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पृथ्वी - विकिपिडिया
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id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="स्वरूप" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">स्वरूप</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ne.wikipedia.org&uselang=ne" class=""><span>दान गर्नुहोस्</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:CreateAccount&returnto=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="तपाईलाई खाता बनाउन र प्रवेश गर्न हामी प्रोत्साहित गर्छौं; तथापि, यो अनिवार्य भने छैन।" class=""><span>खाता खोल्नुहोस्</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&returnto=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="तपाईलाई प्रवेश गर्न सुझाव दिइन्छ ; तर यो जरुरी भने छैन [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>प्रवेश गर्नुहोस्</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="थप विकल्पहरू" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="व्यक्तिगत औजारहरू" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">व्यक्तिगत औजारहरू</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="प्रयोगकर्ता सुचीपत्र" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ne.wikipedia.org&uselang=ne"><span>दान गर्नुहोस्</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>योगदान गर्नुहोस्</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:CreateAccount&returnto=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="तपाईलाई खाता बनाउन र प्रवेश गर्न हामी प्रोत्साहित गर्छौं; तथापि, यो अनिवार्य भने छैन।"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>खाता खोल्नुहोस्</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&returnto=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="तपाईलाई प्रवेश गर्न सुझाव दिइन्छ ; तर यो जरुरी भने छैन [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>प्रवेश गर्नुहोस्</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> निर्गमन सम्पादकहरूका लागि पृष्ठहरू <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" aria-label="सम्पादन गर्ने बारे थप जान्नुहोस्"><span>थप जान्नुहोस्</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:MyTalk" title="यो IP ठेगानाबाट गरिएका सम्पादनका बारेमा बार्तालाप [n]" accesskey="n"><span>मेरो कुराहरू</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="साइट"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="विषयसूची" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">विषयसूची</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">बाँया खण्डमा सार्नुहोस्</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">लुकाउनुहोस्</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">सुरुवात</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-नाम_तथा_व्युतपत्ति" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#नाम_तथा_व्युतपत्ति"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१</span> <span>नाम तथा व्युतपत्ति</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-नाम_तथा_व्युतपत्ति-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-पृथ्वीको_कालक्रमिक_इतिहास" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#पृथ्वीको_कालक्रमिक_इतिहास"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२</span> <span>पृथ्वीको कालक्रमिक इतिहास</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-पृथ्वीको_कालक्रमिक_इतिहास-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>पृथ्वीको कालक्रमिक इतिहास उपखण्ड सक्षम गर्नुहोस्</span> </button> <ul id="toc-पृथ्वीको_कालक्रमिक_इतिहास-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-निर्माण" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#निर्माण"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.१</span> <span>निर्माण</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-निर्माण-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जीवनको_उत्पत्ति_र_विकास" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जीवनको_उत्पत्ति_र_विकास"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.२</span> <span>जीवनको उत्पत्ति र विकास</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जीवनको_उत्पत्ति_र_विकास-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-संरचनात्मक_गुण" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#संरचनात्मक_गुण"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३</span> <span>संरचनात्मक गुण</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-संरचनात्मक_गुण-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>संरचनात्मक गुण उपखण्ड सक्षम गर्नुहोस्</span> </button> <ul id="toc-संरचनात्मक_गुण-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-रासायनिक_गठन" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#रासायनिक_गठन"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.१</span> <span>रासायनिक गठन</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-रासायनिक_गठन-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-घनत्व" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#घनत्व"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.२</span> <span>घनत्व</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-घनत्व-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-दबाब" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#दबाब"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.३</span> <span>दबाब</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-दबाब-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-तापक्रम" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#तापक्रम"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३.४</span> <span>तापक्रम</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-तापक्रम-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-परिक्रमण_तथा_परिभ्रमण_गति" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#परिक्रमण_तथा_परिभ्रमण_गति"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४</span> <span>परिक्रमण तथा परिभ्रमण गति</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-परिक्रमण_तथा_परिभ्रमण_गति-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>परिक्रमण तथा परिभ्रमण गति उपखण्ड सक्षम गर्नुहोस्</span> </button> <ul id="toc-परिक्रमण_तथा_परिभ्रमण_गति-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-परिभ्रमण_गति" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#परिभ्रमण_गति"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.१</span> <span>परिभ्रमण गति</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-परिभ्रमण_गति-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-परिक्रमण_तथा_पृथ्वीको_कक्ष" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#परिक्रमण_तथा_पृथ्वीको_कक्ष"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.२</span> <span>परिक्रमण तथा पृथ्वीको कक्ष</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-परिक्रमण_तथा_पृथ्वीको_कक्ष-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ऋतु_परिवर्तन" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ऋतु_परिवर्तन"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४.३</span> <span>ऋतु परिवर्तन</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ऋतु_परिवर्तन-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-वासयोग्यता" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#वासयोग्यता"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">५</span> <span>वासयोग्यता</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-वासयोग्यता-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>वासयोग्यता उपखण्ड सक्षम गर्नुहोस्</span> </button> <ul id="toc-वासयोग्यता-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-जीवमण्डल" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जीवमण्डल"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">५.१</span> <span>जीवमण्डल</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जीवमण्डल-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-प्राकृतिक_स्रोत_र_जमिनको_प्रयोग" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#प्राकृतिक_स्रोत_र_जमिनको_प्रयोग"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">५.२</span> <span>प्राकृतिक स्रोत र जमिनको प्रयोग</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-प्राकृतिक_स्रोत_र_जमिनको_प्रयोग-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-प्राकृतिक_तथा_वातावरणीय_समस्या" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#प्राकृतिक_तथा_वातावरणीय_समस्या"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">५.३</span> <span>प्राकृतिक तथा वातावरणीय समस्या</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-प्राकृतिक_तथा_वातावरणीय_समस्या-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-मानवीय_भूगोल" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#मानवीय_भूगोल"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">६</span> <span>मानवीय भूगोल</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-मानवीय_भूगोल-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-चन्द्रमा" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#चन्द्रमा"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">७</span> <span>चन्द्रमा</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-चन्द्रमा-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-क्षुद्रग्रह_तथा_कृतिम_उपग्रहहरू" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#क्षुद्रग्रह_तथा_कृतिम_उपग्रहहरू"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">८</span> <span>क्षुद्रग्रह तथा कृतिम उपग्रहहरू</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-क्षुद्रग्रह_तथा_कृतिम_उपग्रहहरू-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-संस्कृति_तथा_ऐतिहासिक_दृष्टिकोण" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#संस्कृति_तथा_ऐतिहासिक_दृष्टिकोण"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">९</span> <span>संस्कृति तथा ऐतिहासिक दृष्टिकोण</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-संस्कृति_तथा_ऐतिहासिक_दृष्टिकोण-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सन्दर्भ_सामग्रीहरू" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सन्दर्भ_सामग्रीहरू"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१०</span> <span>सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सन्दर्भ_सामग्रीहरू-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-बाह्य_कडीहरू" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#बाह्य_कडीहरू"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">११</span> <span>बाह्य कडीहरू</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-बाह्य_कडीहरू-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="विषयसूची" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="विषयसूची" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="सामग्रीको तालिका सक्षम गर्नुहोस्" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">सामग्रीको तालिका सक्षम गर्नुहोस्</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">पृथ्वी</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="३१२ भाषामा उपलब्ध छ। अर्को भाषाको लेखमा जानुहोस्।" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-312" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">३१२ भाषाहरू</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Адгьыл – अब्खाजियाली" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адгьыл" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="अब्खाजियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumoe" title="Bumoe – अचाइनिज" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bumoe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="अचाइनिज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83" title="ЧӀыгу – अदिघे" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="ЧӀыгу" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="अदिघे" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde – अफ्रिकान्स" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aarde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ्रिकान्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – स्वीस जर्मन" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="स्वीस जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5" title="መሬት – अम्हारिक" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መሬት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="अम्हारिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – अरागोनी" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="अरागोनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%B0e" title="Eorðe – पुरातन अङ्ग्रेजी" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eorðe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="पुरातन अङ्ग्रेजी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liny%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84" title="Linyọn̄ – ओबोलो" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Linyọn̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="ओबोलो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="धरती – अङ्गिका" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="धरती" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="अङ्गिका" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="الأرض – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%90" title="ܐܪܥܐ – अरामाइक" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܪܥܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="अरामाइक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="لأرض – मोरोक्कोली अरबी" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لأرض" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="मोरोक्कोली अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="الارض – इजिप्ट अरबी" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الارض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="इजिप्ट अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%80" title="পৃথিৱী – आसामी" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৃথিৱী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="आसामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – अस्टुरियाली" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्टुरियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aski" title="Aski – आतिकामिको" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Aski" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="आतिकामिको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Ракь (планета) – अवारिक" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ракь (планета)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="अवारिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawava" title="Tawava – कोटावा" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tawava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="कोटावा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – अवधी" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="अवधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka_pacha" title="Aka pacha – ऐमारा" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aka pacha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ऐमारा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer" title="Yer – अजरबैजानी" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="अजरबैजानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="یئر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80" title="Ер – बास्किर" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="बास्किर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumi" title="Gumi – बाली" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gumi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="बाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadn" title="Eadn – बाभारियाली" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eadn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="बाभारियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Žemė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žemė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinaban" title="Kinaban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kinaban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Зямля – बेलारुसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зямля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारुसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Зямля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зямля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – बेटावी" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="बेटावी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя – बुल्गेरियाली" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गेरियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – बन्जार" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="बन्जार" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F" title="ကမ္ဘာႏဟံႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကမ္ဘာႏဟံႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugukolo" title="Dugukolo – बाम्बारा" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dugukolo" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="बाम्बारा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="পৃথিবী – बंगाली" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৃথিবী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="बंगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སའི་གོ་ལ། – तिब्बती" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སའི་གོ་ལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="तिब्बती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douar_(planedenn)" title="Douar (planedenn) – ब्रेटन" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douar (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ब्रेटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_(planeta)" title="Zemlja (planeta) – बोस्नियाली" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemlja (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="बोस्नियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%9A" title="ᨒᨗᨊᨚ – बुगिनियाली" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨒᨗᨊᨚ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="बुगिनियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Дэлхэй – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дэлхэй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – क्याटालन" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="क्याटालन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-gi%C3%B9" title="Dê-giù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-giù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дуьне – चेचेन" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуьне" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="चेचेन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibotan_(planeta)" title="Kalibotan (planeta) – सेबुआनो" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalibotan (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="सेबुआनो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎡᎶᎯ – चेरोकी" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᎶᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="चेरोकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زەوی – मध्यवर्ती कुर्दिस" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="मध्यवर्ती कुर्दिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(pianeta)" title="Terra (pianeta) – कोर्सिकन" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Terra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="कोर्सिकन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya" title="Dünya – क्रिमियाली तुर्क" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dünya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="क्रिमियाली तुर्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C4%9B" title="Země – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Země" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemia" title="Zemia – कासुवियन" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zemia" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="कासुवियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%80%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%A3" title="Ꙁємл҄ѣ – चर्च स्लाभिक" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙁємл҄ѣ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="चर्च स्लाभिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80" title="Çĕр – चुभास" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="चुभास" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Ddaear" title="Y Ddaear – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Ddaear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – डेनिस" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bgbani" title="Tiŋgbani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tiŋgbani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Andonɛɛ – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Andonɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piny_nhom" title="Piny nhom – दिन्का" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piny nhom" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="दिन्का" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1nya" title="Dınya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dınya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemja" title="Zemja – तल्लो सोर्बियन" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zemja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="तल्लो सोर्बियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomogunan" title="Pomogunan – केन्द्रीय दुसुन" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pomogunan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="केन्द्रीय दुसुन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ބިން – दिबेही" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="दिबेही" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84" title="འཛམ་གླིང – जोङ्खा" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="འཛམ་གླིང" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="जोङ्खा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B7" title="Γη – ग्रीक" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ग्रीक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ra" title="Tèra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tèra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – अङ्ग्रेजी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अङ्ग्रेजी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tero" title="Tero – एस्पेरान्तो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरान्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – स्पेनी" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa" title="Maa – इस्टोनियन" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="इस्टोनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – एक्सट्रेमादुराली" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="एक्सट्रेमादुराली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – फारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydi_(tagofeere)" title="Leydi (tagofeere) – फुलाह" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Leydi (tagofeere)" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="फुलाह" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa" title="Maa – फिनिस" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फिनिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_(hod%27ot%C3%A4ht)" title="Maa (hod'otäht) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Maa (hod'otäht)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuravura_(veivuravura)" title="Vuravura (veivuravura) – फिजियन" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vuravura (veivuravura)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="फिजियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8r%C3%B0in" title="Jørðin – फारोज" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jørðin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="फारोज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%9Bk%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Wɛkɛ́ – फोन" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Wɛkɛ́" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="फोन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre" title="Terre – फ्रान्सेली" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ्रान्सेली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra – अर्पितान" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tèrra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="अर्पितान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard" title="Jard – उत्तरी फ्रिजी" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jard" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="उत्तरी फ्रिजी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere" title="Tiere – फ्रिउलियाली" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="फ्रिउलियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierde" title="Ierde – पश्चिमी फ्रिसियन" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="पश्चिमी फ्रिसियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhan" title="Domhan – आइरिस" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Domhan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आइरिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – गान चिनियाँ" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="गान चिनियाँ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8" title="Latè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Latè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Talamh_(planaid)" title="An Talamh (planaid) – स्कटिस गाएलिक" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Talamh (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="स्कटिस गाएलिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – गलिसियाली" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गलिसियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="زيمي – गिलाकी" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زيمي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="गिलाकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvy_(yv%C3%B3ra)" title="Yvy (yvóra) – गुवारानी" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvy (yvóra)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="गुवारानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="धर्तरी – गोवा कोन्कानी" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="धर्तरी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="गोवा कोन्कानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 – गोथिक" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="गोथिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80" title="પૃથ્વી – गुजराती" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પૃથ્વી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="गुजराती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mma" title="Mma – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Mma" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigba" title="Aigba – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Aigba" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Dowan" title="Yn Dowan – मान्क्स" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Dowan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="मान्क्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniya" title="Duniya – हाउसा" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Duniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="हाउसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-khi%C3%B9" title="Thi-khiù – हक्का चिनियाँ" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-khiù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="हक्का चिनियाँ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honua" title="Honua – हवाइयन" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Honua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="हवाइयन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="כדור הארץ – हिब्रु" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כדור הארץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रु" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – हिन्दी" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="हिन्दी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia – फिजी हिन्दी" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dunia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="फिजी हिन्दी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – क्रोयसियाली" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोयसियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemja" title="Zemja – माथिल्लो सोर्बियन" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zemja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="माथिल्लो सोर्बियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8" title="Latè – हैटियाली क्रियोल" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Latè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="हैटियाली क्रियोल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ld" title="Föld – हङ्गेरियाली" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Föld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हङ्गेरियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Երկիր – आर्मेनियाली" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Երկիր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երկիր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – इन्टर्लिङ्गुआ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="इन्टर्लिङ्गुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – इबान" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="इबान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – इन्डोनेसियाली" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इन्डोनेसियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – इन्टरलिङ्ग्वे" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="इन्टरलिङ्ग्वे" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80l%C3%A0" title="Àlà – इग्बो" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Àlà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="इग्बो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunaqpak" title="Nunaqpak – इनुपिआक्" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunaqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="इनुपिआक्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daga_(planeta)" title="Daga (planeta) – इयोको" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Daga (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="इयोको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Лаьтта (дуне) – इन्गस" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лаьтта (дуне)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="इन्गस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tero" title="Tero – इडो" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="इडो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0in" title="Jörðin – आइसल्यान्डियाली" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jörðin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसल्यान्डियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – इटालेली" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इटालेली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%93%87" title="ᓄᓇ – इनुक्टिटुट" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="इनुक्टिटुट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oert" title="Oert – जमैकाली क्रेओले अङ्ग्रेजी" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Oert" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="जमैकाली क्रेओले अङ्ग्रेजी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/terdi" title="terdi – लोज्बान" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="terdi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="लोज्बान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – जाभानी" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="जाभानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90" title="დედამიწა – जर्जियाली" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედამიწა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जर्जियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer" title="Jer – कारा-काल्पाक" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jer" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="कारा-काल्पाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagnit_(Amtiweg)" title="Tagnit (Amtiweg) – काबिल" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagnit (Amtiweg)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="काबिल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D3%80%D1%8B" title="ЩӀы – काबार्दियाली" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩӀы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="काबार्दियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%CA%8B" title="Tɛtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanta" title="Swanta – टुआप" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Swanta" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="टुआप" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntoto" title="Ntoto – कोङ्गो" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ntoto" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="कोङ्गो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%A9" title="Thĩ – किकुयु" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="किकुयु" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жер – काजाख" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="काजाख" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunarsuaq" title="Nunarsuaq – कालालिसुट" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nunarsuaq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="कालालिसुट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ផែនដី – खमेर" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផែនដី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="खमेर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭೂಮಿ – कन्नाडा" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="कन्नाडा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC" title="지구 – कोरियाली" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мушар – कोमी-पर्म्याक" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мушар" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="कोमी-पर्म्याक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джер – काराचाय-बाल्कर" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джер" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="काराचाय-बाल्कर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%95_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="بُتہٕ راتھ – कास्मिरी" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بُتہٕ راتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="कास्मिरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4d_(Planeet)" title="Ääd (Planeet) – कोलोग्नियाली" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Ääd (Planeet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="कोलोग्नियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinya_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Dinya (gerstêrk) – कुर्दी" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dinya (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="कुर्दी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83" title="Му – कोमी" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Му" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="कोमी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor" title="Dor – कोर्निस" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="कोर्निस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жер – किर्गिज" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गिज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellus_(planeta)" title="Tellus (planeta) – ल्याटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tellus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ल्याटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – लाडिनो" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="लाडिनो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erd" title="Äerd – लक्जेम्बर्गी" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerd" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="लक्जेम्बर्गी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Дуниял – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дуниял" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Чил (планета) – लाज्घियाली" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чил (планета)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="लाज्घियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – लिङ्गुवा फ्राङ्का नोभा" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="लिङ्गुवा फ्राङ्का नोभा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensi" title="Ensi – गान्डा" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ensi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="गान्डा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerd" title="Eerd – लिम्बुर्गी" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eerd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="लिम्बुर्गी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6ra" title="Tæra – लिगुरियाली" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tæra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="लिगुरियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – लोम्बार्ड" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="लोम्बार्ड" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel%C3%A9" title="Mabelé – लिङ्गाला" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mabelé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="लिङ्गाला" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Žemė – लिथुआनियाली" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeme" title="Zeme – लाट्गाली" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zeme" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="लाट्गाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeme" title="Zeme – लात्भियाली" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लात्भियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhum%C3%A8" title="Bhumè – मादुरेसे" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhumè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="मादुरेसे" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – मैथिली" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="मैथिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Мода (шары тяште) – मोक्ष" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мода (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="मोक्ष" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tany" title="Tany – मलागासी" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="मलागासी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Мланде (планет) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мланде (планет)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papat%C5%AB%C4%81nuku" title="Papatūānuku – माओरी" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Papatūānuku" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="माओरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – मिनाङकाबाउ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="मिनाङकाबाउ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Земја (планета) – म्यासेडोनियन" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земја (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="म्यासेडोनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ഭൂമി – मलयालम" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="मलयालम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дэлхий – मङ्गोलियाली" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="मङ्गोलियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ – मनिपुरी" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="मनिपुरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%81%A0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD" title="ဂၠးတိ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂၠးတိ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Мӱлӓндӹ (планета) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӱлӓндӹ (планета)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – मलाय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलाय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id-Dinja" title="Id-Dinja – माल्टिज" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Id-Dinja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="माल्टिज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – मिरान्डी" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="मिरान्डी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ် – बर्मेली" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="बर्मेली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Мода (пертпельксэнь вал) – इर्ज्या" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мода (пертпельксэнь вал)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="इर्ज्या" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87" title="بنه – मजानडेरानी" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="मजानडेरानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalticpactli" title="Tlalticpactli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlalticpactli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – नेपोलिटान" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="नेपोलिटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eer" title="Eer – तल्लो जर्मन" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="तल्लो जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerde" title="Eerde – तल्लो साक्सन" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eerde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="तल्लो साक्सन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="प्रिथिबी – नेवारी" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रिथिबी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="नेवारी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet) – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aarde (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorda" title="Jorda – नर्वेली नाइनोर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jorda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नर्वेली नाइनोर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – नर्वेली बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नर्वेली बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tere" title="Tere – नोभियल" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Tere" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="नोभियल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%B1" title="ߘߎ߱ – नको" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߘߎ߱" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="नको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphasi_(iplanethi)" title="Iphasi (iplanethi) – दक्षिण न्देबेले" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Iphasi (iplanethi)" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="दक्षिण न्देबेले" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rre" title="Tèrre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tèrre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefase" title="Lefase – उत्तरी सोथो" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Lefase" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="उत्तरी सोथो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahasdz%C3%A1%C3%A1n" title="Nahasdzáán – नाभाजो" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Nahasdzáán" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="नाभाजो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziko_Lapansi" title="Dziko Lapansi – न्यान्जा" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Dziko Lapansi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="न्यान्जा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra – अक्सिटन" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="अक्सिटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mua" title="Mua – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mua" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafa" title="Lafa – ओरोमो" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ओरोमो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80" title="ପୃଥିବୀ – उडिया" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୃଥିବୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="उडिया" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%85" title="Зæхх – ओस्सेटिक" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зæхх" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ओस्सेटिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਧਰਤੀ – पंजाबी" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="पंजाबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatu" title="Yatu – पामपाङ्गा" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Yatu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="पामपाङ्गा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_(planeta)" title="Tera (planeta) – पापियामेन्तो" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="पापियामेन्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A8re" title="Tière – पिकार्ड" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tière" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="पिकार्ड" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – नाइजेरियाली पिड्जिन" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="नाइजेरियाली पिड्जिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd" title="Erd – पेन्सिलभानियाली जर्मन" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Erd" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="पेन्सिलभानियाली जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – पालाटिन जर्मन" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="पालाटिन जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erth" title="Erth – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Erth" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia – पोलिस" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ra_(pianeta)" title="Tèra (pianeta) – पिएडमोन्तेसे" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tèra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="पिएडमोन्तेसे" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B7" title="Γη – पोन्टिक" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="पोन्टिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="ځمکه – पास्तो" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="पास्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – पोर्तुगी" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पोर्तुगी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiqsimuyu" title="Tiqsimuyu – क्वेचुवा" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiqsimuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="क्वेचुवा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – रोमानिस" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="रोमानिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuv" title="Phuv – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Phuv" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi" title="Isi – रुन्डी" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Isi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="रुन्डी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ – रोमानियाली" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pământ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locu" title="Locu – अरोमानीयाली" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Locu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="अरोमानीयाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre" title="Terre – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Terre" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Земля – रसियाली" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Земля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रसियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Земля (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Земля (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi" title="Isi – किन्यारवान्डा" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="किन्यारवान्डा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – संस्कृत" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="संस्कृत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сир – साखा" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="साखा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ – सान्ताली" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="सान्ताली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – सार्डिनियाली" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="सार्डिनियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(pianeta)" title="Terra (pianeta) – सिसिलियाली" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Terra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="सिसिलियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yird" title="Yird – स्कट्स" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="स्कट्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="ڌرتي – सिन्धी" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڌرتي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="सिन्धी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eana" title="Eana – उत्तरी सामी" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="उत्तरी सामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAse_(p%C3%A4l%C3%A4n%C3%AAte)" title="Sêse (pälänête) – साङ्गो" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sêse (pälänête)" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="साङ्गो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_(Amtiwg)" title="Akal (Amtiwg) – टाचेल्हिट" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akal (Amtiwg)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="टाचेल्हिट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="ၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ – शान" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="शान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="මහ පොළොව – सिन्हाली" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහ පොළොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="सिन्हाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem" title="Zem – स्लोभाकियाली" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोभाकियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – स्लोभेनियाली" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोभेनियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalolagi" title="Lalolagi – सामोआ" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lalolagi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="सामोआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenn%C3%A2mp%C3%A1llu" title="Eennâmpállu – इनारी सामी" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eennâmpállu" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="इनारी सामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinopasi" title="Rinopasi – शोना" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rinopasi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="शोना" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhul" title="Dhul – सोमाली" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="सोमाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toka" title="Toka – अल्बानियाली" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बानियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Земља – सर्बियाली" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Земља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grontapu" title="Grontapu – स्रानान टोङ्गो" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Grontapu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="स्रानान टोङ्गो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amhl%C3%A2ba_(i-astronomy)" title="Úmhlâba (i-astronomy) – स्वाती" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Úmhlâba (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="स्वाती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefatshe" title="Lefatshe – दक्षिणी सोथो" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Lefatshe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="दक्षिणी सोथो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ide" title="Äide – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Äide" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcapada" title="Marcapada – सुडानी" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Marcapada" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="सुडानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – स्विडिस" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्विडिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia – स्वाहिली" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="स्वाहिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B9ymja" title="Źymja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Źymja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="புவி – तामिल" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तामिल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/hiyal" title="hiyal – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="hiyal" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭೂಮಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9A%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="భూమి – तेलुगु" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూమి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="तेलुगु" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai" title="Rai – टेटुम" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Rai" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="टेटुम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Замин – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Замин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C)" title="โลก (ดาวเคราะห์) – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลก (ดาวเคราะห์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5" title="መሬት – टिग्रिन्या" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="መሬት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="टिग्रिन्या" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Der" title="Ýer – टर्कमेन" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýer" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="टर्कमेन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigdig" title="Daigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Daigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99min" title="Zəmin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Zəmin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefatshe_(bolepadinaledi)" title="Lefatshe (bolepadinaledi) – ट्स्वाना" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Lefatshe (bolepadinaledi)" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="ट्स्वाना" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81mani_(palanite)" title="Māmani (palanite) – टोङ्गन" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Māmani (palanite)" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="टोङ्गन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraun" title="Giraun – टोक पिसिन" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Giraun" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="टोक पिसिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya" title="Dünya – टर्किश" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="टर्किश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misava" title="Misava – ट्सोङ्गा" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Misava" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="ट्सोङ्गा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Җир – तातार" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җир" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="तातार" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charu_cha_pasi" title="Charu cha pasi – टुम्बुका" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Charu cha pasi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="टुम्बुका" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asase" title="Asase – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Asase" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чер – टुभिनियाली" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="टुभिनियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Музъем – उड्मुर्ट" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Музъем" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="उड्मुर्ट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="يەر شارى – उइघुर" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەر شارى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="उइघुर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Земля – युक्रेनी" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Земля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="युक्रेनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – उर्दु" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दु" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer" title="Yer – उज्बेकी" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज्बेकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%BCifhasi" title="Ḽifhasi – भेन्डा" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Ḽifhasi" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="भेन्डा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma" title="Ma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="प्रमुख लेख"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trái Đất – भियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trái Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="भियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirde_(planete)" title="Eirde (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eirde (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal" title="Tal – भोलापिक" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tal" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="भोलापिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegne" title="Daegne – वाल्लुन" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Daegne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="वाल्लुन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibotan" title="Kalibotan – वारे" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalibotan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="वारे" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuf" title="Suuf – वुलुफ" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Suuf" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="वुलुफ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – ऊ चिनियाँ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ऊ चिनियाँ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Делкә һариг – काल्मिक" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Делкә һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="काल्मिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhlaba_(i-astronomy)" title="Umhlaba (i-astronomy) – खोसा" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umhlaba (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="खोसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90" title="დიხაუჩა – मिनग्रेलियाली" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიხაუჩა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="मिनग्रेलियाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93-%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="ערד-פלאנעט – यिद्दिस" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערד-פלאנעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="यिद्दिस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C3%A9" title="Ayé – योरूवा" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ayé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="योरूवा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuznamh" title="Giuznamh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Giuznamh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerde" title="Aerde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Aerde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D_(%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B3)" title="ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ) – मानक मोरोक्कोन तामाजिघट" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="मानक मोरोक्कोन तामाजिघट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="उत्कृष्ट लेखहरू"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – चिनियाँ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चिनियाँ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF" title="坤輿 – साहित्यिक चिनियाँ" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="坤輿" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="साहित्यिक चिनियाँ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ki%C3%BB" title="Tē-kiû – मिन नान चिनियाँ" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-kiû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="मिन नान चिनियाँ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – क्यान्टोनिज" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="क्यान्टोनिज" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMhlaba" title="UMhlaba – जुलु" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMhlaba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="जुलु" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="अन्तरभाषिक सूत्र सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्" class="wbc-editpage">कडीहरू सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="नामपद"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">पृथ्वी <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/36px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/48px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A color image of Earth as seen from Apollo १७."><img alt="A color image of Earth as seen from Apollo १७." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/220px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/330px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/440px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>A color image of Earth as seen from Apollo १७.</figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">विश्व प्रसिद्ध पृथ्वीको "नीलो मार्बल" चित्र<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सन् १९७२ मा चन्द्र अभियान अन्तर्गत अपोलो १७ बाट लिइएको तस्वीर</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#AAAFFF">विवरण</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">विशेषण</a></th><td class="infobox-data">पार्थिव</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#AAAFFF"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osculating_orbit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osculating orbit (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">कक्षपथको विशेषताहरू</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="युग (ज्योतिर्विज्ञानको) (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">युग</a> जे २०००</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अपसूर (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">अपसूर</a></th><td class="infobox-data">१५२,१००,००० <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="किलोमिटर">किमी</a><br /> <small>(९४,५००,००० <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="माइल (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">माइल</a>; १.०१६७३ खगोलीय इकाई)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अपसूर विन्दु (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">अनुसूर</a></th><td class="infobox-data">१४७,०९५,००० किमी <br /> <small>(९१,४०१,००० माइल; ०.९८३ २७ ख.ई) </small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अर्ध-मुख्य अक्ष (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">अर्ध-मुख्य अक्ष</a></th><td class="infobox-data">१४९,५९८,०२३ किमी<sup id="cite_ref-Numerical_expressions_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numerical_expressions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <small>(९२,९५५,९०२ माइल; १.००० ००१ ०२ ख.ई) </small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="कक्षीय विलक्षणता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">विलक्षणता</a></th><td class="infobox-data">०.०१६ ७०८६<sup id="cite_ref-Numerical_expressions_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numerical_expressions-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="कक्षीय अवधि (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">कक्षीय अवधि</a></th><td class="infobox-data">३६५.२५६ ३६३ ००४ दिन<sup id="cite_ref-IERS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IERS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(१.००० ०१७ ४२० ९६ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ष">वर्ष</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="कक्षीय गति (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">औसत कक्षीय गति</a></th><td class="infobox-data">२९.७८ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="किलोमिटर प्रति सेकेन्ड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">किमी/से</a><br /> (१०७,२०० <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="किलोमिटर प्रति घण्टा (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">किमी/घ</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">औसत गति</th><td class="infobox-data">३५८.६१७°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="झुकाव (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">झुकाव</a></th><td class="infobox-data">७.२५° सौर्य भूमध्यरेखासँग <br /> १.५७८६९°<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> स्थिर तल्लाको साथमा <br /> ०.००००५° जे२००० सौर्य कक्षसँग</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="उदविन्दुरको देशान्तर (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">उदविन्दुरको देशान्तर</a></th><td class="infobox-data">-११.२६० ६४°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अनुसूर कोण (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">अनुसूरको सिद्धान्त</a></th><td class="infobox-data">११४.२०७ ८३°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="प्राकृतिक उपग्रह">उपग्रहहरू</a></th><td class="infobox-data">१ वटा प्राकृतिक उपग्रह (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="चन्द्रमा">चन्द्रमा</a>); <br /> ५ वटा भूउपग्रह <br /> >१,८०० वटा कार्यरत कृतिम उपग्रह<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#AAAFFF">भौतिक विशेषताहरू</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">औसत व्यास</th><td class="infobox-data">६३७१.० किमी <small>(३९५८.८ माइल)</small><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="भूमध्य रेखा">भूमध्यरेखीय</a> अर्धव्यास</th><td class="infobox-data">६,३७८.१ किमी<small> (३९६३.२ माइल) </small><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="भौगोलिक ध्रुव">ध्रुव</a> अर्धव्यास</th><td class="infobox-data">६,३५६.८ किमी<small> (३९४९.९ माइल) </small><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flattening&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flattening (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">समरुपताको</a></th><td class="infobox-data">०.००३३५२८ <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> १/२९८.२५७२२२१०१, युरोपेली पार्थिव सन्दर्भ प्रणाली, सन् १९८९</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">परिधि</th><td class="infobox-data">४००७५.०१७ किमी <small>निरक्ष रेखा बराबर (२४९०१.४६१ माइल)</small> <br /> ४०००७.८६ किमी <small>पृथ्वीको भूमध्यरेखा बराबर (२४८५९.७३ माइल)</small><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>११<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spheroid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spheroid (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सतहको क्षेत्रफल</a></th><td class="infobox-data">५१०,०७२,००० <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="वर्ग किलोमिटर">किमी<sup>२</sup></a> <br /><small>(१९६ ९४० ००० <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="वर्गमाइल (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">माइल<sup>२</sup></a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-:13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> १४८ ९४० ००० किमी<sup>२</sup> भूमि <br /><small>(५७५ १०० ०० वर्गमाइल; २९.२%)</small> <br /> ३६१ १३२ ००० किमी<sup>२</sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी">पानी</a> <br /><small>(१३९ ४३४ ००० वर्ग माइल; ७०.८%) </small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="आयतन">आयतन</a></th><td class="infobox-data">१.०८३ २०७ ३<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>१०<sup>१२</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="घन किलोमिटर (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">किमी<sup>३</sup></a> <br /><small>(२.५९८ ७६ × १०<sup>११</sup> क्युबिक माइल)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="द्रव्यमान">द्रव्यमान</a></th><td class="infobox-data">५.९७ २३७<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>१०<sup>२४</sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="किलोग्राम">किलोग्राम</a> <br /><small>१.३१ ६६८ × १०<sup>२५</sup> पाउन्ड)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> <br /><small>(३.०×१०<sup>−६</sup> <i>M</i><sub>☉</sub>) सौर्य पिण्ड</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">औसत <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="घनत्व">घनत्व</a></th><td class="infobox-data">५.५१४ ग्राम/सेमी<sup>३</sup> <br /><small>(०.१९९२ पाउन्ड/क्युबिक इन्च)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="भूमध्यरेखीय गुरुत्वाकर्षण (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">भूमध्यरेखीय सतहको गुरुत्वाकर्षण</a></th><td class="infobox-data">९.८०७ मि/से<sup>२</sup> <small>(३२.१८ फिट/से<sup>२</sup>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="पलायन वेग">रिहाइ वेग</a></th><td class="infobox-data">११.१८६ किमी/से <br /><small>(४० २७० किमी/घण्टा; २५ ०२० माइल/घण्टा)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="घृर्णनकाल (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">नाक्षचित्र घृर्णनकाल</a></th><td class="infobox-data">०.९९७ २६९ ६८ दिन;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <small>(२३ घण्टा ५६ मिनेट ४.१०० सेकेन्ड)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">भूमध्यरेखीय आञ्चलिक घृर्णन वेग</th><td class="infobox-data">०.४६५१ किमी/से<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><small>(१६७४.४ किमी/घण्टा; १०४०.४ माइल/घण्टा)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अक्षीय ढाल (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">अक्षीय ढाल</a></th><td class="infobox-data">२३.४३९ २८११° <sup id="cite_ref-IERS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IERS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">उत्तर ध्रुवीय <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="विषुबलम्ब (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">विषुबलम्ब</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">असङ्ज्ञायित°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">उत्तर ध्रुवीय <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="विषुबलम्ब (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">विषुबलम्ब</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+९०°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="प्रतिफलन अनुपात (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">प्रतिफलन अनुपात</a></th><td class="infobox-data">०.३६७ ज्यामितिक प्रतिफलन अनुपात<br />०.३०६ बन्ड प्रतिफलन अनुपात</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="width: 100%; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: none; margin: 0; text-align: left; line-height: 1.2em; white-space:nowrap" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">सहतको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तापक्रम">तापक्रम</a></th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">न्यून</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">मध्यक</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">सर्वोच्च</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">केलभिन</th> <td>१८४ के<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>२८८ के<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>३३० के<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">सेल्सियस</th> <td>-८९.२ °से</td> <td>१५ °से</td> <td>५६.७ °से</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#AAAFFF">वायुमण्डल</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">सतहको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="वायुमण्डलीय चाप">चाप</a></th><td class="infobox-data">१०१.३२५ किलो पास्कल (समुद्री समतलको क्षेत्र)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">गठन</th><td class="infobox-data">७८.०८% <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="नाइट्रोजन">नाइट्रोजन</a> (N<sub>2</sub>; शुष्क वायुको क्षेत्र)<br /> २०.९५% <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="प्राणवायु">अक्सिजन</a> (O<sub>2</sub>)<br /> ०.९३% <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="आर्गन">आर्गन</a><br /> ०.०४०२% <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बनडाइअक्साइड">कार्बनडाइअक्साइड</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> ~१% जलीय वाष्प <br /><small>(जलवायु परिवर्तनशील)</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>पृथ्वी</b> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य">सूर्य</a>को दूरी अनुसार सौर्यमण्डलमा रहेका आठ ग्रहमध्ये पृथ्वी तेस्रो, सबैभन्दा घना र पाँचौँ ठूलो <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह">ग्रह</a> हो। सूर्यबाट यसको दूरी लगभग १५ करोड किलोमिटर छ। यो <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="सौर्यमण्डल">सौर्यमण्डल</a>का चारवटा अत्यन्तै कठिन ग्रहहरूमध्ये एक हो। पृथ्वीको अर्को नाम "संसार" वा "नीलो ग्रह" हो। यसलाई <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="विश्व">विश्व</a> पनि भनिन्छ। यो सौर्य परिवारका ग्रहहरू मध्ये जिवावाशेष भेटिएको एक मात्र ग्रह हो। यो ग्रह करिव ४.५७ अर्ब (४.५७×१०<sup>९</sup>) <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ष">वर्ष</a> अगाडि उत्पन्न भएको हो। त्यसको केही पछि यसले एकमात्र प्राकृतिक उपग्रह, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="चन्द्रमा">चन्द्रमा</a>, प्राप्त गरेको थियो। पृथ्वीले सुर्यको वरीपरी ३६५.२५ दिनमा १ फन्को घुम्दछ। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="युनानी भाषा">युनानी भाषा</a>मा यसलाई <i>गाया</i> र ल्याटिनमा यस ग्रहको नाम <i>तेरा</i> हो। </p><p>पृथ्वीमा मानिसलगायत अन्य अरबौँ प्रजातिका जीव तथा बनस्पतिको उपस्थिति रहेको छ। आजसम्म जीवन अस्तित्वमा रहेको एक मात्र ब्रह्माण्डीय पिण्ड पृथ्वी हो। पृथ्वी ४५४ करोड वर्षअघि बनेको थियो। एक अरब वर्षभित्रै पृथ्वीमा जीवन देखा परेको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-age_earth1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age_earth1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पृथ्वीको जीवमण्डलले यस ग्रहको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डल">वायुमण्डल</a> र अन्य अजैविक अवस्थाहरूमा उल्लेखनीय परिवर्तनहरू ल्याएको छ। फलस्वरुप एकातिर जीवित जीवहरू अस्तित्वमा आएका थिए भने भने अर्कोतिर पृथ्वीमा ओजन तहको पनि निर्माण भइसकेको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पृथ्वीको चुम्बकीय क्षेत्रसँगसँगै यसको ओजन तहले हानिकारक सौर्य विकिरणलाई अवरुद्ध गरी ग्रहमा जीवन विकासका लागि बाटो खोलिदिएको थियो। यस अवधिमा पृथ्वीको प्राकृतिक स्रोत र यसको भौगर्भिक इतिहास र अक्षले जीवनको अस्तित्वलाई जोगाउन महत्त्वपूर्ण काम गरेको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> अर्को ५० करोड वर्षसम्म पृथ्वी प्राणीका लागि उपयुक्त हुने आशा गरिएको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>पृथ्वीको सतहलाई थुप्रै कडा पत्रहरूमा विभाजन गरिएको छ जसलाई रिकापी भनिन्छ। अरबौँ वर्षदेखि यस्ता पत्रहरू पृथ्वीको सतहमा जम्मा भएका थिए। पृथ्वीको लगभग ७१ प्रतिशत भाग नुनको पानीले ढाकेको हुन्छ भने बाँकी भाग <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="महादेश">महादेश</a> र थुप्रै टापुहरू मिलेर बनेको छ।<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> जमिनमा थुप्रै ताल र पानीका अन्य स्रोतहरू पनि उल्लेखनीय मात्रामा रहेका छन् जुन पृथ्वीकै <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी">पानी</a>ले बनेका हुन्। जीवनको लागि अत्यावश्यक तरल पदार्थ, पानी यस ग्रहको रिकापीहरूमा पाइँदैनन्। पृथ्वीका ध्रुवहरू सधैँ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्टार्क्टिका">अन्टार्क्टिका</a>को <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिम">बरफ</a>को ठोस पत्र वा आर्कटिक बरफको समुद्री हिउँका ढिस्कोहरूले ढाकिन्छन्। पृथ्वीको भित्री भाग सधैँ क्रियाशील हुन्छ। यस भागमा तुलनात्मक रूपमा ठोस मन्टल तह, तरल बाहिरी केन्द्र (जसले चुम्बकीय क्षेत्रको निर्माण गर्दछ) र ठोस फलाम अन्तरकेन्द्रिय हुन्छ। </p><p>ब्रह्माण्डका अन्य वस्तुहरूसँग पृथ्वीको निकट सम्बन्ध रहेको छ। विशेष गरी यस ग्रहको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य">सूर्य</a> र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="चन्द्रमा">चन्द्रमा</a>सँग विशेष सम्बन्ध रहेको छ। हाल पृथ्वीले सूर्यलाई लगभग ३६५.२६ सौर्य दिनमा वा एक नक्षत्र वर्षमा परिक्रमा गर्छ। पृथ्वी आफ्नो अक्षमा ६६.१/२ डिग्रीको कोणमा झुकेको छ। फलस्वरूप भूमध्यरेखा वर्षको अवधिको (३६५.२४ सौर्य दिन) समयमा विश्वमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="मौसम">मौसम</a> परिवर्तन हुन्छ। पृथ्वीको एक मात्र ज्ञात प्राकृतिक उपग्रह चन्द्रमा हो। चन्द्रमाले ४.३५ अरब <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ष">वर्ष</a>अघि पृथ्वीलाई परिक्रमा गर्न थालेको अनुमान गरिन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> चन्द्रमाको गतिले गर्दा पृथ्वीको समुद्री ज्वारभाटा फुट्नेे गर्दछ र पृथ्वीको कक्षको ढाल स्थिर छ। चन्द्रमाको गति गर्दा बिस्तारै बिस्तारै पृथ्वीको गतिमा पनि कम हुँदै जान्छ। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल">गुरुत्वाकर्षण</a>को अर्को दुर्घटना हुँदा ३.८ अरबदेखि ३.८ देखि ४.१ अरब वर्षको मध्यवर्ती समयमा थुप्रै क्षुद्रग्रहहरूसँँग पृथ्वीको टक्करले गर्दा पृथ्वीको सतहमा उल्लेखनीय परिवर्तनहरू आएका थिए। </p><p>मानवजातिको जीविकाको लागि यस ग्रहका <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज">खनिज स्रोत</a> तथा जैविक स्रोत दुवै अत्यावश्यक छन्। यस ग्रहका बासिन्दाहरू लगभग २०० स्वतन्त्र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="सार्वभौम सम्पन्न राष्ट्रहरूको सूची">सार्वभौम राष्ट्र</a>मा सम्पूर्ण ग्रहलाई विभाजित गरी बसोबास गर्दै आएका छन्। यी राज्यहरुबीच आपसी <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="कूटनीति">कुटनैतिक</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="पर्यटन">पर्यटन</a>, व्यापारिक र सैन्य सम्बन्ध रहेका छन्। मानव संस्कृति यस <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह">ग्रह</a>बारे विभिन्न विचारहरूको सुरुवातकर्ता हो। यी धारणाहरूमा पृथ्वीलाई <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="देवता">देवता</a>को रूपमा कल्पना गर्नु, समतल संसारको कल्पना गर्नु र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रह्माण्ड">ब्रह्माण्ड</a>को केन्द्रको रूपमा पृथ्वीलाई कल्पना गर्नु समावेश छ। संसारलाई एकीकृत वातावरणको रूपमा कल्पना गर्ने आधुनिक प्रवृत्ति पनि रहेको छ। हलल यस धारणाले प्रमुखता पाइरहेको देखिन्छ। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="नाम_तथा_व्युतपत्ति"><span id=".E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF"></span>नाम तथा व्युतपत्ति</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/220px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/330px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/440px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>"पृथ्वी" शब्द संस्कृत हो। यो शब्द <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4" title="संस्कृत">संस्कृत भाषा</a>बाट आएको हो। यसको अर्को नाम "विश्व" हो। पृथ्वीमा पौराणिक <i>पृथुर</i>को शासन थियो। पृथ्वीको पर्यायवाची शब्द वसुधा, बसुन्धरा, धरा, धरनी, पृथ्वी, धरताल, भूमी, क्षिती, माही, दुनिया आदि छन्।कहिलेकाहीँ <i>तेर्रा</i> भन्ने नाम वैज्ञानिक लेखनमा र विशेषगरी विज्ञानका कथाहरूमा मानवताको वासग्रहलाई अरूबाट छुट्याउन प्रयोग गरिन्छ जबकि कवितामा <i>तेलस</i> पृथ्वीको व्यक्तित्वलाई जनाउन प्रयोग गरिएको छ। तेरा केही रोमानी भाषाहरू (ल्याटिनबाट विकसित भाषाहरू) जस्तै <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इटालेली भाषा">इटालेली</a> र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोर्तगाली भाषा">पोर्चुगाली</a>मा पनि यस ग्रहको नाम हो भने अन्य रोमानी भाषाहरूमा यस शब्दले अलिक परिवर्तन गरिएको (जस्तै <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेनी भाषा">स्पेनी</a>मा <i>तियरा</i> र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रान्सेली भाषा">फ्रान्सेली</a>मा तेरे) नामहरू जन्माएको थियो। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="युनानी भाषा">युनानी भाषा</a>मा यसलाई <i>गाया</i> भनिन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK179_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK179-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="पृथ्वीको_कालक्रमिक_इतिहास"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8B_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8"></span>पृथ्वीको कालक्रमिक इतिहास</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="निर्माण"><span id=".E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A3"></span>निर्माण</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:TW_Hydrae_protoplanetary_disc_horizontal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TW_Hydrae_protoplanetary_disc_horizontal.jpg/300px-TW_Hydrae_protoplanetary_disc_horizontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TW_Hydrae_protoplanetary_disc_horizontal.jpg/450px-TW_Hydrae_protoplanetary_disc_horizontal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TW_Hydrae_protoplanetary_disc_horizontal.jpg/600px-TW_Hydrae_protoplanetary_disc_horizontal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>सौर्यमण्डलमा पाइने सबैभन्दा पुरानो पदार्थ ४.५६८२ अर्ब वर्ष पहिलेको मानिएको छ। ४.५४ अर्बवर्ष पहिले आदिम पृथ्वीको निर्माण भइसकेको थियो। सौर्यमण्डलका पिण्डहरू सूर्यसँगैसँगै निर्माण र विकास भएका थिए। एक सिद्धान्तमा आधारित मान्यताका अनुसार सौर्य निहारिकाले गुरुत्वाकर्षण पतनद्वारा एक आणविक बादलबाट एक भागलाई विभाजित गरि एक परिस्थितिजन्य चक्रमा घुम्न र चेप्टो हुन सुरु गर्दछ भने ग्रह सूर्यको साथ उक्त चक्रबाट बाहिर निस्किन्छ। एक निहारिका वायव्य पदर्थ, बरफको टुक्रा र धुलकणहरू मिलेर बनेका हुन्छन्। निहारिका सिद्धान्तका अनुसार अभिवृद्धिद्वारा गठित ग्रहहहरूको निर्माण हुन्छ जसमा आदिम पृथ्वीको निर्माणका लागि ७ १० करोड वर्ष लाग्ने सम्भावना हुन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/220px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/330px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/440px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>प्रारम्भिक चरणको सौर्यमण्डल</figcaption></figure> <p>सौर्यमण्डलको निर्माण भएको लगभग १० करोड वर्षपछि पृथ्वी एकपछि अर्को टक्करको परिणाम स्वरूप निर्माण भएको थियो। लगभग ४.५४ अर्ब वर्ष पहिले पृथ्वीले आकार लिन सुरु गरेको थियो भने यसको केन्द्रले फलाम र वायुमण्डल प्राप्त गरेको थियो। यी दुई ग्रहहरू बीच ४.५ अरब वर्ष पहिले भयङ्कर टकराव भएको थियो। टक्करको तीव्रता निकै भयङ्कर भएको अनुमान गरिन्छ। थिया नामक ग्रह पृथ्वीसँग चरम टक्कर भएको थियो। टक्करको समयमा पृथ्वी १० करोड वर्ष पुरानो थियो। <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> टक्करको परिणामस्वरूप नयाँ ग्रह सिर्जना हुन्छ। तीन वटा चन्द्र अभियानमा फेला परेको चन्द्रमाको माटो र हवाई एरिजोनामा भेटिएका ज्वालामुखीय चट्टानको संयोजनले अनुसन्धानकर्ताहरू आश्चर्यचकित भएका थिए। दुई पत्थरको अक्सिजन आइसोटोपमा कुनै भिन्नता पाइएको थिएन। अनुसन्धान टोलीको नेतृत्व गरेका प्राध्यापक एडवर्ड यङले चन्द्रमाको माटो र पृथ्वीको माटोको अक्सिजन आइसोटोपमा कुनै भिन्नता नभएको बताएका थिए। थिया ग्रह एउटा ग्रहमा परिणत हुँदै भने सोही समय ठूलो टक्करपछि पृथ्वीको सृष्टि भएको मानिन्छ। </p><p>चन्द्रमाको आयु लगभग ४.५ अर्बवर्ष देखि निकै कम समयको बीच अनुमान गरिएको छ।<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पृथ्वीको १० प्रतिशत पिण्ड भएको मङ्गल ग्रहको आकारको वस्तु पृथ्वीसँग ठोक्किएपछि पृथ्वीबाट निस्केको पदार्थबाट प्राप्त हुने वृद्धिबाट यसको निर्माण भएको भन्ने मान्यता एक प्रमुख परिकल्पना हो। यसले पृथ्वीमा एक चम्किलो प्रहार गर्छ र यसको केही द्रव्यमान पृथ्वीमा विलीन हुन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> लगभग ४.१ र ३.८ अर्ब वर्षको बीचमा भीषण बमबारीको समयमा धेरै क्षुद्रग्रहप्रभावहरूले चन्द्रमाको ठूलो सतह वातावरणमा महत्त्वपूर्ण परिवर्तनहरू निम्त्याएको मानिन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="जीवनको_उत्पत्ति_र_विकास"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8B_.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF_.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8"></span>जीवनको उत्पत्ति र विकास</h3></div> <p>रासायनिक प्रतिक्रियाहरूको परिणामस्वरूप लगभग ४ अरब वर्षपहिले पहिलो अणु अस्तित्वमा आएको थियो भने अर्को ५० करोड वर्षपछि सबै जीवित <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a>हरूको विश्वव्यापी समान पूर्वजहरू पत्ता लागेको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131003_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रकाश संश्लेषण">प्रकाश संश्लेषण</a>को विकासको कारण सौर्य ऊर्जाले जीवहरूको अस्तित्व र प्रजननमा प्रत्यक्ष रूपमा मद्दत गरेकाले <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="प्राणवायु">अक्सिजन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डल">वायुमण्डल</a>मा एकीकृत हुन्छ र सूर्यको पराबैजनी किरणहरूसँगको अन्तरक्रियाको कारण ओजोन तहले पृथ्वीलाई हानिकारक किरणहरूबाट बचाउँछ।<sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ठूला कोषहरूसँग साना कोषहरूको संलयनले जटिल कोषहरूको निर्माण गर्दछ जसलाई सुकेन्द्रिक कोशिका भनिन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यस वंशभित्रमा कोषहरू अझ विशिष्ट हुँदा बहुकोशिकीय जीवहरूको जन्म भएको थियो। ओजोन तहमा हानिकारक पराबैजनी किरणहरूको विकिरण अवशोषणको परिणामस्वरूप जीवहरू पृथ्वीको सतहमा एकीकृत हुन सुरु गरेका थिए।<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151019_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> हालसम्म फेला परेको सबैभन्दा पुरानो जीवको जीवाश्महरू पश्चिमी <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्ट्रेलिया">अस्ट्रेलिया</a>मा ३.४८ अर्ब वर्ष पुरानो बलौटे पत्थरमा भेटिएका थिए। पश्चिमी ग्रिनल्यान्डमा फेला परेको ३.७ अर्ब वर्ष पहिलेको परावर्तित जैविक पत्थर पश्चिमी अस्ट्रेलियामा पाइने जैविक चट्टानका केही भागहरू हुन्।<sup id="cite_ref-WU-20171218_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WU-20171218-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-2017_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-2017-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> ७५ देखि ५८ करोडवर्ष पहिले नियोप्रोटेरोजोइकको समयमा पृथ्वीको अधिकांश भाग हिउँले ढाकेको मानिन्छ। यस अवधारणालाई "स्नोबल अर्थ" भनिन्छ। जटिल बहुकोशिकीय जीवहरू गठन हुन थालेपछि क्याम्ब्रियन विस्फोट भएकाले यस समयको विषय महत्त्व रहेको छ। क्याम्ब्रियन विस्फोटपछि ५३ करोड ५० लाख वर्ष पहिले पाँच वटा ठूला विस्फोट भएका थिए। सबैभन्दा पछिल्लो विस्फोट क्रेटेसियस-टर्सियरी विलुप्त हुनु हो जुन ६६ करोड वर्ष पहिले भएको थियो। यस अवधिमा क्षुद्रग्रह र अन्य ठूला सरीसृपको प्रभावमा उड्न नसक्ने <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="डायनोसर">डायनोसर</a> लोप हुँदै पनि स्तनधारी जस्ता जीवजन्तुका स–साना प्रजातिहरू बाँच्न सफल भएका थिए।<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ६ करोड ६० लाख वर्षअघिसम्म स्तनधारीहरूको जीवन फरकफरक थियो र केही लाख वर्ष पहिले प्राचीन अफ्रिकी बाँदरजस्ता जनावरहरूले सीधा उभिने क्षमता हासिल गरेका थिए। कृषिको विकास र पछि सभ्यताको विकाससँगै वातावरण र प्रकृतिमा मानवीय प्रभाव बढ्दै जाँदा हालसम्मको स्थिति प्राप्त गरिएको हो। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="संरचनात्मक_गुण"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A3"></span>संरचनात्मक गुण</h2></div> <p>पृथ्वी पूरै गोलाकार देखिए जस्तो लागेपनि यो <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="सुन्तला">सुन्तला</a>जस्तै माथि र तल अलिकति थेप्चिएको र बीचको भाग (भूमध्यरेखाको नजिक) अलि फैलिएको छ। यसको आफ्नै अक्ष वरिपरि यसको परिक्रमणले गर्दा यस्तो प्रकारको फैलावट देखिएको हो।<sup id="cite_ref-milbert_smith96_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milbert_smith96-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ngdc2006_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngdc2006-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सोही कारण ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रको व्यासको तुलनामा समान क्षेत्रको व्यास करिब ४३ किमी बढी रहेको छ। पृथ्वीको आकार एक सुन्तला जस्तो छ। परिभ्रमणको फलस्वरूप पृथ्वीको भौगोलिक अक्ष समतल र भूमध्यरेखामा केही मात्रामा फैलिएको हुन्छ। भूमध्यरेखाका साथ पृथ्वीको व्यास ध्रुवको व्यासबाट ४३ किलोमिटर (२७ माइल) बढी छ। यसकारण पृथ्वीको सतहमा पृथ्वीको द्रव्यमान केन्द्रबाट अधिकतम दूरी भूमध्यरेखामा स्थित चिम्बराजो ज्वालामुखी सबैभन्दा उच्च शिखर हो। <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_'Highest'_Spot_on_Earth_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_'Highest'_Spot_on_Earth-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>हालसम्मको अध्ययनमा पृथ्वीको सबैभन्दा तल रहेको भाग मारियाना ट्रेन्ज हो जुन <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रशान्त महासागर">प्रशान्त महासागर</a>मा अवस्थित छ। यसको कुल गहिराइ ११,०३४ मिटर रहेको छ भने पृथ्वीमा अवस्थित सर्वोच्च शिखर <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="सगरमाथा">सगरमाथा</a> हो जुन दक्षिण एसियाको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="नेपाल">नेपाल</a>मा अवस्थित छ। सगरमाथाको कुल उचाइ ८,८४८ मिटर रहेको छ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="रासायनिक_गठन"><span id=".E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.A0.E0.A4.A8"></span>रासायनिक गठन</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;"> <caption>पृथ्वीको गर्भको रासायनिक गठन <sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">यौग समूह </th> <th rowspan="2">रासायनिक <p>सङ्केत </p> </th> <th colspan="2">गठन </th></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: smaller;">महादेशीय </th> <th style="font-size: smaller;">महासागरीय </th></tr> <tr> <td>सिलिकनडाई अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">SiO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">६०.२% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">४५.६% </td></tr> <tr> <td>अल्मुलियम अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">१५.२% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">१६.५% </td></tr> <tr> <td>क्यालसिमय अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">CaO </td> <td style="text-align: right;">५.५% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">१२.३% </td></tr> <tr> <td>म्याग्नेसियम अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">MgO </td> <td style="text-align: right;">३.१% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">६.८% </td></tr> <tr> <td>फेरस अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">FeO </td> <td style="text-align: right;">३.८% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">६.२% </td></tr> <tr> <td>सोडियम अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Na<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td style="text-align: right;">३.०% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">२.६% </td></tr> <tr> <td>पोटासियम अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">K<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td style="text-align: right;">२.८% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">०.४% </td></tr> <tr> <td>फेरिक अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">२.५% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">२.३% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी">पानी</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td style="text-align: right;">१.४% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">१.१% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बनडाइअक्साइड">कार्बनडाइअक्साइड</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">CO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">१.२% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">१.४% </td></tr> <tr> <td>टाइटेनियमडाई अक्साइस </td> <td style="text-align: center;">TiO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">०.७% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">१.४% </td></tr> <tr> <td>फसफोरस पेन्टा अक्साइड </td> <td style="text-align: center;">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">०.२% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">०.३% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">जम्मा </th> <th style="text-align: right;">९९.६% </th> <th style="text-align: right;">९९.९% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>पृथ्वीको पिण्ड लगभग ५.९७ x १०२४ किलोग्राम (५,९७० याटोग्राम) रहेको छ। यसमा भएका सबै तत्वहरूमध्ये सबैभन्दा बढी फलाम (३२.१%), अक्सिजन (३०.१%), सिलिकन (१५.१%), म्याग्नेसियम (१३.९%), सल्फर (२.९%), निकल (१.८%), क्याल्सियम (१.५%), र एल्युमिनियम (१.४%) र बाँकी १.२% विभिन्न अन्य तत्वहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको छ। पिण्डको विभाजनको परिणामस्वरूप पृथ्वीको केन्द्र क्षेत्र मुख्य रूपमा फलाम (८८.८%) मिलेर बनेको अनुमान गरिएको छ। यसमा थोरै मात्रामा निकल (५.८%), सल्फर (४.५%) र अन्य तत्वहरूको १% भन्दा कम उपस्थिति पनि रहेको छ।<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>सामान्यतया पृथ्वीको गर्भमा रहेका चट्टानका सबै तत्व अक्साइड प्रकारका रहेका छन् तर महत्वपूर्ण अपवाद भनेको क्लोरिन, सुफर र फ्लोरिनको उपस्थिति हो जुन चट्टानमा रहेको कुल राशिको १% भन्दा कम हुन्छ। ९९% गर्भ ११ प्रकारका अक्साइडबाट बनेको छ। यसको मुख्य अवयव सिलिका, एल्युमिना, आइरन अक्साइड, चुना, म्याग्नेसिया अक्साइड, पोटास र सोडा हुन्। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="घनत्व"><span id=".E0.A4.98.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5"></span>घनत्व</h3></div> <p>पृथ्वीको उत्पत्तिसम्बन्धी अधिकांश सिद्वान्तहरू पृथ्वीको उत्पत्ति <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्यास">वायव्य</a> अवस्थामा भएको हो भन्ने कुरामा आधारित छन्। यसै आधारमा पृथ्वी ग्यासबाट तरल र तरलबाट ठोस अवस्थामा परिवर्तन भएको हो। तरल पदार्थमा हल्का र गह्रौ खालका विभिन्न <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="घनत्व">घनत्व</a> भएका पदार्थहरू डुबाउँदा बढी घनत्व भएका <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ">पदार्थ</a>हरू पिँधमा र कम घनत्व भएका पदार्थहरू माथिल्लो सतहमा तैरिन्छ भन्ने सिद्धान्तका आधारमा पृथ्वी तरल अवस्थामा हुँदा यसका गह्रौ पदार्थहरू पिँधमा र हलुका पदार्थहरू माथिल्लो तहमा वितरण भएको हुनुपर्दछ। यस तथ्यका आधारमा पृथ्वीमा गहिराइ अनुसार विभिन्न घनत्व भएका पदार्थहरू वितरण भएका छन् र यी पदार्थहरूको घनत्व पृथ्वीको बाहिरी तहबाट गर्भतर्फ बढ्दै जान्छ। पृथ्वीको अधिकांश बाहिरी सतह कम घनत्व भएका पत्रे चट्टानद्वारा निर्माण भएको छ। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पत्रे चट्टान">पत्रे चट्टान</a> पृथ्वीको सतहदेखि भित्रतर्फ १/२ माइल (०.८०४५ किमी) देखि १ माइल (१.६०९ किमी) सम्मको गहिराइमा फैलिएको छ। पत्रे चट्टानहरूको बाहिरी सतहभन्दा मित्री भागमा ३ देखि ३.५ घनत्व भएका ग्रेनाइट चट्टानहरूको प्रधानता छ। तर सम्पूर्ण पृथ्वीको औसत <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="घनत्व">घनत्व</a> भने ५.५ छ। यस कुराले पृथ्वीको ग्रेनाइट चट्टानको तहभन्दा भित्री भाग ५.५ भन्दा बढी घनत्व भएका चट्टानहरूद्वारा निर्माण भएको छ भनेर प्रमाणित हुन्छ। समय-समयमा विभिन्न नक्षत्रहरू चोइटिएर पृथ्वीमा खसेका चोइटाहरूको अध्ययनको आधारमा पनि यदि पृथ्वी र विभिन्न नक्षत्रहरूको उद्गमको स्रोत एउटै हो भने चोइटाहरूमा <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="निकेल (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">निकेल</a> तथा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="फलाम">फलाम</a> आदि धातुहरूको प्रधानता भएकाले पृथ्वीको गर्भमा पनि यस्तै किसिमका <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु">धातु</a>हरूको प्रधानता हुनुपर्दछ भनेर तर्क गर्न सकिन्छ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="दबाब"><span id=".E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AC"></span>दबाब</h3></div> <p>पृथ्वीको सतहबाट भित्री भागतर्फ वितरण भएका चट्टानहरूको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="घनत्व">घनत्व</a> बढ्दै जाने हुँँदा क्रमश: भार पनि बढ्दै जान्छ। यस सम्बन्धमा वैज्ञानिकहरूको दुई बेग्लाबेग्लै धारणा रहेको जसमा केही वैज्ञानिकहरू भूगर्भका पदार्थहरू बाहिरी सतहबाट परेको दबाबको फलस्वरूप निकै खाँधिएर गह्रौ भएका हुन् भन्ने कुरामा विश्वास गर्दछन् भने अन्य केही <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="वैज्ञानिक">वैज्ञानिक</a>हरू यस कुरालाई अस्वीकार गर्दै पृथ्वीको गर्भका पदार्थहरू उत्पत्तिदेखि नै धरातलका पदार्थहरूभन्दा फरक र गह्रौ भएको कुरामा विश्वास राख्दछन् जसमध्ये पहिलो विचारको समर्थन वैज्ञानिक लाप्लसले गरेका थिए। यस विचार अनुसार यदि पृथ्वीको माथिल्लो भागको दबाबको कारणले गर्भका पदार्थहरू गह्रौ भएका हुन् भने पृथ्वीको गर्भका पदार्यहरू <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी">पानी</a>भन्दा पौने एघार (१०३/४) गुणा गह्रौ हुनुपर्दछ। यस आधारमा पृथ्वीको गर्भका पदार्थहरूमा प्रतिवर्गफुट ९ करोड मन भार पर्दछ। आजसम्म कुनै पनि प्रयोगशालामा चट्टानलाई ९ करोड मन वजनले थिच्न नसकिएको हुँदा लाप्लसको भनाइलाई पूर्णत: सत्य मान्न सकिँदैन। किनकि दबाबको कुन मात्रासम्म चट्टान सङ्कुचित हुन्छ र यसको घनत्व कुन मात्रासम्म बढ्दछ भन्ने कुरा थाहा हुन सकेको छैन। दोस्रो विचारधारा अनुसार पृथ्वी विभिन्न तहरूद्वारा निर्माण भएको छ र माथिल्लो तहभन्दा भित्रका तहको निर्माण गर्ने पदार्थहरू रचनामै गह्रौ र फरक छन्। धरातलको सतहदेखिका पदार्थहरूको भित्री तहका <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चट्टान">चट्टान</a>हरूमा कुनै प्रभाव पाइदैन किनकि कुनै निश्चित दबाबपछि मात्र पदार्थ सङ्कुचन हुन्छ। त्यो निश्चित दबाब ९ करोड मनभन्दा निकै कम हुन सक्दछ। पृथ्वीको गर्भमा अन्दाज गरिएको <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="निकेल (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">निकेल</a> र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="फलाम">फलाम</a>जस्ता चुम्बकीय गुण भएका <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु">धातु</a>हरू र पृथ्वीमा विद्यमान चुम्बकीय गुणले यस विचारधारामा केही सहमति देखाउँदछ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="तापक्रम"><span id=".E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE"></span>तापक्रम</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Earth_heat_flow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth_heat_flow.jpg/220px-Earth_heat_flow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth_heat_flow.jpg/330px-Earth_heat_flow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth_heat_flow.jpg/440px-Earth_heat_flow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>पृथ्वीको भित्री भागबाट सतहमा ताप प्रवाहको विश्वव्यापी नक्सा</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तापक्रम">तापक्रम</a>को सामान्य वितरणका आधारमा पृथ्वीको सतहदेखि प्रत्येक ३२ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मिटर">मिटर</a>को गहिराइमा १० सेल्सियस तापक्रम बढ्दै जान्छ। यस आधारमा पृथ्वीको भित्री भाग ज्यादै तातो छ र पृथ्वीको भित्री भागमा रहेका चट्टानहरू धेरै तापकमले गर्दा पग्लेको अवस्थामा छन्। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="केल्भिन थमसन">केल्भिन</a>को भनाइअनुसार पृथ्वीको गर्भमा ७००० फरेनहाइट तापक्रम छ। दबाबले <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चट्टान">चट्टान</a>को द्रवणाङ्क बिन्दुलाई बढाउने हुँदा पृथ्वीको भित्री भागमा सतहको यति धेरै दबाब पर्दछ कि चट्टानहरू दबाबको त्यस स्थितिमा पग्लन सक्दैनन्। केही विद्वान्हरू यस विचारसँग सहमति राख्दैनन्। उनीहरूको विचारअनुसार प्रशस्त दबाब र तापक्रमको अवस्थामा पदार्थहरू <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस">ठोस</a> वा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="तरल">तरल</a> अवस्थामा नरहेर वायव्य अवस्थामा परिणत हुन्छन्। यस आधारमा पृथ्वीको गर्भमा प्रशस्त दबाब तथा तापक्रम दुवै विद्यमान भएकाले पृथ्वीको गर्भ वायव्य पदार्थहरूबाट बनेको हुनुपर्दछ। यस कुरालाई मान्ने हो भने पृथ्वीको गर्भको वायव्य पदार्थहरू धरातलभन्दा बाहिरको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्यास">वायव्य पदार्थ</a>भन्दा बेग्लै किसिमको हुनुपर्दछ र भित्री वायव्य पदार्थको असर बाह्य सतहमा पनि पर्नुपर्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> कुनै कारण पृथ्वीको गर्भको ग्यास बाहिर निस्केपछि पृथ्वी त हावा नभएको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="भकुन्डो">भकुण्डो</a>जस्तो हुनुपर्दछ। यस कारण पृथ्वीको गर्भको जति तापक्रम र चट्टान घनत्वको कुन हदसम्म पुग्न सक्दछ र कुन स्थितिमा परिणत हुन्छ त्यसबारे वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण नभएसम्म पृथ्वीको भित्री बनावटका बारेमा वास्तविक ज्ञान प्राप्त हुन सक्दैन। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="परिक्रमण_तथा_परिभ्रमण_गति"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A3_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A3_.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF"></span>परिक्रमण तथा परिभ्रमण गति</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="परिभ्रमण_गति"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A3_.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF"></span>परिभ्रमण गति</h3></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Rotating_earth_(Very_small).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Rotating_earth_%28Very_small%29.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:EpicEarth-Globespin(2016May29).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif/220px-EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif/330px-EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif/440px-EpicEarth-Globespin%282016May29%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption> सन् २०१६ मे २९ का दिन स्पेस क्लाइमेट अब्जर्भेटरीद्वारा पृथ्वीको बिन्दुसम्म पुग्नु भन्दा केही हप्ता अगाडि लिइएको पृथ्वीको गतिको तस्वीर</figcaption></figure> <p>पृथ्वी स्थिर रहेको भान भए तापनि पृथ्वी आफ्नो अक्षमा सधैँ पश्चिमबाट पूर्वतर्फ घुमिरहेको हुन्छ। यो गति <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="घडी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">घडी</a>को दिशाको विपरीत हुन्छ जस कारण पृथ्वीको पूर्वी भागमा पश्चिमको भागमा भन्दा पहिले सूर्योदय हुन्छ। पृथ्वीको अक्ष <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="उत्तरी ध्रुव">उत्तरी ध्रुव</a>देखि <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5" title="दक्षिणी ध्रुव">दक्षिण ध्रुव</a>सम्म फैलिएको काल्पनिक रेखा हो। पृथ्वी आफ्नो अक्षमा ६५°५' को कोणमा ढल्किएर पश्चिमबाट पूर्वतर्फ २३ घण्टा ५६ मिनेट ४.०९ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="सेकेन्ड">सेकेन्ड</a>मा अर्थात् दिनको एकपटक घुम्दछ। दिनको एकपटक घुम्ने हुँदा पृथ्वीको यस गतिलाई दैनिक गति वा परिभ्रमण भनिएको हो। सूर्यको सम्बन्धमा पृथ्वीको परिक्रमण अवधिलाई औसत सौर्य दिन भनिन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-aj136_5_1906_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj136_5_1906-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यो एक सौर्य दिन ८६,४०० सेकन्डको (८६,४००.००२५ एसआई सेकन्ड) औसत सौर्य समय हो। ज्वारभाटाको कारण १९ औँ शताब्दीको तुलनामा आज पृथ्वीको सौर्य दिन अलि बढी र प्रत्येक दिन ० देखि २ एसआई मिलिसेकेन्डसम्म फरक पर्न जान्छ। यदि पृथ्वी दैनिक गतिअनुसार नघुमेर स्थिर रहने हो भने यसको आधा भाग सधैँ सूर्यको सम्मुख पर्दछ र सम्मुख परेको आधा भाग सधै उज्यालो र विमुख परेको आधा भाग सधै अँध्यारो हुने थियो जसकारण दिनरात सम्भव हुने थिएन। पृथ्वीको उज्यालो हुने भाग र अँध्यारो हुने भागलाई छुट्याउने रेखालाई प्रकाश चक्र भनिन्छ। पृथ्वी आफ्नो अक्षमा ६६.५° को कोणमा ढल्कनु र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="भूमध्यरेखा">भूमध्यरेखा</a> र दुवै धुवतर्फबाट सूर्यको दूरी समान नभएकाले पृथ्वीको सबै ठाउँमा सूर्यको किरण बराबर मात्रामा पर्दैन। तसर्थ पृथ्वीको सबै ठाउँहरूबाट १२ घण्टाको दिन र १२ घण्टाको रात हुँदैन। पृथ्वीले करिब २४ घण्टाको एकपटक अक्षमा घुमेर सक्ने हुँदा र भूमध्य रेखा र ध्रुवतर्फ पृथ्वीको दूरी फरक हुन्छ र भूमध्यरेखाबाट उत्तर र दक्षिण धुवतर्फ दिनरातका बीचमा फरक बढ्दै जान्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-USNO_TSD_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNO_TSD-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>पृथ्वीको परिभ्रमण गतिको अवधि स्थिर <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा">तारा</a>हरूको सम्बन्धमा गणना गरिन्छ जसलाई <i>इन्टरनेसनल अर्थ रोटेसन एन्ड रिफरेन्स सिस्टम सर्भिस</i>ले (आइइआरएस) ले यसलाई नाक्षत्रिय दिन भन्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-seidelmann1992_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidelmann1992-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यो ८६,१६४.०९८९ सेकेन्डको औसत सौर्य दिन (युटी१) वा २३ घण्टा ५६ मिनेट ४.०९८९ सेकेन्डको हुन्छ। परिक्रमण काल वा औसत <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="भूमध्यरेखा">भूमध्य रेखा</a>को सम्बन्धमा पृथ्वीको परिक्रमण अवधिलाई पहिला गलत तरिकाले कालो दिनको रूपमा चिनिन्थ्यो जसको मान ८६,१६४.०९०५ सेकन्डको औसत सौर्य समय बराबरको (२३ घण्टा ५६ मिनट ४.०९०५ सेकेन्ड) थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-iers1623_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iers1623-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> फलस्वरूप नक्षत्रको दिनभन्दा करिब ८.४ मिलिसेकेन्ड छोटो हुन्छ। आइइआरद्वारा औसत सौर्य दिनको लम्बाइ मूल्य अनुमान <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय मात्रक प्रणाली">एसआई एकाई</a>हरूमा सन् १६२३ देखि २००५ र सन् १९६२ देखि २००५ सम्म उपलब्ध छ।<sup id="cite_ref-iers1962_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iers1962-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डल">पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डल</a>मा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="उल्का पिण्ड">उल्कापिण्ड</a> र कम परिक्रमण गति भएका उपग्रहहरू बाहेक खगोलीय पिण्डको स्पष्ट मूल गति पृथ्वीको आकाशको पश्चिममा १५ डिग्री/घण्टा = १५'/मिनटको गति दरका साथ देख्न सकिन्छ। जुन वस्तु आकाशीय भूमध्य रेखाको नजिक छ त्यस्तो वस्तु प्रत्येक दुुई मिनेटमा सूर्य वा चन्द्रमाको स्पष्ट परिधिको बराबर हुन्छ। पृथ्वीको सतहबाट सूर्य र चन्द्रमाको स्पष्ट आकार लगभग रूपमा देखिन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-zeilik1998_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeilik1998-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="परिक्रमण_तथा_पृथ्वीको_कक्ष"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A3_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8B_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7"></span>परिक्रमण तथा पृथ्वीको कक्ष</h3></div> <p>पृथ्वीले आफ्नो अक्षमा घुम्नुका साथै सूर्यलाई चारैतर्फबाट परिक्रमा गर्दछ। सूर्यलाई पृथ्वीले चारैतर्फबाट परिक्रमा गर्ने निश्चित अण्डाकार मार्गलाई कक्ष भनिन्छ। पृथ्वीले कक्षबाट सूर्यको परिक्रमा गर्ने गतिलाई परिक्रमण भनिन्छ। पृथ्वीले यो परिक्रमण करिब एक वर्ष अर्थात् ३६५ दिन ५ घण्टा ४८ मिनेट ४५.६८ सेकेन्डमा पूरा गर्ने हुँदा यस गतिलाई वार्षिक गति पनि भनिने गरिन्छ। यो गति ६६,००० माइल (७०६१९४ किमी) प्रतिघण्टाको हुन्छ। उपर्युक्त तरिकाले एक वर्ष ३६५ दिनभन्दा बढी भएको वार्षिक गतिको समयलाई जोड्दै लग्दा प्रत्येक ४ वर्षमा एक दिन (२४ घण्टा) पूरा हुन्छ। यसरी एक दिन बढी भएको प्रत्येक चौथो वर्षलाई अधिक वर्ष भनिन्छ। यस वर्षमा ३६६ दिन हुन्छ। पृथ्वी र सूर्यको औसत दूरी लगभग १४,९६३,७००,००० किमी (९३,०००,००० माइल) छ तर पृथ्वी आफ्नो अण्डाकार मार्गमा सूर्यलाई परिक्रमा गर्दा सूर्य दक्षिणायन भएको स्थितिमा सूर्य र पृथ्वी सबभन्दा नजिक हुन्छन्। यो बेला सूर्य र पृथ्वीको बीचको दूरी १४, ७२,३५०,००० किमी (९१,५००,००० माइल) हुन्छ। यसको ठीक विपरीत सूर्य उत्तरायणको समयमा सूर्य र पृथ्वी सबैभन्दा टाढा पुग्दछन्। यसबेला सूर्य र पृथ्वीको दूरी १५,२०५,०५०,००० किमी (९४,५००,००० माइल) हुन जान्छ। पृथ्वीबाट सूर्य सबैभन्दा नजिक जनवरी ३ र सबैभन्दा टाढा जुलाई ४ का दिन हुन्छ। सबैभन्दा नजिक हुँदा पृथ्वी र सूर्यको दूरी उत्तर गोलार्धमा ३.३ प्रतिशत नजिक हुन्छ। वर्षभरिमा सूर्य करिब १८७ दिन उत्तरायण र १७८ दिन दक्षिणायन हुन्छ। पृथ्वीको परिक्रमण गति प्रतिसेकेन्ड २९.७७ किमी हुन्छ। </p><p>पृथ्वीको वार्षिक गतिका कारण दिन र रातको समय र ऋतुहरूमा परिवर्तन आउँदछ। पृथ्वीले सूर्यलाई १५० किलोमिटर (९६×१०६ माइल) प्रति ३६५.२५६४ को औसत सौर्य दिन वा एक सौर्य वर्षमा परिक्रमा गर्ने गर्दछ। पृथ्वीको औसत कक्षीय गति २९.७८ किमी/सेकन्ड (१,०७,२०० किमी/घण्टा; ६६,६०० माइल/घण्टा) छ। यस गतिले पृथ्वीको परिधिको समान दूरी लगभग १२,७४२ किमी (७,९१८ माइल) मात्र सात मिनेटमा तय गर्न सकिन्छ र पृथ्वीबाट चन्द्रमाको दूरी ३,४८,००० किमी (२,३९,००० माइल) छ जसलाई लगभग ३ घण्टमा पुरा गर्न सकिन्छ। </p><p>चन्द्रमा र पृथ्वीले पृष्ठभूमिका ताराहरूको तुलनामा हरेक २७.३२ दिनमा एउटा सामान्य भरकेन्द्रको परिक्रमा गर्दछन्। सूर्यको वरिपरि पृथ्वी-चन्द्र प्रणालीको सामान्य अक्षसँग संयोजन गर्दा, पूर्णा चन्द्रमादेखि अर्को पूर्ण चन्द्रमासम्म चन्द्रमासको अवधि २९.५३ दिनको हुन्छ। आकाशीय उत्तर ध्रुवबाट हेर्दा पृथ्वीको गति चन्द्रमा र तिनीहरूको अक्षीय परिक्रमा घडीको विपरीत दिशातर्फ हुन्छ। सूर्य र पृथ्वीको उत्तर ध्रुवहरू माथिको दृश्यबाट हेर्दा पृथ्वीले सूर्यको विपरीत दिशामा परिक्रमा गर्छ। कक्षीय र अक्षीय तलहरू ठ्याक्कै पङ्क्तिबद्ध हुँदैनन्। पृथ्वीको अक्ष पृथ्वी-सूर्य तलको समानन्तरबाट लगभग २३.४४ डिग्री झुकेको भने पृथ्वी-चन्द्रमा तल पृथ्वी-सूर्य तलको विपरीत ±५.१ डिग्रीसम्म झुकेेेेको छ। यस झुकावको बिनत प्रत्येक दुई हप्तामा एक ग्रहण लाग्ने गर्दथ्यो र चन्द्र ग्रहण र सूर्य ग्रहण बीच तालमेल हुने थियो। </p><p>पृथ्वीको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल">गुरुत्वाकर्षण शक्ति</a>को क्षेत्र अर्धव्यासमा लगभग १५ लाख किलोमिटर (९,३०,००० माइल) छ। यो पृथ्वीको गुरुत्वाकर्षण प्रभाव धेरै टाढा सूर्य र ग्रहहरू भन्दा बलियो हुने अधिकतम दूरी हो। वस्तुहरूले यस अर्धव्यासभित्र पृथ्वीलाई परिक्रमा गर्नुपर्छ वा सूर्यको गुरुत्वाकर्षण छिद्रद्वारा असीमित हुन सक्छ। पृथ्वी, सौर्यमण्डलको साथसाथै <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="आकाशगङ्गा">आकाशगङ्गा</a>मा अवस्थित छ र यसको केन्द्रबाट लगभग २८,००० प्रकाश-वर्ष टाढा परिक्रमा गर्ने गर्दछ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ऋतु_परिवर्तन"><span id=".E0.A4.8B.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.81_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8"></span>ऋतु परिवर्तन</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:AxialTiltObliquity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/220px-AxialTiltObliquity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/330px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/440px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>पृथ्वीको अक्षीय ढाल र परिक्रमाको अक्ष पनि कक्षको सतहसँग सम्बन्धित छ।</figcaption></figure> <p>पृथ्वीले <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सूर्य">सूर्य</a>लाई आफ्नो कक्षीय मार्गमा परिक्रमा गर्ने हुँदा सूर्य पृथ्वीबाट कहिले नजिक र कहिले टाढा पुग्दछ। पृथ्वीले सूर्यको नजिक हुँदा बढी तापक्रम र टाढा हुँदा कम तापक्रम प्राप्त गर्दछ। सूर्यबाट पृथ्वी नजिक र टाढा हुँदा फरक पर्ने तापक्रमको अवस्थाले पृथ्वीमा एक वर्षभरिमा विभिन्न <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="हावा">वायु</a>का अवस्थाहरूमा आउँछन्। यसरी हुने <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तापक्रम">तापक्रम</a> र हावाको परिवर्तनको अवस्थाबाट प्राप्त हुने प्रकृया ऋतुपरिवर्तन हो। पृथ्वीले सूर्यलाई कक्षबाट परिभ्रमण गर्ने अवस्थामा सूर्यबाट पाउने तापको मात्रालाई सामान्यत: चार अवस्थामा बाँड्दा करिब असार ८ असोज ७, पौष ७ र चैत्र ७ गते यिनै चार अवस्थाहरू नै <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु">ग्रीष्म</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="शरद ऋतु">शरद</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="शिशिर ऋतु">शिशिर</a> र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="वसन्त">वसन्त</a> ऋतुहरू हुन्।<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> असार ८ मा सूर्यको स्थिति उत्तरायण हुन्छ त्यसबेला उत्तरी गोलार्धको धेरैजसो भाग सूर्यतर्फ ढल्केको र थोरै भागमात्र सूर्यको विमुख दिशामा पर्दछ भने त्यस समय कर्कटरेखामाथि सूर्यको किरण लम्बरूपले पर्ने हुनाले उत्तरी गोलार्धको आधाभन्दा बढी भागले सूर्यको ताप प्राप्त गर्दछ। यसैले त्यस क्षेत्रमा दिन लामो र रात छोटो हुन्छ। जबकि <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दक्षिणी गोलार्ध">दक्षिणी गोलार्ध</a>मा दिन छोटो र रात लामो हुन्छ। उत्तरी गोलार्धमा २१ जुनको समयमा दिन लामो र रात छोटो हुने हुँदा पृथ्वीले दिनभर प्राप्त गरेको तापक्रम रातमा नष्ट हुन सक्दैन। त्यसकारण तापक्रम सञ्चित भैराख्दछ र उत्तरी गोलार्धमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु">गृष्म ऋतु</a> चल्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> तर दक्षिणी गोलार्धमा दिन छिटो र रात लामो हुने हुँदा प्राप्त गर्नेभन्दा तापक्रम नष्ट गर्ने अवधि धेरै हुन्छ यसर्थ यहाँ त्यससमय शिशिर ऋतु चल्दछ। पृथ्वी र सूर्यको यस स्थितिलाई कर्कट सङ्क्रान्ति भनिन्छ। </p><p>२१ जुनपछि सूर्यको स्थिति दक्षिणायन हुन लाग्ने हुँदा २२ डिसेम्बरमा सूर्यको किरण <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="भूमध्यरेखा">भूमध्यरेखा</a>माथि लम्बरूपले पर्दछ र अन्य भागतर्फ सूर्यको किरण तेर्सो पर्दै जान्छ। यस समय पृथ्वीको उत्तर र दक्षिण दुवै गोलार्धको ठीक आधा भाग सूर्यको सम्मुख र ठीक आधा भाग विमुख दिशामा पर्ने हुँदा पृथ्वीको सबै ठाउँमा दिन र रातको लम्बाइ बराबर (१२ घण्टाको दिन र १२ घण्टाको रात) हुन्छ । यस प्रकार दिन र रात बराबर हुने हुँदा सूर्यको ताप पाउने र नष्ट हुने मात्रा पनि बराबर हुन्छ। यसर्थ यस समय पृथ्वीमा न धेरै जाडो न धेरै गर्मी हुन्छ। उत्तरी गोर्धमा ग्रीष्मपछिको शरद् र दक्षिणी गोलार्धमा शिशिरपछिको बसन्त ऋतु चल्लछ।<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यस्तो बखतमा सूर्य ठीक पूर्वमा उदाउँछ र ठीक पश्चिममा अस्ताउँदछ। सूर्य र पृथ्वीको यस किसिमको स्थितिलाई शरद् सम्पात भनिन्छ। </p><p>शरद् ऋतुको समाप्तिपछि सूर्य दक्षिणायन हुन्छ र किरण मकररेखामा लम्बरूपले पर्दछ। यसर्थ २२ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="डिसेम्बर">डिसेम्बर</a>मा (लगभग पौष ७) दक्षिणी गोलार्धको धेरै भाग सूर्यतर्फ ढल्केको तथा सूर्यको सम्मुख परेका हुन्छन् जब कि उत्तरी गोलार्ध सूर्यको विमुख दिशामा पर्दछ र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="दिन">दिन</a> छोटो र रात लामो हुन्छ। यस समय पृथ्वीको दक्षिणी गोलार्धले सूर्यबाट ताप प्राप्त गर्ने अवधि बढी र उत्तरी गोलार्धले ताप प्राप्त गर्ने अवधि कम हुने भएकाले दक्षिणी गोलार्धमा ग्रीष्म ऋतु र उत्तरी गोलार्धमा शिशिर ऋतु हुन्छ। यो दिन सूर्य पृथ्वीबाट १५५,१५७,२०० <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="किलोमिटर">किलोमिटर</a> टाढा रहन्छ। पृथ्वी र सूर्यको यस स्थितिलाई मकर सङ्क्रान्ति भनिन्छ। २१ मार्चमा (करिब चैत्र ७) सूर्यको स्थिति भूमध्यरेखा क्षेत्रमा लम्बरूपले पर्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यस समय दुवै गोलार्धका आधा-आधा भागले बराबर सूर्यताप प्राप्त गर्दछन्। यस कारण सेप्टेम्बर २२ को दिनमा दिन र रातको लम्बाइ बराबर हुन्छ। यो ताप प्राप्ति र नाशको बराबर अवधि हुने हुँदा दुवै गोलार्धमा न धेरै गर्मी न धेरै जाडो हुन्छ। त्यसैले उत्तरी गोलार्धमा शिशिर पछिको बसन्त ऋतु र दक्षिणी गोलार्धमा ग्रीष्मपछिको शरद् ऋतु चल्दछ। सूर्य र पृथ्वीको यस किसिमको स्थितिलाई वसन्त सम्पात भनिन्छ। २१ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="मार्च">मार्च</a>पछि पृथ्वी र सूर्यको स्थिति माथि उल्लेख गरेजस्तै पुनः २१ जुनको स्थिति आउँदछ र सोही क्रम दोहोरिन्छ। भूमध्यरेखा क्षेत्रमा सधैँ दिन र रात बराबर र ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रहरूमा ६ महिनाको दिन र ६ महिनाको रात हुन्छ। यसर्थ यी ठाउँहरूमा ऋतुपरिवर्तनको खास प्रभाव पर्दैन। जब कि कर्कट र मकर रेखातर्फ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="ऋतु परिवर्तन">ऋतु परिवर्तन</a>को विशेष प्रभाव पर्दछ। </p><p>वर्तमान समयमा पृथ्वी ३ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="जनवरी">जनवरी</a>को र ४ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="जुलाई">जुलाई</a>को आसपास सबैभन्दा माथिको बिन्दुमा पुग्दछ। एनागनल चाल र विभिन्न अक्षीय घटनाहरूका कारण समय बित्दै जाँदा यी दिनहरू परिवर्तन हुन्छन् जसले मिलानकोभिच चक्र भनेर चिनिने चक्रीय ढाँचा पछ्याउँदछ।<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पृथ्वी र सूर्यबीचको यो बदलिँदो दूरीका कारण पृथ्वीको सतहमा पुग्ने सौर्य ऊर्जा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="परमाणु">परमाणु</a> ऊर्जाको तुलनामा करिब ६.९% ले वृद्धि हुन्छ। यसो हुनुको कारण प्रमुख कारण दक्षिणी गोलार्द्ध पृथ्वी र सूर्यको सबैभन्दा नजिकको बिन्दुमा पुग्दा मात्र सूर्यतिर ढल्किन्छ। वर्षभरि नै पृथ्वीको दक्षिणी गोलार्द्धले उत्तरी गोलार्द्धको तुलनामा सूर्यबाट अलि बढी ताप पाउँछ। पृथ्वीको अक्षीय ढालका कारण <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊर्जा">ऊर्जा</a>को कुल मात्राको वृद्धिको तुलनामा यस घटनाको महत्व निकै सानो छ। अधिकांस अतिरिक्त ऊर्जा दक्षिणी गोलार्द्धमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="महासागर">महासागर</a>को <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी">पानी</a>ले खपत गर्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="वासयोग्यता"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE"></span>वासयोग्यता</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg/220px-Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg/330px-Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg/440px-Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यानडा">क्यानडा</a>को रकी पर्वतमाला अगाडि माइरेन तालको एक सामुद्रीक दृश्य</figcaption></figure> <p>कुनै पनि ग्रहमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन">जीवन</a>का लागि उपयुक्त नभए पनि कुनैपनि प्रकारका जीवहरू जीवित रहन सक्छन् भने त्यस <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह">ग्रह</a>लाई बस्न सकिने बताइएको छ। पृथ्वीमा प्रशस्त मात्रामा पानी छ जसले एक अर्कामा जटिल जैविक यौगिकहरूको संलग्नता र संयोजनका लागि उचित वातावरण सृजना गर्दछ। साथै यसले उपापचयन प्रक्रियाका लागि आवश्यक <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊर्जा">ऊर्जा</a> प्रदान गर्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-ab20032_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab20032-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पृथ्वीबाट सूर्यको दूरीका साथै यसको अक्षीय उपकेन्द्रता, अक्षीय परिक्रमणको गति, अक्षीय ढाल, भू-प्राकृतिक इतिहास, उपयुुक्त <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="पृथ्वीको वायुमण्डल">वायुमण्डल</a> र चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र सबै मिलेर पृथ्वीको सतहको वर्तमान हावापानी र वातावरणलाई कायम राख्ने काम गरिरहेका छन्।<sup id="cite_ref-dole19702_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dole19702-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="जीवमण्डल"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A3.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A1.E0.A4.B2"></span>जीवमण्डल</h3></div> <p>पृथ्वीको सम्पूर्ण पारिस्थितिक योग नै जीवमण्डल हो। यसलाई पृथ्वीमा जीवनको क्षेत्र पनि भन्न सकिन्छ। यो संयुक्त प्रक्रिया (पृथ्वीभित्रको सौर्य र ब्रह्माण्डीय विकिरण र तापबाट विच्छेदन) हो र यो धेरै हदसम्म स्व-नियमित छ। अर्को शब्दमा भन्ने हो भने जीवमण्डलले पृथ्वीको बाहिरी तहमा भएका <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="हावा">वायु</a>, जमिन, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी">पानी</a> र जीवित वस्तुहरूको योगलाई बुझाउँछ। जीवनको अस्तित्व जीवमण्डलसित सम्बन्धित छ। जीवमण्डलको सीमा करिब २० किलोमिटर माथि र तलसम्म रहेको अनुमान गरिएको भए पनि अधिकांश जीवन मुख्यतः <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय">हिमालय</a>को उचाइभन्दा ५०० <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मिटर">मिटर</a> तल रहेको समुद्रको गहिराइमा पाइन्छन्। लगभग ४.१ अरब वर्षअघि यहाँ जीवहरू अस्तित्वमा आएका थिए। </p><p>यस ग्रहको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a> जगत् बस्न योग्य <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="पारिस्थितिक प्रणाली">पारिस्थितिकी</a>को सृजना गर्दछ। कहिलेकाहीँ यी सबैलाई "जीवमण्डल" भनिन्छ। लगभग ३.५ अरब वर्षअघि पृथ्वीको जीवमण्डलको उत्पत्ति सुरु भएको अनुमान गरिएको छ। यो जीवमण्डललाई प्रमुख वासस्थान ओगटेको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति">वनस्पति</a> तथा वन्यजन्तुको ठूलो प्राकृतिक रूपमा देखा पर्ने समुदायमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ। त्यस्तै धेरै जीवजन्तु र जनावर एउटै परिस्थितिमा बस्ने गरेका छन्। जमिनमा बसोबास गर्ने जीवहरूलाई मुख्यतया अक्षांशको भिन्नता, समुद्री सतह, उचाई र आर्द्रताबाट विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ। सुमेरु क्षेत्र वा कुमेरू वृत्तको स्थलीय पारिस्थितिकीको सन्दर्भमा उच्च अक्षांश वा अत्यन्त सुख्खा क्षेत्रहरूमा तुलनात्मक रूपमा कुनै जनावर र वनस्पतिहरू पाइदैनन्। यस्ता क्षेत्रहरूमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="भूमध्यरेखा">भूमध्य रेखा</a> क्षेत्रको आर्द्र तराईमा प्रजातिहरूको विविधता सबैभन्दा बढी पाइन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-amnat163_2_1922_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnat163_2_1922-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सन् २०१६ जुलाईमा वैज्ञानिकहरूले पृथ्वीका सबै जीवित जीवहरूमा एउटा परीक्षण गर्दै ३५५ जिनको समूहलाई अन्तिम विश्वव्यापी समान पूर्वजको रूपमा चिनाएका थिए।<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160725_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160725-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="प्राकृतिक_स्रोत_र_जमिनको_प्रयोग"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.A4_.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8B_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.97"></span>प्राकृतिक स्रोत र जमिनको प्रयोग</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>मानिसहरूद्वारा प्रयोग गरिएको अनुमानित भूमि, सन् २०००<sup id="cite_ref-Lambin2011_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambin2011-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>भूमि प्रयोग </th> <th>मेगाहक्टर </th></tr> <tr> <td>बालीको भूमि </td> <td style="text-align:center">१,३१०–१,६११ </td></tr> <tr> <td>चरनभूमि </td> <td style="text-align:center">२,५००–३,४१० </td></tr> <tr> <td>प्राकृतिक वनभूमि </td> <td style="text-align:center">३,१४३–३,८७१ </td></tr> <tr> <td>रोपनकृत वनभूमि </td> <td style="text-align:center">१२६–२१५ </td></tr> <tr> <td>सहरी क्षेत्र </td> <td style="text-align:center">६६–३५१ </td></tr> <tr> <td>प्रयोग नभएको भूमि </td> <td style="text-align:center">३५६–४४५ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>मानिसहरूले पृथ्वीका प्राकृतिक स्रोतसाधनहरू विभिन्न उद्देश्यका लागि प्रयोग गरेका छन्। यस मध्ये केही गैर-नवीकरणीय संसाधन मानिन्छन्। जीवाश्म इन्धन भौगर्भिक समयको सन्दर्भमा मात्र नवीकृत हुन्छ। पृथ्वीमा ठूलो मात्रामा जीवाश्म इन्धनको भण्डार रहेको छ। तीमध्ये <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोइला">कोइला</a>, पेट्रोलियम र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8" title="प्राकृतिक ग्याँस">प्राकृतिक ग्याँस</a> पनि छन्। यी भण्डारहरूलाई मानिसले ऊर्जा उत्पादन गर्न मात्र नभएर <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="रासायनिक पदार्थ">रासायनिक पदार्थ</a>हरू उत्पादन गर्ने कच्चा पदार्थको रूपमा पनि प्रयोग गर्दछन्। यसबाहेक <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="कच्चा पदार्थ">कच्चा पदार्थ</a> बनाउने प्रक्रियाद्वारा पनि <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज">खनिज</a> पदार्थहरूको प्रयोग हुन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-Ramdohr_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramdohr-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" title="लाभा">लाभा</a>, माटोको भूक्षय र प्लेटमा आधारित भौगर्भिक संरचनाले गर्दा यस्ता पदार्थहरू बनेका हुन्। यी भण्डारहरूलाई थुप्रै <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु">धातु</a> तथा अन्य लाभदायी आधारभूत तत्त्वहरूको एकाग्र स्रोतको रूपमा लिइन्छ। </p><p>पृथ्वीको जीवमण्डलले मानिसका लागि थुप्रै जैविक सामग्रीहरूको उत्पादन गर्ने गर्दछ जसमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="खाद्यपदार्थ">खाना</a>, काठ, औषधि, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="प्राणवायु">अक्सिजन</a> समावेछ छ भने यस बाहेक विभिन्न जैविक फोहोरहरूको पनि पुनः प्रयोग हुन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-science299_5607_673_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science299_5607_673-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> जमिनमा आधारित पारिस्थितिकी जमिनको माथिल्लो भाग र सफा पानीमा निर्भर हुन्छ भने समुद्री <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="पारिस्थितिक प्रणाली">पारिस्थितिकी</a> जमिनबाट धोएर समुद्री <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी">पानी</a>मा पुग्ने पोषक तत्त्वहरूमा निर्भर हुन्छ। सन् १९८० सम्म पृथ्वीको सतही क्षेत्रको ५,०५३ मेगा हक्टर (५०.५३ मिलियन वर्ग किलोमिटर) क्षेत्रफलमा वनहरू फैलिएका थिए भने ६,७८८ मेेेगाहक्टर (६७.८८ मिलियन वर्ग किलोमिटर) <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2" title="क्षेत्रफल">क्षेत्रफल</a>मा घाँसे मैदान र चरनभूमि तथन १,५०१ मेगाहेक्टर (१५.०१ मिलियन <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="वर्ग किलोमिटर">वर्ग किलोमिटर</a>) <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="कृषि">कृषि</a> क्षेत्रले ढाकेको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-Turner1990_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner1990-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सन् १९९३ मा अनुमानित सिँचाइ क्षेत्र २,४८१,२५० वर्ग किलोमिटर (९,५८,०२० वर्ग माइल) थियो। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="प्राकृतिक_तथा_वातावरणीय_समस्या"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE"></span>प्राकृतिक तथा वातावरणीय समस्या</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Pavlof2014iss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pavlof2014iss.jpg/220px-Pavlof2014iss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pavlof2014iss.jpg/330px-Pavlof2014iss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pavlof2014iss.jpg/440px-Pavlof2014iss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>ज्वालामुखी विस्फोटन हुँदा तातो खरानी वायुमण्डलमा फैलिरहेको छ।</figcaption></figure> <p>पृथ्वीको तटीय क्षेत्र र वरिपरिको क्षेत्रमा उष्णकटिबन्धीय चक्रवात, तुफान वा तुफानजस्ता अत्यन्तै खतरनाक मौसमी परिवर्तनहरूले गर्दा यस्ता क्षेत्रहरूमा जनजीवनमा गहिरो प्रभाव पार्दछ। सन् १९८० देखि २००० सम्म यस्ता घटनाहरूमा वर्षेनी औसत ११,८०० जनाको मृत्यु भएको थियो। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="भुईँचालो">भूकम्प</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="पहिरो">पहिरो</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी">सुनामी</a>, विष्फोट, भुमरी, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="पहिरो">पहिरो</a>, हिमपात, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%80" title="बाढी">बाढी</a>, डुबान, डढेलो तथा अन्य <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="जलवायु परिवर्तन">जलवायु परिवर्तन</a> तथा प्राकृतिक प्रकोप प्राय: देखिने ठाउँहरू धेरै छन्। विभिन्न स्थानमा वायु र जल <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रदूषण">प्रदूषण</a> मानव निर्मित प्रदूषणको कारणले गर्दा हुने हुन्छ। फलस्वरुप <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अम्ल वर्षा">अम्लीय वर्षा</a> हुने गरेको पाइन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-walsh2008_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walsh2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> वनको जमिनको विनाश, अधिक चरन भूमि, वन फँडानी, वन्यजन्तुको विनाश, प्रजातिलोपन, माटोको भूक्षयको कारणले गर्दा प्रकृतिमा नकारात्मक असर पारिरहेको हुन्छ। मानव जातिको औद्योगीकरणका क्रममा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="उत्सर्जन">उत्सर्जन</a> हुने <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बनडाइअक्साइड">कार्बनडाइअक्साइड</a>को कारण विश्वव्यापी रूपमा विश्वको तापक्रम बढ्दै गएकोमा वैज्ञानिकहरू सहमति छन्। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिमनदी">हिमनदी</a> र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिम">बरफ</a>का तहहरू पग्लने जस्ता जलवायु परिवर्तनले गर्दा विश्वको तापक्रम बढ्न गएको हो। अझ बढी अत्यधिक <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="तापक्रम">तापक्रम</a> सीमाहरू अवलोकन भइरहेका छन्। एकै समयमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="मौसम">मौसम</a> पनि उल्लेखनीय परिवर्तन भइरहेको र विश्वव्यापी रूपमा औसत समुद्री सतह पनि बढिरहेको छ।<sup id="cite_ref-un200702022_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un200702022-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="मानवीय_भूगोल"><span id=".E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.B2"></span>मानवीय भूगोल</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg/330px-Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg/495px-Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg/660px-Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>पृथ्वीको सातवटा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="महादेश">महादेश</a><sup id="cite_ref-NatlGeo_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatlGeo-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="" style="background-color: transparent; width: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1160574">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0c0; color:#0c0;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर अमेरिका">उत्तर अमेरिका</a></span></li><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:green; color:green;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका">दक्षिण अमेरिका</a></span></li><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0040ff; color:#0040ff;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्टार्क्टिका">अन्टार्क्टिका</a></span></li></ul></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td align="left" valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1160574"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#c10000; color:#c10000;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="युरोप">युरोप</a></span></li><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#fed52e; color:#fed52e;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अफ्रिका">अफ्रिका</a></span></li></ul></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td align="left" valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1160574"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#f33e01; color:#f33e01;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एसिया">एसिया</a></span></li><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#c04080; color:#c04080;">     </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अस्ट्रेलिया (महादेश) (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">अस्ट्रेलिया</a></span></li></ul></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>मानचित्राङ्कन विज्ञान नक्सा बनाउने अध्ययन तथा अभ्यासको विज्ञान हो। भूगोल भन्नाले भूमि, विशेषता, बासस्थान र पृथ्वीको घटनाको अध्ययनलाई बुझ्न सकिन्छ। यसै गरी मानचित्राङ्कन विज्ञान ऐतिहासिक रूपमा विश्वलाई चित्रण गर्ने नियम बनेको छ। सर्वेक्षण स्थिति तथा दूरीको मापन प्रणाली हो। नेभिगेसन एक राम्रो मापन प्रणाली हो। यस प्रणालीद्वारा स्थिति र दिशा मापन गर्न सकिन्छ। मानचित्राङ्कन र भूगोलको साथसाथै यसलाई आवश्यक जानकारी प्रदान गर्न र सही निदान गर्न विकसित गरिएको छ। </p><p>सन् २०११ को अक्टोबर ३१ सम्म पृथ्वीमा मानिसको जनसङ्ख्या सात अर्ब पुगेको थियो। पूर्वानुमानअनुसार सन् २०५० सम्ममा विश्वको <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जनसङ्ख्या">जनसङ्ख्या</a> ९.२ अरब हुनेछ। सबैभन्दा धेरै <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="जनसङ्ख्या वृद्धि">जनसङ्ख्या वृद्धि</a> विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रहरूमा हुने आशा गरिएको छ।<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> मानव जनसङ्ख्याको घनत्व संसारको सबै ठाउँमा समान छैन तर अधिकांश जनसङ्ख्या <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एसिया">एसिया</a> महादेशमा बसोबास गर्दछन्। सन् २०२० सम्ममा विश्वको ६० प्रतिशत जनसङ्ख्या ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा नभई सहरी क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्ने अनुमान गरिएको छ। पृथ्वीको सतहको ८ भागको १ भाग मानव बसोबासका लागि उपयुक्त हुन्छ भन्ने हिसाब गर्न सकिन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-un20062_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un20062-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पृथ्वीको सतहको तीन चौथाई भाग समुद्रले घेरिएको हुनाले यसको एक तिहाइ भाग मात्र जमिन अवस्थित छ। यस भूमिको केही भागमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="मरुभूमि">मरुभूमि</a> १४%,<sup id="cite_ref-hessd4_4392_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hessd4_4392-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> अग्ला <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="पहाड">पहाड</a>हरू २७% र अन्य अनुपयुक्त भू-भागले रहेका छन्।<sup id="cite_ref-biodiv2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodiv2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> विश्वको सबैभन्दा उच्च उत्तरी स्थायी संरचना द अलर्टमा अवस्थित छ।<sup id="cite_ref-prb20072_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prb20072-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>७९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यो द्वीप <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यानडा">क्यानडा</a>को नुनाभुट (८२°२८′उत्तर) को एलेस्मेरे टापुमा अवस्थित छ। विश्वको सबैभन्दा उच्च दक्षिण-पक्षीय स्थायी संरचना एमुन्डसेन स्कट दक्षिण द्रुव स्टेसन हो। यो अन्टार्क्टिकामा लगभग दक्षिण ध्रुवको (९०°दक्षिण) नजिक।<sup id="cite_ref-cfsa20062_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfsa20062-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_(8020913157).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/220px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/330px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/440px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>न्युयोर्क सहर स्थित संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घको प्रधान कार्यालय</figcaption></figure> <p>स्वतन्त्र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="सार्वभौम सम्पन्न राष्ट्रहरूको सूची">सार्वभौम राष्ट्रहरू</a>ले यस ग्रहको लगभग सबै भूमिको दावा गर्छन्।<sup id="cite_ref-cia_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्टार्क्टिका">अन्टार्क्टिका</a>का केही भागहरू बाहेक, डेन्युब नदीको पश्चिम किनाराका केही टुक्राहरू, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="इजिप्ट">मिस्र</a> र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सुडान">सुडान</a>बीचको सीमानामा रहेको बिर टाउइल दाबी नगरिएको क्षेत्रहरू हुन्।<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy19892_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy19892-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सन् २०१५ सम्म विश्वमा १९३ सार्वभौम राज्यहरू रहेका छन् जसलाई सदस्य राष्ट्रको रूपमा समावेश गरिएको छ। साथै दुई पर्यवेक्षक राज्यहरू र ७२ आश्रित प्रदेशहरू र सीमित मान्यता प्राप्त राज्यहरू पनि रहेका छन्। सारा विश्वमाथि अधिकार जमाउने तरिकाले पृथ्वीमा कुनै पनि सार्वभौमसत्ता सम्पन्न सरकारको कहिल्यै निर्माण भएको छैन।<sup id="cite_ref-uncharter2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uncharter2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यद्यपि, केही राष्ट्र-राज्यहरूले विश्व प्रभुत्वको लागि लडेतापनि असफल भएका थिए। संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घले एक विश्वव्यापी अन्तर राज्य सङ्गठनको रूपमा कार्य गर्दछ। यो सङ्गठन राष्ट्रहरूबीचको विवादमा हस्तक्षेप गर्ने उद्देश्यले स्थापित भएको छ। यसको उद्देश सशस्त्र द्वन्द्व नहोस् भन्ने हो। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र">संयुक्त राष्ट्र</a> मुख्यतया अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कूटनीति र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानुनको मञ्चको रूपमा कार्यरत छ।<sup id="cite_ref-un_int_law2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_int_law2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घका सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू">सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू</a>को सहमति भएमा सशस्त्र हस्तक्षेपका लागि पनि उपायहरू अपनाइन्छ। </p><p>सन् १९६१ अप्रिल १२ मा पृथ्वीलाई परिक्रमा गर्ने पहिलो व्यक्ति <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="युरी गागरिन">युरी गागरिन</a> थिए।<sup id="cite_ref-kuhn20062_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhn20062-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सन् २०१० को जुलाई ३० सम्म करिब ४८७ जनाले अन्तरिक्ष र पृथ्वीको कक्षमा यात्रा गरेका थिए भने यीमध्ये १२ जना चन्द्रमामा सतहमा हिँडेका छन्।<sup id="cite_ref-ellis20042_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis20042-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shayler_vis2005_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shayler_vis2005-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> साधारणतया हाल <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अन्तरिक्ष स्टेसन">अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अन्तरिक्ष स्टेसन</a>मा रहेका मानिसहरू मात्र अन्तरिक्षमा छन्। यस स्टेसनमा कार्यरत कर्मचारीहरूको सङ्ख्या ६ रहेको छ।<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_rg_iss20072_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_rg_iss20072-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> उनीहरू हरेक ६ महिनामा परिवर्तन हुने गरेका छन्। पृथ्वीबाट मानिसहरूले यात्रा गरेको सबैभन्दा टाढाको दूरी ४,००,१७१ किलोमिटर हो जुन १९७० को अपोलो १३ अभियानमा प्राप्त भएको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-Apollo13History2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apollo13History2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>८९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="चन्द्रमा"><span id=".E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE"></span>चन्द्रमा</h2></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>मुख्य पृष्ठ : <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="चन्द्रमा">चन्द्रमा</a></i></div></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em;"> <caption>गुण </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="पृथ्वीको उत्तरी भागमा पूर्ण चन्द्रमाको दृश्य"><img alt="पृथ्वीको उत्तरी भागमा पूर्ण चन्द्रमाको दृश्य" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="2580" height="2452" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption>पृथ्वीको उत्तरी भागमा पूर्ण चन्द्रमाको दृश्य</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ब्यास</b></td> <td>३,४७४.८ किलोमिटर </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>तौल</b></td> <td>६<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>१०<sup>२४</sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="किलोग्राम">किलोग्राम</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>अर्धमुख्य अक्ष</b></td> <td>३,८४,४०० किलोमिटर </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>आवर्तनकाल</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap">२७ दिन ७ घण्टा ४३.७ मिनेट</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>पृथ्वीको अर्धव्यासको एक चौथाइ भाग जत्रो चन्द्रमा तुलनात्मक रूपमा ठूलो प्राकृतिक उपग्रह हो। ग्रहको आकारलाई ध्यानमा राख्दै यो सौर्यमण्डलको सबैभन्दा ठूलो उपग्रह हो। क्षुद्रग्रह <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="यमग्रह">यम</a>बाट तुलनात्मक रूपमा ठूलो भए तापनि पृथ्वीजस्ता अन्य ग्रहहरूमा भएका प्राकृतिक उपग्रहहरूलाई पनि "चन्द्रमा" भनिनेे गरिन्छ। </p><p>चन्द्रमा पृथ्वीको एकमात्र प्राकृतिक उपग्रह र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="सौर्यमण्डल">सौर्यमण्डल</a>को पाँचौँ सबैभन्दा ठूलो उपग्रह हो। पृथ्वीको केन्द्रदेखि चन्द्रमाको केन्द्रसम्मको औसत दूरी ३,८४,४०३ किलोमिटर (२३८,८५७ माइल) छ जुन पृथ्वीको व्यासभन्दा ३० गुणा बढी हो। चन्द्रमाको व्यास ३,४७४ किलोमिटर (२,१५९ माइल) छ जुन पृथ्वीको व्यासको एक चौथाई भन्दा अलिक बढी छ। यसको अर्थ चन्द्रमा पृथ्वीको आकारको ५० भागको १ भाग हो। यसको सतहमा गुरुत्वाकर्षण शक्ति पृथ्वीको सतहमा <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल">गुरुत्वाकर्षण</a> शक्तिको ६ भागको १ भाग छ। यदि कुनै व्यक्तिको तौल पृथ्वीको सतहमा १२० पाउण्ड छ भने चन्द्रमाको सतहमा उसको तौल २० पाउण्ड मात्र हुनेछ। यसले हरेक २७.३ दिनमा पृथ्वी वरिपरि पूर्ण परिक्रमा पूरा गर्दछ। चन्द्रकाल हरेक २९.५ दिनमा पुनः यथास्थिति फर्किन्छ अर्थात् फेरि त्यही गतिविधि निरन्तर चलिरहन्छ। पृथ्वी-चन्द्र-सूर्य प्रणालीको ज्यामितिमा आवधिक परिवर्तनका कारण चन्द्र चक्रको यो अलौकिक परिक्रमा हुन्छ। पृथ्वी र चन्द्रमाको परिक्रमाद्वारा उत्पन्न गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल र केन्द्रोन्मुखी शक्तिले मुख्यतया पृथ्वीमा ज्वारभाटाको निर्माण गराउँदछ। </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Earth-Moon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth-Moon.svg/220px-Earth-Moon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth-Moon.svg/330px-Earth-Moon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Earth-Moon.svg/440px-Earth-Moon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>पृथ्वी र चन्द्रमा प्रणालीको विस्तृत तस्वीर</figcaption></figure> <p>पृथ्वी र चन्द्रमाको आकर्षणका कारण हुने ज्वारभाटाका कारण चन्द्रमा पृथ्वीबाट प्रतिवर्ष करिब ३८ मिमिमिटरको दरले टाढा सर्ने गर्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-espenak_meeus20070207_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espenak_meeus20070207-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> लाखौँ वर्षहरूमा यी साना परिवर्तनहरूले गर्दा पृथ्वीको दिन बढेर २३ माइक्रोसेकेन्ड प्रति वर्षमा वृद्धि हुँदा अन्ततः अझ धेरै परिवर्तनहरू भएका छन्। उदाहरणका लागि, डेभोनियन समयकालमा (लगभग ४१ करोड वर्षअघि) एक वर्ष पूरा गर्न ४०० दिन लामो हुन्थ्यो भने प्रत्येक दिन २१.८ घण्टाको हुने गर्दथ्यो।<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>चन्द्रमाले पृथ्वीको हावापानी परिवर्तन गर्न सहयोग पुर्याएर जीवन विकासमा महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निर्वाह गरेको छ। जीवावशेष तथा कम्प्युटर सिमुलेशनबाट प्राप्त तथ्याङ्कले चन्द्रमा ज्वारभाटाले गर्दा पृथ्वीको अक्षीय ढाल स्थिर रहेको सङ्केत गर्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-aaa428_261_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa428_261-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> केही किंवदन्तीहरूले अनुमान लगाएअनुसार पृथ्वीको भूमध्यरेखाको छेउछाउमा अन्य ग्रह तथा सूर्यद्वारा एकनासको बलाधूर्ण बल बिना पृथ्वीको परिक्रमाको अक्ष अनियमित र अस्थिर हुने थियो र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मङ्गल ग्रह">मङ्गल ग्रह</a>को सन्दर्भमा प्रत्येक लाख वर्षमा पृथ्वीमा पनि भयानक परिवर्तनहरू देख्न सकिन्थ्यो।<sup id="cite_ref-nature410_6830_773_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature410_6830_773-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>पृथ्वीको सतहबाट हेर्दा चन्द्रमा र सूर्य लगभग बराबर दूरीमा एउटै आकारका गोलाकार आकाशिय पिण्ड जस्तो देखिन्छन्। यी दुई वस्तुहरूको कोणीय आकार (वा घन कोण) मेल खान्छ किनभने सूर्य चन्द्रमाभन्दा लगभग ४०० गुणा ठूलो भए तापनि एकै समयमा चन्द्रमाको तुलनामा सूर्य पृथ्वीबाट ४०० गुणा टाढा छ।<sup id="cite_ref-angular_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angular-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-angular_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angular-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>चन्द्रमाको संरचनाको बारेमा सबैभन्दा बढी स्वीकार गरिने सिद्धान्त <i>बृहत् प्रभाव सिद्धान्त</i> हो। यसले मङ्गल ग्रहजस्तै आकारमा बराबर 'थिया' नामक ब्रह्माण्डीय कणसँग टक्कर खाँदा यसको निर्माण भएको भनेर उल्लेख गरेको छ। यस सिद्धान्तले (अन्य कुराहरूका साथै) चन्द्रमामा फलाम र अस्थिर तत्त्वहरूको सापेक्षिक कमी र यसको संरचनाको प्रकृति पृथ्वीको भित्री भाग जस्तै छ भनी बताउँछ।<sup id="cite_ref-nature412_708_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature412_708-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="क्षुद्रग्रह_तथा_कृतिम_उपग्रहहरू"><span id=".E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B9_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AE_.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.82"></span>क्षुद्रग्रह तथा कृतिम उपग्रहहरू</h2></div> <p>क्षुद्रग्रह मुख्यतया ताराहरूको वरिपरि घुम्ने चट्टानहरू मिलेर बनेको एक आकाशिय पिण्ड हो। सौर्यमण्डलमा क्षुद्रग्रहहरू साना ग्रहहरूको श्रेणीमा सबैभन्दा प्रसिद्ध पिण्डहरू हुन्। यस्ता ग्रहहरू <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बुधग्रह">बुध</a> जस्ता ग्रहहरूभन्दा पनि साना हुन्छन्। अधिकांश क्षुद्रग्रहहरूले <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="मङ्गल ग्रह">मङ्गल</a> र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बृहस्पति ग्रह">बृहस्पति</a> ग्राह बीचमा रहेको क्षुद्रग्रह पेटीमा विशिष्ट दीर्घवृत्ताकार अक्षमा सूर्यको परिक्रमा गर्छन्। क्षुद्रग्रह पेटीको क्षेत्रमा सौर्यमण्डलको निर्माणका क्रममा प्रारम्भमा बनेका भ्रुणग्रहहरूको अवशेषले बृहस्पतिको कारण हुने गुरुत्वाकर्षण अक्षांस गतिशीलताका कारण ग्रहसँग ठक्कर हुन पाएन जसकारण क्षुद्रग्रह पेटीको उत्पत्ति हुनुको कारण यही अवशेष हो। </p><p>पृथ्वीमा कम्तीमा पनि पाँचवटा सह कक्षीय क्षुद्रग्रहहरू छन् जसमा "३७५३ क्रुइथन" र "२००२ एए२९" क्षुद्रग्रहहरू पर्दछन्।<sup id="cite_ref-whitehouse20021021_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse20021021-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-christou_asher2011_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christou_asher2011-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "२०१० टिके७" भएको ट्रोजन क्षुद्रग्रहले "एल४" मार्गमा एक स्वतन्त्र कक्षीय मार्गमा सूर्य वरिपरि पृथ्वीको अक्षको परिक्रमा गरिरहेको छ।<sup id="cite_ref-Connors_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connors-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choi_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>९९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पृथ्वीभन्दा सानो क्षुद्रग्रह "२००६ आरएच १२०" प्रत्येक बीस वर्षमा पृथ्वी र चन्द्र प्रणाली परिक्रमा प्रणालीलाई जटिल बनाउने गर्दछ। यस प्रक्रियामा यसले पृथ्वीलाई लाग्ने समयभन्दा छोटो समयमा घुमाउन सक्ने क्षमता राख्दछ।<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१००<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>कृत्रिम उपग्रह अन्तरिक्षमा प्रक्षेपण गरिएको वैज्ञानिक प्रक्रियामा विकसित उपग्रह हो। यी उपग्रहहरू चन्द्रमाजस्तै हुन्छन् तर चन्द्रमा प्रकृतिबाट प्राप्त भएको हो भने कृत्रिम उपग्रह मानिसद्वारा सिर्जना गरिएको हो। सन् २०१६ जनु सम्म पृथ्वीको अक्षमा मानव निर्मित १,४१९ वटा कृत्रिम उपग्रहहरू थिए।<sup id="cite_ref-ucs_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucs-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सबैभन्दा पुरानो कृत्रिम उपग्रह भ्यानगार्ड-१ हो। विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठूलो कृत्रिम उपग्रह अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अन्तरिक्ष स्टेसन हो। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="संस्कृति_तथा_ऐतिहासिक_दृष्टिकोण"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.90.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9F.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.A3"></span>संस्कृति तथा ऐतिहासिक दृष्टिकोण</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/220px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/330px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/440px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>अपोलो-८ बाट खिचिएको <i>पृथ्वीको उदय</i>।</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Earth_symbol_(planetary_color).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Earth_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg/80px-Earth_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Earth_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg/120px-Earth_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Earth_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg/160px-Earth_symbol_%28planetary_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="33" /></a><figcaption>🜨</figcaption></figure><p><sup id="cite_ref-liungman2004_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liungman2004-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>मानव संस्कृतिमा यस ग्रहबारे विभिन्न सिद्धान्तहरू रहेका छन्। संसारलाई कहिलेकाहीँ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भगवान">भगवान</a>को रुपमा व्यक्त गरिन्छ। धेरै संस्कृतिमा पृथ्वी भनेको देवता भनेर उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<sup id="cite_ref-Thematic_Guide_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thematic_Guide-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यसलाई सन्तान जन्माउने प्रमुख देवता रूपमा लिइन्स। २०औँ शताब्दीको मध्यमा <i>गाया</i> सिद्धान्तले पृथ्वीको वातावरण र जीवनलाई एउटा स्वनियमन गर्ने जीवसँग तुलना गरेको थियो जसले गर्दा बासस्थानको स्थायित्व कायम हुन्छ।<sup id="cite_ref-vanishing255_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanishing255-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J1972_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J1972-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lovelock1974_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovelock1974-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> थुप्रै धर्मले सृष्टि गरेका मिथ्याहरूमा अलौकिक <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="देवता">देव</a> वा देवीहरूले संसार सृष्टि गरेको भन्ने गरिन्छ। </p><p>वैज्ञानिक अनुसन्धानले गर्दा यस ग्रहबारे मानव धारणामा केही परिवर्तन आएको छ। पश्चिममा समतल पृथ्वीको अवधारणा परिवर्तन भएको छ र गोलाकार पृथ्वीको अवधारणा सृजना गरिएको छ जुन <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="पाइथागोरस">पाइथागोरस</a>को छैठौँ शताब्दी ईसा पूर्वमा सुरु गरेको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०७<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सोह्रौँ शताब्दीभन्दा अघि भूकेन्द्रीत नमुनामा पृथ्वीलाई <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रह्माण्ड">ब्रह्माण्ड</a>को केन्द्र मानिएको थियो तर पछि वैज्ञानिकहरूले पहिलो सैद्धान्तिक विश्लेषणद्वारा यो परिक्रमण गर्ने वस्तु र <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="सौर्यमण्डल">सौर्यमण्डल</a>का अन्य <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्रह">ग्रह</a>हरूजस्तै हो भनेर देखाएका थिए। उन्नाइसौँ शताब्दीसम्म पश्चिमी मुलुकका मानिसहरूले पृथ्वी हजारौँ वर्ष पुरानो हो भनेेर विश्वास गर्थे। पृथ्वीको आयु पत्ता लगाउन जेम्स उसरले बाइबलको वंशावली र अन्य थुप्रै मसीह शास्त्रविद् तथा पादरीहरूको विश्लेषण गरेका थिए।<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०८<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> उन्नाइसौँ शताब्दीमा वैज्ञानिकहरूले पृथ्वी कम्तीमा पनि केही लाख वर्ष पुरानो रहेको छ भनेर बुझेका थिए।<sup id="cite_ref-arnett20060716_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnett20060716-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१०९<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> सन् १८६४ मा लर्ड केल्भिनले थर्मोडायनामिक्सको प्रयोग गरेर पृथ्वी २ करोडदेखि ४० करोड वर्ष पुरानो थियो भन्ने अनुमान लगाए जसले गर्दा विवाद उत्पन्न भएको थियो तर पछि, १९औँ शताब्दीको अन्ततिर र २०औँ शताब्दीको सुरुतिर रेडियोएक्टिभिटी र रेडियोमेट्रिक डेटिङ पत्ता लागेपछि पृथ्वीको युग निर्धारण गर्ने भरपर्दो तरिका रेडियोमेट्रिक डेटिङ बनेको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>११०<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यसले पृथ्वी एक अरब वर्षभन्दा पुरानो थियो भन्ने प्रमाण दिएको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१११<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>११२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> २०औँ शताब्दीमा मानिसहरूले पहिलोपटक पृथ्वीलाई अक्षबाट र विशेषगरी अपोलो अन्तरिक्ष अभियानद्वारा खिचिएका तस्वीरहरू देखेपछि पृथ्वीबारे मानिसहरूको धारणामा परिवर्तन आएको थियो।<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>११३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सन्दर्भ_सामग्रीहरू"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.82"></span>सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Petsko, Gregory A. (२०११), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21554751/">"The blue marble"</a>, <i>Genome Biology</i>, पृ: 112, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="आइएसएसएन">आइएसएसएन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-760X">1474-760X</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2011-12-4-112">10.1186/gb-2011-12-4-112</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554751">21554751</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पब्ड केन्द्रिय (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमसी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3218853">3218853</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=The+blue+marble&rft.au=Petsko%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rft.aulast=Petsko&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1474-760X&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.pages=112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F21554751%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2011-12-4-112&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3218853&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21554751&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numerical_expressions-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Numerical_expressions_2-0">२.०</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Numerical_expressions_2-1">२.१</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Simon, J. L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touze, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (१९९४-०२-०१), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...282..663S">"Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and the planets."</a>, <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>, पृ: 663, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="आइएसएसएन">आइएसएसएन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+the+planets.&rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&rft.au=Chapront-Touze%2C+M.&rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&rft.au=Simon%2C+J.+L.&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AA-%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8-%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0004-6361&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.pages=663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IERS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IERS_3-0">३.०</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IERS_3-1">३.१</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html">"USEFUL CONSTANTS"</a>, <i>hpiers.obspm.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २०२२-०१-१२</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=USEFUL+CONSTANTS&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=hpiers.obspm.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpiers.obspm.fr%2Feop-pc%2Fmodels%2Fconstants.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (२०००), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA294&redir_esc=y&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Allen's Astrophysical Quantities"</a>, Springer, पृ: 294, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-387-98746-0" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-387-98746-0">0-387-98746-0</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Allen%2C+Clabon+Walter&rft.au=Cox%2C+Arthur+N.&rft.aufirst=Clabon+Walter&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Allen%27s+Astrophysical+Quantities&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-387-98746-0&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.bd%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8PK2XFLLH8C%26pg%3DPA294%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellite-database#.WUNzsulxXIU">"UCS Satellite Database"</a>, Union of Concerned Scientists, ११ अगस्ट, २०१६<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच १० अक्टोबर, २०१६</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=UCS+Satellite+Database&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fnuclear-weapons%2Fspace-weapons%2Fsatellite-database%23.WUNzsulxXIU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">"Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.)", CRC, २०००, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-8493-0481-4." title="विशेष:BookSources/0-8493-0481-4.">0-8493-0481-4.</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics+%2881st+ed.%29&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8493-0481-4&rft.pub=CRC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|url=</code> रितो (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सहायता:उद्दरण त्रुटी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सहायता</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826043456/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt">"Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011"</a>, The Astronomical Almanac, ०२ फेब्रुअरी, २०१०, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt">मूल</a>बाट २६ अगस्ट २०१३-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २५ फेब्रुअरी, २०११</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Selected+Astronomical+Constants%2C+2011&rft.date=%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=The+Astronomical+Almanac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasa.usno.navy.mil%2FSecK%2F2011%2FAstronomical_Constants_2011.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826043456/http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt">अभिलेखिकरण</a> २०१३-०८-२६ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">World Geodetic System (WGS-84). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/">Available online</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Web_archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ढाँचा:Web archive (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">ढाँचा:Web archive</a> from National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cazenave, Anny (1995). "Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms" (PDF). In Ahrens, Thomas J. Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Isbn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ढाँचा:Isbn (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">ढाँचा:Isbn</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32_009.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1">"General Definitions and Numerical Standards"</a> (PDF). In McCarthy, Dennis D.; Petit, Gérard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iers.org/SharedDocs/Publikationen/EN/IERS/Publications/tn/TechnNote32/tn32.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1">IERS Conventions (2003)</a> (PDF). IERS Technical Note No. 32. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:Special:BookSources/3-89888-884-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="विकिपिडिया:Special:BookSources/3-89888-884-3 (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">3-89888-884-3</a> पहुँचमिति: २९ अप्रिल २०१६</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Humerfelt, Sigurd (२६ अक्टोबर, २०१०), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030125821/http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html">"How WGS 84 defines Earth"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html">मूल</a>बाट ३० अक्टोबर २०१२-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २९ अप्रिल, २०११</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Humerfelt%2C+Sigurd&rft.aufirst=Sigurd&rft.aulast=Humerfelt&rft.btitle=How+WGS+84+defines+Earth&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.online.no%2F~sigurdhu%2FWGS84_Eng.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Earth's circumference is almost exactly 40,000 km because the metre was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Pidwirny, Michael (२ फेब्रुअरी, २००६), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209125035/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html">"Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents. (Table 8o-1)"</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net">http://www.physicalgeography.net</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html">मूल</a>बाट ९ डिसेम्बर २००६-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २६ नोभेम्बर, २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Surface+area+of+our+planet+covered+by+oceans+and+continents.+%28Table+8o-1%29&rft.au=Pidwirny%2C+Michael&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Pidwirny&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F8o.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; et al. (अगस्ट २०११), "The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: The report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy", Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 110 (4):, पृ: 293–304, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-011-9352-4">10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Capitaine%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Fienga%2C+Agn%C3%A8s&rft.au=Folkner%2C+William&rft.au=Fukushima%2C+Toshio&rft.au=Luzum%2C+Brian&rft.au=et+al.&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.aulast=Luzum&rft.btitle=The+IAU+2009+system+of+astronomical+constants%3A+The+report+of+the+IAU+working+group+on+numerical+standards+for+Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.date=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=293%E2%80%93304&rft.pub=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy.+110+%284%29%3A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-011-9352-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|url=</code> रितो (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सहायता:उद्दरण त्रुटी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सहायता</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf">"The international system of units (SI)"</a>, United States Department of Commerce, २००८ ed, पृ: 52।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=The+international+system+of+units+%28SI%29&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE+ed&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPubs%2FSP330%2Fsp330.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. p. 296. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Isbn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ढाँचा:Isbn (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">ढाँचा:Isbn</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur N. Cox, ed. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (4th ed.). New York: AIP Press. p. 244. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Isbn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ढाँचा:Isbn (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">ढाँचा:Isbn</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616025722/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature">"World: Lowest Temperature"</a>, <i>Arizona State University</i>, Weather and Climate Extremes Archive, १६ जुन, २०१०, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature">मूल</a>बाट १६ जुन २०१०-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ७ अगस्ट, २०१०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=World%3A+Lowest+Temperature&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+State+University&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+Extremes+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwmo.asu.edu%2Fworld-lowest-temperature&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819191659/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature">अभिलेखिकरण</a> २०१६-०८-१९ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Kinver, Mark (१० डिसेम्बर, २००९), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8406839.stm">"Global average temperature may hit record level in 2010"</a>, BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २२ अप्रिल, २०१०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Kinver%2C+Mark&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Kinver&rft.btitle=Global+average+temperature+may+hit+record+level+in+2010&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6+%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F8406839.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature">"World: Highest Temperature"</a>, <i>Arizona State University.</i>, Weather and Climate Extremes Archive., ४ जनवरी, २०१३, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature">मूल</a>बाट ४ जनवरी २०१३-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ७ अगस्ट, २०१०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=World%3A+Highest+Temperature&rft.date=%E0%A5%AA+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+State+University.&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+Extremes+Archive.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwmo.asu.edu%2Fworld-highest-temperature&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature">अभिलेखिकरण</a> २०१३-०१-०४ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/#mlo">"Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide"</a>, Earth System Research Laboratory, ८ नोभेम्बर, २०१६<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३ डिसेम्बर, २०१६</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Atmospheric+Carbon+Dioxide&rft.date=%E0%A5%AE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%2C+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Earth+System+Research+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrl.noaa.gov%2Fgmd%2Fccgg%2Ftrends%2F%23mlo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-age_earth1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-age_earth1_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Age of the Earth". U.S. Geological Survey. 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Special Publications, Geological Society of London. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton, Kathleen (2002-11-29). "Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (31 December 1996). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Ocean". NOAA.gov.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoder, Charles F. (1995). T. J. Ahrens, ed. Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. Washington: American Geophysical Union. p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK179-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK179_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek, Rudolf. Trans. Angela Hall as <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>, <span class="nowrap">p. 179.</span> Boydell & Brewer, 2007. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7">९७८-०-८५९९१-५१३-७</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Righter, K.; Schonbachler, M. (७ मे २०१८), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991">"Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal-Silicate Partitioning"</a>, <i>Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets</i> <b>2084</b>: ४०३४, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPICo2084.4034R">2018LPICo2084.4034R</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २५ अक्टोबर २०२०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Ag+Isotopic+Evolution+of+the+Mantle+During+Accretion%3A+New+Constraints+from+Pd+and+Ag+Metal-Silicate+Partitioning&rft.au=Righter%2C+K.&rft.au=Schonbachler%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.aulast=Righter&rft.date=%E0%A5%AD+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Differentiation%3A+Building+the+Internal+Architecture+of+Planets&rft.pages=%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AA&rft.volume=2084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fcitations%2F20180002991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018LPICo2084.4034R&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228103453/http://www.priyo.com/2014/07/02/82211.html#sthash.vCgNT5YH.dpuf">"সংরক্ষণাগারভুক্ত অনুলিপি"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priyo.com/2014/07/02/82211.html#sthash.vCgNT5YH.dpuf">मूल</a>बाट २६ डिसेम्बर २०१५-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ४ फेब्रुअरी २०१६</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.priyo.com%2F2014%2F07%2F02%2F82211.html%23sthash.vCgNT5YH.dpuf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Tartèse, Romain; Anand, Mahesh; Gattacceca, Jérôme; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Joy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Joy (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">Joy, Katherine H.</a>; Mortimer, James I.; Pernet-Fisher, John F.; Russell, Sara; Snape, Joshua F. et al. (२०१९), "Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples", <i>Space Science Reviews</i> (अङ्ग्रेजीमा) <b>215</b> (8): ५४, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="आइएसएसएन">आइएसएसएन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9672">1572-9672</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-019-0622-x">10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SSRv..215...54T">2019SSRv..215...54T</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Constraining+the+Evolutionary+History+of+the+Moon+and+the+Inner+Solar+System%3A+A+Case+for+New+Returned+Lunar+Samples&rft.au=Anand%2C+Mahesh&rft.au=Gattacceca%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft.au=Joy%2C+Katherine+H.&rft.au=Mortimer%2C+James+I.&rft.au=Pernet-Fisher%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Sara&rft.au=Snape%2C+Joshua+F.&rft.au=Tart%C3%A8se%2C+Romain&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Benjamin+P.&rft.aufirst=Romain&rft.aulast=Tart%C3%A8se&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1572-9672&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.pages=%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AA&rft.volume=215&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SSRv..215...54T&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-019-0622-x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|displayauthors=</code> लेखकहरू (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सहायता:उद्दरण त्रुटी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सहायता</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Meier, M. M. M.; Reufer, A.; Wieler, R. (४ अगस्ट २०१४), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1410/1410.3819.pdf">"On the origin and composition of Theia: Constraints from new models of the Giant Impact"</a>, <i>Icarus</i> <b>242</b>: ५, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="आइएसएसएन">आइएसएसएन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="एआरएक्सआइभी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">एआरएक्सआइभी</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1410.3819">1410.3819</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.08.003">10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..242..316M">2014Icar..242..316M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २५ अक्टोबर २०२०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+and+composition+of+Theia%3A+Constraints+from+new+models+of+the+Giant+Impact&rft.au=Meier%2C+M.+M.+M.&rft.au=Reufer%2C+A.&rft.au=Wieler%2C+R.&rft.aufirst=M.+M.+M.&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.date=%E0%A5%AA+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.pages=%E0%A5%AB&rft.volume=242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fftp%2Farxiv%2Fpapers%2F1410%2F1410.3819.pdf&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1410.3819&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Icar..242..316M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.08.003&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Claeys, Philippe; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Morbidelli_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Morbidelli (astronomer) (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">Morbidelli, Alessandro</a> (२०११), "Late Heavy Bombardment", in Gargaud, Muriel; Amils, Prof Ricardo; Quintanilla, José Cernicharo; Cleaves II, Henderson James (Jim); Irvine, William M.; Pinti, Prof Daniele L.; Viso, Michel, <i>Encyclopedia of Astrobiology</i>, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, पृ: 909–12, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-3-642-11271-3" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-3-642-11271-3">978-3-642-11271-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11274-4_869">10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_869</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Astrobiology&rft.au=Claeys%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Morbidelli%2C+Alessandro&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.aulast=Claeys&rft.btitle=Late+Heavy+Bombardment&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-642-11271-3&rft.pages=909%E2%80%9312&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-11274-4_869&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20131003-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131003_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Zimmer, Carl (३ अक्टोबर २०१३), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003121909/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html">"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html">मूल</a>बाट ३ अक्टोबर २०१३-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३ अक्टोबर २०१३</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+Oxygen%3A+A+Mystery+Easy+to+Take+for+Granted&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+Carl&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.date=%E0%A5%A9+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F03%2Fscience%2Fearths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AST-20131108-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AST-20131108_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (८ नोभेम्बर २०१३), "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia", <i>Astrobiology (journal)</i> <b>13</b> (12): 1103–24, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030">10.1089/ast.2013.1030</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24205812">24205812</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पब्ड केन्द्रिय (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमसी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870916">3870916</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AsBio..13.1103N">2013AsBio..13.1103N</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Microbially+Induced+Sedimentary+Structures+Recording+an+Ancient+Ecosystem+in+the+ca.+3.48+Billion-Year-Old+Dresser+Formation%2C+Pilbara%2C+Western+Australia&rft.au=Christian%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hazen%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Noffke%2C+Nora&rft.au=Wacey%2C+David&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft.aulast=Noffke&rft.date=%E0%A5%AE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+%28journal%29&rft.pages=1103%E2%80%9324&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AsBio..13.1103N&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3870916&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24205812&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20131208-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20131208_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi et al. (जनवरी २०१४), "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks", <i>Nature Geoscience</i> <b>7</b> (1): 25–28, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="आइएसएसएन">आइएसएसएन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2025">10.1038/ngeo2025</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatGe...7...25O">2014NatGe...7...25O</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+biogenic+graphite+in+early+Archaean+Isua+metasedimentary+rocks&rft.au=Ishida%2C+Akizumi&rft.au=Kakegawa%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Nagase%2C+Toshiro&rft.au=Ohtomo%2C+Yoko&rft.au=Rosing%2C+Minik+T.&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft.aulast=Ohtomo&rft.date=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1752-0894&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.pages=25%E2%80%9328&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatGe...7...25O&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo2025&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20151019-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20151019_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Borenstein, Seth (१९ अक्टोबर २०१५), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818063111/https://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html">"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth"</a>, <i>Excite (web portal)</i> (Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network), Associated Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html">मूल</a>बाट १८ अगस्ट २०१६-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २० अक्टोबर २०१५</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Hints+of+life+on+what+was+thought+to+be+desolate+early+Earth&rft.au=Borenstein%2C+Seth&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Excite+%28web+portal%29&rft.place=Yonkers%2C+NY&rft.pub=Mindspark+Interactive+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20151019%2Fus-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Mark_Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Mark Harrison (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">Harrison, T. Mark</a> et al. (१९ अक्टोबर २०१५), "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon", <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>112</b> (47): 14518–21, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="आइएसएसएन">आइएसएसएन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112">10.1073/pnas.1517557112</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483481">26483481</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पब्ड केन्द्रिय (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमसी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351">4664351</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214518B">2015PNAS..11214518B</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Potentially+biogenic+carbon+preserved+in+a+4.1%26nbsp%3Bbillion-year-old+zircon&rft.au=Bell%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Boehnike%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Harrison%2C+T.+Mark&rft.au=Mao%2C+Wendy+L.&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft.issue=47&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=14518%E2%80%9321&rft.volume=112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11214518B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F4664351&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26483481&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Early edition, published online before print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WU-20171218-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WU-20171218_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Tyrell, Kelly April (१८ डिसेम्बर २०१७), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wisc.edu/oldest-fossils-ever-found-show-life-on-earth-began-before-3-5-billion-years-ago/">"Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago"</a>, University of Wisconsin–Madison<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच १८ डिसेम्बर २०१७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Tyrell%2C+Kelly+April&rft.aufirst=Kelly+April&rft.aulast=Tyrell&rft.btitle=Oldest+fossils+ever+found+show+life+on+Earth+began+before+3.5+billion+years+ago&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE+%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wisc.edu%2Foldest-fossils-ever-found-show-life-on-earth-began-before-3-5-billion-years-ago%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-2017-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-2017_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. (२०१७), "SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions", <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> <b>115</b> (1): 53–58, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1718063115">10.1073/pnas.1718063115</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29255053">29255053</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पब्ड केन्द्रिय (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमसी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5776830">5776830</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115...53S">2018PNAS..115...53S</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=SIMS+analyses+of+the+oldest+known+assemblage+of+microfossils+document+their+taxon-correlated+carbon+isotope+compositions&rft.au=Kitajima%2C+Kouki&rft.au=Kudryavtsev%2C+Anatolly+B.&rft.au=Schopf%2C+J.+William&rft.au=Spicuzza%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Valley%2C+John+W.&rft.aufirst=J.+William&rft.aulast=Schopf&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=53%E2%80%9358&rft.volume=115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115...53S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1718063115&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F5776830&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29255053&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Brooke, John L. (२०१४), <i>Climate Change and the Course of Global History</i>, Cambridge University Press, पृ: ४२, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-0-521-87164-8" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-0-521-87164-8">978-0-521-87164-8</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Brooke%2C+John+L.&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+and+the+Course+of+Global+History&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87164-8&rft.pages=%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Cabej, Nelson R. (२०१९), <i>Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion</i>, Elsevier Science, पृ: ५६, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-0-12-814312-4" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-0-12-814312-4">978-0-12-814312-4</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Cabej%2C+Nelson+R.&rft.aufirst=Nelson+R.&rft.aulast=Cabej&rft.btitle=Epigenetic+Mechanisms+of+the+Cambrian+Explosion&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814312-4&rft.pages=%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AC&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milbert_smith96-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-milbert_smith96_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Milbert, D. G.; Smith, D. A, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/gislis96.html">"Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model"</a>, National Geodetic Survey, NOAA<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ७ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Milbert%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Smith%2C+D.+A&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rft.aulast=Milbert&rft.btitle=Converting+GPS+Height+into+NAVD88+Elevation+with+the+GEOID96+Geoid+Height+Model&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=National+Geodetic+Survey%2C+NOAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2FPUBS_LIB%2Fgislis96.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngdc2006-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ngdc2006_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Sandwell, D. T.; Smith, W. H. F. (७ जुलाई २००६), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/predicted/explore.HTML">"Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data"</a>, NOAA/NGDC<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २१ अप्रिल २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Sandwell%2C+D.+T.&rft.au=Smith%2C+W.+H.+F.&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.aulast=Sandwell&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Ocean+Basins+with+Satellite+Altimeter+Data&rft.date=%E0%A5%AD+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=NOAA%2FNGDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fmgg%2Fbathymetry%2Fpredicted%2Fexplore.HTML&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s1086384.htm">"Tall Tales about Highest Peaks"</a> (अङ्ग्रेजीमा), २००४-०४-१६<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१७-०६-०७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Tall+Tales+about+Highest+Peaks&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA-%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Fk2%2Fmoments%2Fs1086384.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_'Highest'_Spot_on_Earth-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_'Highest'_Spot_on_Earth_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163">"The 'Highest' Spot on Earth"</a>, Npr.org, ७ अप्रिल २००७<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३१ जुलाई २०१२</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=The+%27Highest%27+Spot+on+Earth&rft.date=%E0%A5%AD+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Npr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D9428163&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Geoff C.; Mussett, Alan E. (1981). The Inaccessible Earth (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:Special:BookSources/0-04-550028-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="विकिपिडिया:Special:BookSources/0-04-550028-2 (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">0-04-550028-2</a>. Note: After Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, J. W.; Anders, E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350422"><u><i>"Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury"</i></u></a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. <b>77</b> (12): 6973–77. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980PNAS...77.6973M/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:1980PNAS...77.6973M">Bibcode:1980PNAS...77.6973M</a>. doi:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.77.12.6973">10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="विकिपिडिया:PubMed Central (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)"><u>PMC</u></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350422"><u>350422</u></a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="विकिपिडिया:PubMed Identifier (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)"><u>PMID</u></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16592930"><u>16592930</u></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628075455/http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/Earth-Center-Hotter/Earth-Centre-Hotter/">"The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought"</a>, <i>The European Synchrotron (ESRF)</i>, २५ अप्रिल २०१३, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/Earth-Center-Hotter">मूल</a>बाट २८ जुन २०१३-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच १२ अप्रिल २०१५</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=The+Earth%27s+Centre+is+1000+Degrees+Hotter+than+Previously+Thought&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Synchrotron+%28ESRF%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrf.eu%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2FEarth-Center-Hotter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj136_5_1906-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aj136_5_1906_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">McCarthy, Dennis D.; Hackman, Christine; Nelson, Robert A. (नोभेम्बर २००८), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2008-11_136_5/page/1906">"The Physical Basis of the Leap Second"</a>, <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>, पृ: 1906–08, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F136%2F5%2F1906">10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....136.1906M">2008AJ....136.1906M</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=The+Physical+Basis+of+the+Leap+Second&rft.au=Hackman%2C+Christine&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Dennis+D.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Robert+A.&rft.aufirst=Dennis+D.&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.date=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.pages=1906%E2%80%9308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astronomical-journal_2008-11_136_5%2Fpage%2F1906&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AJ....136.1906M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F136%2F5%2F1906&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USNO_TSD-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-USNO_TSD_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312003149/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html">"Leap seconds"</a>, Time Service Department, USNO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html">मूल</a>बाट १२ मार्च २०१५-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २३ सेप्टेम्बर २००८</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Leap+seconds&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Time+Service+Department%2C+USNO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftycho.usno.navy.mil%2Fleapsec.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961126204059/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html">अभिलेखिकरण</a> २६ नोभेम्बर १९९६ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314182157/http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/ser7.dat">"Rapid Service/Prediction of Earth Orientation"</a>, <i>IERS Bulletin-A</i>, ९ अप्रिल २०१५, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maia.usno.navy.mil/ser7/ser7.dat">मूल</a>बाट १४ मार्च २०१५-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच १२ अप्रिल २०१५</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Rapid+Service%2FPrediction+of+Earth+Orientation&rft.date=%E0%A5%AF+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IERS+Bulletin-A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaia.usno.navy.mil%2Fser7%2Fser7.dat&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seidelmann1992-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-seidelmann1992_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (१९९२), "Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac", University Science Books, पृ: 48, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-935702-68-7" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-935702-68-7">0-935702-68-7</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Seidelmann%2C+P.+Kenneth&rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&rft.aulast=Seidelmann&rft.btitle=Explanatory+Supplement+to+the+Astronomical+Almanac&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A8&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-935702-68-7&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|url=</code> रितो (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सहायता:उद्दरण त्रुटी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सहायता</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iers1623-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-iers1623_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003083543/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/lod-1623.html">"IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86400s ... since 1623"</a>, International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/lod-1623.html">मूल</a>बाट ३ अक्टोबर २००८-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २३ सेप्टेम्बर २००८</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=IERS+Excess+of+the+duration+of+the+day+to+86400s%26nbsp%3B...+since+1623&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=International+Earth+Rotation+and+Reference+Systems+Service+%28IERS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpiers.obspm.fr%2Feop-pc%2Fearthor%2Fut1lod%2Flod-1623.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003083543/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/lod-1623.html">अभिलेखिकरण</a> ३ अक्टोबर २००८ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iers1962-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-iers1962_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813203913/http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/figure3.html">"IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962–2005"</a>, International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/earthor/ut1lod/figure3.html">मूल</a>बाट १३ अगस्ट २००७-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २३ सेप्टेम्बर २००८</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=IERS+Variations+in+the+duration+of+the+day+1962%E2%80%932005&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=International+Earth+Rotation+and+Reference+Systems+Service+%28IERS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpiers.obspm.fr%2Feop-pc%2Fearthor%2Fut1lod%2Ffigure3.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeilik1998-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zeilik1998_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Zeilik, M.; Gregory, S. A. (१९९८), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil">"Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics"</a>, Saunders College Publishing, पृ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil/page/56">56</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-03-006228-4" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-03-006228-4">0-03-006228-4</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Gregory%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Zeilik%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Zeilik&rft.btitle=Introductory+Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-03-006228-4&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductoryastr0000zeil%2Fpage%2F56+56%5D&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductoryastr0000zeil&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (२०१८), <i>Climatology</i> (fourth संस्करण), Jones & Bartlett Learning, पृ: 291–92, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-1-284-12656-3" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-1-284-12656-3">978-1-284-12656-3</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Rohli%2C+Robert.+V.&rft.au=Vega%2C+Anthony+J.&rft.aufirst=Robert.+V.&rft.aulast=Rohli&rft.btitle=Climatology&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE&rft.edition=fourth&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-284-12656-3&rft.pages=291%E2%80%9392&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Burn, Chris (मार्च १९९६), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwtresearch.com/sites/default/files/the-polar-night.pdf">"The Polar Night"</a>, <i>The Aurora Research Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २८ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=The+Polar+Night&rft.au=Burn%2C+Chris&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.date=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A+%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aurora+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnwtresearch.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fthe-polar-night.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/weather-and-climate/weather/sunlight-hours/">"Sunlight Hours"</a>, <i>Australian Antarctic Programme</i>, २४ जुन २०२०<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच १३ अक्टोबर २०२०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Sunlight+Hours&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fweather-and-climate%2Fweather%2Fsunlight-hours%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eadarsha.com/nep/article/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6/">"दिन छोटिँदै छन्, जाडो बढ्दै छ"</a>, इ आदर्श<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१६ जुलाई २०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%2C+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88+%E0%A4%9B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E0%A4%87+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eadarsha.com%2Fnep%2Farticle%2F%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A8-%25E0%25A4%259B%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2588-%25E0%25A4%259B%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D-%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%258B-%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25A2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mysansar.com/2014/09/15018/">"ऋतु परिवर्तन हुने कारणहरू"</a>, माई संसार<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१४ अक्टोबर १८</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmysansar.com%2F2014%2F09%2F15018%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Buis, Alan (२७ फेब्रुअरी २०२०), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/">"Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate"</a>, <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २७ अक्टोबर २०२०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Milankovitch+%28Orbital%29+Cycles+and+Their+Role+in+Earth%27s+Climate&rft.au=Buis%2C+Alan&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Buis&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2F2948%2Fmilankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Kang, Sarah M.; Seager, Richard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocp.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/pub/seager/Kang_Seager_subm.pdf">"Croll Revisited: Why is the Northern Hemisphere Warmer than the Southern Hemisphere?"</a>, <i>Columbia University</i>, New York<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २७ अक्टोबर २०२०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Croll+Revisited%3A+Why+is+the+Northern+Hemisphere+Warmer+than+the+Southern+Hemisphere%3F&rft.au=Kang%2C+Sarah+M.&rft.au=Seager%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focp.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fres%2Fdiv%2Focp%2Fpub%2Fseager%2FKang_Seager_subm.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ab20032-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ab20032_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/664nPTN2N?url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html">"Astrobiology Roadmap"</a>, NASA, Lockheed Martin, सेप्टेम्बर २००३, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html">मूल</a>बाट ११ मार्च २०१२-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच १० मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Astrobiology+Roadmap&rft.date=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=NASA%2C+Lockheed+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.arc.nasa.gov%2Froadmap%2Fg1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410163451/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html">अभिलेखिकरण</a> १० अप्रिल २००७ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dole19702-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dole19702_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Dole, Stephen H. (१९७०), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R414/">"Habitable Planets for Man"</a>, American Elsevier Publishing Co, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-444-00092-5" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-444-00092-5">0-444-00092-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ११ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Dole%2C+Stephen+H.&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft.aulast=Dole&rft.btitle=Habitable+Planets+for+Man&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-444-00092-5&rft.pub=American+Elsevier+Publishing+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Freports%2FR414%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnat163_2_1922-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-amnat163_2_1922_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Hillebrand, Helmut (२००४), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_2004-02_163_2/page/192">"On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient"</a>, <i>American Naturalist</i>, पृ: 192–211, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F381004">10.1086/381004</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14970922">14970922</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=On+the+Generality+of+the+Latitudinal+Gradient&rft.au=Hillebrand%2C+Helmut&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.aulast=Hillebrand&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.pages=192%E2%80%93211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-naturalist_2004-02_163_2%2Fpage%2F192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F381004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14970922&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20160725-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20160725_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Wade, Nicholas (२५ जुलाई २०१६), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html">"Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things"</a>, <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २५ जुलाई २०१६</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Meet+Luca%2C+the+Ancestor+of+All+Living+Things&rft.au=Wade%2C+Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F26%2Fscience%2Flast-universal-ancestor.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambin2011-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambin2011_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lambin, Eric F.; Meyfroidt, Patrick (१ मार्च २०११), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903005101/http://www.pnas.org/content/108/9/3465.full.pdf">"Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity"</a>, <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, National Academy of Sciences, पृ: 3465–72, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1100480108">10.1073/pnas.1100480108</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321211">21321211</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पब्ड केन्द्रिय (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमसी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048112">3048112</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.3465L">2011PNAS..108.3465L</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/108/9/3465.full.pdf">मूल</a>बाट ३ सेप्टेम्बर २०१३-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३० अगस्ट २०१४</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Global+land+use+change%2C+economic+globalization%2C+and+the+looming+land+scarcity&rft.au=Lambin%2C+Eric+F.&rft.au=Meyfroidt%2C+Patrick&rft.aufirst=Eric+F.&rft.aulast=Lambin&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=3465%E2%80%9372&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F108%2F9%2F3465.full.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108.3465L&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1100480108&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3048112&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21321211&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramdohr-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramdohr_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Ramdohr, Paul (१९६९), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780080116358">"The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths"</a>, <i>AKADEMIE-VERLAG GmbH</i>, Elsevier Ltd., <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-0-08-011635-8" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-0-08-011635-8">978-0-08-011635-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-011635-8.50004-8">10.1016/B978-0-08-011635-8.50004-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २९ अप्रिल २०१६</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=The+Ore+Minerals+and+their+Intergrowths&rft.au=Ramdohr%2C+Paul&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Ramdohr&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-0-08-011635-8&rft.jtitle=AKADEMIE-VERLAG+GmbH&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Fbook%2F9780080116358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-011635-8.50004-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science299_5607_673-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-science299_5607_673_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Rona, Peter A. (२००३), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5607/673?ijkey=AHVbRrqUsmdHY&keytype=ref&siteid=sci">"Resources of the Sea Floor"</a>, <i>Science</i>, पृ: 673–74, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1080679">10.1126/science.1080679</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560541">12560541</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ४ फेब्रुअरी २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Resources+of+the+Sea+Floor&rft.au=Rona%2C+Peter+A.&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.aulast=Rona&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=673%E2%80%9374&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F299%2F5607%2F673%3Fijkey%3DAHVbRrqUsmdHY%26keytype%3Dref%26siteid%3Dsci&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1080679&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12560541&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner1990-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner1990_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Turner, B. L., II (१९९०), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7GI0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA164">"The Earth As Transformed by Human Action: Global And Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years"</a>, CUP Archive, पृ: 164, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0521363578" title="विशेष:BookSources/0521363578">0521363578</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Turner%2C+B.+L.%2C+II&rft.aufirst=B.+L.%2C+II&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.btitle=The+Earth+As+Transformed+by+Human+Action%3A+Global+And+Regional+Changes+in+the+Biosphere+Over+the+Past+300+Years&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521363578&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GI0AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walsh2008-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-walsh2008_72-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Walsh, Patrick J. (१६ मे १९९७), Sharon L. Smith; Lora E. Fleming, सम्पादकहरू, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6J5hlcjFaAC&pg=PA212">"Oceans and human health: risks and remedies from the seas"</a>, Academic Press, 2008, पृ: 212, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-12-372584-4" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-12-372584-4">0-12-372584-4</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.btitle=Oceans+and+human+health%3A+risks+and+remedies+from+the+seas&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87+%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-12-372584-4&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6J5hlcjFaAC%26pg%3DPA212&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un200702022-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-un200702022_73-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221031717/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21429&Cr=climate&Cr1=change">"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report"</a>, United Nations, २ फेब्रुअरी २००७, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21429&Cr=climate&Cr1=change">मूल</a>बाट २१ डिसेम्बर २००८-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ७ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Evidence+is+now+%27unequivocal%27+that+humans+are+causing+global+warming%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+UN+report&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D21429%26Cr%3Dclimate%26Cr1%3Dchange&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatlGeo-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NatlGeo_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=world&Mode=d&SubMode=w">World</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/">Xpeditions Atlas</a><i>, नेसनल जियोग्राफिक सोसाइटी, वासिङ्टन डिसी, सन् २००६</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031182613/http://news.yahoo.com/various-7-billionth-babies-celebrated-worldwide-064439018.html">"Various '7 billionth' babies celebrated worldwide"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/various-7-billionth-babies-celebrated-worldwide-064439018.html">मूल</a>बाट ३१ अक्टोबर २०११-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३१ अक्टोबर २०११</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Various+%277+billionth%27+babies+celebrated+worldwide&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fvarious-7-billionth-babies-celebrated-worldwide-064439018.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un20062-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-un20062_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm">"World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision"</a>, United Nations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm">मूल</a>बाट ५ सेप्टेम्बर २००९-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ७ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2006+Revision&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fwpp2006%2Fwpp2006.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hessd4_4392-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hessd4_4392_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (२००७), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/439/2007/hessd-4-439-2007.html">"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification"</a>, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, पृ: 439–73, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5194%2Fhessd-4-439-2007">10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३१ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.btitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=439%E2%80%9373&rft.pub=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences+Discussions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net%2F4%2F439%2F2007%2Fhessd-4-439-2007.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhessd-4-439-2007&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biodiv2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-biodiv2_78-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407011249/http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml">"Themes & Issues"</a>, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml">मूल</a>बाट ७ अप्रिल २००७-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २९ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Themes+%26+Issues&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Secretariat+of+the+Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiv.org%2Fprogrammes%2Fdefault.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407011249/http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml">अभिलेखिकरण</a> ७ अप्रिल २००७ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prb20072-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-prb20072_79-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6EKxj3SWs?url=http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx">"Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth: Growth"</a>, Population Reference Bureau, २००७, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx">मूल</a>बाट १० फेब्रुअरी २०१३-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३१ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Human+Population%3A+Fundamentals+of+Growth%3A+Growth&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FEducators%2FTeachersGuides%2FHumanPopulation%2FPopulationGrowth%2FQuestionAnswer.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426050056/http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx">अभिलेखिकरण</a> २६ अप्रिल २०१३ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfsa20062-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cfsa20062_80-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tscm.com/alert.html">"Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert"</a>, Information Management Group, १५ अगस्ट २००६<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३१ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Canadian+Forces+Station+%28CFS%29+Alert&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Information+Management+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tscm.com%2Falert.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cia_81-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html">"World"</a>, <i>The World Factbook</i>, Central Intelligence Agency, २४ जुलाई २००८, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html">मूल</a>बाट ५ जनवरी २०१०-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ५ अगस्ट २००८</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=World&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AA+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fxx.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html">अभिलेखिकरण</a> ५ जनवरी २०१० मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy19892-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kennedy19892_82-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kennedy, Paul (१९८९), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers</i>, Vintage, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-679-72019-7" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-679-72019-7">0-679-72019-7</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Paul&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Powers&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AF&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-679-72019-7&rft.pub=Vintage&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uncharter2-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-uncharter2_83-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220011242/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/">"U.N. Charter Index"</a>, United Nations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/">मूल</a>बाट २० फेब्रुअरी २००९-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २३ डिसेम्बर २००८</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=U.N.+Charter+Index&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Faboutun%2Fcharter%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un_int_law2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-un_int_law2_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081231055149/http://www.un.org/law/">"International Law"</a>, United Nations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/law/">मूल</a>बाट ३१ डिसेम्बर २००८-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २७ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=International+Law&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Flaw%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuhn20062-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kuhn20062_85-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Kuhn, Betsy (२००६), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceforspaceunit0000kuhn">"The race for space: the United States and the Soviet Union compete for the new frontier"</a>, Twenty-First Century Books, पृ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceforspaceunit0000kuhn/page/34">34</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-8225-5984-6" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-8225-5984-6">0-8225-5984-6</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Betsy&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.btitle=The+race+for+space%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Soviet+Union+compete+for+the+new+frontier&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8225-5984-6&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceforspaceunit0000kuhn%2Fpage%2F34+34%5D&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceforspaceunit0000kuhn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis20042-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ellis20042_86-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Ellis, Lee (२००४), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofnasaast0000elli">"Who's who of NASA Astronauts"</a>, Americana Group Publishing, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-9667961-4-4" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-9667961-4-4">0-9667961-4-4</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Lee&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+of+NASA+Astronauts&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-9667961-4-4&rft.pub=Americana+Group+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoofnasaast0000elli&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shayler_vis2005-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-shayler_vis2005_87-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Shayler, David; Vis, Bert (२००५), "Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center", Birkhäuser, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/0-387-21894-7" title="विशेष:BookSources/0-387-21894-7">0-387-21894-7</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Shayler%2C+David&rft.au=Vis%2C+Bert&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Shayler&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Cosmonauts%3A+Inside+the+Yuri+Gagarin+Training+Center&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-387-21894-7&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|url=</code> रितो (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सहायता:उद्दरण त्रुटी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सहायता</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_rg_iss20072-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_rg_iss20072_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/ISS_Reference_Guide.html">"Reference Guide to the International Space Station"</a>, NASA, १६ जनवरी २००७<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २३ डिसेम्बर २००८</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Reference+Guide+to+the+International+Space+Station&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fnews%2FISS_Reference_Guide.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090119175052/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/ISS_Reference_Guide.html">अभिलेखिकरण</a> १९ जनवरी २००९ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apollo13History2-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Apollo13History2_89-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_13a_Summary.htm">"Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970"</a>, NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ७ नोभेम्बर २०१५</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=Apollo+13+The+Seventh+Mission%3A+The+Third+Lunar+Landing+Attempt+11+April%E2%80%9317+April+1970&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4029%2FApollo_13a_Summary.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-espenak_meeus20070207-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-espenak_meeus20070207_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Espenak, F.; Meeus, J. (७ फेब्रुअरी २००७), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/617EmcCjR?url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEcat5/secular.html">"Secular acceleration of the Moon"</a>, NASA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEcat5/secular.html">मूल</a>बाट २२ अगस्ट २०११-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २० अप्रिल २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Espenak%2C+F.&rft.au=Meeus%2C+J.&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.aulast=Espenak&rft.btitle=Secular+acceleration+of+the+Moon&rft.date=%E0%A5%AD+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Feclipse%2FSEcat5%2Fsecular.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.today (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">Archive.today</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20121205022046/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/secular.html">अभिलेखिकरण</a> ५ डिसेम्बर २०१२ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lambeck, Kurt (१९८०), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kiG3uYkoUEC&pg=PA62&dq=%22the+earth's+variable+rotation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ0r_0x4fPAhUDGx4KHS2kCJsQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Earth's Variable Rotation: Geophysical Causes and Consequences</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, पृ: 367।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Lambeck%2C+Kurt&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.aulast=Lambeck&rft.btitle=The+Earth%27s+Variable+Rotation%3A+Geophysical+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kiG3uYkoUEC%26pg%3DPA62%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bearth%27s%2Bvariable%2Brotation%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjZ0r_0x4fPAhUDGx4KHS2kCJsQ6AEIHDAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaa428_261-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aaa428_261_92-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Laskar, J.; Robutel, P.; Joutel, F.; Gastineau, M.; Correia, A.C.M.; Levrard, B. (२००४), "A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth", <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>, पृ: 261–85, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20041335">10.1051/0004-6361:20041335</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&A...428..261L">2004A&A...428..261L</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=A+long-term+numerical+solution+for+the+insolation+quantities+of+the+Earth&rft.au=Correia%2C+A.C.M.&rft.au=Gastineau%2C+M.&rft.au=Joutel%2C+F.&rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&rft.au=Levrard%2C+B.&rft.au=Robutel%2C+P.&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Laskar&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.pages=261%E2%80%9385&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004A%26A...428..261L&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20041335&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature410_6830_773-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nature410_6830_773_93-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Murray, N.; Holman, M. (२००१), "The role of chaotic resonances in the solar system", <i>Nature</i>, पृ: 773–79, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="एआरएक्सआइभी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">एआरएक्सआइभी</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0111602">astro-ph/0111602</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35071000">10.1038/35071000</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11298438">11298438</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=The+role+of+chaotic+resonances+in+the+solar+system&rft.au=Holman%2C+M.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=773%E2%80%9379&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0111602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35071000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11298438&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angular-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-angular_94-0">९४.०</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-angular_94-1">९४.१</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Williams, David R. (१० फेब्रुअरी २००६), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html">"Planetary Fact Sheets"</a>, NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २८ सेप्टेम्बर २००८</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Williams%2C+David+R.&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.btitle=Planetary+Fact+Sheets&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Fplanetfact.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature412_708-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nature412_708_95-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Canup, R.; Asphaug, E. (२००१), "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation", <i>Nature</i>, पृ: 708–12, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35089010">10.1038/35089010</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11507633">11507633</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..708C">2001Natur.412..708C</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Moon+in+a+giant+impact+near+the+end+of+the+Earth%27s+formation&rft.au=Asphaug%2C+E.&rft.au=Canup%2C+R.&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.aulast=Canup&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=708%E2%80%9312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.412..708C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35089010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11507633&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitehouse20021021-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-whitehouse20021021_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Whitehouse, David (२१ अक्टोबर २००२), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2347663.stm">"Earth's little brother found"</a>, BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ३१ मार्च २००७</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+David&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+little+brother+found&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A7+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2347663.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christou_asher2011-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-christou_asher2011_97-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Christou, Apostolos A.; Asher, David J. (31 March 2011). "A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth". <i></i><span class="noprint"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1104.0036">1104.0036</a></span><span class="noprint"> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.EP">astro-ph.EP</a>]</span><i></i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+long-lived+horseshoe+companion+to+the+Earth&rft.jtitle=%27%27%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22%3E%5B%5BarXiv%5D%5D%3A%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F1104.0036+1104.0036%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Farchive%2Fastro-ph.EP+astro-ph.EP%5D%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%27%27&rft.aulast=Christou&rft.aufirst=Apostolos+A.&rft.au=Christou%2C%26%2332%3BApostolos+A.&rft.au=Asher%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+J.&rft.date=31+March+2011&rfr_id=info:sid/hi.wikipedia.org:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> See table 2, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connors-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Connors_98-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Connors, Martin; Wiegert, Paul; Veillet, Christian (२७ जुलाई २०११), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v475/n7357/full/nature10233.html">"Earth's Trojan asteroid"</a>, <i>Nature (journal)</i>, पृ: 481–83, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10233">10.1038/nature10233</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="पबमेड पहिचानकर्ता (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">पिएमआइडी</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796207">21796207</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="बिब कोड (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.475..481C">2011Natur.475..481C</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २७ जुलाई २०११</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+Trojan+asteroid&rft.au=Connors%2C+Martin&rft.au=Veillet%2C+Christian&rft.au=Wiegert%2C+Paul&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Connors&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+%28journal%29&rft.pages=481%E2%80%9383&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv475%2Fn7357%2Ffull%2Fnature10233.html&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.475..481C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10233&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21796207&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choi-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Choi_99-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Choi, Charles Q. (२७ जुलाई २०११), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/12443-earth-asteroid-companion-discovered-2010-tk7.html">"First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last"</a>, Space.com<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २७ जुलाई २०११</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Choi%2C+Charles+Q.&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q.&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.btitle=First+Asteroid+Companion+of+Earth+Discovered+at+Last&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Space.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F12443-earth-asteroid-companion-discovered-2010-tk7.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206154817/http://www.birtwhistle.org/Gallery6R10DB9.htm">"2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth?)"</a>, <i>Great Shefford Observatory</i>, Great Shefford Observatory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birtwhistle.org/Gallery6R10DB9.htm">मूल</a>बाट ६ फेब्रुअरी २०१५-मा सङ्ग्रहित<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच १७ जुलाई २०१५</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=2006+RH120+%28+%3D+6R10DB9%29+%28A+second+moon+for+the+Earth%3F%29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Shefford+Observatory&rft.pub=Great+Shefford+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birtwhistle.org%2FGallery6R10DB9.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206154817/http://www.birtwhistle.org/Gallery6R10DB9.htm">अभिलेखिकरण</a> ६ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ मिति</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucs-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ucs_101-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html">"UCS Satellite Database"</a>, <i>Nuclear Weapons & Global Security</i>, Union of Concerned Scientists, ११ अगस्ट २०१६<span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच १० अक्टोबर २०१६</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=UCS+Satellite+Database&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Weapons+%26+Global+Security&rft.pub=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fnuclear_weapons_and_global_security%2Fspace_weapons%2Ftechnical_issues%2Fucs-satellite-database.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liungman2004-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-liungman2004_102-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Liungman, Carl G. (२००४), "Group 29: Multi-axes symmetric, both soft and straight-lined, closed signs with crossing lines", New York: Ionfox AB, पृ: 281–82, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/91-972705-0-4" title="विशेष:BookSources/91-972705-0-4">91-972705-0-4</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Liungman%2C+Carl+G.&rft.aufirst=Carl+G.&rft.aulast=Liungman&rft.btitle=Group+29%3A+Multi-axes+symmetric%2C+both+soft+and+straight-lined%2C+closed+signs+with+crossing+lines&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=91-972705-0-4&rft.pages=281%E2%80%9382&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ionfox+AB&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|url=</code> रितो (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सहायता:उद्दरण त्रुटी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सहायता</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thematic_Guide-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thematic_Guide_103-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Stookey, Lorena Laura (२००४), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore">"Thematic Guide to World Mythology"</a>, Greenwood Press, पृ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore/page/114">114</a>–115, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-0-313-31505-3" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-0-313-31505-3">978-0-313-31505-3</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Stookey%2C+Lorena+Laura&rft.aufirst=Lorena+Laura&rft.aulast=Stookey&rft.btitle=Thematic+Guide+to+World+Mythology&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31505-3&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthematicguidetow00lore%2Fpage%2F114+114%5D%E2%80%93115&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthematicguidetow00lore&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanishing255-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-vanishing255_104-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovelock, James. <i>The Vanishing Face of Gaia</i>. Basic Books, 2009, p. 255. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Isbn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ढाँचा:Isbn (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">ढाँचा:Isbn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J1972-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-J1972_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lovelock, J.E. (१९७२), "Gaia as seen through the atmosphere", Elsevier, पृ: 579–580, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="आइएसएसएन">आइएसएसएन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310">1352-2310</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0004-6981%2872%2990076-5">10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Lovelock%2C+J.E.&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.aulast=Lovelock&rft.btitle=Gaia+as+seen+through+the+atmosphere&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A8&rft.genre=book&rft.issn=1352-2310&rft.pages=579%E2%80%93580&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0004-6981%2872%2990076-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|url=</code> रितो (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सहायता:उद्दरण त्रुटी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सहायता</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lovelock1974-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lovelock1974_106-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lovelock, J.E.; Margulis, L. (१९७४), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/9731">"Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis"</a>, <i>Tellus</i>, International Meteorological Institute, पृ: 2–10, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="आइएसएसएन">आइएसएसएन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1600-0870">1600-0870</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डिओआई</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x">10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २० अक्टोबर २०१२</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+homeostasis+by+and+for+the+biosphere%3A+the+Gaia+hypothesis&rft.au=Lovelock%2C+J.E.&rft.au=Margulis%2C+L.&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.aulast=Lovelock&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AA&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1600-0870&rft.jtitle=Tellus&rft.pages=2%E2%80%9310&rft.pub=International+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftellusa.net%2Findex.php%2Ftellusa%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey B. "The Myth of the Flat Earth". American Scientific Affiliation; but see also Cosmas Indicopleustes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Godwin, William (१८७६), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog">"Lives of the Necromancers"</a>, पृ: 49।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Godwin%2C+William&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Necromancers&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=49&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesnecromance04godwgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnett20060716-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-arnett20060716_109-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Arnett, Bill (१६ जुलाई २००६), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nineplanets.org/earth.html">"Earth"</a>, <i>The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच ९ मार्च २०१०</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Earth&rft.au=Arnett%2C+Bill&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nine+Planets%2C+A+Multimedia+Tour+of+the+Solar+System%3A+one+star%2C+eight+planets%2C+and+more&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnineplanets.org%2Fearth.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Monroe, James; Wicander, Reed; Hazlett, Richard (२००७), "Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth", Thomson Brooks/Cole, पृ: 263–265, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-0-495-01148-4" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-0-495-01148-4">978-0-495-01148-4</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Hazlett%2C+Richard&rft.au=Monroe%2C+James&rft.au=Wicander%2C+Reed&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.btitle=Physical+Geology%3A+Exploring+the+Earth&rft.date=%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-495-01148-4&rft.pages=263%E2%80%93265&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|url=</code> रितो (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सहायता:उद्दरण त्रुटी (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)">सहायता</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Henshaw, John M.। <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/equationforevery0000hens">"An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter"</a>। Johns Hopkins University Press। पृष्ठ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/equationforevery0000hens/page/117">117</a>–118।</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Equation+for+Every+Occasion%3A+Fifty-Two+Formulas+and+Why+They+Matter&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.aulast=Henshaw&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fequationforevery0000hens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Burchfield, Joe D. (१९९०), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5">"Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth"</a>, University of Chicago Press, पृ: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5/page/13">13</a>–18, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8" title="आइएसबिएन">आइएसबिएन</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:BookSources/978-0-226-08043-7" title="विशेष:BookSources/978-0-226-08043-7">978-0-226-08043-7</a>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.au=Burchfield%2C+Joe+D.&rft.aufirst=Joe+D.&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin+and+the+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-08043-7&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5%2Fpage%2F13+13%5D%E2%80%9318&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Cahalan, Rose (५ जुन २०१२), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alcalde.texasexes.org/2012/06/neil-degrasse-tyson-on-why-space-matters-watch/">"Neil deGrasse Tyson: Why Space Matters"</a>, <i>The Alcalde</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, अन्तिम पहुँच २१ जनवरी २०१६</span>।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Neil+deGrasse+Tyson%3A+Why+Space+Matters&rft.au=Cahalan%2C+Rose&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft.aulast=Cahalan&rft.date=%E0%A5%AB+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Alcalde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falcalde.texasexes.org%2F2012%2F06%2Fneil-degrasse-tyson-on-why-space-matters-watch%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="बाह्य_कडीहरू"><span id=".E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.A1.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.82"></span>बाह्य कडीहरू</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1120206">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1108197">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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id="sister-projects">भातृयोजनाहरूमा</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://ne.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/पृथ्वी">परिभाषाहरू</a> विक्सनरीबाट</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Earth" class="extiw" title="c:Earth">मिडिया</a> विकिमीडिया कमन्सबाट</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://ne.wikibooks.org/wiki/Planet_Earth" class="extiw" title="b:Planet Earth">पाठ्यपुस्तकहरू</a> विकिपुस्तकबाट</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" 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भूकम्पीय संरचना</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF</span></li> <li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017211906/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/BlueMarble/">"नासा अर्थ अब्जर्वेट्री"</a>, १७ अक्टोबर २००८।</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fne.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&rft.date=%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081017211906%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FNewsroom%2FBlueMarble%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span 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title="विकिपिडिया:Link rot (पृष्ठ उपलब्ध छैन)"><span title=" चिनो लागेका मृत कडी September 2023">स्थायी मृत कडी</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectshum.org/Planets/earth.html">पृथ्वीको तथ्य</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geody.com/?world=terra">जियोडी पृथ्वी</a> गुगल अर्थ, नासा वर्ल्ड विन्ड, सेलेस्टिया, जिपिएस र अन्य अनुप्रयोगहरूलाई समर्थन गर्ने विश्वको खोज संयन्त्र</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.aol.com/earth">पृथ्वी ग्रह</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111431/http://reference.aol.com/earth/earth-from-space">अभिलेखिकरण</a> २००८-०७-२४ मिति</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.aol.com/earth/earth-from-space">अन्तरिक्षबाट लिइएको पृथ्वीको तस्वीर</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब्याक मेसिन">वेब्याक मेसिन</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111431/http://reference.aol.com/earth/earth-from-space">अभिलेखिकरण</a> २००८-०७-२४ मिति</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6894d8444d‐z65rr Cached time: 20250121123525 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.688 seconds Real time usage: 1.302 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6481/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 279413/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15797/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 161730/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.260/10.000 seconds Lua memory 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