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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Natural occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicted_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicted_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Predicted properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predicted_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Predicted properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Predicted_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relativistic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relativistic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Relativistic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relativistic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_and_atomic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_atomic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Physical and atomic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_atomic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Experimental chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hassium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" > 133 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%80%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሀሲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሀሲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हैसियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हैसियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هاسيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاسيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hassio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hassiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hassiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="হ্যাসিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যাসিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Хасій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хасій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Гас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हस्सियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हस्सियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasyo" title="Hasyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hasyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хасий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хасий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧ་སིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧ་སིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasij" title="Hasij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hasij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasiom" title="Hasiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hasiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hassi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хассий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хассий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassyo" title="Hassyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hassyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Hassiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasiwm" title="Hasiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hasiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هاسيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هاسيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Χάσιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хассий – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хассий" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasio" title="Hasio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hasio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasio" title="Hasio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hasio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hassio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="هاسیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاسیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Hassi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haisiam" title="Haisiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Haisiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hassio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="હેસીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હેસીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хассиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хассиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%8A%98" title="하슘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하슘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հասիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հասիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हैसियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैसियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasij" title="Hasij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hasij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasio" title="Hasio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hasio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hasium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmHasambi" title="UmHasambi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmHasambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hassio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="האסיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האסיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Has%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Hasɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hasɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಾಸ್ಸಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾಸ್ಸಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჰასიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰასიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хассий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хассий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiom" title="Hassiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hassiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hassi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хассий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Хассий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asy%C3%B2m" title="Asyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasiy%C3%BBm" title="Hasiyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hasiyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хассий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хассий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хассий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хассий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasijs" title="Hasijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hasijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasis" title="Hasis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hasis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Hassio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrxasi" title="jinmrxasi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrxasi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasszium" title="Hasszium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hasszium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хасиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хасиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹാസ്സിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാസ്സിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हासियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हासियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هاسيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاسيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hasium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Хасси – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хасси" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဟက်စ်စီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟက်စ်စီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ह्यासियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्यासियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ह्यासियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यासियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ハッシウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハッシウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xassiy" title="Xassiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xassiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ह्यासियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ह्यासियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ہاسیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہاسیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هاسيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هاسيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Has" title="Has – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Has" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ssio" title="Hássio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hássio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hassiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasyu" title="Hasyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hasyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хассий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хассий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हसियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हसियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0ssiu" title="Hàssiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hàssiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiumi" title="Hassiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hassiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hassiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1sium" title="Hásium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hásium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasij" title="Hasij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hasij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasiyaam" title="Hasiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hasiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ھاسیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاسیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хасијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хасијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasijum" title="Hasijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hasijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hassium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 108 (Hs)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Hassium, 108Hs</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Hassium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhæsiəm/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/Hassium2009.ogg\/Hassium2009.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hassium2009.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Hassium2009.ogg/Hassium2009.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hassium2009.ogg" title="File:Hassium2009.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HASS-ee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[271] (data not decisive)<a href="#cite_note-most_stable_isotope-4">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Hassium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> ↑ Hs ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a> ← hassium → <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">108</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f14 6d6 7s2<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061672-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">solid (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Oestlin-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">27–29 g/cm3 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-density-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-kratz-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: (none) (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 730 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1760 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2830 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#hassium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061673-10">[9]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 126 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> (estimated)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061691-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">134 pm (estimated)<a href="#cite_note-rsc-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure for hassium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div> (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Oestlin-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54037-57-9 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after Hassia, Latin for <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, Germany, where it was discovered<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-13">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung</a> (1984)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hassium" title="Isotopes of hassium">Isotopes of hassium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_hassium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox hassium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_hassium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox hassium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-14">[13]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">269Hs </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium-265" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium-265">265Sg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">270Hs </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.6 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">266Sg </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">271Hs </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">46 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">267Sg </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">277mHs </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">130 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hassium" title="Category:Hassium">Category: Hassium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_hassium" title="Template:Infobox hassium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_hassium" title="Template talk:Infobox hassium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_hassium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox hassium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hassium is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Hs and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 108. It is highly <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>: its most stable known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> have <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a> of approximately ten seconds.<a href="#cite_note-most_stable_isotope-4">[a]</a> One of its isotopes, 270Hs, has <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">magic numbers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> for deformed nuclei, giving it greater stability against <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>. Hassium is a <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy element</a>; it has been <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">produced in a laboratory</a> in very small quantities by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusing</a> heavy nuclei with lighter ones. Natural occurrences of the element have been hypothesised but never found. In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table (standard)">periodic table</a> of elements, hassium is a <a href="/wiki/Transactinide_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactinide element">transactinide element</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Period_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7">7th period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_8_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 8 elements">group 8</a>; it is thus the sixth member of the 6d series of <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that hassium behaves as the heavier <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homologue</a> to <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, reacting readily with oxygen to form a volatile <a href="/wiki/Tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetroxide">tetroxide</a>. The chemical properties of hassium have been only partly characterized, but they compare well with the <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> of the other group 8 elements. The principal innovation that led to the discovery of hassium was the technique of cold fusion, in which the fused nuclei did not differ by mass as much as in earlier techniques. It relied on greater stability of target nuclei, which in turn decreased excitation energy. This decreased the number of neutron ejections during synthesis, creating heavier, more stable resulting nuclei. The technique was first tested at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> (JINR) in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, in 1974. JINR used this technique to attempt synthesis of element 108 in 1978, in 1983, and in 1984; the latter experiment resulted in a claim that element 108 had been produced. Later in 1984, a synthesis claim followed from the <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung</a> (GSI) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. The 1993 report by the Transfermium Working Group, formed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a>, concluded that the report from Darmstadt was conclusive on its own whereas that from Dubna was not, and major credit was assigned to the German scientists. GSI formally announced they wished to name the element hassium after the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of Hesse (Hassia in Latin), home to the facility in 1992; this name was accepted as final in 1997. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction_to_the_heaviest_elements">Introduction to the heaviest elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction to the heaviest elements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element#Introduction" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy element § Introduction</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superheavy_element&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis_of_superheavy_nuclei">Synthesis of superheavy nuclei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Synthesis of superheavy nuclei">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/220px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/330px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/440px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A graphic depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.</figcaption></figure> A superheavy<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size<a href="#cite_note-21">[c]</a> into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, the greater the possibility that the two react.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Bloomberg-22">[19]</a> The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the <a href="/wiki/Particle_beam" title="Particle beam">beam</a> of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fuse</a> into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">electrostatic repulsion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a> can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">accelerated</a> in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-23">[20]</a> The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-23">[20]</a> Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for about 10−20 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> This happens because during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-23">[20]</a> Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a>—the probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur.<a href="#cite_note-26">[d]</a> This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling#Nuclear_fusion" title="Quantum tunnelling">tunnel</a> through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-23">[20]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YovAFlzFtzg">Visualization</a> of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The resulting merger is an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a>—termed a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction#Compound_nuclear_reactions" title="Nuclear reaction">compound nucleus</a>—and thus it is very unstable.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-23">[20]</a> To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> without formation of a more stable nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_CzechNuclear-29">[25]</a> Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>. This happens in about 10−16 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_CzechNuclear-29">[25]</a> The definition by the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> (JWP) states that a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decayed</a> within 10−14 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and thus display its chemical properties.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decay_and_detection">Decay and detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Decay and detection">edit</a>]</div> The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-33">[28]</a> In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products)<a href="#cite_note-36">[f]</a> and transferred to a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_detector" title="Semiconductor detector">surface-barrier detector</a>, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-33">[28]</a> The transfer takes about 10−6 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20133-37">[31]</a> The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the <a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">energy</a>, and the time of the decay are measured.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-33">[28]</a> Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432-38">[32]</a> Total <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">binding energy</a> provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsAlpha-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-40">[34]</a> Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically predicted<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> and have so far been observed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-129–030001-138-42">[36]</a> to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[g]</a> Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-45">[38]</a> and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-125-46">[39]</a> In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding <a href="/wiki/Rectangular_potential_barrier" title="Rectangular potential barrier">energy barriers</a> for each mode, but they can be tunneled through.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsAlpha-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-40">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Apparatus for creation of superheavy elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/440px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/660px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/880px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of an apparatus for creation of superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the <a href="/wiki/Flerov_Laboratory_of_Nuclear_Reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions">Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions</a> in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">dipole magnet</a> in the former and <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_magnet" title="Quadrupole magnet">quadrupole magnets</a> in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Aksenov-47">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because the mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432–433-48">[41]</a> Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-40">[34]</a> As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (element 92) to <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> (element 102),<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-49">[42]</a> and by 30 orders of magnitude from <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> (element 90) to <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> (element 100).<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> The earlier <a href="/wiki/Liquid_drop_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid drop model">liquid drop model</a> thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Fission_barrier" title="Fission barrier">fission barrier</a> for nuclei with about 280 nucleons.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian04-51">[44]</a> The later <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shell model</a> suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">island of stability</a> in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian04-51">[44]</a> Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei,<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> as well as those closer to the expected island,<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-49">[42]</a> have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-54">[h]</a> Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined.<a href="#cite_note-58">[i]</a> (That all decays within a decay chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.)<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-33">[28]</a> The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the emitted particle).<a href="#cite_note-59">[j]</a> Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.<a href="#cite_note-62">[k]</a> The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.<a href="#cite_note-68">[l]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">Discovery of the chemical elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Timeline of chemical element discoveries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Apparatus for creating superheavy elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/440px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/660px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/880px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of an apparatus for creating superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the <a href="/wiki/Flerov_Laboratory_of_Nuclear_Reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions">Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions</a> in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">dipole magnet</a> in the former and <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_magnet" title="Quadrupole magnet">quadrupole magnets</a> in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-69">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_fusion">Cold fusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cold fusion">edit</a>]</div> Nuclear reactions used in the 1960s resulted in high excitation energies that required expulsion of four or five neutrons; these reactions used targets made of elements with high atomic numbers to maximize the size difference between the two nuclei in a reaction. While this increased the chance of fusion due to the lower electrostatic repulsion between the target and the projectile, the formed compound nuclei often broke apart and did not survive to form a new element. Moreover, fusion processes inevitably produce neutron-poor nuclei, as heavier elements require more neutrons per proton to maximize stability;<a href="#cite_note-72">[m]</a> therefore, the necessary ejection of neutrons results in final products with typically have shorter <a href="/wiki/Exponential_decay#Mean_lifetime" title="Exponential decay">lifetimes</a>. As such, light beams (six to ten protons) allowed synthesis of elements only up to <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">106</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oganessian122-73">[60]</a> To advance to heavier elements, Soviet physicist <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> (JINR) in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, proposed a different mechanism, in which the bombarded nucleus would be lead-208, which has <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">magic numbers</a> of protons and neutrons, or another nucleus close to it.<a href="#cite_note-Oganessian04-74">[61]</a> Each proton and neutron has a fixed value of <a href="/wiki/Rest_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest energy">rest energy</a>; those of all protons are equal and so are those of all neutrons. In a nucleus, some of this energy is diverted to binding protons and neutrons; if a nucleus has a magic number of protons and/or neutrons, then even more of its rest energy is diverted, which gives the nuclide additional stability. This additional stability requires more energy for an external nucleus to break the existing one and penetrate it.<a href="#cite_note-coldfusion77-75">[62]</a> More energy diverted to binding nucleons means less rest energy, which in turn means less mass (mass is proportional to rest energy). More equal atomic numbers of the reacting nuclei result in greater electrostatic repulsion between them, but the lower <a href="/wiki/Mass_excess" title="Mass excess">mass excess</a> of the target nucleus balances it.<a href="#cite_note-Oganessian04-74">[61]</a> This leaves less excitation energy for the newly created compound nucleus, which necessitates fewer neutron ejections to reach a stable state.<a href="#cite_note-coldfusion77-75">[62]</a> Because of this energy difference, the former mechanism became known as "hot fusion" and the latter as "cold fusion".<a href="#cite_note-76">[63]</a> Cold fusion was first declared successful in 1974 at JINR, when it was tested for synthesis of the yet-undiscovered element 106.<a href="#cite_note-coldfusion77-75">[62]</a> These new nuclei were projected to decay via spontaneous fission. The physicists at JINR concluded element 106 was produced in the experiment because no fissioning nucleus known at the time showed parameters of fission similar to what was observed during the experiment and because changing either of the two nuclei in the reactions negated the observed effects. Physicists at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL; originally Radiation Laboratory, RL, and later <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>, LBNL) of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States, also expressed great interest in the new technique.<a href="#cite_note-coldfusion77-75">[62]</a> When asked about how far this new method could go and if lead targets were a physics' <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike</a>, Oganessian responded, "Klondike may be an exaggeration [...] But soon, we will try to get elements <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">107</a> ... 108 in these reactions."<a href="#cite_note-coldfusion77-75">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports">Reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reports">edit</a>]</div> The synthesis of element 108 was first attempted in 1978 by a research team led by Oganessian at the JINR. The team used a reaction that would generate element 108, specifically, the isotope 270108,<a href="#cite_note-77">[n]</a> from fusion of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> (specifically, the isotope 226 88Ra ) and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (48 20Ca ). The researchers were uncertain in interpreting their data, and their paper did not unambiguously claim to have discovered the element.<a href="#cite_note-78">[64]</a> The same year, another team at JINR investigated the possibility of synthesis of element 108 in reactions between <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (208 82Pb ) and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (58 26Fe ); they were uncertain in interpreting the data, suggesting the possibility that element 108 had not been created.<a href="#cite_note-79">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GSI,_Darmstadt,_Juli_2015_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="GSI's particle accelerator UNILAC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GSI%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Juli_2015_%284%29.JPG/250px-GSI%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Juli_2015_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GSI%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Juli_2015_%284%29.JPG/375px-GSI%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Juli_2015_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GSI%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Juli_2015_%284%29.JPG/500px-GSI%2C_Darmstadt%2C_Juli_2015_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>GSI's linear <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> UNILAC, where hassium was discovered<a href="#cite_note-80">[66]</a> and where its chemistry was first observed<a href="#cite_note-81">[67]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1983, new experiments were performed at JINR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber_et_al.19931790-82">[68]</a> The experiments probably resulted in the synthesis of element 108; <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> (209 83Bi ) was bombarded with <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (55 25Mn ) to obtain 263108, lead (207 82Pb , 208 82Pb ) was bombarded with iron (58 26Fe ) to obtain 264108, and <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> (249 98Cf ) was bombarded with <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> (22 10Ne ) to obtain 270108.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-13">[12]</a> These experiments were not claimed as a discovery and Oganessian announced them in a conference rather than in a written report.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber_et_al.19931790-82">[68]</a> In 1984, JINR researchers in Dubna performed experiments set up identically to the previous ones; they bombarded bismuth and lead targets with ions of lighter elements manganese and iron, respectively. Twenty-one spontaneous fission events were recorded; the researchers concluded they were caused by 264108.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber_et_al.19931791-83">[69]</a> Later in 1984, a research team led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Armbruster" title="Peter Armbruster">Peter Armbruster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Gottfried Münzenberg">Gottfried Münzenberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung</a> (GSI; Institute for Heavy Ion Research) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, attempted to create element 108. The team bombarded a lead (208 82Pb ) target with accelerated iron (58 26Fe ) nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-84Mu01-84">[70]</a> GSI's experiment to create element 108 was delayed until after their creation of <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">element 109</a> in 1982, as prior calculations had suggested that <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei#Even_proton,_even_neutron" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">even–even</a> isotopes of element 108 would have spontaneous fission half-lives of less than one <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microsecond</a>, making them difficult to detect and identify.<a href="#cite_note-GSIrecollection-85">[71]</a> The element 108 experiment finally went ahead after 266109 had been synthesized and was found to decay by alpha emission, suggesting that isotopes of element 108 would do likewise, and this was corroborated by an experiment aimed at synthesizing isotopes of element 106. GSI reported synthesis of three atoms of 265108. Two years later, they reported synthesis of one atom of the even–even 264108.<a href="#cite_note-GSIrecollection-85">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitration">Arbitration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arbitration">edit</a>]</div> In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a> (IUPAP) formed the Transfermium Working Group (TWG) to assess <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discoveries</a> and establish final names for elements with atomic numbers greater than 100. The party held meetings with delegates from the three competing institutes; in 1990, they established criteria for recognition of an element and in 1991, they finished the work of assessing discoveries and disbanded. These results were published in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber_et_al.19931757-86">[72]</a> According to the report, the 1984 works from JINR and GSI simultaneously and independently established synthesis of element 108. Of the two 1984 works, the one from GSI was said to be sufficient as a discovery on its own. The JINR work, which preceded the GSI one, "very probably" displayed synthesis of element 108. However, that was determined in retrospect given the work from Darmstadt; the JINR work focused on chemically identifying remote granddaughters of element 108 isotopes (which could not exclude the possibility that these daughter isotopes had other progenitors), while the GSI work clearly identified the decay path of those element 108 isotopes. The report concluded that the major credit should be awarded to GSI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber_et_al.19931791-83">[69]</a> In written responses to this ruling, both JINR and GSI agreed with its conclusions. In the same response, GSI confirmed that they and JINR were able to resolve all conflicts between them.<a href="#cite_note-1993_responses-87">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></div> Historically, a newly discovered element was named by its discoverer. The first regulation came in 1947, when IUPAC decided naming required regulation in case there are conflicting names.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC2002-88">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[o]</a> These matters were to be resolved by the Commission of Inorganic Nomenclature and the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">Commission of Atomic Weights</a>. They would review the names in case of a conflict and select one; the decision would be based on a number of factors, such as usage, and would not be an indicator of priority of a claim. The two commissions would recommend a name to the IUPAC Council, which would be the final authority.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC2002-88">[74]</a> The discoverers held the right to name an element, but their name would be subject to approval by IUPAC.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC2002-88">[74]</a> The Commission of Atomic Weights distanced itself from element naming in most cases.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC2002-88">[74]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements</a>, hassium would be known as "eka-<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>", as in "the first element below osmium in the periodic table" (from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> eka meaning "one"). In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called "unniloctium" and assigned the corresponding symbol of "Uno",<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC1979-90">[75]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">placeholder</a> until the element was discovered and the discovery then confirmed, and a permanent name was decided. Although these recommendations were widely followed in the chemical community, the competing physicists in the field ignored them.<a href="#cite_note-91">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199730-92">[77]</a> They either called it "element 108", with the symbols E108, (108) or 108, or used the proposed name "hassium".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061653-93">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of the German state of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, after which hassium is named</figcaption></figure> In 1990, in an attempt to break a deadlock in establishing priority of discovery and naming of several elements, IUPAC reaffirmed in its <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry">nomenclature of inorganic chemistry</a> that after existence of an element was established, the discoverers could propose a name. (In addition, the Commission of Atomic Weights was excluded from the naming process.) The first publication on criteria for an element discovery, released in 1991, specified the need for recognition by TWG.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC2002-88">[74]</a> Armbruster and his colleagues, the officially recognized German discoverers, held a naming ceremony for the elements 107 through 109, which had all been recognized as discovered by GSI, on 7 September 1992. For element 108, the scientists proposed the name "hassium".<a href="#cite_note-94">[79]</a> It is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latin</a> name Hassia for the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of Hesse where the institute is located.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-1993_responses-87">[73]</a> This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992.<a href="#cite_note-1993_responses-87">[73]</a> The process of naming of element 108 was a part of a larger process of naming a number of elements starting with <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">element 101</a>; three teams—JINR, GSI, and LBL—claimed discoveries of several elements and the right to name those elements. Sometimes, these claims clashed; since a discoverer was considered entitled to naming of an element, conflicts over priority of discovery often resulted in conflicts over names of these new elements. These conflicts became known as the <a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[80]</a> Different suggestions to name the whole set of elements from 101 onward and they occasionally assigned names suggested by one team to be used for elements discovered by another.<a href="#cite_note-97">[p]</a> However, not all suggestions were met with equal approval; the teams openly protested naming proposals on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000385–394-98">[82]</a> In 1994, IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry recommended that element 108 be named "hahnium" (Hn) after the German physicist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> so elements named after Hahn and <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> (it was recommended element 109 should be named meitnerium, following GSI's suggestion) would be next to each other, honouring their joint discovery of nuclear fission;<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC94-99">[83]</a> IUPAC commented that they felt the German suggestion was obscure.<a href="#cite_note-100">[84]</a> GSI protested, saying this proposal contradicted the long-standing convention of giving the discoverer the right to suggest a name;<a href="#cite_note-GSI97-101">[85]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> supported GSI.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-13">[12]</a> The name "hahnium", albeit with the different symbol Ha, had already been proposed and used by the American scientists for <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">element 105</a>, for which they had a discovery dispute with JINR; they thus protested the confusing scrambling of names.<a href="#cite_note-102">[86]</a> Following the uproar, IUPAC formed an ad hoc committee of representatives from the national adhering organizations of the three countries home to the competing institutions; they produced a new set of names in 1995. Element 108 was again named hahnium; this proposal was also retracted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000392–394-103">[87]</a> The final compromise was reached in 1996 and published in 1997; element 108 was named hassium (Hs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000394–395-104">[88]</a> Simultaneously, the name dubnium (Db; from Dubna, the JINR location) was assigned to element 105, and the name hahnium was not used for any element.<a href="#cite_note-Bera1999-105">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[q]</a> The official justification for this naming, alongside that of <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a> for element 110, was that it completed a set of geographic names for the location of the GSI; this set had been initiated by 19th-century names <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>. This set would serve as a response to earlier naming of <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, californium, and <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> for elements discovered in Berkeley. Armbruster commented on this, "this bad tradition<a href="#cite_note-109">[r]</a> was established by Berkeley. We wanted to do it for Europe."<a href="#cite_note-PeriodicTales-110">[92]</a> Later, when commenting on the naming of <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">element 112</a>, Armbruster said, "I did everything to ensure that we do not continue with German scientists and German towns."<a href="#cite_note-PeriodicTales-110">[92]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hassium" title="Isotopes of hassium">Isotopes of hassium</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;max-width:100%; font-size: 85%"> <caption>List of hassium isotopes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Isotopes_summary" title="Template:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Isotopes_summary" title="Template talk:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Isotopes_summary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Isotope </th> <th colspan="2">Half-life<a href="#cite_note-111">[s]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[t]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Decay mode </th> <th rowspan="2">Discovery year<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133-114">[94]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Discovery reaction<a href="#cite_note-thoennessen2016-115">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[u]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th> <th class="unsortable">ref </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">263Hs </th> <td>760 μs</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133-114">[94]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:left">208Pb(56Fe,n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">264Hs </th> <td>540 μs</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133-114">[94]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">1986 </td> <td style="text-align:left">207Pb(58Fe,n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">265Hs </th> <td>1.96 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133-114">[94]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">1984 </td> <td style="text-align:left">208Pb(58Fe,n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">265mHs </th> <td>360 μs</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133-114">[94]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1995 </td> <td style="text-align:left">208Pb(58Fe,n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">266Hs </th> <td>3.02 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133-114">[94]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2001 </td> <td style="text-align:left">270Ds(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">266mHs </th> <td>280 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133-114">[94]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2011 </td> <td style="text-align:left">270mDs(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">267Hs </th> <td>55 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-134-112">[93]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1995 </td> <td style="text-align:left">238U(34S,5n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">267mHs </th> <td>990 μs</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-134-112">[93]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:left">238U(34S,5n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">268Hs </th> <td>1.42 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-134-112">[93]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:left">238U(34S,4n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">269Hs </th> <td>13 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ds2024-117">[96]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1996 </td> <td style="text-align:left">277Cn(—,2α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">269mHs </th> <td>2.8 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ds2024-117">[96]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, <a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">IT</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2024 </td> <td style="text-align:left">273Ds(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">270Hs </th> <td>7.6 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-134-112">[93]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2003 </td> <td style="text-align:left">248Cm(26Mg,4n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">271Hs </th> <td>46 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ds2024-117">[96]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2008 </td> <td style="text-align:left">248Cm(26Mg,3n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">271mHs </th> <td>7.1 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ds2024-117">[96]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, IT </td> <td style="text-align:center">2024 </td> <td style="text-align:left">275Ds(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">272Hs </th> <td>160 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-276Ds-2023-118">[97]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left">276Ds(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">273Hs </th> <td>510 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PuCa2017-119">[98]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:left">285Fl(—,3α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">275Hs </th> <td>600 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PuCa2022-120">[99]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:left">287Fl(—,3α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">277Hs </th> <td>12 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-136-3">[3]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:left">289Fl(—,3α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">277mHs </th> <td>130 s<a href="#cite_note-unconfirmed-121">[v]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-136-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[100]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:left">293mLv(—,4α) </td></tr></tbody></table> Hassium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. As of 2019, the quantity of all hassium ever produced was on the order of hundreds of atoms.<a href="#cite_note-123">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[102]</a> Thirteen isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 263 to 277 (with the exceptions of 274 and 276) have been reported, six of which—hassium-265, -266, -267, -269, -271, and -277—have known <a href="/wiki/Metastable_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable state">metastable states</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133–030001-136-125">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[w]</a> although that of hassium-277 is unconfirmed.<a href="#cite_note-gsi122-127">[104]</a> Most of these isotopes decay predominantly through alpha decay; this is the most common for all isotopes for which comprehensive decay characteristics are available, the only exception being hassium-277, which undergoes spontaneous fission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-133–030001-136-125">[103]</a> Lighter isotopes were usually synthesized by direct fusion between two lighter nuclei, whereas heavier isotopes were typically observed as decay products of nuclei with larger atomic numbers.<a href="#cite_note-thoennessen2016-115">[95]</a> Atomic nuclei have well-established nuclear shells, and the existence of these shells provides nuclei with additional stability. If a nucleus has certain numbers of protons or neutrons, called magic numbers, that complete certain nuclear shells, then the nucleus is even more stable against decay. The highest known magic numbers are 82 for protons and 126 for neutrons. This notion is sometimes expanded to include additional numbers between those magic numbers, which also provide some additional stability and indicate closure of "sub-shells". In contrast to the better-known lighter nuclei, superheavy nuclei are deformed. Until the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_drop_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid drop model">liquid drop model</a> was the dominant explanation for nuclear structure. It suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Fission_barrier" title="Fission barrier">fission barrier</a> would disappear for nuclei with about 280 nucleons.<a href="#cite_note-BrusselsSF-128">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oganessian042-129">[106]</a> It was thus thought that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly before nuclei could form a structure that could stabilize them;<a href="#cite_note-Oganessian122-73">[60]</a> it appeared that nuclei with Z ≈ 103<a href="#cite_note-130">[x]</a> were too heavy to exist for a considerable length of time.<a href="#cite_note-131">[107]</a> The later <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shell model</a> suggested that nuclei with about three hundred nucleons would form an <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">island of stability</a> in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives,<a href="#cite_note-BrusselsSF-128">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oganessian042-129">[106]</a> and the next <a href="/wiki/Doubly_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly magic">doubly magic</a> nucleus (having magic numbers of both protons and neutrons) is expected to lie in the center of the island of stability in the vicinity of Z = 110–114 and the predicted magic <a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">neutron number</a> N = 184. Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated. They also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects, against alpha decay and especially against spontaneous fission.<a href="#cite_note-Oganessian042-129">[106]</a> The center of the region on a chart of nuclides that would correspond to this stability for deformed nuclei was determined as 270Hs, with 108 expected to be a magic number for protons for deformed nuclei—nuclei that are far from spherical—and 162 a magic number for neutrons for such nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-132">[108]</a> Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei,<a href="#cite_note-133">[109]</a> as well as those closer to the expected island,<a href="#cite_note-Oganessian122-73">[60]</a> have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei. Theoretical models predict a region of instability for some hassium isotopes to lie around A = 275<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner201311–12-134">[110]</a> and N = 168–170, which is between the predicted neutron shell closures at N = 162 for deformed nuclei and N = 184 for spherical nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-2012e1172-135">[111]</a> Nuclides within this region are predicted to have low fission barrier heights, resulting in short <a href="/wiki/Partial_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial half-life">partial half-lives</a> toward spontaneous fission. This prediction is supported by the observed eleven-millisecond half-life of 277Hs and the five-millisecond half-life of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Isobar_(nuclide)" title="Isobar (nuclide)">isobar</a> 277Mt because the hindrance factors from the <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">odd nucleon</a> were shown to be much lower than otherwise expected. The measured half-lives are even lower than those originally predicted for the even–even 276Hs and 278Ds, which suggests a gap in stability away from the shell closures and perhaps a weakening of the shell closures in this region.<a href="#cite_note-2012e1172-135">[111]</a> In 1991, Polish physicists Zygmunt Patyk and Adam Sobiczewski predicted<a href="#cite_note-136">[112]</a> that 108 is a proton magic number for deformed nuclei and 162 is a neutron magic number for such nuclei. This means such nuclei are permanently deformed in their ground state but have high, narrow fission barriers to further deformation and hence relatively long life-times toward spontaneous fission.<a href="#cite_note-Focus2-137">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dvorak2-138">[114]</a> Computational prospects for shell stabilization for 270Hs made it a promising candidate for a deformed doubly magic nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Smolanczuk2-139">[115]</a> Experimental data is scarce, but the existing data is interpreted by the researchers to support the assignment of N = 162 as a magic number. In particular, this conclusion was drawn from the decay data of 269Hs, 270Hs, and 271Hs.<a href="#cite_note-142">[y]</a> In 1997, Polish physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smola%C5%84czuk" title="Robert Smolańczuk">Robert Smolańczuk</a> calculated that the isotope 292Hs may be the most stable superheavy nucleus against alpha decay and spontaneous fission as a consequence of the predicted N = 184 shell closure.<a href="#cite_note-143">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-48Ca-144">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molybdenit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dark reflective crystal of molybdenite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Molybdenit_1.jpg/220px-Molybdenit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Molybdenit_1.jpg/330px-Molybdenit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Molybdenit_1.jpg/440px-Molybdenit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">Molybdenite</a></figcaption></figure> Hassium is not known to occur naturally on Earth; the <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a> of all its known isotopes are short enough that no <a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial</a> hassium would have survived to the present day. This does not rule out the possibility of the existence of unknown, longer-lived isotopes or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a>, some of which could still exist in <a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> quantities if they are long-lived enough. As early as 1914, German physicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Swinne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Swinne (page does not exist)">Richard Swinne</a> proposed element 108 as a source of <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a>. Although Swinne was unable to verify this observation and thus did not claim discovery, he proposed in 1931 the existence of "regions" of long-lived transuranic elements, including one around Z = 108.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh20189–10-145">[120]</a> In 1963, Soviet geologist and physicist Viktor Cherdyntsev, who had previously claimed the existence of primordial <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>-247,<a href="#cite_note-146">[121]</a> claimed to have discovered element 108—specifically the 267108 isotope, which supposedly had a half-life of 400 to 500 million years—in natural <a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">molybdenite</a> and suggested the provisional name sergenium (symbol Sg);<a href="#cite_note-Nikitin-147">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[z]</a> this name takes its origin from the name for the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and was explained as "coming from <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>" for it.<a href="#cite_note-Nikitin-147">[122]</a> His rationale for claiming that sergenium was the heavier homologue to osmium was that minerals supposedly containing sergenium formed <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> oxides when boiled in <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, similarly to osmium.<a href="#cite_note-Kulakov-149">[123]</a> Cherdyntsev's findings were criticized by Soviet physicist Vladimir Kulakov on the grounds that some of the properties Cherdyntsev claimed sergenium had were inconsistent with the then-current nuclear physics. The chief questions raised by Kulakov were that the claimed alpha decay energy of sergenium was many orders of magnitude lower than expected and the half-life given was eight orders of magnitude shorter than what would be predicted for a nuclide alpha-decaying with the claimed decay energy. At the same time, a corrected half-life in the region of 1016 years would be impossible because it would imply the samples contained about a hundred milligrams of sergenium.<a href="#cite_note-Kulakov-149">[123]</a> In 2003, it was suggested that the observed alpha decay with energy 4.5 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a> could be due to a low-energy and strongly enhanced transition between different <a href="/wiki/Hyperdeformation" title="Hyperdeformation">hyperdeformed</a> states of a hassium isotope around 271Hs, thus suggesting that the existence of superheavy elements in nature was at least possible, although unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-150">[124]</a> In 2006, Russian geologist Alexei Ivanov hypothesized that an isomer of 271Hs might have a half-life of around (2.5±0.5)×108 years, which would explain the observation of alpha particles with energies of around 4.4 MeV in some samples of molybdenite and <a href="/wiki/Osmiridium" title="Osmiridium">osmiridium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natural-151">[125]</a> This isomer of 271Hs could be produced from the <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> of 271Bh and 271Sg, which, being homologous to <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> and molybdenum respectively, should occur in molybdenite along with rhenium and molybdenum if they occurred in nature. Because hassium is homologous to osmium, it should occur along with osmium in osmiridium if it occurs in nature. The decay chains of 271Bh and 271Sg are hypothetical and the predicted half-life of this hypothetical hassium isomer is not long enough for any sufficient quantity to remain on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-natural-151">[125]</a> It is possible that more 271Hs may be deposited on the Earth as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> travels through the spiral arms of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>; this would explain excesses of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> found on the ocean floors of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>. However, minerals enriched with 271Hs are predicted to have excesses of its daughters <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> and lead-207; they would also have different proportions of elements that are formed during spontaneous fission, such as <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>. The natural occurrence of hassium in minerals such as molybdenite and osmiride is theoretically possible, but very unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-natural-151">[125]</a> In 2004, JINR started a search for natural hassium in the <a href="/wiki/Modane_Underground_Laboratory" title="Modane Underground Laboratory">Modane Underground Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modane" title="Modane">Modane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, France; this was done underground to avoid interference and false positives from <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-13">[12]</a> In 2008–09, an experiment run in the laboratory resulted in detection of several registered events of neutron multiplicity (number of emitted free neutrons after a nucleus hit has been hit by a neutron and fissioned) above three in natural osmium, and in 2012–13, these findings were reaffirmed in another experiment run in the laboratory. These results hinted natural hassium could potentially exist in nature in amounts that allow its detection by the means of analytical chemistry, but this conclusion is based on an explicit assumption that there is a long-lived hassium isotope to which the registered events could be attributed.<a href="#cite_note-152">[126]</a> Since 292Hs may be particularly stable against alpha decay and spontaneous fission, it was considered as a candidate to exist in nature. This nuclide, however, is predicted to be very unstable toward beta decay and any <a href="/wiki/Beta-stability_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-stability line">beta-stable</a> isotopes of hassium such as 286Hs would be too unstable in the other decay channels to be observed in nature.<a href="#cite_note-48Ca-144">[119]</a> A 2012 search for 292Hs in nature along with its <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homologue</a> osmium at the Maier-Leibnitz Laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Garching_bei_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Garching bei München">Garching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Germany, was unsuccessful, setting an upper limit to its abundance at 3×10−15 grams of hassium per gram of osmium.<a href="#cite_note-spectrometry-153">[127]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predicted_properties">Predicted properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Predicted properties">edit</a>]</div> Various calculations suggest hassium should be the heaviest <a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8 element</a> so far, consistently with the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic law">periodic law</a>. Its properties should generally match those expected for a heavier homologue of osmium; as is the case for all <a href="/wiki/Transactinides" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactinides">transactinides</a>, a few deviations are expected to arise from <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistic effects">relativistic effects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061666–1669-154">[128]</a> Very few properties of hassium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-155">[129]</a> and the fact that hassium (and its parents) decays very quickly. A few singular chemistry-related properties have been measured, such as enthalpy of adsorption of hassium tetroxide, but properties of hassium metal remain unknown and only predictions are available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relativistic_effects">Relativistic effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relativistic effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">Relativistic quantum chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Energy levels of outermost orbitals of Hs and Os" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg/330px-Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg/495px-Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg/660px-Energy_levels_of_outermost_orbitals_of_Hs_and_Os.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Energy levels of outermost orbitals of hassium and osmium atoms in <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolts</a>, with and without taking relativistic effects into account. Note the lack of <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin–orbit splitting">spin–orbit splitting</a> (and thus the lack of distinction between d3/2 and d5/2 orbitals) in nonrelativistic calculations.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">Relativistic effects</a> on hassium should arise due to the high charge of its nuclei, which causes the electrons around the nucleus to move faster—so fast their velocity becomes comparable to the speed of light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061666-156">[130]</a> There are three main effects: the direct relativistic effect, the indirect relativistic effect, and <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin–orbit splitting">spin–orbit splitting</a>. (The existing calculations do not account for <a href="/wiki/Breit_equation" title="Breit equation">Breit interactions</a>, but those are negligible, and their omission can only result in an uncertainty of the current calculations of no more than 2%.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061669-157">[131]</a> As atomic number increases, so does the electrostatic attraction between an electron and the nucleus. This causes the velocity of the electron to increase, which leads to an increase in its <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">mass</a>. This in turn leads to contraction of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a>, most specifically the s and p1/2 orbitals. Their electrons become more closely attached to the atom and harder to pull from the nucleus. This is the direct relativistic effect. It was originally thought to be strong only for the innermost electrons, but was later established to significantly influence valence electrons as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061666–1667-158">[132]</a> Since the s and p1/2 orbitals are closer to the nucleus, they take a bigger portion of the electric charge of the nucleus on themselves ("shield" it). This leaves less charge for attraction of the remaining electrons, whose orbitals therefore expand, making them easier to pull from the nucleus. This is the indirect relativistic effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061667–1668-159">[133]</a> As a result of the combination of the direct and indirect relativistic effects, the Hs+ ion, compared to the neutral atom, lacks a 6d electron, rather than a 7s electron. In comparison, Os+ lacks a 6s electron compared to the neutral atom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061672-5">[4]</a> The ionic radius (in oxidation state +8) of hassium is greater than that of osmium because of the relativistic expansion of the 6p3/2 orbitals, which are the outermost orbitals for an Hs8+ ion (although in practice such highly charged ions would be too polarised in chemical environments to have much reality).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061676-160">[134]</a> There are several kinds of electronic orbitals, denoted by the letters s, p, d, and f (g orbitals are expected to start being chemically active among elements after <a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">element 120</a>). Each of these corresponds to an <a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" title="Azimuthal quantum number">azimuthal quantum number</a> l: s to 0, p to 1, d to 2, and f to 3. Every electron also corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Spin_quantum_number" title="Spin quantum number">spin quantum number</a> s, which may equal either +1/2 or −1/2.<a href="#cite_note-SO_splitting-161">[135]</a> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Total_angular_momentum_quantum_number" title="Total angular momentum quantum number">total angular momentum quantum number</a> j = l + s is equal to j = l ± 1/2 (except for l = 0, for which for both electrons in each orbital j = 0 + 1/2 = 1/2).<a href="#cite_note-SO_splitting-161">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a> of an electron relativistically <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_interaction" title="Spin–orbit interaction">interacts</a> with its orbit, and this interaction leads to a split of a subshell into two with different energies (the one with j = l − 1/2 is lower in energy and thus these electrons more difficult to extract):<a href="#cite_note-162">[136]</a> for instance, of the six 6p electrons, two become 6p1/2 and four become 6p3/2. This is the spin–orbit splitting (sometimes also referred to as subshell splitting or <a href="/wiki/Jj_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Jj coupling">jj coupling</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061668–1669-163">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[aa]</a> It is most visible with p electrons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061669-157">[131]</a> which do not play an important role in the chemistry of hassium,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061673-10">[9]</a> but those for d and f electrons are within the same order of magnitude<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061669-157">[131]</a> (quantitatively, spin–orbit splitting in expressed in energy units, such as <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolts</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SO_splitting-161">[135]</a> These relativistic effects are responsible for the expected increase of the <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a>, decrease of the <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a>, and increase of stability of the +8 oxidation state compared to osmium; without them, the trends would be reversed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061679-166">[139]</a> Relativistic effects decrease the atomization energies of the compounds of hassium because the spin–orbit splitting of the d orbital lowers binding energy between electrons and the nucleus and because relativistic effects decrease <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic character</a> in bonding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061679-166">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_and_atomic">Physical and atomic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physical and atomic">edit</a>]</div> The previous members of group 8 have relatively high melting points: Fe, 1538 °C; <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>, 2334 °C; Os, 3033 °C. Much like them, hassium is predicted to be a solid at room temperature<a href="#cite_note-Oestlin-6">[5]</a> although its melting point has not been precisely calculated. Hassium should crystallize in the <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> structure (c/a = 1.59),<a href="#cite_note-Oestlin-6">[5]</a> similarly to its lighter <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congener</a> osmium.<a href="#cite_note-Oestlin-6">[5]</a> Pure metallic hassium is calculated<a href="#cite_note-Oestlin-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[140]</a> to have a <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a> (resistance to uniform compression) of 450 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a>, comparable with that of <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, 442 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-168">[141]</a> Hassium is expected to be one of the densest of the 118 known elements, with a predicted density of 27–29 g/cm3 vs. the 22.59 g/cm3 measured for osmium.<a href="#cite_note-density-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-kratz-8">[7]</a> The atomic radius of hassium is expected to be around 126 pm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061691-11">[10]</a> Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital, the Hs+ ion is predicted to have an electron configuration of [<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f14 6d5 7s2, giving up a 6d electron instead of a 7s electron, which is the opposite of the behaviour of its lighter homologues. The Hs2+ ion is expected to have an electron configuration of [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s1, analogous to that calculated for the Os2+ ion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061672-5">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>, hassium is calculated to display bonding characteristic for a <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> element, whose bonding will be primarily executed by 6d3/2 and 6d5/2 orbitals; compared to the elements from the previous periods, 7s, 6p1/2, 6p3/2, and 7p1/2 orbitals should be more important.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061677-169">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float: right; margin: 18px; font-size:85%;"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Stable oxidation states in group 8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199727–28-170">[143]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Element </th> <th colspan="8">Stable oxidation states </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a></td> <td></td> <td>    </td> <td>+6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>+3</td> <td>+2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a></td> <td>+8</td> <td></td> <td>+6</td> <td>+5</td> <td>+4</td> <td>+3</td> <td>+2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a></td> <td>+8</td> <td></td> <td>+6</td> <td>+5</td> <td>+4</td> <td>+3</td> <td>+2 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Hassium is the sixth member of the 6d series of transition metals and is expected to be much like the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum group metal">platinum group metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DoiX-171">[144]</a> Some of these properties were confirmed by gas-phase chemistry experiments.<a href="#cite_note-Duellmann-172">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-HsO4-173">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-GSI-Hs-174">[147]</a> The group 8 elements portray a wide variety of oxidation states but ruthenium and osmium readily portray their group oxidation state of +8; this state becomes more stable down the group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199727–28-170">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnard-176">[149]</a> This oxidation state is extremely rare: among stable elements, only ruthenium, osmium, and xenon are able to attain it in reasonably stable compounds.<a href="#cite_note-179">[ab]</a> Hassium is expected to follow its congeners and have a stable +8 state,<a href="#cite_note-HsO4-173">[146]</a> but like them it should show lower stable oxidation states such as +6, +4, +3, and +2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061691-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-hassocene-180">[152]</a> Hassium(IV) is expected to be more stable than hassium(VIII) in aqueous solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061720-181">[153]</a> Hassium should be a rather <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Standard_reduction_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard reduction potential">standard reduction potential</a> for the Hs4+/Hs couple is expected to be 0.4 V.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061691-11">[10]</a> The group 8 elements show a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> chemistry. All the lighter members have known or hypothetical tetroxides, MO4.<a href="#cite_note-FeO4-183">[155]</a> Their oxidizing power decreases as one descends the group. FeO4 is not known due to its extraordinarily large electron affinity—the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule to form a negative ion<a href="#cite_note-184">[156]</a>—which results in the formation of the well-known <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanion</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferrate" title="Ferrate">ferrate(VI)</a>, FeO2− 4.<a href="#cite_note-185">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</a>, RuO4, which is formed by oxidation of ruthenium(VI) in acid, readily undergoes <a href="/wiki/Reduction-oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction-oxidation">reduction</a> to ruthenate(VI), RuO2− 4.<a href="#cite_note-186">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[159]</a> Oxidation of ruthenium metal in air forms the dioxide, RuO2.<a href="#cite_note-188">[160]</a> In contrast, osmium burns to form the stable <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">tetroxide</a>, OsO4,<a href="#cite_note-189">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[162]</a> which complexes with the hydroxide ion to form an osmium(VIII) -ate complex, [OsO4(OH)2]2−.<a href="#cite_note-thompson-191">[163]</a> Therefore, hassium should behave as a heavier homologue of osmium by forming of a stable, very volatile tetroxide HsO4,<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duellmann-172">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-GSI-Hs-174">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061685-192">[164]</a> which undergoes complexation with <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> to form a hassate(VIII), [HsO4(OH)2]2−.<a href="#cite_note-CALLISTO-193">[165]</a> Ruthenium tetroxide and osmium tetroxide are both volatile due to their symmetrical <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral molecular geometry</a> and because they are charge-neutral; hassium tetroxide should similarly be a very volatile solid. The trend of the volatilities of the group 8 tetroxides is experimentally known to be RuO4 < OsO4 > HsO4, which confirms the calculated results. In particular, the calculated <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a>—the energy required for the <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> of atoms, molecules, or ions from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a <a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">surface</a>—of HsO4, −(45.4 ± 1) kJ/mol on <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, agrees very well with the experimental value of −(46 ± 2) kJ/mol.<a href="#cite_note-:1-194">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_chemistry">Experimental chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Experimental chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of ferrocene molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/180px-Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/270px-Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/360px-Ferrocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a>, the cyclopentadienyl rings are in a <a href="/wiki/Staggered_conformation" title="Staggered conformation">staggered conformation</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of ruthenocene molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/180px-Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/270px-Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/360px-Ruthenocene-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In <a href="/wiki/Ruthenocene" title="Ruthenocene">ruthenocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmocene" title="Osmocene">osmocene</a>, the cyclopentadienyl rings are in an <a href="/wiki/Eclipsed_conformation" title="Eclipsed conformation">eclipsed conformation</a>. Hassocene is also predicted to have this structure.</div></div></div></div></div> The first goal for chemical investigation was the formation of the tetroxide; it was chosen because ruthenium and osmium form volatile tetroxides, being the only transition metals to display a stable compound in the +8 oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-195">[167]</a> Despite this selection for gas-phase chemical studies being clear from the beginning,<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a> chemical characterization of hassium was considered a difficult task for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a> Although hassium isotopes were first synthesized in 1984, it was not until 1996 that a hassium isotope long-lived enough to allow chemical studies was synthesized. Unfortunately, this hassium isotope, 269Hs, was synthesized indirectly from the decay of 277Cn;<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a> not only are indirect synthesis methods not favourable for chemical studies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061719-196">[168]</a> but the reaction that produced the isotope 277Cn had a low yield—its cross section was only 1 <a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">pb</a><a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a>—and thus did not provide enough hassium atoms for a chemical investigation.<a href="#cite_note-DoiX-171">[144]</a> Direct synthesis of 269Hs and 270Hs in the reaction 248Cm(26Mg,xn)274−xHs (x = 4 or 5) appeared more promising because the cross section for this reaction was somewhat larger at 7 pb.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a> This yield was still around ten times lower than that for the reaction used for the chemical characterization of <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a> New techniques for irradiation, separation, and detection had to be introduced before hassium could be successfully characterized chemically.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a> Ruthenium and osmium have very similar chemistry due to the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_contraction" title="Lanthanide contraction">lanthanide contraction</a> but iron shows some differences from them; for example, although ruthenium and osmium form stable tetroxides in which the metal is in the +8 oxidation state, iron does not.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FeO4-183">[155]</a> In preparation for the chemical characterization of hassium, research focused on ruthenium and osmium rather than iron<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-chemistry-175">[148]</a> because hassium was expected to be similar to ruthenium and osmium, as the predicted data on hassium closely matched that of those two.<a href="#cite_note-197">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[170]</a> The first chemistry experiments were performed using gas thermochromatography in 2001, using the synthetic osmium radioisotopes 172Os and 173Os as a reference. During the experiment, seven hassium atoms were synthesized using the reactions 248Cm(26Mg,5n)269Hs and 248Cm(26Mg,4n)270Hs. They were then thermalized and oxidized in a mixture of helium and oxygen gases to form <a href="/wiki/Hassium_tetroxide" title="Hassium tetroxide">hassium tetroxide</a> molecules.<a href="#cite_note-Duellmann-172">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-GSI-Hs-174">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061712–1714-199">[171]</a> <dl><dd>Hs + 2 O2 → HsO4</dd></dl> The measured <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(chemistry)" title="Deposition (chemistry)">deposition</a> temperature of hassium tetroxide was higher than that of osmium tetroxide, which indicated the former was the less volatile one, and this placed hassium firmly in group 8.<a href="#cite_note-Duellmann-172">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-GSI-Hs-174">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061714–1715-200">[172]</a> The enthalpy of adsorption for HsO4 measured, −46±2 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a>, was significantly lower than the predicted value, −36.7±1.5 kJ/mol, indicating OsO4 is more volatile than HsO4, contradicting earlier calculations that implied they should have very similar volatilities. For comparison, the value for OsO4 is −39±1 kJ/mol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061714-201">[173]</a> (The calculations that yielded a closer match to the experimental data came after the experiment, in 2008.)<a href="#cite_note-:1-194">[166]</a> It is possible hassium tetroxide interacts differently with <a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">silicon nitride</a> than with <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a>, the chemicals used for the detector; further research is required to establish whether there is a difference between such interactions and whether it has influenced the measurements. Such research would include more accurate measurements of the nuclear properties of 269Hs and comparisons with RuO4 in addition to OsO4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanLeePershina20061714–1715-200">[172]</a> In 2004, scientists reacted hassium tetroxide and sodium hydroxide to form sodium hassate(VIII), a reaction that is well known with osmium. This was the first acid-base reaction with a hassium compound, forming sodium hassate(VIII):<a href="#cite_note-CALLISTO-193">[165]</a> <dl><dd>HsO 4 + 2 <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">NaOH</a> → Na 2[HsO 4(OH) 2]</dd></dl> The team from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a> planned in 2008 to study the electrodeposition of hassium atoms using the new TASCA facility at GSI. Their aim was to use the reaction 226Ra(48Ca,4n)270Hs.<a href="#cite_note-202">[174]</a> Scientists at GSI were hoping to use TASCA to study the synthesis and properties of the hassium(II) compound hassocene, Hs(<a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl" title="Cyclopentadienyl">C5H5</a>)2, using the reaction 226Ra(48Ca,xn). This compound is analogous to the lighter compounds <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenocene" title="Ruthenocene">ruthenocene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osmocene" title="Osmocene">osmocene</a>, and is expected to have the two cyclopentadienyl rings in an <a href="/wiki/Eclipsed_conformation" title="Eclipsed conformation">eclipsed conformation</a> like ruthenocene and osmocene and not in a <a href="/wiki/Staggered_conformation" title="Staggered conformation">staggered conformation</a> like ferrocene.<a href="#cite_note-hassocene-180">[152]</a> Hassocene, which is expected to be a stable and highly volatile compound, was chosen because it has hassium in the low formal oxidation state of +2—although the bonding between the metal and the rings is mostly <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">metallocenes</a>—rather than the high +8 state that had previously been investigated, and relativistic effects were expected to be stronger in the lower oxidation state. The highly symmetrical structure of hassocene and its low number of atoms make relativistic calculations easier.<a href="#cite_note-hassocene-180">[152]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are no experimental reports of hassocene.<a href="#cite_note-203">[175]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-most_stable_isotope-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-most_stable_isotope_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-most_stable_isotope_4-1">b</a> The most stable isotope of hassium cannot be determined based on existing data due to uncertainty that arises from the low number of measurements. The half-life of 271Hs corresponding to one <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> is, based on existing data, 46+56 −16 seconds, whereas that of 269Hs is 13+10 −4 seconds; these measurements have overlapping <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>. It is also possible that 277mHs is more stable than both of these, with its half-life likely being 110±70 seconds, but only one event of decay of this isotope has been registered as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-136-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, an element is called <a href="/wiki/Heavy_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy element">heavy</a> if its atomic number is high; <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">103</a> (although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">100</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">112</a>;<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Superactinide" class="mw-redirect" title="Superactinide">superactinide</a> series).<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common language—isotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> In 2009, a team at the JINR led by Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric 136Xe + 136Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Picobarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Picobarn">pb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, 208Pb + 58Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19+19 -11 pb), as estimated by the discoverers.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_84Mu01-20">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The amount of energy applied to the beam particle to accelerate it can also influence the value of cross section. For example, in the 28 14Si + 1 0n → 28 13Al + 1 1p reaction, cross section changes smoothly from 370 mb at 12.3 MeV to 160 mb at 18.3 MeV, with a broad peak at 13.5 MeV with the maximum value of 380 mb.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BerkeleyNoSF-31">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000334-34">[29]</a> Such separation can also be aided by a <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometry">time-of-flight measurement</a> and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000335-35">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example, <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003439-43">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> It was already known by the 1960s that ground states of nuclei differed in energy and shape as well as that certain magic numbers of nucleons corresponded to greater stability of a nucleus. However, it was assumed that there was no nuclear structure in superheavy nuclei as they were too deformed to form one.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-49">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for superheavy nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a> The first direct measurement of mass of a superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL.<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_C&EN-57">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> If the decay occurred in a vacuum, then since total momentum of an isolated system before and after the decay <a href="/wiki/Momentum#Conservation" title="Momentum">must be preserved</a>, the daughter nucleus would also receive a small velocity. The ratio of the two velocities, and accordingly the ratio of the kinetic energies, would thus be inverse to the ratio of the two masses. The decay energy equals the sum of the known kinetic energy of the alpha particle and that of the daughter nucleus (an exact fraction of the former).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-45">[38]</a> The calculations hold for an experiment as well, but the difference is that the nucleus does not move after the decay because it is tied to the detector. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flerov" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgy Flerov">Georgy Flerov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Distillations-60">[50]</a> a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_coldfusion77-61">[51]</a> In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BerkeleyNoSF-31">[27]</a> They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Distillations-60">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_RSC-63">[52]</a> There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers, nobelium. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-64">[53]</a> The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-64">[53]</a> JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element, joliotium;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201840-65">[54]</a> the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of the element 102 as "hasty").<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_1993_responses-66">[55]</a> This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_1993_responses-66">[55]</a> The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_IUPAC97-67">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Generally, heavier nuclei require more neutrons because as the number of protons increases, so does electrostatic repulsion between them. This repulsion is balanced by the binding energy generated by the strong interaction between quarks within nucleons; it is enough to hold the quarks together in a nucleon together and some of it is left for binding of different nucleons. The more nucleons there are in a nucleus, the more energy there is for binding the nucleons (note that greater total binding energy does not necessarily correspond to greater binding energy per nucleon).<a href="#cite_note-70">[58]</a> However, having too many neutrons per proton, while decreasing electrostatic repulsion per nucleon that negates the binding energy, results in beta decay.<a href="#cite_note-71">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> The superscript number to the left of a chemical symbol refers to the mass of a given nuclide; for instance, 48Ca is the notation for <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">calcium-48</a>. In superheavy element research, elements that have not been assigned a name and a symbol, are often referred to by their atomic numbers in lieu of symbols; if a symbol has been assigned and the number is to be displayed, it is written in subscript to the left of the symbol. 270108 would be 270Hs or 270 108Hs in modern nomenclature (or hassium-270 if spelled out). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> This was intended to resolve not only any future conflicts, but also a number of ones that existed back then: <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>/glucinium, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>/columbium, <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutecium</a>/cassiopeium, <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>/celtium, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>/wolfram, and <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protoactinium</a>/brevium.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC2002-88">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> For example, Armbruster suggested element 107 be named nielsbohrium; JINR used this name for element 105 which they claimed to have discovered. This was meant to honor Oganessian's technique of cold fusion; GSI had asked JINR for permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000337–338,_384-96">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> American physicist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> suggested that name for element 110 on behalf of LBNL in November 1997 after IUPAC surveyed the three main collaborations (GSI, JINR/<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">LLNL</a>, and LBNL) on how they thought the element should be named.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000396–398-107">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Similarly, there are names of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">moscovium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a> for JINR. The only element discovered by <a href="/wiki/RIKEN" class="mw-redirect" title="RIKEN">RIKEN</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wak%C5%8D,_Saitama" title="Wakō, Saitama">Wakō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama Prefecture</a>, Japan, is named <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a> after a Japanese name of Japan. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Different sources give different values for half-lives; the most recently published values are listed. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Few nuclei of each hassium isotope have been synthesized, and thus half-lives of these isotopes cannot be determined very precisely. Therefore, a half-life may be given as the most likely value alongside a confidence interval that corresponds to one standard deviation (such an interval based on future experiments, whose result is yet unknown, contains the true value with a probability of ~68.3%): for example, the value of 1.42 s in the isotope table obtained for 268Hs was listed in the source as 1.42 ±1.13 s, and this value is a modification of the value of 0.38+1.8 −0.17 s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-134-112">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> The notation 208Pb(56Fe,n)263Hs denotes a nuclear reaction between a nucleus of 208Pb that was bombarded with a nucleus of 56Fe; the two fused, and after a single neutron had been emitted, the remaining nucleus was 263Hs. Another notation for this reaction would be 208Pb + 56Fe → 263Hs + n. </li> <li id="cite_note-unconfirmed-121"><a href="#cite_ref-unconfirmed_121-0">^</a> Only one event of decay of this isotope has been registered. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Metastable nuclides are denoted by the letter "m" immediately the mass number, such as in "hassium-277m". </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> The symbol Z refers to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>—number of protons in an atomic nucleus. The symbol N refers to the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">neutron number</a>—number of neutrons in a nucleus. The symbol A refers to the <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a>—number of neutrons and protons in a nucleus combined. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> In particular, the low decay energy for 270Hs matches calculations.<a href="#cite_note-Dvorak2-138">[114]</a> The conclusion for 269Hs was made after its decay data was compared to that of 273Ds; the decay of the latter into the former has an energy sufficiently greater than the decay of the former (11.2 MeV and 9.2 MeV, respectively). The great value of the former energy was explained as a right-to-left crossing of N = 162 (273Ds has 163 neutrons and 269Hs has 161).<a href="#cite_note-140">[116]</a> A similar observation and conclusion were made after measurement of decay energy of 271Hs and 267Sg.<a href="#cite_note-141">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> At the time, this symbol had not yet been taken by seaborgium. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> The spin–orbit interaction is the interaction between the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> caused by the spin of an electron and the effective magnetic field caused by the <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> of a nucleus and movement of an electron orbiting it. (According to the <a href="/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special theory of relativity">special theory of relativity</a>, electric and magnetic fields are both occurrences of common <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic fields</a> that can be seen as more or less electric and more or less magnetic depending on the <a href="/wiki/Reference_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference frame">reference frame</a>. The effective magnetic field from the reference frame of the electron is obtained from the nucleus's electric field after a relativistic transformation from the reference frame of the nucleus.) The splitting occurs because depending on the spin of an electron, it may be either attracted to or repealed by the nucleus; this attraction or repulsion is significantly weaker the electrostatic attraction between them and it can thus only somewhat affect the electron overall.<a href="#cite_note-164">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> While iridium is known to show a +8 state in <a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">iridium tetroxide</a>, as well as a unique +9 state in the iridium tetroxide cation IrO+ 4, the former is known only in <a href="/wiki/Matrix_isolation" title="Matrix isolation">matrix isolation</a> and the latter in the gas phase, and no iridium compounds in such high oxidation states have been synthesized in macroscopic amounts.<a href="#cite_note-177">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[151]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/108.htm">Hassium</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a>. 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Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=Chemical+studies+of+elements+with+Z+%E2%89%A5+104+in+liquid+phase&rft.volume=944&rft.pages=632&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2015.07.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NuPhA.944..614N&rft.aulast=Nagame&rft.aufirst=Yu.&rft.au=Kratz%2C+J.+V.&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4del%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjopss.jaea.go.jp%2Fsearch%2Fservlet%2Fsearch%3F5050598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeO4-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeO4_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeO4_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerfilievSharma2008" class="citation journal cs1">Perfiliev, Yu. D.; Sharma, V. K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106704X10801">"Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization—Ferrates—ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 157–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106704X10801">10.1595/147106704X10801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Higher+Oxidation+States+of+Iron+in+Solid+State%3A+Synthesis+and+Their+M%C3%B6ssbauer+Characterization%E2%80%94Ferrates%E2%80%94ACS+Symposium+Series+%28ACS+Publications%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=157-158&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F147106704X10801&rft.aulast=Perfiliev&rft.aufirst=Yu.+D.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+V.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1595%252F147106704X10801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNičJirátKošataJenkins2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nič, M.; Jirát, J.; Košata, B.; Jenkins, A., eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/E01977.html">"electron affinity, Eea"</a>. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2.1.0 ed.). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.e01977">10.1351/goldbook.e01977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7"><bdi>978-0-9678550-9-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140831071649/http://goldbook.iupac.org/E01977.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2014. 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M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDhpLa1rl44C">"Osmium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofo0003unse">Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety</a>. International Labour Organization. p. 63.34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-2-109816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-2-109816-4"><bdi>978-92-2-109816-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35279504">35279504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osmium&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Occupational+Health+and+Safety&rft.pages=63.34&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organization&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35279504&rft.isbn=978-92-2-109816-4&rft.aulast=Stellman&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDhpLa1rl44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2004" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. 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Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Final+result+of+the+CALLISTO-experiment%3A+Formation+of+sodium+hassate%28VIII%29&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Nuclear+and+Radiochemistry&rft.pages=141-143&rft.pub=Forschungszentrum+J%C3%BClich&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-89336-362-9&rft.aulast=von+Zweidorf&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Angert%2C+R.&rft.au=Br%C3%BCchle%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-windows.gsi.de%2Fsuperheavies%2Fenglish%2Fpublications%2Fpub_images%2Fpub_annual_img%2Fannual_reports_2003%2FSHE_AR_2003_172.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPershinaAntonJacob2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pershina, V.; Anton, J.; Jacob, T. (2008). 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(eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryactinid00katz">The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryactinid00katz/page/n2003">1652</a>–1752. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transactinides+and+the+future+elements&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.pages=1652-1752&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Lee%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Pershina%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryactinid00katz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHassium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKragh2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Kragh" title="Helge Kragh">Kragh, H.</a> (2018). From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75813-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75813-8"><bdi>978-3-319-75813-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Transuranic+to+Superheavy+Elements%3A+A+Story+of+Dispute+and+Creation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75813-8&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHassium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2004" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">Handbook of chemistry and physics</a> (84th ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0566-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0566-5"><bdi>978-0-8493-0566-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+chemistry+and+physics&rft.edition=84th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0566-5&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHassium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagrebaevKarpovGreiner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zagrebaev, V.; Karpov, A.; Greiner, W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001">"Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physics:_Conference_Series" title="Journal of Physics: Conference Series">Journal of Physics: Conference Series</a>. 420 (1): 012001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5700">1207.5700</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.420a2001Z">2013JPhCS.420a2001Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001">10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-6588">1742-6588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55434734">55434734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Future+of+superheavy+element+research%3A+Which+nuclei+could+be+synthesized+within+the+next+few+years%3F&rft.volume=420&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012001&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55434734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JPhCS.420a2001Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1207.5700&rft.issn=1742-6588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001&rft.aulast=Zagrebaev&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Karpov%2C+A.&rft.au=Greiner%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1742-6596%252F420%252F1%252F012001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHassium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hassium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hassium">Hassium</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; 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MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fn5x6","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.111","walltime":"3.415","ppvisitednodes":{"value":48690,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":866674,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":77751,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":643410,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3107.649 1 -total"," 41.91% 1302.495 3 Template:Infobox"," 34.68% 1077.768 1 Template:Infobox_hassium"," 34.63% 1076.040 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 29.99% 932.056 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.72% 581.696 74 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[\"CITEREFDüllmannBrüchleDresslerEberhardt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDüllmannDresslerEichlerGäggeler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDüllmannEichlerEichlerGäggeler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvenKratzMendelWiehl2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGongZhouKauppRiedel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmanMizelCôtéCohen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutsevKhannaRaoJena1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaire2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmenstine2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmanLeePershina2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmannHeinzMannMaurer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmannHeßbergerAckermannMünzenberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulet1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInorganic_Chemistry_Division:_Commission_on_Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanov2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarol1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpovZagrebaevPalenzuelaRuiz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoppenol2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKragh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulakov1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudwigFaestermannKorschinekRugel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariaMarçaloGibson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinovGelbergKolbBrandt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínPalazónRodríguezNevill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMünzenberg,_G.ArmbrusterFolgerHeßberger1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagameKratzSchädel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikitin1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNičJirátKošataJenkins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessian2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOganessian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessian2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianAbdullinAlexanderBinder2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianTer-AkopianPleve1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianUtyonkovIbadullayev2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianUtyonkovShumeiko2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianUtyonkovShumeikoAbdullin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlovaPleveTer-Akop\u0026#039;yanTret\u0026#039;yakova1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatykSobiczewski1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerfilievSharma2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPershinaAntonJacob2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoole-Sawyer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreuss2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScerri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchädel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchädel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchädel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchädelShaughnessy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmolańczuk1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokol2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpavieriMansuripur2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStellman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThayer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson,_M.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUtyonkovBrewerOganessianRykaczewski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangZhouGoettelSchrobilgen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarris1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZagrebaevKarpovGreiner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_ZweidorfAngertBrüchle2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖhrströmHolden2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 16,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Housecroft2nd\"] = 1,\n [\"Hyphen\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox hassium\"] = 1,\n [\"Isotopes summary\"] = 1,\n [\"Isotopes summary/isotope\"] = 19,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NUBASE2020\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 14,\n [\"Nuclide\"] = 14,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 57,\n [\"Sort\"] = 19,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 103,\n [\"Su\"] = 1,\n [\"Thoennessen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","25.9"],["recursiveClone 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