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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Falls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoken_language_ability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoken_language_ability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Spoken language ability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoken_language_ability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workplace_noise_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_noise_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Workplace noise regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_noise_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Idiopathic_sudden_hearing_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idiopathic_sudden_hearing_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Idiopathic sudden hearing loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idiopathic_sudden_hearing_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Social and cultural aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stem_cell_transplant_and_gene_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem_cell_transplant_and_gene_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Stem cell transplant and gene therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem_cell_transplant_and_gene_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Audition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 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title="শ্রবণশক্তি হানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রবণশক্তি হানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubitak_sluha" title="Gubitak sluha – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gubitak sluha" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8reh%C3%A6mmet" title="Hørehæmmet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hørehæmmet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rverlust" title="Hörverlust – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hörverlust" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaegkuulmine" title="Vaegkuulmine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaegkuulmine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Απώλεια ακοής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απώλεια ακοής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discapacidad_auditiva" title="Discapacidad auditiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Discapacidad auditiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADda_kripli%C4%9Do" title="Aŭda kripliĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭda kripliĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EA%B0%81_%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0" title="청각 장애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청각 장애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashin_ji" title="Rashin ji – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rashin ji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="बहरापन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहरापन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enwegh%E1%BB%8B_ike_%E1%BB%8Bn%E1%BB%A5_ihe" title="Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehilangan_pendengaran" title="Kehilangan pendengaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehilangan pendengaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94" title="לקות שמיעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לקות שמיעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyothall%C3%A1s" title="Nagyothallás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagyothallás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilang_pendengaran" title="Hilang pendengaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hilang pendengaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defici%C3%A9ncia_ouditiba" title="Deficiéncia ouditiba – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Deficiéncia ouditiba" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slechthorendheid" title="Slechthorendheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slechthorendheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8rselstap" title="Hørselstap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hørselstap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଶ୍ରବଣହାନୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶ୍ରବଣହାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedos%C5%82uch" title="Niedosłuch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niedosłuch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defici%C3%AAncia_auditiva" title="Deficiência auditiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deficiência auditiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8Dh%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Истии кэhиллиитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Истии кэhиллиитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearin_loss" title="Hearin loss – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hearin loss" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbja_e_d%C3%ABgjimit" title="Humbja e dëgjimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Humbja e dëgjimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hearing_problems" title="Category:Hearing problems – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Category:Hearing problems" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Оштећење слуха – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оштећење слуха" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuulovamma" title="Kuulovamma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuulovamma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rselskada" title="Hörselskada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hörselskada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fitme_kayb%C4%B1" title="İşitme kaybı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşitme kaybı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Partial or total inability to hear</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the medical aspects of hearing loss. For the cultural aspects, see <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Hearing loss</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Deaf or hard of hearing; anakusis or anacusis is total deafness<a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Symbol_for_Deafness.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stylized white ear, with two white bars surrounding it, on a blue background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/International_Symbol_for_Deafness.svg/200px-International_Symbol_for_Deafness.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/International_Symbol_for_Deafness.svg/300px-International_Symbol_for_Deafness.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/International_Symbol_for_Deafness.svg/400px-International_Symbol_for_Deafness.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otorhinolaryngology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">audiology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Decreased ability to hear</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conductive_hearing_loss" title="Conductive hearing loss">Conductive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">sensorineural</a>, and mixed hearing loss, <a href="/wiki/Cortical_deafness" title="Cortical deafness">central auditory dysfunction</a><a href="#cite_note-Sm2014-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">exposure to noise</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>, birth complications, trauma to the ear, certain medications or toxins<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hearing_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing tests">Hearing tests</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>, proper care around <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, avoiding loud noise, avoiding certain medications<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hearing_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing aids">Hearing aids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear implants">cochlear implants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitles</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">1.33 billion / 18.5% (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-4">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audiology">Audiology</a>.</div></div> </div> Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5">[5]</a> Hearing loss may be present at birth or acquired at any time afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-:4-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">acquire</a> spoken <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work.<a href="#cite_note-Las2014-8">[8]</a> Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent. <a href="/wiki/Presbycusis" title="Presbycusis">Hearing loss related to age</a> usually affects both ears and is due to <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_hair_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear hair cell">cochlear hair cell</a> loss.<a href="#cite_note-Sch2017-9">[9]</a> In some people, particularly older people, hearing loss can result in loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> Hearing loss may be caused by a number of factors, including: <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">exposure to noise</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>, birth complications, trauma to the ear, and certain medications or toxins.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> A common condition that results in hearing loss is <a href="/wiki/Chronic_ear_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic ear infections">chronic ear infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> Certain infections during pregnancy, such as <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a>, may also cause hearing loss in the child.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Hearing loss is diagnosed when <a href="/wiki/Hearing_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing testing">hearing testing</a> finds that a person is unable to hear 25 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a> in at least one ear.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> Testing for poor hearing is recommended for all newborns.<a href="#cite_note-Las2014-8">[8]</a> Hearing loss can be categorized as mild (25 to 40 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a>), moderate (41 to 55 dB), moderate-severe (56 to 70 dB), severe (71 to 90 dB), or profound (greater than 90 dB).<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> There are three main types of hearing loss: <a href="/wiki/Conductive_hearing_loss" title="Conductive hearing loss">conductive hearing loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">sensorineural hearing loss</a>, and mixed hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-Sm2014-3">[3]</a> About half of hearing loss globally is preventable through public health measures.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> Such practices include <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunization</a>, proper care around <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, avoiding loud noise, and avoiding certain medications.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends that young people limit exposure to loud sounds and the use of <a href="/wiki/Personal_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal audio player">personal audio players</a> to an hour a day in an effort to limit exposure to noise.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Aud-11">[11]</a> Early identification and support are particularly important in children.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> For many, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing aids">hearing aids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear implants">cochlear implants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitle (captioning)">subtitles</a> are useful.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lip_reading" title="Lip reading">Lip reading</a> is another useful skill some develop.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> Access to hearing aids, however, is limited in many areas of the world.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> As of 2013 hearing loss affects about 1.1 billion people to some degree.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It causes disability in about 466 million people (5% of the global population), and moderate to severe disability in 124 million people.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-13">[13]</a> Of those with hearing loss, it began during childhood for 65 million.<a href="#cite_note-Peads2011-15">[15]</a> Those who use sign language and are members of <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a> may see themselves as having a difference rather than a <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAD2014-16">[16]</a> Many members of Deaf culture oppose attempts to cure deafness<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and some within this community view cochlear implants with concern as they have the potential to eliminate their culture.<a href="#cite_note-Spa2005-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deaf_videoconference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man holds a smartphone in his left hand and is signing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deaf_videoconference.jpg/220px-Deaf_videoconference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deaf_videoconference.jpg/330px-Deaf_videoconference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Deaf_videoconference.jpg/440px-Deaf_videoconference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A deaf person using a camera-equipped smartphone to communicate in sign language</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Hearing loss is defined as diminished acuity to sounds which would otherwise be heard normally.<a href="#cite_note-Peads2011-15">[15]</a> The terms hearing impaired or hard of hearing are usually reserved for people who have relative inability to hear sound in the speech frequencies. Hearing loss occurs when sound waves enter the ears and damage the sensitive tissues<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The severity of hearing loss is categorized according to the increase in intensity of sound above the usual level required for the listener to detect it.</li> <li>Deafness is defined as a degree of loss such that a person is unable to understand speech, even in the presence of amplification.<a href="#cite_note-Peads2011-15">[15]</a> In profound deafness, even the highest intensity sounds produced by an <a href="/wiki/Audiometer" title="Audiometer">audiometer</a> (an instrument used to measure hearing by producing pure tone sounds through a range of frequencies) may not be detected. In total deafness, no sounds at all, regardless of amplification or method of production, can be heard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">Speech perception</a> is another aspect of hearing which involves the perceived clarity of a word rather than the intensity of sound made by the word. In humans, this is usually measured with speech discrimination tests, which measure not only the ability to detect sound, but also the ability to understand speech. There are very rare types of hearing loss that affect speech discrimination alone. One example is <a href="/wiki/Auditory_neuropathy" title="Auditory neuropathy">auditory neuropathy</a>, a variety of hearing loss in which the outer hair cells of the cochlea are intact and functioning, but sound information is not faithfully transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain.<a href="#cite_note-eBook1-22">[22]</a></li></ul> Use of the terms "hearing impaired", "deaf-mute", or "deaf and dumb" to describe deaf and hard of hearing people is discouraged by many in the deaf community as well as advocacy organizations, as they are offensive to many deaf and hard of hearing people.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAD2016-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing_standards">Hearing standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hearing standards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold_of_hearing" title="Absolute threshold of hearing">Absolute threshold of hearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearing_range" title="Hearing range">Hearing range</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">Equal-loudness contour</a> and <a href="/wiki/A-weighting" title="A-weighting">A-weighting</a></div> Human hearing extends in frequency from 20 to 20,000 Hz, and in intensity from 0 dB to 120 dB HL or more. 0 dB does not represent absence of sound, but rather the softest sound an average unimpaired human ear can hear; some people can hear down to −5 or even −10 dB. Sound is generally uncomfortably loud above 90 dB and 115 dB represents the <a href="/wiki/Threshold_of_pain" title="Threshold of pain">threshold of pain</a>. The ear does not hear all frequencies equally well: hearing sensitivity peaks around 3,000 Hz. There are many qualities of human hearing besides frequency range and intensity that cannot easily be measured quantitatively. However, for many practical purposes, normal hearing is defined by a frequency versus intensity graph, or audiogram, charting sensitivity thresholds of hearing at defined frequencies. Because of the cumulative impact of age and exposure to noise and other acoustic insults, 'typical' hearing may not be normal.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>difficulty using the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a></li> <li>loss of <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">sound localization</a></li> <li>difficulty <a href="/wiki/Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">understanding speech</a>, especially of children and women whose voices are of a <a href="/wiki/Voice_frequency#Fundamental_frequency" title="Voice frequency">higher frequency</a>.</li> <li>difficulty understanding speech in the presence of background noise (<a href="/wiki/Cocktail_party_effect" title="Cocktail party effect">cocktail party effect</a>)</li> <li>sounds or speech sounding dull, muffled or attenuated</li> <li>need for increased volume on television, radio, music and other audio sources</li></ul> Hearing loss is sensory, but may have accompanying symptoms: <ul><li>pain or pressure in the ears</li> <li>a blocked feeling</li></ul> There may also be accompanying secondary symptoms: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperacusis" title="Hyperacusis">hyperacusis</a>, heightened sensitivity with accompanying auditory pain to certain intensities and frequencies of sound, sometimes defined as "<a href="/wiki/Recruitment_(medicine)" title="Recruitment (medicine)">auditory recruitment</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>, ringing, buzzing, hissing or other sounds in the ear when no external sound is present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a> and disequilibrium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophony" title="Autophony">tympanophonia</a>, also known as autophonia, abnormal hearing of one's own voice and respiratory sounds, usually as a result of a patulous (a constantly open) eustachian tube or dehiscent superior semicircular canals</li> <li>disturbances of facial movement (indicating a possible tumour or stroke) or in persons with <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_palsy" title="Bell's palsy">Bell's palsy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Complications">edit</a>]</div> Hearing loss is associated with <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The risk increases with the hearing loss degree. There are several hypotheses including cognitive resources being redistributed to hearing and social isolation from hearing loss having a negative effect.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> According to preliminary data, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aid</a> usage can slow down the decline in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive functions">cognitive functions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Hearing loss is responsible for causing <a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_dysrhythmia" title="Thalamocortical dysrhythmia">thalamocortical dysrthymia</a> in the brain which is a cause for several neurological disorders including <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual snow">visual snow syndrome</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cognitive_decline">Cognitive decline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cognitive decline">edit</a>]</div> Hearing loss is an increasing concern especially in aging populations. The prevalence of hearing loss increases about two-fold for each decade increase in age after age 40.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> While the secular trend might decrease individual level risk of developing hearing loss, the prevalence of hearing loss is expected to rise due to the aging population in the US. Another concern about aging process is cognitive decline, which may progress to <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">mild cognitive impairment</a> and eventually dementia.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The association between hearing loss and cognitive decline has been studied in various research settings. Despite the variability in study design and protocols, the majority of these studies have found consistent association between age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, and dementia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[32]</a> The association between age-related hearing loss and Alzheimer's disease was found to be nonsignificant, and this finding supports the hypothesis that hearing loss is associated with dementia independent of Alzheimer pathology.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[32]</a> There are several hypotheses about the underlying causal mechanism for age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline. One hypothesis is that this association can be explained by common etiology or shared neurobiological pathology with decline in other physiological system.<a href="#cite_note-:12-33">[33]</a> Another possible cognitive mechanism emphasize on individual's <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">cognitive load</a>. As people developing hearing loss in the process of aging, the cognitive load demanded by auditory perception increases, which may lead to change in brain structure and eventually to dementia.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> One other hypothesis suggests that the association between hearing loss and cognitive decline is mediated through various psychosocial factors, such as decrease in <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social contact</a> and increase in <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-33">[33]</a> Findings on the association between hearing loss and dementia have significant public health implication, since about 9% of dementia cases are associated with hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Falls">Falls</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Falls">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Falls_in_older_adults" title="Falls in older adults">Falls</a> have important health implications, especially for an aging population where they can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Elderly people are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of injuries caused by falls, since older individuals typically have greater bone fragility and poorer protective reflexes.<a href="#cite_note-:22-36">[36]</a> Fall-related injury can also lead to burdens on the financial and health care systems.<a href="#cite_note-:22-36">[36]</a> In literature, age-related hearing loss is found to be significantly associated with incident falls.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There is also a potential <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">dose-response relationship</a> between hearing loss and falls—greater severity of hearing loss is associated with increased difficulties in postural control and increased prevalence of falls.<a href="#cite_note-:32-38">[38]</a> The underlying causal link between the association of hearing loss and falls is yet to be elucidated. There are several hypotheses that indicate that there may be a common process between decline in <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a> and increase in incident falls, driven by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral factors.<a href="#cite_note-:32-38">[38]</a> This evidence suggests that treating hearing loss has potential to increase <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life_(healthcare)" title="Quality of life (healthcare)">health-related quality of life</a> in older adults.<a href="#cite_note-:32-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depression">Depression</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Depression">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a> is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In older adults, the suicide rate is higher than it is for younger adults, and more suicide cases are attributable to depression.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Different studies have been done to investigate potential risk factors that can give rise to depression in later life. Some chronic diseases are found to be significantly associated with risk of developing depression, such as <a href="/wiki/Coronary_Heart_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary Heart Disease">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">pulmonary disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">vision loss</a> and hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Hearing loss can contribute to decrease in health-related quality of life, increase in social isolation and decline in social engagement, which are all risk factors for increased risk of developing depression symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spoken_language_ability">Spoken language ability</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spoken language ability">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Post-lingual_deafness" title="Post-lingual deafness">Post-lingual deafness</a> is hearing loss that is sustained after the <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">acquisition of language</a>, which can occur due to <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, or as a side-effect of a medicine. Typically, hearing loss is gradual and often detected by family and friends of affected individuals long before the patients themselves will acknowledge the disability.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Post-lingual deafness is far more common than pre-lingual deafness. Those who lose their hearing later in life, such as in late adolescence or adulthood, face their own challenges, living with the adaptations that allow them to live independently. <a href="/wiki/Prelingual_deafness" title="Prelingual deafness">Prelingual deafness</a> is profound hearing loss that is sustained before the acquisition of language, which can occur due to a <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> condition or through hearing loss before birth or in early infancy. Prelingual deafness impairs an individual's ability to acquire a spoken language in children, but deaf children can acquire spoken language through support from cochlear implants (sometimes combined with hearing aids).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Non-signing (hearing) parents of deaf babies (90–95% of cases) usually go with oral approach without the support of sign language, as these families lack previous experience with <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> and cannot competently provide it to their children without learning it themselves. This may in some cases (late implantation or not sufficient benefit from cochlear implants) bring the risk of <a href="/wiki/Language_deprivation" title="Language deprivation">language deprivation</a> for the deaf baby<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> because the deaf baby would not have a sign language if the child is unable to acquire spoken language successfully. The 5–10% of cases of deaf babies born into signing families have the potential of age-appropriate development of language due to early exposure to a sign language by sign-competent parents, thus they have the potential to meet language milestones, in sign language in lieu of spoken language.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_hearing_loss" title="Causes of hearing loss">Causes of hearing loss</a></div> Hearing loss has multiple causes, including ageing, genetics, perinatal problems and acquired causes like noise and disease. For some kinds of hearing loss the cause may be classified as <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">of unknown cause</a>. There is a progressive loss of ability to hear high frequencies with aging known as <a href="/wiki/Presbycusis" title="Presbycusis">presbycusis</a>. For men, this can start as early as 25 and women at 30. Although genetically variable, it is a normal concomitant of ageing and is distinct from hearing losses caused by noise exposure, toxins or disease agents.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Common conditions that can increase the risk of hearing loss in elderly people are <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss_in_diabetes" title="Hearing loss in diabetes">hearing loss in diabetes</a>),<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> or the use of certain medications harmful to the ear.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> While everyone loses hearing with age, the amount and type of hearing loss is variable.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">Noise-induced hearing loss</a> (NIHL), also known as <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_trauma" title="Acoustic trauma">acoustic trauma</a>, typically manifests as elevated hearing thresholds (i.e. less sensitivity or muting). Noise exposure is the cause of approximately half of all cases of hearing loss, causing some degree of problems in 5% of the population globally.<a href="#cite_note-Oishi2011-52">[52]</a> The majority of hearing loss is not due to age, but due to noise exposure.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Various governmental, industry and standards organizations set noise standards.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Many people are unaware of the presence of environmental sound at damaging levels, or of the level at which sound becomes harmful. Common sources of damaging noise levels include car stereos, children's toys, motor vehicles, crowds, lawn and maintenance equipment, power tools, gun use, musical instruments, and even hair dryers. Noise damage is cumulative; all sources of damage must be considered to assess risk. In the US, 12.5% of children aged 6–19 years have permanent hearing damage from excessive noise exposure.<a href="#cite_note-kid-55">[55]</a> The World Health Organization estimates that half of those between 12 and 35 are at risk from using <a href="/wiki/Personal_audio_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal audio devices">personal audio devices</a> that are too loud.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2015Aud-11">[11]</a> Hearing loss in adolescents may be caused by loud noise from toys, music by headphones, and concerts or events.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Hearing loss can be inherited. Around 75–80% of all these cases are inherited by <a href="/wiki/Recessive_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive genes">recessive genes</a>, 20–25% are inherited by <a href="/wiki/Dominant_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant genes">dominant genes</a>, 1–2% are inherited by <a href="/wiki/X-linked" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked">X-linked</a> patterns, and fewer than 1% are inherited by <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial inheritance">mitochondrial inheritance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-58">[58]</a> Syndromic deafness occurs when there are other signs or medical problems aside from deafness in an individual,<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-58">[58]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Usher_syndrome" title="Usher syndrome">Usher syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stickler_syndrome" title="Stickler syndrome">Stickler syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waardenburg_syndrome" title="Waardenburg syndrome">Waardenburg syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alport%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Alport's syndrome">Alport's syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurofibromatosis type 2">neurofibromatosis type 2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nonsyndromic_deafness" title="Nonsyndromic deafness">Nonsyndromic deafness</a> occurs when there are no other signs or medical problems associated with the deafness in an individual.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders</a> are reported to cause hearing loss in up to 64% of infants born to <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholic</a> mothers, from the ototoxic effect on the developing fetus plus malnutrition during pregnancy from the excess <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> intake. <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">Premature birth</a> can be associated with sensorineural hearing loss because of an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinaemia">hyperbilirubinaemia</a>, ototoxic medication and infection as well as noise exposure in the neonatal units. Also, hearing loss in premature babies is often discovered far later than a similar hearing loss would be in a full-term baby because normally babies are given a hearing test within 48 hours of birth, but doctors must wait until the premature baby is medically stable before testing hearing, which can be months after birth.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The risk of hearing loss is greatest for those weighing less than 1500 g at birth. Disorders responsible for hearing loss include <a href="/wiki/Auditory_neuropathy" title="Auditory neuropathy">auditory neuropathy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rod2012-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease</a> variant 1E,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholesteatoma" title="Cholesteatoma">cholesteatoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otosclerosis" title="Otosclerosis">otosclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perilymph_fistula" class="mw-redirect" title="Perilymph fistula">perilymph fistula</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, recurring ear infections, strokes, <a href="/wiki/Superior_semicircular_canal_dehiscence" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior semicircular canal dehiscence">superior semicircular canal dehiscence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Robin_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Robin syndrome">Pierre Robin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treacher_Collins_syndrome" title="Treacher Collins syndrome">Treacher-Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usher_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher Syndrome">Usher Syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pendred_syndrome" title="Pendred syndrome">Pendred Syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner</a> syndrome, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_schwannoma" title="Vestibular schwannoma">vestibular schwannoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral infections</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a>, congenital <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a> (also called German measles) syndrome, several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">herpes viruses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eggermont2017-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_fever" title="West Nile fever">West Nile virus</a>. Some medications may reversibly or irreversibly affect hearing. These medications are considered <a href="/wiki/Ototoxicity" title="Ototoxicity">ototoxic</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/Loop_diuretic" title="Loop diuretic">loop diuretics</a> such as furosemide and bumetanide, <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAIDs) both over-the-counter (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen) as well as prescription (celecoxib, diclofenac, etc.), paracetamol, <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macrolide_antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrolide antibiotics">macrolide antibiotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Analgesic-67">[67]</a> Others may cause permanent hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-asha-68">[68]</a> The most important group is the <a href="/wiki/Aminoglycoside" title="Aminoglycoside">aminoglycosides</a> (main member <a href="/wiki/Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">gentamicin</a>) and platinum based chemotherapeutics such as <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carboplatin" title="Carboplatin">carboplatin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In addition to medications, hearing loss can also result from specific chemicals in the environment: metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>; <a href="/wiki/Solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvents">solvents</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> (found in <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a><a href="#cite_note-tol-nih-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile_exhaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile exhaust">automobile exhaust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tol-nih-71">[71]</a> for example); and <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant_gas" title="Asphyxiant gas">asphyxiants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-def9-72">[72]</a> Combined with noise, these ototoxic chemicals have an additive effect on a person's hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-def9-72">[72]</a> Hearing loss due to chemicals starts in the high frequency range and is irreversible. It damages the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a> with lesions and degrades central portions of the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-def9-72">[72]</a> For some ototoxic chemical exposures, particularly styrene,<a href="#cite_note-tm-73">[73]</a> the risk of hearing loss can be higher than being exposed to <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a> alone. The effects is greatest when the combined exposure include <a href="/wiki/Impulse_noise_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse noise (audio)">impulse noise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A 2018 informational bulletin by the US <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) introduces the issue, provides examples of ototoxic chemicals, lists the industries and occupations at risk and provides prevention information.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> There can be damage either to the ear, whether the external or middle ear, to the cochlea, or to the brain centers that process the aural information conveyed by the ears. Damage to the middle ear may include fracture and discontinuity of the ossicular chain.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Damage to the inner ear (cochlea) may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Bony_labyrinth" title="Bony labyrinth">temporal bone fracture</a>. People who sustain head injury are especially vulnerable to hearing loss or tinnitus, either temporary or permanent.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/275px--Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="275" height="155" data-durationhint="147" data-mwtitle="Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>How sounds make their way from the source to the brain</figcaption></figure> Sound waves reach the outer ear and are conducted down the ear canal to the <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrum</a>, causing it to vibrate. The vibrations are transferred by the 3 tiny ear bones of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> to the fluid in the inner ear. The fluid moves hair cells (<a href="/wiki/Stereocilia" title="Stereocilia">stereocilia</a>), and their movement generates nerve impulses which are then taken to the brain by the <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nerve" title="Cochlear nerve">cochlear nerve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The auditory nerve takes the impulses to the brainstem, which sends the impulses to the midbrain. Finally, the signal goes to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe to be interpreted as sound.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Hearing loss is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to loud noises, from recreation or from work, that damage the hair cells, which do not grow back on their own.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sch2017-9">[9]</a> Older people may lose their hearing from long exposure to noise, changes in the inner ear, changes in the middle ear, or from changes along the nerves from the ear to the brain.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_hearing_loss" title="Diagnosis of hearing loss">Diagnosis of hearing loss</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HearingExam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a female medical professional is seated in front of a special sound-proof booth with a glass window, controlling diagnostic test equipment. Inside the booth a middle aged man can be seen wearing headphones and is looking straight ahead of himself, not at the audiologist, and appears to be concentrating on hearing something" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HearingExam.jpg/220px-HearingExam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HearingExam.jpg/330px-HearingExam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HearingExam.jpg/440px-HearingExam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Audiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiologist">audiologist</a> conducting an <a href="/wiki/Audiometry" title="Audiometry">audiometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">hearing test</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Sound-proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound-proof">sound-proof</a> testing booth</figcaption></figure> Identification of a hearing loss is usually conducted by a general practitioner <a href="/wiki/Medical_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical doctor">medical doctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otolaryngologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Otolaryngologist">otolaryngologist</a>, certified and licensed <a href="/wiki/Audiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiologist">audiologist</a>, school or industrial <a href="/wiki/Audiometrist" title="Audiometrist">audiometrist</a>, or other audiometric technician. Diagnosis of the cause of a hearing loss is carried out by a specialist physician (audiovestibular physician) or <a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Otorhinolaryngologist">otorhinolaryngologist</a>. Hearing loss is generally measured by playing generated or recorded sounds, and determining whether the person can hear them. Hearing sensitivity varies according to the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of sounds. To take this into account, hearing sensitivity can be measured for a range of frequencies and plotted on an <a href="/wiki/Audiogram" title="Audiogram">audiogram</a>. Other method for quantifying hearing loss is a <a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">hearing test</a> using a mobile application or hearing aid application, which includes a hearing test.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[88]</a> Hearing diagnosis using mobile application is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Audiometry" title="Audiometry">audiometry</a> procedure.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[87]</a> Audiograms, obtained using mobile applications, can be used to adjust hearing aid applications.<a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[88]</a> Another method for quantifying hearing loss is a speech-in-noise test. which gives an indication of how well one can understand speech in a noisy environment.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Otoacoustic emissions test is an objective hearing test that may be administered to toddlers and children too young to cooperate in a conventional hearing test. Auditory brainstem response testing is an electrophysiological test used to test for hearing deficits caused by pathology within the ear, the cochlear nerve and also within the brainstem. A case history (usually a written form, with questionnaire) can provide valuable information about the context of the hearing loss, and indicate what kind of diagnostic procedures to employ. Examinations include <a href="/wiki/Otoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoscopy">otoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanometry" title="Tympanometry">tympanometry</a>, and differential testing with the <a href="/wiki/Weber_test" title="Weber test">Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinne_test" title="Rinne test">Rinne</a>, Bing and Schwabach tests. In case of infection or inflammation, blood or other body fluids may be submitted for laboratory analysis. MRI and CT scans can be useful to identify the pathology of many causes of hearing loss. Hearing loss is categorized by severity, type, and configuration. Furthermore, a hearing loss may exist in only one ear (unilateral) or in both ears (bilateral). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent, sudden or progressive. The severity of a hearing loss is ranked according to ranges of nominal thresholds in which a sound must be so it can be detected by an individual. It is measured in <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> of hearing loss, or dB HL. There are three main types of hearing loss: <a href="/wiki/Conductive_hearing_loss" title="Conductive hearing loss">conductive hearing loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">sensorineural hearing loss</a>, and mixed hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-Peads2011-15">[15]</a> An additional problem which is increasingly recognised is <a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">auditory processing disorder</a> which is not a hearing loss as such but a difficulty perceiving sound. The shape of an audiogram shows the relative configuration of the hearing loss, such as a <a href="/wiki/Carhart_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Carhart notch">Carhart notch</a> for otosclerosis, 'noise' notch for noise-induced damage, high frequency rolloff for presbycusis, or a flat audiogram for conductive hearing loss. In conjunction with speech audiometry, it may indicate central auditory processing disorder, or the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Schwannoma" title="Schwannoma">schwannoma</a> or other tumor. People with <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_hearing_loss" title="Unilateral hearing loss">unilateral hearing loss</a> or single-sided deafness (SSD) have difficulty in hearing conversation on their impaired side, localizing sound, and understanding speech in the presence of background noise. One reason for the hearing problems these patients often experience is due to the <a href="/wiki/Head_shadow_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Head shadow effect">head shadow effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15148171-90">[90]</a> Idiopathic sudden hearing loss is a condition where a person as an immediate decrease in the sensitivity of their <a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">sensorineural hearing</a> that does not have a known cause.<a href="#cite_note-:5-91">[91]</a> This type of loss is usually only on one side (unilateral) and the severity of the loss varies. A common threshold of a "loss of at least 30 dB in three connected frequencies within 72 hours" is sometimes used, however there is no universal definition or international consensus for diagnosing idiopathic sudden hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-:5-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> It is estimated that half of cases of hearing loss are preventable.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> About 60% of hearing loss in children under the age of 15 can be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015-2">[2]</a> There are a number of effective preventative strategies, including: immunization against <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">congenital rubella syndrome</a>, immunization against <a href="/wiki/H._influenza" class="mw-redirect" title="H. influenza">H. influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._pneumoniae" class="mw-redirect" title="S. pneumoniae">S. pneumoniae</a> to reduce cases of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, and avoiding or protecting against excessive noise exposure.<a href="#cite_note-Peads2011-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> also recommends immunization against <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, efforts to prevent <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">premature birth</a>, and avoidance of certain medication as prevention.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Hearing_Day" title="World Hearing Day">World Hearing Day</a> is a yearly event to promote actions to prevent hearing damage. Avoiding exposure to loud noise can help prevent noise-induced hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> 18% of adults exposed to loud noise at work for five years or more report hearing loss in both ears as compared to 5.5% of adults who were not exposed to loud noise at work.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Different programs exist for specific populations such as school-age children, adolescents and workers.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> But the HPD (without individual selection, training and <a href="/wiki/Hearing_protection_fit-testing" title="Hearing protection fit-testing">fit testing</a>) does not significantly reduce the risk of hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-AIHA-6-11-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Groenewold-2014-99">[99]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> is being studied for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss, particularly for scenarios in which noise exposure cannot be reduced, such as during military operations.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_noise_regulation">Workplace noise regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Workplace noise regulation">edit</a>]</div> Noise is widely recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">occupational hazard</a>. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) and the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) work together to provide standards and enforcement on workplace noise levels.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of hazard control">hierarchy of hazard controls</a> demonstrates the different levels of controls to reduce or eliminate exposure to noise and prevent hearing loss, including <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering controls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Other programs and initiative have been created to prevent hearing loss in the workplace. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Safe-In-Sound_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe-In-Sound Award">Safe-in-Sound Award</a> was created to recognize organizations that can demonstrate results of successful noise control and other interventions.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Buy_Quiet" title="Buy Quiet">Buy Quiet</a> program was created to encourage employers to purchase quieter machinery and tools.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> By purchasing less noisy power tools like those found on the <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_Power_Tools_Database" title="NIOSH Power Tools Database">NIOSH Power Tools Database</a> and limiting exposure to ototoxic chemicals, great strides can be made in preventing hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Companies can also provide personal hearing protector devices tailored to both the worker and type of employment. Some hearing protectors universally block out all noise, and some allow for certain noises to be heard. Workers are more likely to wear hearing protector devices when they are properly fitted.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Often interventions to prevent noise-induced hearing loss have many components. A 2017 Cochrane review found that stricter legislation might reduce noise levels.<a href="#cite_note-:1-108">[108]</a> Providing workers with information on their <a href="/wiki/Sound_exposure_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound exposure level">sound exposure levels</a> was not shown to decrease exposure to noise. Ear protection, if used correctly, can reduce noise to safer levels, but often, providing them is not sufficient to prevent hearing loss. Engineering noise out and other solutions such as proper maintenance of equipment can lead to noise reduction, but further field studies on resulting noise exposures following such interventions are needed. Other possible solutions include improved enforcement of existing legislation and better implementation of well-designed prevention programmes, which have not yet been proven conclusively to be effective. The conclusion of the Cochrane Review was that further research could modify what is now regarding the effectiveness of the evaluated interventions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health_of_the_German_Social_Accident_Insurance" title="Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance">Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance</a> has created a hearing impairment calculator based on the ISO 1999 model for studying <a href="/w/index.php?title=Threshold_shift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Threshold shift (page does not exist)">threshold shift</a> in relatively homogeneous groups of people, such as workers with the same type of job. The ISO 1999 model estimates how much hearing impairment in a group can be ascribed to age and <a href="/wiki/Sound_exposure" title="Sound exposure">noise exposure</a>. The result is calculated via an <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_equation" title="Algebraic equation">algebraic equation</a> that uses the A-weighted sound exposure level, how many years the people were exposed to this noise, how old the people are, and their sex. The model's estimations are only useful for people without hearing loss due to non-job related exposure and can be used for prevention activities.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screening">Screening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Screening">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a> recommends <a href="/wiki/Universal_neonatal_hearing_screening" title="Universal neonatal hearing screening">neonatal hearing screening</a> for all newborns, as the first three years of life are believed to be the most important for language development.<a href="#cite_note-Las2014-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Universal neonatal hearing screenings have now been widely implemented across the U.S., with rates of newborn screening increasing from less than 3% in the early 1990s to 98% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Newborns whose screening reveals a high index of suspicion of hearing loss are referred for additional diagnostic testing with the goal of providing early intervention and access to language.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> advises that children should have their hearing tested several times throughout their schooling:<a href="#cite_note-kid-55">[55]</a> <ul><li>When they enter <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">school</a></li> <li>At ages 6, 8, and 10</li> <li>At least once during <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a></li> <li>At least once during <a href="/wiki/High_school_(North_America)" title="High school (North America)">high school</a></li></ul> While the American College of Physicians indicated that there is not enough evidence to determine the utility of screening in adults over 50 years old who do not have any symptoms,<a href="#cite_note-annals-114">[114]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_Speech%E2%80%93Language%E2%80%93Hearing_Association" title="American Speech–Language–Hearing Association">American Language, Speech Pathology and Hearing Association</a> recommends that adults should be screened at least every decade through age 50 and at three-year intervals thereafter, to minimize the detrimental effects of the untreated condition on quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> For the same reason, the US Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion included as one of <a href="/wiki/Healthy_People_program" title="Healthy People program">Healthy People 2020</a> objectives: to increase the proportion of persons who have had a hearing examination.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_hearing_loss" title="Management of hearing loss">Management of hearing loss</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up photograph of a person holding a hearing aid close to their left ear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg/220px-Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg/330px-Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg/440px-Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An in-the-canal hearing aid</figcaption></figure> Management depends on the specific cause if known as well as the extent, type and configuration of the hearing loss. Sudden hearing loss due to an underlying nerve problem may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">corticosteroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Most hearing loss, that result from age and noise, is progressive and irreversible, and there are currently no approved or recommended treatments. A few specific kinds of hearing loss are amenable to surgical treatment. In other cases, treatment is addressed to underlying pathologies, but any hearing loss incurred may be permanent. Some management options include <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implant" title="Cochlear implant">cochlear implants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_implant" title="Middle ear implant">middle ear implants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Sch2017-9">[9]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a>, a Hearing Impaired (HI) audio track may be available via headphones to better hear dialog.<a href="#cite_note-:43-118">[118]</a> This choice depends on the level of hearing loss, type of hearing loss, and personal preference. Hearing aid applications are one of the options for hearing loss management.<a href="#cite_note-:3-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> For people with bilateral hearing loss, it is not clear if bilateral hearing aids (hearing aids in both ears) are better than a unilateral hearing aid (hearing aid in one ear).<a href="#cite_note-Sch2017-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idiopathic_sudden_hearing_loss">Idiopathic sudden hearing loss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Idiopathic sudden hearing loss">edit</a>]</div> For people with idiopathic sudden hearing loss, different treatment approaches have been suggested that are usually based on the suspected cause of the sudden hearing loss. Treatment approaches may include corticosteroid medications, rheological drugs, vasodilators, anesthetics, and other medications chosen based on the suspected underlying pathology that caused the sudden hearing loss.<a href="#cite_note-:5-91">[91]</a> The evidence supporting most treatment options for idiopathic sudden hearing loss is very weak and adverse effects of these different medications is a consideration when deciding on a treatment approach.<a href="#cite_note-:5-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hearing_loss_(adult_onset)_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hearing_loss_%28adult_onset%29_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/310px-Hearing_loss_%28adult_onset%29_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hearing_loss_%28adult_onset%29_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/465px-Hearing_loss_%28adult_onset%29_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hearing_loss_%28adult_onset%29_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/620px-Hearing_loss_%28adult_onset%29_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for hearing loss (adult onset) per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <250</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  250–295</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  295–340</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  340–385</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  385–430</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  430–475</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  475–520</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  520–565</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  565–610</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  610–655</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  655–700</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  >700</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> Globally, hearing loss affects about 10% of the population to some degree.<a href="#cite_note-Oishi2011-52">[52]</a> It caused moderate to severe disability in 124.2 million people as of 2004 (107.9 million of whom are in low and middle income countries).<a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-13">[13]</a> Of these 65 million acquired the condition during childhood.<a href="#cite_note-Peads2011-15">[15]</a> At birth ~3 per 1000 in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> and more than 6 per 1000 in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> have hearing problems.<a href="#cite_note-Peads2011-15">[15]</a> Hearing loss increases with age. In those between 20 and 35 rates of hearing loss are 3% while in those 44 to 55 it is 11% and in those 65 to 85 it is 43%.<a href="#cite_note-Las2014-8">[8]</a> A 2017 report by the World Health Organization estimated the costs of unaddressed hearing loss and the cost-effectiveness of interventions, for the health-care sector, for the education sector and as broad societal costs.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Globally, the annual cost of unaddressed hearing loss was estimated to be in the range of $750–790 billion <a href="/wiki/International_Dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="International Dollars">international dollars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) developed the ISO 1999 standards for the estimation of hearing thresholds and noise-induced hearing impairment.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> They used data from two noise and hearing study databases, one presented by Burns and Robinson (Hearing and Noise in Industry, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1970) and by Passchier-Vermeer (1968).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> As race are some of the factors that can affect the expected distribution of pure-tone hearing thresholds several other national or regional datasets exist, from Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Norway,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> the United States<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In the United States hearing is one of the health outcomes measure by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey" title="National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</a> (NHANES), a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">survey</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> program conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a>. It examines <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritional</a> status of adults and children in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Data from the United States in 2011–2012 found that rates of hearing loss has declined among adults aged 20 to 69 years, when compared with the results from an earlier time period (1999–2004). It also found that adult hearing loss is associated with increasing age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, and noise exposure.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Nearly one in four adults had audiometric results suggesting noise-induced hearing loss. Almost one in four adults who reported excellent or good hearing had a similar pattern (5.5% on both sides and 18% on one side). Among people who reported exposure to loud noise at work, almost one third had such changes.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_cultural_aspects">Social and cultural aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Social and cultural aspects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_profound_hearing_loss" title="Social impact of profound hearing loss">Social impact of profound hearing loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_(sign_language_friend),_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Drawing_%28sign_language_friend%29%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Drawing_%28sign_language_friend%29%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Drawing_%28sign_language_friend%29%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Drawing_%28sign_language_friend%29%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Drawing_%28sign_language_friend%29%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Drawing_%28sign_language_friend%29%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The sign for "friend" in <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></figcaption></figure> People with extreme hearing loss may communicate through <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>. Sign languages convey meaning through manual communication and body language instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns. This involves the simultaneous combination of hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express a speaker's thoughts. "Sign languages are based on the idea that vision is the most useful tool a deaf person has to communicate and receive information".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a> refers to a tight-knit <a href="/wiki/Cultural_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural group">cultural group</a> of people whose <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a> is signed, and who practice social and cultural norms which are distinct from those of the surrounding hearing community. This community does not automatically include all those who are clinically or legally deaf, nor does it exclude every hearing person. According to Baker and Padden, it includes any person or persons who "identifies him/herself as a member of the Deaf community, and other members accept that person as a part of the community,"<a href="#cite_note-book22-131">[131]</a> an example being <a href="/wiki/Child_of_deaf_adult" title="Child of deaf adult">children of deaf adults</a> with normal hearing ability. It includes the set of social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values, and shared institutions of communities that are influenced by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication.<a href="#cite_note-padden20053-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-bigD3-133">[133]</a> Members of the Deaf community tend to view deafness as a difference in human experience rather than a <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ladd20032-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-lane20112-135">[135]</a> When used as a cultural label especially within the culture, the word deaf is often written with a capital D and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. When used as a label for the <a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">audiological</a> condition, it is written with a lower case d.<a href="#cite_note-padden20053-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-bigD3-133">[133]</a> There also multiple educational institutions for both deaf and Deaf people, that usually use sign language as the main language of instruction. Famous institutions include <a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University" title="Gallaudet University">Gallaudet University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Institute_for_the_Deaf" title="National Technical Institute for the Deaf">National Technical Institute for the Deaf</a> in the US,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_Corporation_Tsukuba_University_of_Technology" title="National University Corporation Tsukuba University of Technology">National University Corporation of Tsukuba University of Technology</a> in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stem_cell_transplant_and_gene_therapy">Stem cell transplant and gene therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stem cell transplant and gene therapy">edit</a>]</div> A 2005 study achieved successful <a href="/wiki/Regrowth_of_cochlea_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Regrowth of cochlea cells">regrowth of cochlea cells</a> in guinea pigs.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> However, the regrowth of cochlear hair cells does not imply the restoration of hearing sensitivity, as the sensory cells may or may not make connections with neurons that carry the signals from hair cells to the brain. A 2008 study has shown that gene therapy targeting <a href="/wiki/ATOH1" title="ATOH1">Atoh1</a> can cause hair cell growth and attract neuronal processes in embryonic mice. Some hope that a similar treatment will one day ameliorate hearing loss in humans.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Recent research, reported in 2012 achieved growth of cochlear nerve cells resulting in hearing improvements in gerbils,<a href="#cite_note-Nature-140">[140]</a> using stem cells. Also reported in 2013 was regrowth of hair cells in deaf adult mice using a drug intervention resulting in hearing improvement.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hearing_Health_Foundation" title="Hearing Health Foundation">Hearing Health Foundation</a> in the US has embarked on a project called the Hearing Restoration Project.<a href="#cite_note-HHF-142">[142]</a> Also Action on Hearing Loss in the UK is also aiming to restore hearing.<a href="#cite_note-Action-143">[143]</a> Researchers reported in 2015 that genetically deaf mice which were treated with <a href="/wiki/TMC1" title="TMC1">TMC1</a> gene therapy recovered some of their hearing.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 2017, additional studies were performed to treat <a href="/wiki/Usher_syndrome" title="Usher syndrome">Usher syndrome</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28254438-146">[146]</a> and here, a recombinant adeno-associated virus seemed to outperform the older vectors.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28165475-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28165476-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audition">Audition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Audition">edit</a>]</div> Besides research studies seeking to improve hearing, such as the ones listed above, research studies on the deaf have also been carried out in order to understand more about audition. Pijil and Shwarz (2005) conducted their study on the deaf who lost their hearing later in life and, hence, used cochlear implants to hear. They discovered further evidence for rate coding of pitch, a system that codes for information for frequencies by the rate that neurons fire in the auditory system, especially for lower frequencies as they are coded by the frequencies that neurons fire from the basilar membrane in a synchronous manner. Their results showed that the subjects could identify different pitches that were proportional to the frequency stimulated by a single electrode. The lower frequencies were detected when the basilar membrane was stimulated, providing even further evidence for rate coding.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson,_N._R._2010-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_hearing" title="Deaf hearing">Deaf hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.870" title="H.870">H.870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_listening" title="Safe listening">Safe listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hearing_Day" title="World Hearing Day">World Hearing Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dorlands-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Dorlands_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElsevier" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111192614/http://dorlands.com/">Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary</a>. 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Nature Biotechnology. 35 (3): 280–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt.3781">10.1038/nbt.3781</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5340646">5340646</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165475">28165475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=A+synthetic+AAV+vector+enables+safe+and+efficient+gene+transfer+to+the+mammalian+inner+ear&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=280-284&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5340646%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28165475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnbt.3781&rft.aulast=Landegger&rft.aufirst=LD&rft.au=Pan%2C+B&rft.au=Askew%2C+C&rft.au=Wassmer%2C+SJ&rft.au=Gluck%2C+SD&rft.au=Galvin%2C+A&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R&rft.au=Forge%2C+A&rft.au=Stankovic%2C+KM&rft.au=Holt%2C+JR&rft.au=Vandenberghe%2C+LH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5340646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28165476-148"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28165476_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanAskewGalvinHeman-Ackah2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pan B, Askew C, Galvin A, Heman-Ackah S, Asai Y, Indzhykulian AA, Jodelka FM, Hastings ML, Lentz JJ, Vandenberghe LH, Holt JR, Géléoc GS (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5340578">"Gene therapy restores auditory and vestibular function in a mouse model of Usher syndrome type 1c"</a>. Nature Biotechnology. 35 (3): 264–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt.3801">10.1038/nbt.3801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5340578">5340578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28165476">28165476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Gene+therapy+restores+auditory+and+vestibular+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+Usher+syndrome+type+1c&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=264-272&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5340578%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28165476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnbt.3801&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Askew%2C+C&rft.au=Galvin%2C+A&rft.au=Heman-Ackah%2C+S&rft.au=Asai%2C+Y&rft.au=Indzhykulian%2C+AA&rft.au=Jodelka%2C+FM&rft.au=Hastings%2C+ML&rft.au=Lentz%2C+JJ&rft.au=Vandenberghe%2C+LH&rft.au=Holt%2C+JR&rft.au=G%C3%A9l%C3%A9oc%2C+GS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5340578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson,_N._R._2010-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Carlson,_N._R._2010_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlson NR (2010). Physiology of behavior (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology+of+behavior&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=NR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHearing+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hearing_loss&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Global_Audiology" class="extiw" title="v:Global Audiology">Global Audiology</a></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16035842" class="extiw" title="d:Q16035842">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/H90">H90</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/H91">H91</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=389">389</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D034381">D034381</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb19942.htm">19942</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm">003044</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994159-overview">article/994159</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Auditory_loss" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Auditory loss">Auditory loss</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hearing_loss" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss">WHO fact sheet on deafness and hearing loss</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430140052/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss">Archived</a> 2018-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing-ear-infections-deafness">National Institute for the Prevention of Deafness and other Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254659/9789241512046-eng.pdf?sequence=1">Global Costs of unaddressed hearing loss and cost-effectiveness of interventions</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization_Composite_International_Diagnostic_Interview" title="World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview">World Health Organization</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512085900/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254659/9789241512046-eng.pdf?sequence=1">Internet archive</a> on 12 May 2020.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/default.html">Occupational Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention</a> U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (6 February 2018).</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Global_Audiology" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Global Audiology">Global Audiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Audiology" title="International Society of Audiology">International Society of Audiology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/International_Ototoxicity_Management_Group_(IOMG)" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:International Ototoxicity Management Group (IOMG)">International Ototoxicity Management Group</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disorders_of_hearing_and_balance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hearing_and_balance" title="Template:Hearing and balance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hearing_and_balance" title="Template talk:Hearing and balance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hearing_and_balance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hearing and balance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disorders_of_hearing_and_balance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disorders of <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hearing loss</a></li> <li>Excessive response <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperacusis" title="Hyperacusis">Hyperacusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonophobia" title="Phonophobia">Phonophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Loss" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loss</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_hearing_loss" title="Conductive hearing loss">Conductive hearing loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otosclerosis" title="Otosclerosis">Otosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_canal_dehiscence_syndrome" title="Superior canal dehiscence syndrome">Superior canal dehiscence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">Sensorineural hearing loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbycusis" title="Presbycusis">Presbycusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_deafness" title="Cortical deafness">Cortical deafness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsyndromic_deafness" title="Nonsyndromic deafness">Nonsyndromic deafness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deafblindness" title="Deafblindness">Deafblindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_syndrome" title="Wolfram syndrome">Wolfram syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usher_syndrome" title="Usher syndrome">Usher syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_hearing_loss" title="Spatial hearing loss">Spatial hearing loss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">Hearing test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinne_test" title="Rinne test">Rinne test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_decay_test" title="Tone decay test">Tone decay test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_test" title="Weber test">Weber test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiometry" title="Audiometry">Audiometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_tone_audiometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure tone audiometry">pure tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_reinforcement_audiometry" title="Visual reinforcement audiometry">visual reinforcement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">Balance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">nystagmus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Balance disorder</a></li> <li>Peripheral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo" title="Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo">Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">Labyrinthitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthine_fistula" title="Labyrinthine fistula">Labyrinthine fistula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dix%E2%80%93Hallpike_test" title="Dix–Hallpike test">Dix–Hallpike test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterberger_test" title="Unterberger test">Unterberger test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romberg%27s_test" title="Romberg's test">Romberg's test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo%E2%80%93ocular_reflex" title="Vestibulo–ocular reflex">Vestibulo–ocular reflex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_outer_and_middle_ear" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outer_and_middle_ear_disease" title="Template:Outer and middle ear disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outer_and_middle_ear_disease" title="Template talk:Outer and middle ear disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outer_and_middle_ear_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outer and middle ear disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_outer_and_middle_ear" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ear_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear disease">Diseases of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otitis_externa" title="Otitis externa">Otitis externa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomycosis" title="Otomycosis">Otomycosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid">mastoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesteatoma" title="Cholesteatoma">Cholesteatoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube_dysfunction" title="Eustachian tube dysfunction">Eustachian tube dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patulous_Eustachian_tube" title="Patulous Eustachian tube">Patulous Eustachian tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoiditis" title="Mastoiditis">Mastoiditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezold%27s_abscess" title="Bezold's abscess">Bezold's abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradenigo%27s_syndrome" title="Gradenigo's syndrome">Gradenigo's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Otitis media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforated_eardrum" title="Perforated eardrum">Perforated eardrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanosclerosis" title="Tympanosclerosis">Tympanosclerosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear_pain" title="Ear pain">Ear pain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hearing loss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otoscope" title="Otoscope">Otoscope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_otoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic 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