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class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生平-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生平子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-從立陶宛到法國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#從立陶宛到法國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>從立陶宛到法國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-從立陶宛到法國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德國現象學的發現" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德國現象學的發現"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>德國現象學的發現</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德國現象學的發現-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戰爭的經歷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戰爭的經歷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>戰爭的經歷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戰爭的經歷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-上帝與猶太人大屠殺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#上帝與猶太人大屠殺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>上帝與猶太人大屠殺</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-上帝與猶太人大屠殺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要著作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>主要著作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">伊曼紐爾·列維納斯</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。48种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="إيمانويل ليفيناس – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيمانويل ليفيناس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ايمانويل ليفيناس – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايمانويل ليفيناس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Еманюел Левинас – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еманюел Левинас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Εμανυέλ Λεβινάς – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμανυέλ Λεβινάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="امانوئل لویناس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امانوئل لویناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="עמנואל לוינס – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמנואל לוינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9" title="エマニュエル・レヴィナス – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エマニュエル・レヴィナス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ემანუელ ლევინასი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ემანუელ ლევინასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A7%88%EB%89%98%EC%97%98_%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EB%82%98%EC%8A%A4" title="에마뉘엘 레비나스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에마뉘엘 레비나스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuelis_Levinas" title="Emanuelis Levinas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Emanuelis Levinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuels_Levins" title="Emanuels Levins – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Emanuels Levins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Левинас, Эммануэль – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левинас, Эммануэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Емануел Левинас – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емануел Левинас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Еммануель Левінас – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еммануель Левінас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153034#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>没有列出任何<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">参考或来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年9月16日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>維基百科所有的內容都應該<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">可供查證</a>。请协助補充<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a 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.infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">伊曼紐爾·列維納斯</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/220px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/330px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/440px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nowrap">1月12日1906年<small>［<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E6%9B%86" title="儒略曆">儒略曆</a>1905年12月30日］</small></span><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E7%9C%81" title="维尔纳省">維爾納省</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E9%82%A3%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="考那斯">考那斯</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nowrap">1995年12月25日 (aged 89)</span><br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">国籍</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">时代</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="20世纪哲学">20世紀哲學</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">地区</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="西方哲學">西方哲學</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">学派</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">歐陸哲學</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="nowrap">主要领域</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="存在現象學（页面不存在）">存在現象學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9C%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="塔木德">塔木德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="倫理學">倫理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%AB%94%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="本體論">本體論</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="nowrap">著名思想</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">「他者」、臉孔理論</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;"><div>受影响于</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="邁蒙尼德">邁蒙尼德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="齊克果">齊克果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="胡塞爾">胡塞爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="海德格">海德格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" title="加布里埃爾·馬塞爾">馬塞爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="馬丁·布伯">布伯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="笛卡兒">笛卡兒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A-%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="尚-保羅·沙特">沙特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B-%E9%BE%90%E8%92%82" title="莫里斯·梅洛-龐蒂">梅洛-龐蒂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%82%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="涂爾幹">涂爾幹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;"><div>影响于</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="德里达">德里達</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A-%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="尚-保羅·沙特">沙特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B-%E9%BE%90%E8%92%82" title="莫里斯·梅洛-龐蒂">梅洛-龐蒂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="齐格蒙·鲍曼">鮑曼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>伊曼紐爾·列維納斯</b>（法語：<span lang="fr">Emmanuel Lévinas</span>，<small>法语：</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode 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href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="海德格">海德格</a>的一種批判與延續。列維納斯認為，<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="胡塞爾">胡塞爾</a>的現象學與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="海德格">海德格</a>的存有哲學的盲點在於，其整體的思想結構都關注在「存有者」通往「<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E6%9C%89" title="存有">存有</a>」的存有論途徑上，他則是逆向思考，思索「存有」如何到「存有者」，並且堅稱存有者須將優先性交還給「他者」。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="從立陶宛到法國"><span id=".E5.BE.9E.E7.AB.8B.E9.99.B6.E5.AE.9B.E5.88.B0.E6.B3.95.E5.9C.8B"></span>從立陶宛到法國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：從立陶宛到法國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>列維納斯，又译作莱维纳斯，1905年12月30日（此為俄國當時所用的儒略曆，即公曆1906年1月12日）生於<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E9%82%A3%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="考那斯">考那斯</a>。幼年在立陶宛接受过传统的犹太教育。二战后，师从神秘的犹太导师<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F" title="乔查尼先生">喬查尼先生</a>研习《塔木德经》(犹太教法典)。直到生命的后期列维纳斯才承认舒沙泥对其学术影响的重要性。 </p><p>列维纳斯于1924年進入法国阿尔萨斯的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="斯特拉斯堡大学">斯特拉斯堡大学</a>。起初興趣在古典學、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="社會學">社會學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>，而後轉向哲學。其哲學興趣源自於就讀猶太高中時所閱讀的俄國文學，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="普希金">普希金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF%E5%A6%A5%E4%B9%9F%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="杜斯妥也夫斯基">杜斯妥也夫斯基</a>等人的作品。列維納斯重心轉移之後，尤其對<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="胡塞爾">胡塞爾</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="柏格森">柏格森</a>的學說感到興趣。1926年，列維納斯遇見了他一生的学术伙伴——法国哲学家、文學家<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%82%96" title="莫里斯·布朗肖">莫里斯·布朗肖</a>。他們倆彼此交換自己的思想，列維納斯介紹俄國的文學作品給布朗肖，而布朗肖則介紹<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁斯特">普魯斯特</a>以及法國詩人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%8B%92%E9%87%8C" title="保羅·瓦勒里">保罗·瓦勒里</a>的作品給列維納斯。他們一生始終都是親密的朋友，在二戰期間，布朗肖曾協助列維納斯的妻子逃離巴黎。1928年他转去<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="弗莱堡大学">弗莱堡大学</a>跟随胡塞尔研习<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="现象学">现象学</a>，後來在胡塞爾的建議之下，列維納斯繼續留在弗萊堡與胡塞爾指定的繼承人<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="海德格尔">海德格尔</a>學習。于是列维纳斯成为最先关注海德格尔与胡塞尔的法国知识分子，并翻译了胡塞尔的著作《笛卡尔的沉思》(與其斯特拉斯堡的同學Gabrielle Pfeiffer女士合譯)，其后也将他们的思想引介到自己的哲学之中，例如《胡塞尔现象学中的直觀理论》、《实体与存在》等。 </p><p>刊发于纽约时报的列维纳斯讣告提到，他对自己付之于海德格尔的热情表示遗憾，因为后者与纳粹关系紧密。甚至在一次公开的演讲中列维纳斯提到，人们应该以宽恕之心对待德国人所犯下的罪行，但海德格尔不应被宽恕。 </p><p>博士毕业后，列维纳斯到巴黎的一所私立犹太中学，后进入高等教育体系。他先于1961年在普瓦提埃大学教书，后于1973年来到<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="索邦大学">索邦大学</a>(巴黎第四大學)，直到1979年退休。他也是瑞士弗莱堡大学的兼职教授，并于1989年荣获巴尔扎恩哲学奖。 </p><p>列维纳斯于50年代进入法国知识分子的思想前沿，他的观念基于“它者的规范”或按他自己的话讲“规范为哲学第一本位”。对于列维纳斯来讲，它者是不可知的，并且无法凝练出基于自我的客观规律，因为这只会囿于传统的形而上学观念（这被列看做是本体存在论）。他更倾向于把哲学看作是“爱的智慧”而非传统希腊语中的“智慧之爱”。这样，规范成为独立于主观的实体，成为凌驾于主体的民族责任；继而这种责任超越了客体对真实之探索的意义本身。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="德國現象學的發現"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E5.9C.8B.E7.8F.BE.E8.B1.A1.E5.AD.B8.E7.9A.84.E7.99.BC.E7.8F.BE"></span>德國現象學的發現</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：德國現象學的發現"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="戰爭的經歷"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.E7.9A.84.E7.B6.93.E6.AD.B7"></span>戰爭的經歷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：戰爭的經歷"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="上帝與猶太人大屠殺"><span id=".E4.B8.8A.E5.B8.9D.E8.88.87.E7.8C.B6.E5.A4.AA.E4.BA.BA.E5.A4.A7.E5.B1.A0.E6.AE.BA"></span>上帝與猶太人大屠殺</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：上帝與猶太人大屠殺"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="哲學"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>哲學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：哲學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要著作"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>主要著作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：主要著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《胡塞爾哲學中的直觀理論》</li> <li>《从存在到存在者》</li> <li>《和胡塞尔、海德格尔一起发现存在》、《整体与无限:论外在性》、《别样于存在或超過本质之處》、《伦理与无限》</li> <li>《塔木德四講》</li> <li>《上帝·死亡和時間》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">英語<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的相关摘錄：<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/en:Emmanuel_Levinas">伊曼紐爾·列維納斯</a></b></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AB%BE" title="狄奧多·阿多諾">狄奧多·阿多諾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%94%98%E6%9C%AC" title="乔治·阿甘本">喬治·阿甘本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E5%A1%9E" title="路易·阿尔都塞">路易·阿爾都塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%E7%89%B9" title="汉娜·阿伦特">汉娜·阿伦特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joxe Azurmendi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE%E9%96%80%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪（页面不存在）">若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" class="extiw" title="en:Joxe Azurmendi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joxe Azurmendi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%88%8D%E6%8B%89" title="加斯东·巴舍拉">加斯东·巴什拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%BF%AA%E6%AC%A7" title="阿兰·巴迪欧">阿蘭·巴迪歐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9" title="罗兰·巴特">罗兰·巴特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%A3%E4%BC%8A" title="喬治·巴代伊">乔治·巴塔耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="尚·布希亞">让·鲍德里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E6%9B%BC" title="齐格蒙特·鲍曼">齐格蒙特·鲍曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%A8%83" title="西蒙·德·波娃">西蒙·德·波伏娃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%9F%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%A3%AE" title="亨利·柏格森">亨利·柏格森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%82%96" title="莫里斯·布朗肖">莫里斯·布朗肖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%BF%AA%E5%8E%84" title="皮埃尔·布迪厄">皮埃尔·布尔迪厄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="朱迪斯·巴特勒">朱迪斯·巴特勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%BC%AA" title="阿尔贝·加缪">阿尔贝·加缪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·卡西尔">恩斯特·卡西勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF" title="科内利乌斯·卡斯托里亚迪斯">科内利乌斯·卡斯托里亚迪斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%85%B9" title="吉尔·德勒兹">吉尔·德勒兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE" title="雅克·德里达">雅克·德里达</a></li> <li><span 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href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF-%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94" title="汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔">漢斯-格奧爾格·伽達默爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF" title="安东尼奥·葛兰西">安東尼奧·葛蘭西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%B4%9D%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" title="于尔根·哈贝马斯">于尔根·哈贝马斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔">格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="马丁·海德格尔">马丁·海德格尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" title="埃德蒙德·胡塞爾">埃德蒙德·胡塞爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%8B%B1%E4%BC%BD%E7%99%BB" title="罗曼·英伽登">罗曼·茵加登</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯">卡爾·雅斯佩斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E8%B2%9D%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%87%B1%E9%83%AD%E7%88%BE" title="索倫·奧貝·克爾凱郭爾">索伦·克尔凯郭尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="亚历山大·科耶夫">亚历山大·科耶夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%B0%A2%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="莱谢克·科拉科夫斯基">萊謝克·科拉科夫斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%A1" title="雅各·拉岡">雅各·拉岡</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗朗索瓦·拉胡耶勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="François Laruelle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%83%A1%E8%80%B6%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗索瓦·拉胡耶勒（页面不存在）">弗朗索瓦·拉胡耶勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Laruelle" class="extiw" title="en:François Laruelle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">François Laruelle</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%B6%AD-%E5%8F%B2%E9%99%80" title="克勞德·李維-史陀">克勞德·李維史陀</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">伊曼紐爾·列維納斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" title="加布里埃爾·馬塞爾">加布里埃爾·馬塞爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B-%E9%BE%90%E8%92%82" title="莫里斯·梅洛-龐蒂">莫里斯·梅洛-龐蒂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">弗里德里希·尼采</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="迈克尔·波兰尼">迈克尔·波兰尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E7%A7%91" title="保罗·利科">保罗·利科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿维塔尔·罗奈尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Avital Ronell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿维塔尔·罗奈尔（页面不存在）">阿维塔尔·罗奈尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avital_Ronell" class="extiw" title="en:Avital Ronell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Avital Ronell</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffaaaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:哲学理论">理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#fff5f5;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="德国唯心主义">德国唯心主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后现代主义">后现代主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffaaaa;;width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8F" title="畏">畏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%9C%9F" title="本真">本真</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自在存在" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Being in itself"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%9C%A8%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自在存在（页面不存在）">自在存在</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_in_itself" class="extiw" title="en:Being in itself"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Being in itself</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%AD%E7%85%A9" title="厭煩">厌烦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A4%E5%9C%A8" title="此在">此在</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="延异" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Différance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E5%BC%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延异（页面不存在）">延异</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" class="extiw" title="en:Différance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Différance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" title="差異 (哲學)">差异</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="存在危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Existential crisis"><span class="ilh-page"><a 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title="en:Ontic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ontic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E8%80%85" title="他者">他者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%AC%BA%E9%A8%99" title="自我欺騙">自欺</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="踪迹 (解构主义)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trace (deconstruction)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B8%AA%E8%BF%B9_(%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="踪迹 (解构主义)（页面不存在）">踪迹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" class="extiw" title="en:Trace (deconstruction)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trace (deconstruction)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E9%99%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00301721?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:levinas.emmanuel">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4bfcaca7-924a-4a64-b1ae-845910868434">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/46675892">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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title="Category:20世纪法国历史学家">20世纪法国历史学家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%80%83%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="Category:考纳斯人">考纳斯人</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2024%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%88%E7%BC%BA%E5%B0%91%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2024年9月缺少来源的条目">自2024年9月缺少来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%97%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E4%BA%8E%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%A1%86" title="Category:使用受影响于参数的人物信息框">使用受影响于参数的人物信息框</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89hCards%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有hCards的条目">含有hCards的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9B%B8%E5%90%8C" title="Category:本地相关图片与维基数据相同">本地相关图片与维基数据相同</a></li><li><a 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