of their party lists on their ballots, at-large candidates from the same party usually obtain approximately equal vote totals. When the party's candidates are equally supported, the most-popular party is often able to take six seats of the 11. </p><p>The two major Puerto Rican political parties, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Popular Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">New Progressive Party</a>, usually each run six candidates for the 11 at-large members in each of the House of Representatives and the Senate, while the much smaller <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party" title="Puerto Rican Independence Party">Puerto Rican Independence Party</a> runs a single-candidate slate for the at-large members in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The SNTV-elected members are a small part of the chambers compared to the members elected in the sixteen Senate districts, elected by block voting, and the forty House districts, elected by <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan,_South_Korea_and_Taiwan"><span id="Japan.2C_South_Korea_and_Taiwan"></span>Japan, South Korea and Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan, South Korea and Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SNTV was once used to elect the legislatures of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its use has been discontinued for the most part. It is still used in Japan for some seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a> (Sangi-in), prefectural assemblies and municipal assemblies. </p><p>In Taiwan it is used for the six aboriginal seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> (national legislature), as well as local assemblies. The party structure there was complicated by the fact that while members of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> were elected by SNTV, executive positions were (and still are) elected by a <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a>. This created a party system in which smaller factionalized parties, which SNTV promotes, have formed two large coalitions that resembles the <a href="/wiki/Duverger%27s_law" title="Duverger's law">two party system which first past the post rewards</a>. Starting with the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republic_of_China_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Republic of China legislative election">2008 legislative elections</a>, SNTV was discarded in favor of a mixed <i>single member district</i> (SMD) with proportional representation based on national party votes, similar to Japan. This system was a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">its colonial rule</a> inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1997 to 2016, the electoral system for up to <a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituency" title="Geographical constituency">half of the seats</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council (Hong Kong)">Legislative Council</a> of the territory was nominally a <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> system with <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>. In practice, political parties fielded multiple lists in the same constituency. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">Democratic Party</a> fielded three separate lists in the eight-seat New Territories West constituency in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2008 Hong Kong legislative election">2008 election</a>, aiming to win three seats (they won two). Split list or split tickets is done in order to win more seats with fewer votes, since the first candidate on each list would require less than the Hare quota to get a seat. Supporters are asked to split their votes among the lists of the same party, usually along geographical location of residence. In the <a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2012 Hong Kong legislative election">2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election#Seats_summary" title="2016 Hong Kong legislative election">2016</a> elections, no candidate list won more than one seat in any of the six PR constituencies which returned a total of 40 seats, rendering the result effectively the same as SNTV. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral reform">2021 Hong Kong electoral reform</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> instituted SNTV in its amendment to Annex 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a> on 30 March 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 seats of the Legislative Council are returned by geographical constituencies (GC) through single non-transferable vote with a district magnitude of 2. Effect of the district size of 2 under SNTV system in Hong Kong have been compared to that of the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_voting_system" title="Binomial voting system">binomial voting system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with its <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">post-Gaddafi</a> electoral law, Libya in 2012 elected 80 members of its 200-seat <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a> using single non-transferable vote.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators cited the system as a factor in the subsequent return to <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">civil war</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 2015 electoral reform, Chileans elect their representatives to both houses of Congress through <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open lists</a> presented by parties or party coalitions in each of the electoral districts into which the country is divided for the contest, allowing only one vote for one of the candidates inside any list. Once the voting is over, the distribution of seats in each district (which can range from 3 to 8 in the lower house and from 2 to 5 in the upper one) is carried out through the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a>, ordering the lists from highest to lowest according to the total vote of each one and the candidates within each one of them with the same principle.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SNTV was used in Jordan from 1993 to 2016. SNTV became the official electoral system for legislature elections in Jordan in 1993, the second election since the country's return to an elected parliament in 1989. The 1993 electoral reform introduced SNTV as the "one-man, one-vote", which was argued to be a more egalitarian alternative to the former "block vote" (or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">Multiple non-transferable vote</a>) where constituents could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. (Under SNTV, each voter cast just one.) The Jordanian opposition parties were heavily critical of the voting reform as it significantly hurt their electoral results. The Islamic Action Front was at the forefront of this criticism, boycotting 4 of the 6 elections held under this system. The last election held purely under this system was in 2010, whose parliament was dissolved after the Arab Spring protests in Jordan and a new election was held in 2013 using both SNTV and a national closed list with a proportional system. SNTV was completely abolished after the 2016 electoral reform where it was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open list</a> PR (in 23 constituencies of between three and nine seats each) plus 15 seats reserved for women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kuwait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuwait has used SNTV to elect the members of its National Assembly (Majles al-Umma) in five 10-member districts, starting with the 2012 election.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vanuatu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since independence from Britain and France in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> has used SNTV to elect most of the members of its Parliament. Currently, other than eight members elected in single-member constituencies, the 52 members of Parliament are elected in ten multi-member constituencies (of between two and seven seats) by single non-transferable vote. The last election this was done was the <a href="/wiki/2020_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="2020 Vanuatuan general election">2020 Vanuatuan general election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Plurality-at-large voting</a> (multiple non-transferable vote (MNTV))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Runoff voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">Plurality block voting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy, D.J. <i>Behind The Ballot Box: A Citizens Guide To Voting Systems</i>. Praeger Publishers Westport, CT (2000) 128. Print</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lijphart, A. Pintor, R.L. Sone, Y. “The Limited Vote and the Single Nontransferable Vote: Lessons form the Japanese and Spanish Examples.” Electoral Laws and their Political Consequences. Ed. Bernard Gromfman and Arend Lijphart. Agathon Press, INC., New York 2003. 154-169. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Report on Alberta Elections, 1905-1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCox1991" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Gary W. (June 1991). "SNTV and d'hondt are 'equivalent'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Electoral Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 118–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0261-3794%2891%2990043-R">10.1016/0261-3794(91)90043-R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=SNTV+and+d%27hondt+are+%27equivalent%27&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118-132&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0261-3794%2891%2990043-R&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+non-transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://electoral.gov.vu/images/PDFs/General_Election_Report_2020.pdf">https://electoral.gov.vu/images/PDFs/General_Election_Report_2020.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://electoral.gov.vu/images/PDFs/General_Election_Report_2020.pdf">https://electoral.gov.vu/images/PDFs/General_Election_Report_2020.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Report in Alberta Elections, 1905-1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell and McAllister, The Australian Electoral System, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox1994-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox1994_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox1994_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1994" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Gary W. (1994). 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Tavana,"The Evolution of the Kuwaiti "Opposition",08.07.18 (online)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_non-transferable_vote&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int/publications/esd/index.cfm">A Handbook of Electoral System Design</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224082449/http://www.idea.int/publications/esd/index.cfm">Archived</a> 2009-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int">International IDEA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org">ACE Project</a>—Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es">Electoral Design Reference Materials</a> from the ACE Project</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template talk:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare-Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">Voting systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal</a></b> — <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject 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