CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "bioguide.congress.gov",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '8ea3d781ed426bd5',cH: 'f2kBci2FaHSfaaCtLE8E6xNgubOgBFm_S5hkBaMabtA-1732896353-1.2.1.1-kPrVvX6HK7ANBCr_I_qIwggCjI10WknIxPKvu0T2wr17pJUK7scXHWSWsdjoVbEq',cUPMDTk: "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=H001047&__cf_chl_tk=ZT92hnD43VogvgowbZ0.jKMMIyBVT7NPG6CV.3CGBFA-1732896353-1.0.1.1-O5_ze4CGJ.quB4XCTAhSHEvGnfksQAWaUDNL2uIHISo",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1732896353',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=H001047&__cf_chl_f_tk=ZT92hnD43VogvgowbZ0.jKMMIyBVT7NPG6CV.3CGBFA-1732896353-1.0.1.1-O5_ze4CGJ.quB4XCTAhSHEvGnfksQAWaUDNL2uIHISo",md: "XqSQaAN7gj6iTd3tMdBaOk_Te.jSqN1yt8mLS5NPT6w-1732896353-1.2.1.1-HEvxS0B0GSD8dYGPqAhmfqNvAwQG9U_ibVE9fEApDdmJiL2NaD0hsYA4Ab1PqG8xNCEtZpXkc2hwtk09HUCoh6sYKMMJSBSOgb0CvYGLnTJjl0z_PTKXoVaNDemQVfEKzQZXj7vrbGw4Wt1YlNgUkNIAU11rb3hzhTQ.h5Xn6pfaMVHE0YNH6dkpNy_7Vjo3d33a0PG_kSuEWO0ChX1C4m2kCc9nsBxPr8ZLEwBGcy7a_R3ZD32cqdg21sgfyZuPhTo1CPeJmJTCy4x9w5XqLkkFQIMwRXWOdHSBxfYvKq3ZM2xdmw4h9z1HsvhIMTRv7vXapV9gpO7Ew.JAfzQFKlZm_fZ6.gctWs42CNY_.a_c1UGPKxEw3yokAlhRe5jn8tCUgo.pqtKgAlSWDQwPi67eJMneyvsFsFrHBe3HEkBGZTgbtDdjhFEjqbWT7Vl4HLu2Xg8pxqeK.Tv7sbPE9aM6BzAl6JpcYnu7dZxKnr9jLrIv8EPGZ9QqojHgmRM8.qLGFEju2nfmtZwHlPizbFuC1w49zEsftTb_lJ1BPHjuzAaNQpCiQUl3omLE3Wo7AuLISEwiuz4vOXTUEiDz35hNvYjrCIdUIDQITfdlGZCZg_rNa3Y_XBIpHeF2U2nh8ySrKFzz4_lMyGL8Xp78JUNlQt0w9_yg4SznHe1t.BmG32N9ty8ie6dkHgfJeoVAJl77pGgscEfe_xg9Aujvk9FjuqI.y_EiLcpxeyYSkrB0pWrDxgJWgMrZOYdpCI9xRuVIs1_HYOzKYFgBS7pb_5.U7C5gmgeCBm9mXf9YnQ7J8MdA7bxdBl0il0P3v268FljMZRhLBtkfItaFIL6d7y8Tgnqn5Q4I8DDoPEGyX7LOCp_39kFOXyouXDLA5xrxRHKMn959TaNuvwD9BWEywlM.8koGcs4hRK9XJT21UAqURNoG9RBfGL4zNvPLYLVBOCG14ihXof2Mp.QYDehgg45vUF0Yjcwt_J2MFKEDdwlz_merg2sc.hsISwZ0cUmzyzW8oyGP2MGoH2U1Rc8Rbx.NPVORKrHbxAlbhhDYf3tEciqbsulYiADMqbfcQH.qznvN4ZSEuMGtxk7DgspYSjBNtrv8eYz2KKCwfFUA8cMox0hSEVCjIA9sb_vFQE7Fht8IfGG1RGEGfywgQkG9PrJUaVRxoQ.SlzdVr5KrTH0kJ5K85TvGovcnyXbfU59EQ5xYHB5eUSLpzhkQ7vbqmwkG_BbHM4FauWyFJtr5BJHxuuvv7sJVA5mAvX4jNi.TlEkB2hijQnX7QowOOd1xGZeao7V_KTy_NGi439gEF0ErDs4lL3P3N8bQrEj1asBezeN2Q5GqkvdU60zVkcxMfOSPukm4cbd2i1gOfzXE8l2Lxyt5nkXtc41C30cxqOl1MLSG6hO7n5VOLoPjfqBXwqmaPJGi4Zi.tyyCvcaGoAcv4mN_HrC7klcGrAmHEQm6BBu2YLqy7T6ChDS1hX.JrwCNFo6MeImsJK5flwamsU_DtrpScW8bJlZ41uwapfskhE23XeRxn9gqGFfmyT2jQzj0_kn8x.1.tFzzpyz6XudWOnymrKf92ruEL3VNO.sVzF_WsdwUS6pvlbnL4GGPqsh1OAbWkVUI75gPZojMzs6iZGiAkxOQhZ3aUgX8mDq9bDcFEDB348V78nr3NveKsvb6IfFqVRXXGxhZeHn7PkGmlm1ZpftL2tHrfuc5ek7QpxrOO6s4RzcdZ7LKnlvh_Eoi6tp.RhdOQj3N0OosMfrURG8._.kK_gXvd5qC0D4.uz877R9_L5twjZYsQH4GRZaQjPr.oBgIAfy03Uj4aHWTcWUNyDtHgFqPP0Q_nsTR5k1gB3tRHA4CYB01jS78v_ttOXfK15ZWV96pMQNTCpi36m_qNlIUiJ1xyxYj_g609rZqM6COZSguyOxdUH87qw_BlWstzJ_5.uVdRAgmDVd4XxdhNVm1tXyVTX.ld1b0iU6A1AjTByvILSy48mgtWUlaqdRqz2myqCPUoPrYTxA",mdrd: "M9TSCIhEIKe3.iyiOEXN2XiWqLkyirhWYz_LdfFvU2s-1732896353-1.2.1.1-AKo__QaGhsYeLkXbyprtpK5rQD56fNWo8iyafsYrvAsaVi8ZBWjXkNCnuuY5zZTo.Jqemiaz0IaemLDzl63D7JjQm43MMTxunV4e3ZmTDaJY5QQ0TqMQtRRFq5uy0zzwdD9y5U9v1RYQO5_vk4D3QDBGk5.FS0APfen0o8qI_bJtUnYRvWvcghbwXnhBPNGDhFT7edtk_aIZuN.V2W0l.Sp_S3zNI..yv9iEVE8_AVPRKBQ5Q9b9ptfVAGYck6YD1QyHVzeZbKjJUIXqAdnBbgdyD3cY8D32l8m.8Y6XEASkJvVxmZGxiPLaCHosGDxvHU3.b6nsbbKbqL75bhJ9B9fHlR_waxuLb7lV.fs1Nf.P_i9iJHTY59c0KE818pKkgEKGc42tFoBNfirE1OAVwsYNL1JiZ7QHXYZ3nn_j0HLh9dos.2EnUBQ.iv9R.3msMCpwmx5COCIrY_Snbn27AqgQXm3_VFohwITpjrrXJVITJ3Zmvutqu0K7S_Cqg72zc_1cb3Pwp2IK9Ty0MEa7NWYTdt9JGvJbRMY4ONWhPzkdXjsGExXcIgPfm1sMaD2FYn0MttYPYO.Gtgb25SRVeOjr365D0zz0Jegx2FC17SYDujUJig38QIMJ7xrUDSCO6s0ZMG0F.9S3IQfwkmDoEVyTjlpeAuWoSQ17v2fnxVH6A7qUpmgVMb1_MuWN_mJeV5vXtch0FRIfQqfd6cl1_Ip61x4vJSmmNBuGjiHhQIsU24QxJxS101hrApHmmF9i2HCaqcDgGZc4xV9LEzZBE7zoa0Co0KsjjjzRoAH4To2uMp0OcSIsuk_BhC0qhxm5W4TF9wN3SJDG5XzM9GnzyyEuXA6s639TkquDdSqTobqx9NbsnN9QBccuhxi5S2PV3owcCdB8py7e2En.g2DvOZIItjKksQA.mS1R.tcU19I7121e6j4Z2rP02rjGQ29hQqD0MMnrmgWRdWcS_1dyx_haRBlc_3t1TG5wUaUrRsX8nRnDSs6K6ukQQPvzLHzBHaYUCksYOkDtiAJ6.MPt8MJuOTjvCPM93bL.f3Z5mLafr_cwf6WHdJpSggOtqOodpGskPYU5FTCA8b.B1bliTN4nZYyxzOh.eIdUT0c8vVBStIcu2LfBmjtgrFISIliK1CGMtRLsaWnkb8av9jbld1oFANtD8by9rHA1SQouNMvKfiPyu5WOuP4dFesudx1SeeImvzVBhnINV1h4YsIfgvvWyCmcZiYN6yQaCTlFaB05YbguwfJTOHXtlU1F0rB1d_V.AVPJvS2tqc9rhebdH2M1RnjfQO7KkyfF_krZBD7JMPcNbXGUT7UDKZkLO5sUai_COXPkRMdRsOQi8I1JV.3mgA.H.g5f097en2MTWQQOrac4Dy8T4NQ53jOuvy75JM3oixfTxYmvfgH5xDnU8EFlxmfKJNBK2AGXoFoHoy.xe5xCX0yiZKwye7Ztq2ZkG0tDxqDXe52jqvYEICUaNRoNdb2A_RxHHRanllTJ.YV.uIPxf0RbE9lu0nLPAC.vOLCP3umirPigNdLREcKIgH68tkWKPwhFwb0kprxJ4ISZx3a5RV05IUsCN2Bqa2RFiH5Rn3RQy9u7aJAWJZHUbDnXkCW4LLzFzUNoXo0FkNIPiEmo5zUvR9kezdH8cev51WsqSQ.kpflRQLO1jQd0bwhakdH.dWnLZUjOBmEC8q1iIf0ubJ.Ga4LOe943R3JUxiIZF0h1nI0B89Bgrw28xHWvgY6gAPmLGST0nnJPDKEt1gwI5FxFQn.6LECXW8fIoPWdwQl0vqhma_6gBbmF7fC2KFmQaa7B8tSZCQRvHSeed1oVmJbB889vy4GN6U5SAuiz902i9fYYYoieXuq_GeDBPClo89nE5NuGF5y3eSP0gnsg_MTqO8SNwYGBl7Xg4NtZ8nON.AvGjj1aSzvUF5ixpgft.mxnLCWRqCTDoGxVhespaKYAuJeE5dfKMs.nAQ5ZPuCHRfLkzIYLv9hzkQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8ea3d781ed426bd5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=H001047&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ZT92hnD43VogvgowbZ0.jKMMIyBVT7NPG6CV.3CGBFA-1732896353-1.0.1.1-O5_ze4CGJ.quB4XCTAhSHEvGnfksQAWaUDNL2uIHISo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>