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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Principle of operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principle_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Systems design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systems_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Systems design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systems_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satellite_finder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_finder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Satellite finder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_finder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motor-driven_dish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor-driven_dish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Motor-driven dish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor-driven_dish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Multi-satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VSAT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VSAT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>VSAT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VSAT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homemade_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homemade_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Homemade dishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homemade_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite dish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="طبق القمر الصناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبق القمر الصناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraboiantenn_(TV)" title="Paraboiantenn (TV) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paraboiantenn (TV)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolantenne_(TV)" title="Parabolantenne (TV) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parabolantenne (TV)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliiditaldrik" title="Satelliiditaldrik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Satelliiditaldrik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Δορυφορικό πιάτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δορυφορικό πιάτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato_satelital" title="Plato satelital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plato satelital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="دیش ماهواره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیش ماهواره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="צלחת לוויין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צלחת לוויין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27amuzi" title="King'amuzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="King'amuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് ഡിഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് ഡിഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piring_satelit" title="Piring satelit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Piring satelit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena_satelitarna" title="Antena satelitarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antena satelitarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Спутниковая антенна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спутниковая антенна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="จานดาวเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จานดาวเทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of parabolic antenna</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Satellite+dish%22">"Satellite dish"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Satellite+dish%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Satellite+dish%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Satellite+dish%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Satellite+dish%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Satellite+dish%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antennas" title="Category:Antennas">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antennas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/100px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/150px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/200px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_types" title="Antenna types">Common types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_antenna" title="Fractal antenna">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">Monopole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balun" title="Balun">Balun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_upconverter" title="Block upconverter">Block upconverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoise_(ground_system)" title="Counterpoise (ground system)">Counterpoise (ground system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_feed" title="Antenna feed">Feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed line">Feed line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">Low-noise block downconverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_radiator" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive radiator">Passive radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_rotator" title="Antenna rotator">Rotator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub_(electronics)" title="Stub (electronics)">Stub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">Transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_tuner" title="Antenna tuner">Tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lead" title="Twin-lead">Twin-lead</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_farm" title="Antenna farm">Antenna farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">Radio masts and towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Safety and regulation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Radiocommunication_Conference" title="World Radiocommunication Conference">World Radiocommunication Conference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="nowrap">Radiation sources / regions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_boresight" title="Antenna boresight">Boresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_cloud" title="Focal cloud">Focal cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_plane" title="Ground plane">Ground plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_lobe" title="Main lobe">Main lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_and_far_field" title="Near and far field">Near and far field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Side lobe">Side lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical plane">Vertical plane</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Array_gain" title="Array gain">Array gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directivity" title="Directivity">Directivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_length" title="Electrical length">Electrical length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_equivalent_radius" title="Antenna equivalent radius">Equivalent radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_factor" title="Antenna factor">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friis_transmission_equation" title="Friis transmission equation">Friis transmission equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna gain">Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_height_considerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna height considerations">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_resistance" title="Radiation resistance">Radiation resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">Signal-to-noise ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurious_emission" title="Spurious emission">Spurious emission</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_steering" title="Beam steering">Beam steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">Beamforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_cell" title="Small cell">Small cell</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Layered_Space-Time" title="Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time">Bell Laboratories Layered<br />Space-Time (BLAST)</a></div></li> <li>Massive <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconfigurable_antenna" title="Reconfigurable antenna">Reconfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/WSDMA" title="WSDMA">Wideband Space Division<br />Multiple Access (WSDMA)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antennas" title="Template:Antennas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antennas" title="Template talk:Antennas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antennas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antennas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>satellite dish</b> is a dish-shaped type of <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic antenna</a> designed to receive or transmit information by <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> to or from a <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellite</a>. The term most commonly means a dish which receives <a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">direct-broadcast satellite television</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parabolic antennas referred to as "dish" antennas had been in use long before satellite television. The term <i>satellite dish</i> was coined in 1978 during the beginning of the satellite television industry, and came to refer to dish antennas that send and/or receive signals from communications satellites. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Howard" title="Taylor Howard">Taylor Howard</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas,_California" title="San Andreas, California">San Andreas, California</a>, adapted an ex-military dish in 1976 and became the first person to receive satellite television signals using it.<sup id="cite_ref-tayhoward_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tayhoward-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first satellite television dishes were built to receive signals on the <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> analog, and were very large. The front cover of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Neiman-Marcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Neiman-Marcus">Neiman-Marcus</a> Christmas catalog featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale.<sup id="cite_ref-uspopcult_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspopcult-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite dishes of the early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m) in diameter<sup id="cite_ref-deseret_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deseret-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made of <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> with an embedded layer of wire mesh or aluminium foil, or solid <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baltsun_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baltsun-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satellite dishes made of <a href="/wiki/Wire_mesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire mesh">wire mesh</a> first came out in the early 1980s, and were at first 10 feet (3.0 m) in diameter. As the front-end technology improved and the <a href="/wiki/Noise_figure" title="Noise figure">noise figure</a> of the LNBs fell, the size shrank to 8 feet (2.4 m) a few years later, and continued to get smaller reducing to 6 feet (1.8 m) feet by the late 1980s and 4 feet (1.2 m) by the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-tuscnews_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuscnews-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger dishes continued to be used, however.<sup id="cite_ref-tuscnews_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuscnews-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1988, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Astra_1A" title="Astra 1A">Astra 1A</a> satellite began transmitting analog television signals on the <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> for the European market.<sup id="cite_ref-n2yo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2yo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed small dishes (90 cm) to be used reliably for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-n2yo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2yo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, four large American cable companies founded <a href="/wiki/PrimeStar" title="PrimeStar">PrimeStar</a>, a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-bangor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively strong K<sub>u</sub> band transmissions allowed the use of dishes as small as 90 cm for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-bangor_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bangor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March 1996, <a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a> introduced Digital Sky Highway (<a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ctu10e_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctu10e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first widely used <a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">direct-broadcast satellite television</a> system and allowed dishes as small as 20 inches (51 cm) to be used. This great decrease of dish size also allowed satellite dishes to be installed on vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dishes this size are still in use today. Television stations, however, still prefer to transmit their signals on the C-band analog with large dishes due to the fact that C-band signals are less prone to <a href="/wiki/Rain_fade" title="Rain fade">rain fade</a> than K<sub>u</sub> band signals.<sup id="cite_ref-dishcable_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dishcable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle_of_operation">Principle of operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principle of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parabolic_antenna_types2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parabolic_antenna_types2.svg/220px-Parabolic_antenna_types2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="471" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parabolic_antenna_types2.svg/330px-Parabolic_antenna_types2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parabolic_antenna_types2.svg/440px-Parabolic_antenna_types2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Schematics of reflection principles used in parabolic antennas</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic</a> shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dish's <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focal point</a>. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a <a href="/wiki/Feedhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedhorn">feedhorn</a>. This feedhorn is essentially the front-end of a <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a> that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-noise block converter">low-noise block downconverter</a> or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the downlinked <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C-band</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Ku-band" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-band">K<sub>u</sub>-band</a> to the <a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L-band</a> range. <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">Direct broadcast satellite</a> dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. A new form of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/omnidirectional" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:omnidirectional">omnidirectional</a> satellite antenna, which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle was announced by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theoretical gain (<a href="/wiki/Antenna_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna gain">directive gain</a>) of a dish increases as the frequency increases. The actual gain depends on many factors including surface finish, accuracy of shape, feedhorn matching. A typical value for a consumer type 60 cm satellite dish at 11.75 GHz is 37.50 dB. </p><p>With lower frequencies, C-band for example, dish designers have a wider choice of materials. The large size of dish required for lower frequencies led to the dishes being constructed from metal mesh on a metal framework. At higher frequencies, mesh type designs are rarer though some designs have used a solid dish with perforations. </p><p>A common misconception is that the <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-noise block converter">LNBF</a> (low-noise block/feedhorn), the device at the front of the dish, receives the signal directly from the atmosphere. For instance, one <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News (TV channel)">BBC News</a> downlink shows a "red signal" being received by the LNBF directly instead of being beamed to the dish, which because of its parabolic shape will collect the signal into a smaller area and deliver it to the LNBF.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern dishes intended for home television use are generally 43 cm (18 in) to 80 cm (31 in) in <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>, and are fixed in one position, for Ku-band reception from one orbital position. Prior to the existence of direct broadcast satellite services, home users would generally have a motorised C-band dish of up to 3 m in diameter for reception of channels from different satellites. Overly small dishes can still cause problems, however, including <a href="/wiki/Rain_fade" title="Rain fade">rain fade</a> and interference from adjacent satellites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the frequencies used by DBS services are 10.7–12.75 GHz on two polarisations H (Horizontal) and V (Vertical). This range is divided into a "low band" with 10.7–11.7 GHz, and a "high band" with 11.7–12.75 GHz. This results in two frequency bands, each with a bandwidth of about 1 GHz, each with two possible polarizations. In the LNB they become down converted to 950–2150 MHz, which is the frequency range allocated for the satellite service on the coaxial cable between LNBF and receiver. Lower frequencies are allocated to <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial TV">terrestrial TV</a>, FM radio, etc. Only one of these frequency bands fits on the coaxial cable, so each of these bands needs a separate cable from the LNBF to a switching matrix or the receiver needs to select one of the 4 possibilities at a time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems_design">Systems design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Systems design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a single receiver residential installation there is a single <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> running from the receiver <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> in the building to the LNB on the dish. The DC electric power for the LNB is provided through the same coaxial cable conductors that carry the signal to the receiver. In addition, control signals are also transmitted from the receiver to the LNB through the cable. The receiver uses different power supply voltages (13 / 18 V) to select vertical / horizontal antenna <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(antenna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization (antenna)">polarization</a>, and an on/off <a href="/wiki/Pilot_signal" title="Pilot signal">pilot tone</a> (22 kHz) to instruct the LNB to select one of the two frequency bands. In larger installations each band and polarization is given its own cable, so there are 4 cables from the LNB to a 'multiswitch' switching matrix, which allows the connection of multiple receivers to the multiswitch in a star topology using the same signalling method as in a single receiver installation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_finder">Satellite finder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Satellite finder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SatFinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SatFinder.jpg/220px-SatFinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SatFinder.jpg/330px-SatFinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SatFinder.jpg/440px-SatFinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sat finder</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>satellite finder</b> (or <b>sat finder</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">field strength meter</a> used to accurately point satellite dishes at communications satellites in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional satellite finder meters allow better dish alignment and provide received signal parameter values as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motor-driven_dish">Motor-driven dish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Motor-driven dish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A dish that is mounted on a pole and driven by a <a href="/wiki/Stepper_motor" title="Stepper motor">stepper motor</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Servo_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Servo motor">servo</a> can be controlled and rotated to face any satellite position in the sky. There are three competing standards: <a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Satellites_Automatic_Location_System" title="Universal Satellites Automatic Location System">USALS</a>, and 36 V positioners. Many receivers support all of these standards. </p><p>Motor-driven dishes come in a variety of sizes, but a dish of at least 120 centimetres (47 in) is required to receive signals from distant satellites which are intended to serve other areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With DiSEqC and USALS, the satellite dish will automatically aim itself at one of sixteen satellites programmed in previously when pressing one of the channel buttons on the remote.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Motor-driven satellite dishes using USALS can detect other satellites in a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">constellation</a> after one has been found and aimed at.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most receivers sold at present<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> are compatible with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Satellites_Automatic_Location_System" title="Universal Satellites Automatic Location System">USALS</a> and <a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a> 1.0 and 1.2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-satellite">Multi-satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multi-satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antenne-toroidale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antenne-toroidale.jpg/160px-Antenne-toroidale.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antenne-toroidale.jpg/240px-Antenne-toroidale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antenne-toroidale.jpg/320px-Antenne-toroidale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1895" /></a><figcaption>Special dish for up to 16 satellite positions (K<sub>u</sub>-band)</figcaption></figure> <p>Every standard-size dish enables simultaneous reception from multiple different satellite positions without re-positioning the dish, just by adding additional <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">LNB</a> or using special <a href="/wiki/Duo_LNB" title="Duo LNB">duo LNB</a>, or triple- or four-feed <a href="/wiki/Monoblock_LNB" title="Monoblock LNB">monoblock LNB</a>. </p><p>However, some designs much more effectively optimize simultaneous reception from multiple different satellite positions without re-positioning the dish. The vertical axis operates as an off-axis concave parabolic concave hyperbolic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">Cassegrain reflector</a>, while the horizontal axis operates as a concave convex<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Convex or concave? (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cassegrain. The spot from the main dish wanders across the secondary, which corrects <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism_(optical_systems)" title="Astigmatism (optical systems)">astigmatism</a> by its varying curvature. The elliptic aperture of the primary is designed to fit the deformed illumination by the horns. Due to double spill-over, this makes more sense for a large dish. </p><p>Switching between satellites is possible by using DiSEqC switches added to a satellite installation, or built-in Duo LNBs or <a href="/wiki/Monoblock_LNB" title="Monoblock LNB">Monoblock LNBs</a>. </p><p>Most receivers sold presently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> are compatible with at least DiSEqC 1.0, which can switch automatically between 4 satellites (all of contemporary Monoblock LNBs) as the user changes channels using the remote control. </p><p>DiSEqC 1.1 allows for switching automatically between 16 satellite positions or more (through cascading switches). </p><p>Motor-driven dishes assure better optimal focusing for the given dish size; LNB is always in central alignment with the broadcasting satellite, but DiSEqC switches are faster than DiSEqC motors as no physical movement is required.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VSAT">VSAT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: VSAT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common type of dish is the <a href="/wiki/Very_small_aperture_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Very small aperture terminal">very small aperture terminal</a> (VSAT). This provides two way <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">satellite Internet</a> communications for both individuals and private networks for organizations. At present,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> most VSATs operate in <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a>; <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a> is restricted to less populated regions of the world. In 2005, dish manufacturers began moving towards new <a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a> satellites operating at higher frequencies, offering greater performance at lower cost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These antennas vary from 74 to 120 cm (29 to 47 in) in most applications though C-band VSATs may be as large as 4 m (13 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homemade_dishes">Homemade dishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Homemade dishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any metal surface which concentrates a significant fraction of the reflected microwaves at a focus can be used as a dish antenna, at a lower <a href="/wiki/Antenna_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna gain">gain</a>. This has led to trash can lids, woks, and other items being used as "dishes". Only modern low noise LNBs and the higher transmission power of DTH satellites allows a usable signal to be received from such inefficient DIY antennas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Individual dishes serving one dwelling: Direct to Home (DTH).</li> <li>Collective dishes, shared by several dwellings: satellite master antenna television (<a href="/wiki/SMATV" title="SMATV">SMATV</a>) or communal antenna broadcast distribution (CABD).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Tracking_Satellite_Dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish">Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellitedish1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="General Electric satellite dish for DirecTV satellite television."><img alt="General Electric satellite dish for DirecTV satellite television." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Satellitedish1.JPG/270px-Satellitedish1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Satellitedish1.JPG/405px-Satellitedish1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Satellitedish1.JPG/540px-Satellitedish1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> satellite dish for DirecTV satellite television.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sky_minidish.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sky "minidish"."><img alt="Sky "minidish"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sky_minidish.JPG/171px-Sky_minidish.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sky_minidish.JPG/257px-Sky_minidish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sky_minidish.JPG/342px-Sky_minidish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sky_(UK_%26_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky (UK & Ireland)">Sky</a> "<a href="/wiki/Minidish" title="Minidish">minidish</a>".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex."><img alt="Satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/270px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/405px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG/540px-Dishing_out_the_truth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_of_satellite_dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The back side of an old C-band satellite dish showing the pole, mount, motor, and structure of the dish."><img alt="The back side of an old C-band satellite dish showing the pole, mount, motor, and structure of the dish." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Back_of_satellite_dish.jpg/174px-Back_of_satellite_dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Back_of_satellite_dish.jpg/261px-Back_of_satellite_dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Back_of_satellite_dish.jpg/347px-Back_of_satellite_dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The back side of an old C-band satellite dish showing the pole, mount, motor, and structure of the dish.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_dishes_above_CCTV_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite dishes above CCTV Headquarters."><img alt="Satellite dishes above CCTV Headquarters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Satellite_dishes_above_CCTV_Headquarters.jpg/270px-Satellite_dishes_above_CCTV_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Satellite_dishes_above_CCTV_Headquarters.jpg/405px-Satellite_dishes_above_CCTV_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Satellite_dishes_above_CCTV_Headquarters.jpg/540px-Satellite_dishes_above_CCTV_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite dishes above <a href="/wiki/CCTV_Headquarters" title="CCTV Headquarters">CCTV Headquarters</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWE_TRUCK.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A WWE HD satellite truck in a parking lot."><img alt="A WWE HD satellite truck in a parking lot." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WWE_TRUCK.JPG/271px-WWE_TRUCK.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WWE_TRUCK.JPG/406px-WWE_TRUCK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WWE_TRUCK.JPG/541px-WWE_TRUCK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A WWE HD <a href="/wiki/Satellite_truck" title="Satellite truck">satellite truck</a> in a parking lot.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:06-06-2014_Fonte_de_Agua_em_Dato_Rua,_Fohorem_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite dish at a hut in East Timor"><img alt="Satellite dish at a hut in East Timor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/06-06-2014_Fonte_de_Agua_em_Dato_Rua%2C_Fohorem_6.jpg/240px-06-06-2014_Fonte_de_Agua_em_Dato_Rua%2C_Fohorem_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/06-06-2014_Fonte_de_Agua_em_Dato_Rua%2C_Fohorem_6.jpg/360px-06-06-2014_Fonte_de_Agua_em_Dato_Rua%2C_Fohorem_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/06-06-2014_Fonte_de_Agua_em_Dato_Rua%2C_Fohorem_6.jpg/480px-06-06-2014_Fonte_de_Agua_em_Dato_Rua%2C_Fohorem_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite dish at a hut in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">Free-to-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Satellites_Automatic_Location_System" title="Universal Satellites Automatic Location System">USALS = Universal Satellites Automatic Location System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC = Digital Satellite Equipment Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sat-IP" title="Sat-IP">SAT>IP</a> end user consumer equipment that can switch different ip streams from different SAT>IP servers and facilitates selection of reception from different satellites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">Set-top box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">Parabolic reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-noise block converter">Low-noise block converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Tracking_Satellite_Dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish">Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink#User_terminals" title="Starlink">Starlink Dish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tayhoward-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tayhoward_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeder2002" class="citation news cs1">Feder, Barnaby J. (15 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/15/business/taylor-howard-70-pioneer-in-satellite-tv-for-the-home.html">"Taylor Howard, 70, Pioneer In Satellite TV for the Home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Taylor+Howard%2C+70%2C+Pioneer+In+Satellite+TV+for+the+Home&rft.date=2002-11-15&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Barnaby+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F11%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Ftaylor-howard-70-pioneer-in-satellite-tv-for-the-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+dish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uspopcult-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uspopcult_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2001" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Ray (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&q=neiman+marcus+satellite+dish+1979&pg=PA706"><i>The Guide to United States Popular Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>: Popular Press. p. 706. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879728212" title="Special:BookSources/9780879728212"><bdi>9780879728212</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guide+to+United+States+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=706&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780879728212&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3rJxPYT32MC%26q%3Dneiman%2Bmarcus%2Bsatellite%2Bdish%2B1979%26pg%3DPA706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+dish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lat_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiarrusso1996" class="citation news cs1">Giarrusso, Michael (28 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-28-mn-28792-story.html">"Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/81378/SATELLITE-DISHES-SURVIVE-GREAT-SCRAMBLE-OF-1980S.html?pg=all">the original</a> on August 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsrelease.uwaterloo.ca/news.php?id=4072">the original</a> on May 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Team+develops+in-car+satellite+TV&rft.pub=University+of+Waterloo&rft.date=2006-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsrelease.uwaterloo.ca%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D4072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+dish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnb.bpweb.net/N24/news24.htm">"News 24 STILL gets an F for physics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+24+STILL+gets+an+F+for+physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnb.bpweb.net%2FN24%2Fnews24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+dish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satelliteforcaravans.co.uk/howtouseameter.htm">"How to use a signal meter correctly - Satellite for caravans"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+use+a+signal+meter+correctly+-+Satellite+for+caravans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satelliteforcaravans.co.uk%2Fhowtouseameter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+dish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heyrick.co.uk/ricksworld/digibox/satfinder.htmlv">"How to use a sat 'finder'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+use+a+sat+%27finder%27&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heyrick.co.uk%2Fricksworld%2Fdigibox%2Fsatfinder.htmlv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+dish" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winegard.com/kbase/upload/SF-1000R.pdf">"SATELLITE FINDER METER - Winegard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SATELLITE+FINDER+METER+-+Winegard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winegard.com%2Fkbase%2Fupload%2FSF-1000R.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+dish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_dish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_communications484" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satcomm" title="Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satcomm" title="Template talk:Satcomm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_communications484" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">Amateur satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-throughput_satellite" title="High-throughput satellite">High-throughput satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Relay satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dispute" title="Carriage dispute">Carriage dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sat-IP" title="Sat-IP">SAT>IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblock_LNB" title="Monoblock LNB">Monoblock LNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Satellites_Automatic_Location_System" title="Universal Satellites Automatic Location System">USALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Tracking_Satellite_Dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish">Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Motor-driven_dish">Motor-driven Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Multi-satellite">Multi-satellite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite dish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">Parabolic antennas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_modem" title="Satellite modem">Satellite modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_data_unit" title="Satellite data unit">Satellite data unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacebus" title="Spacebus">Spacebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal" title="Very-small-aperture terminal">Very-small-aperture terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">TV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-RCS" title="DVB-RCS">DVB-RCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2X" title="DVB-S2X">DVB-S2X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_radio_service" title="Digital audio radio service">Digital audio radio service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">Astra Digital Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1worldspace" title="1worldspace">1worldspace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relay satellite companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">AST SpaceMobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispasat" title="Hispasat">Hispasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Network_Systems" title="Hughes Network Systems">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SED_Systems" title="SED Systems">SED Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_One_(satellite_operator)" title="Star One (satellite operator)">Star One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesat" title="Telesat">Telesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooway" title="Tooway">Tooway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(satellite)" title="Türksat (satellite)">Turksat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(American_company)" title="Viasat (American company)">Viasat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INVAP" title="INVAP">INVAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">ETSI Satellite Digital Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communications_satellite_firsts" title="List of communications satellite firsts">List of communications satellite firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communication_satellite_companies" title="List of communication satellite companies">List of communication satellite companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_satellites" title="Category:Communications satellites"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communication_satellites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Communication satellites"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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