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id="toc-First_wave_of_demonstrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wave_of_demonstrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 First wave of demonstrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_wave_of_demonstrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_Charlie_Hebdo_shooting_and_rising_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_Charlie_Hebdo_shooting_and_rising_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo shooting and rising tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_Charlie_Hebdo_shooting_and_rising_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Resignations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reinstatement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinstatement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Reinstatement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinstatement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dresden_mayoral_election,_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dresden_mayoral_election,_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Dresden mayoral election, 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dresden_mayoral_election,_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Renewed protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Party founding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Position paper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participants_and_supporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participants_and_supporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Participants and supporters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participants_and_supporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counterdemonstrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterdemonstrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Counterdemonstrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterdemonstrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Polls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Political opponents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_from_political_scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_from_political_scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Reactions from political scientists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_from_political_scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 International reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offshoots_and_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offshoots_and_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Offshoots and variations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Offshoots_and_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Offshoots and variations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Offshoots_and_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 In Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortress_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortress_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Fortress Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortress_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pegida</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotische_Europ%C3%A4er_gegen_die_Islamisierung_des_Abendlandes" title="Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بيغيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيغيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пэгіда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэгіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%83_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Патриотични европейци срещу ислямизацията на Запада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патриотични европейци срещу ислямизацията на Запада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotas_Europeos_contra_la_Islamizaci%C3%B3n_de_Occidente" title="Patriotas Europeos contra la Islamización de Occidente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patriotas Europeos contra la Islamización de Occidente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پگیدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پگیدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C%ED%99%94%EB%A5%BC_%EB%B0%98%EB%8C%80%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EC%95%A0%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EC%9D%B8" title="서양의 이슬람화를 반대하는 애국 유럽인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서양의 이슬람화를 반대하는 애국 유럽인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D4%B5%D4%B3%D4%BB%D4%B4%D4%B1" title="ՊԵԳԻԴԱ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՊԵԳԻԴԱ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="पेगिडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेगिडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بيجيدا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيجيدا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AB%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%BE%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%85" title="西洋のイスラム化に反対する欧州愛国者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西洋のイスラム化に反対する欧州愛国者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੇਗਿਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੇਗਿਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%93%D0%98%D0%94%D0%90" title="ПЕГИДА – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ПЕГИДА" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پێگیدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێگیدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%93%D0%98%D0%94%D0%90" title="ПЕГИДА – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ПЕГИДА" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="பெஜிடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெஜிடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pegida" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEGIDA" title="PEGIDA – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PEGIDA" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%8C%96" title="愛國歐洲人反對西方伊斯蘭化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛國歐洲人反對西方伊斯蘭化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West<a href="#cite_note-Virchow-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssoar-3">[3]</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="de">Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:PEGIDA_LOGO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PEGIDA_LOGO.svg/220px-PEGIDA_LOGO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PEGIDA_LOGO.svg/330px-PEGIDA_LOGO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PEGIDA_LOGO.svg/440px-PEGIDA_LOGO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="149" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Pegida</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">11 October 2014<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eingetragener Verein">Eingetragener Verein</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (registered voluntary association)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Anti-Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chair</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Bachmann" title="Lutz Bachmann">Lutz Bachmann</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West<a href="#cite_note-Virchow-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssoar-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes), abbreviated Pegida (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[peˈɡiːda]</a>, stylised in its logo as PEGIDA), is a <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">pan-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> extremist political movement.<a href="#cite_note-guard1615-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> German Pegida believes that Germany is being increasingly Islamicised.<a href="#cite_note-spie12-21-14-9">[9]</a> Pegida wants to curb immigration into Germany and it accuses the authorities of failure to enforce related laws.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Pegida has held many demonstrations, often accompanied by counter-demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Bachmann" title="Lutz Bachmann">Lutz Bachmann</a>, the founder of Pegida, resigned from the movement after a doctored photographed appeared where he appeared to be posing as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and making racist statements on Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He was later reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-rein-13">[13]</a> Though nationalism is a central feature, Pegida offshoots have formed in various countries. It is a grassroots part of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">counter-jihad movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegida-Plakat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pegida-Plakat.svg/220px-Pegida-Plakat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pegida-Plakat.svg/330px-Pegida-Plakat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pegida-Plakat.svg/440px-Pegida-Plakat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3529" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Alternate logo used by Pegida.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Slogans such as "Violence-free and united against religious and <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> on German soil" are commonplace at Pegida rallies.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> Pegida was founded in October 2014 by Lutz Bachmann, who runs a <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> agency in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guard1412-18">[18]</a> Bachmann's impetus for starting Pegida was witnessing a rally by alleged supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) against the siege of <a href="/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani">Kobani</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)</a> on 10 October 2014 in Dresden,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> which he posted on YouTube on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The next day he founded a <a href="/wiki/Facebook_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook group">Facebook group</a> called Patriotische Europäer Gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes ('Patriotic Europeans against Islamisation of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Occident</a>').<a href="#cite_note-spie12-21-14-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-spiegel2015-01-12-21">[21]</a> On 7 October, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> and Muslim <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> had violently clashed in <a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">Celle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> On 26 October, out of 5,000 protesters, "at least 400 right-wing extremists went on a rampage in downtown <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> during a demonstration" by "<a href="/wiki/Hogesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogesa">Hooligans Against Salafists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-spie12-21-14-9">[9]</a> Bachmann mentioned these events in a release for his first demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_wave_of_demonstrations">First wave of demonstrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First wave of demonstrations">edit</a>]</div> The first demonstration, or "evening stroll" (according to Pegida),<a href="#cite_note-guard1615-7">[7]</a> took place on 20 October 2014, and attracted only a handful of people.<a href="#cite_note-spie12-21-14-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smale7-24">[24]</a> During the following days, the movement began gaining wider public attention, and, subsequently, the weekly Monday demonstrations drew larger numbers of people. Among the 7,500 participants on 1 December 2014, the police identified 80 to 120 <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooligans</a>. The demonstration grew to 10,000 people on 8 December 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Smale7-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirshbaum16-25">[25]</a> During the weekly demonstrations on Monday evenings, Pegida supporters carried banners with slogans such as "For the preservation of our culture", "Against religious fanaticism, against any kind of radicalism, together without violence" and "Against religious wars on German soil".<a href="#cite_note-DW_7_December_2014-26">[26]</a> On 19 December 2014, PEGIDA e.V. was legally registered in Dresden under the registration ID VR 7750,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> with Bachmann as chairman, Rene Jahn as vice-chairman and <a href="/wiki/Kathrin_Oertel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathrin Oertel">Kathrin Oertel</a> as treasurer. Pegida also formally applied for the status of a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_Charlie_Hebdo_shooting_and_rising_tensions">Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo shooting and rising tensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo shooting and rising tensions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PEGIDA_DRESDEN_DEMO_12_Jan_2015_115724030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PEGIDA_DRESDEN_DEMO_12_Jan_2015_115724030.jpg/220px-PEGIDA_DRESDEN_DEMO_12_Jan_2015_115724030.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PEGIDA_DRESDEN_DEMO_12_Jan_2015_115724030.jpg/330px-PEGIDA_DRESDEN_DEMO_12_Jan_2015_115724030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PEGIDA_DRESDEN_DEMO_12_Jan_2015_115724030.jpg/440px-PEGIDA_DRESDEN_DEMO_12_Jan_2015_115724030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Pegida demonstration on 12 January 2015 after the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo shooting</a></figcaption></figure> While the demonstration on 29 December 2014 was cancelled by the organizers, the movement continued to draw large numbers of participants in early January 2015. After the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo shooting</a> on 7 January 2015 in Paris, politicians (including ministers <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Thomas de Maizière">Thomas de Maizière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heiko_Maas" title="Heiko Maas">Heiko Maas</a>) warned Pegida against misusing the attack on Charlie Hebdo for its own political agenda. On Saturday 10 January 2015 some 35,000<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> anti-Pegida protesters gathered to mourn the victims of Paris, observing a <a href="/wiki/Minute%27s_silence" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute's silence">minute's silence</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a>. On 12 January 2015, Pegida organizers organised a rally of some 25,000 participants. Pegida's main organizer, Bachmann, declared the six central political objectives of Pegida, which include calls for selective immigration and the expulsion of religious extremists, the right and duty to integrate, and tighter internal security.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On 15 January 2015, a young <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> immigrant, <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Khaled_Idris_Bahray" title="Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray">Khaled Idris Bahray</a>, was found stabbed to death in his Dresden high-rise apartment. International media correspondents portrayed an "atmosphere of hatred and resentment" and published social media comments of Pegida sympathizers, who had expressed disdain for the dead Eritrean. Pegida's organizers rejected any possible connection.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> One week later, the police investigation led to the arrest and eventual conviction of one of the victim's Eritrean housemates.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116227086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116227086.jpg/220px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116227086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116227086.jpg/330px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116227086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116227086.jpg/440px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116227086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Pegida demonstration on 25 January 2015</figcaption></figure> Dresden police did not permit the demonstration planned for 19 January 2015, due to a definite threat against one of Pegida's leadership members in form of an Arabic-language <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweet</a> labelling Pegida an "enemy of Islam".<a href="#cite_note-huff-34">[34]</a> Pegida cancelled its 13th demonstration and stated in a post on its Facebook page that there was an explicit threat against a leadership member, and "his execution had been ordered by ISIS terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-reu11815-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignations">Resignations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resignations">edit</a>]</div> On 21 January 2015, Bachmann resigned from his position in Pegida after coming under fire for a number of Facebook posts.<a href="#cite_note-ft20150121-36">[36]</a> Excerpts from a closed Facebook conversation incriminated Bachmann as having referred to immigrants with the insults "animals", "scumbags"<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and "trash",<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20150121-38">[38]</a> which are classified as <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> in Germany. He was also quoted as commenting that extra security was needed at the welfare office "to protect employees from the animals".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters20150121-39">[39]</a> A self-portrait of Bachmann allegedly posing as a reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, titled "He's back!" (which the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung" title="Sächsische Zeitung">Sächsische Zeitung</a> later discovered to be a forgery, reporting that the moustache was added after the photo was taken),<a href="#cite_note-rein-13">[13]</a> went viral on social media<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20150121-38">[38]</a> and was printed on front pages worldwide. On another occasion, Bachmann had posted a photo of a man wearing the uniform of the US white supremacist organisation <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> accompanied by the slogan: "Three Ks a day keeps the minorities away".<a href="#cite_note-ft20150121-36">[36]</a> The Dresden state prosecutors opened an investigation for suspected <a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Volksverhetzung</a> (incitement to hatred), and <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Deputy Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Sigmar Gabriel</a> said the real face of Pegida had been exposed: "Anyone who puts on a Hitler disguise is either an idiot or a Nazi. People should think carefully about running after a <a href="/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin" title="Pied Piper of Hamelin">pied piper</a> like this".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters20150121-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> reported that Pegida's media spokeswoman, <a href="/wiki/Kathrin_Oertel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathrin Oertel">Kathrin Oertel</a>, turned to the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) for advice, and that the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung" title="Sächsische Zeitung">Sächsische Zeitung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> both confirmed there was a phone conversation between the AfD's <a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Frauke Petry</a> and Oertel. Petry said to Oertel that Bachmann should no longer be supported ("Ich habe ihr gesagt, dass Bachmann nicht mehr zu halten ist"). On that same day Oertel announced Bachmann's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> On 28 January, Oertel resigned as well, citing "the massive hostility, threats and career disadvantages" as the reason.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At the same time four other leading figures of Pegida stepped back.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On 2 February 2015 Oertel and six other former Pegida members founded <a href="/wiki/Direkte_Demokratie_f%C3%BCr_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Direkte Demokratie für Europa">Direkte Demokratie für Europa</a> ('Direct Democracy for Europe') to distance themselves from the far-right tendencies of Pegida.<a href="#cite_note-guard215-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinstatement">Reinstatement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reinstatement">edit</a>]</div> In February 2015, Pegida confirmed on its Facebook page that Lutz Bachmann had been re-elected as chairman by the six other members of the organisation's leadership committee, after the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung" title="Sächsische Zeitung">Sächsische Zeitung</a> published a report that the Hitler moustache on the now infamous photo had been added after the photo was taken.<a href="#cite_note-rein-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dresden_mayoral_election,_2015">Dresden mayoral election, 2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dresden mayoral election, 2015">edit</a>]</div> In June 2015, following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a> Helma Orosz on health grounds, <a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Festerling" title="Tatjana Festerling">Tatjana Festerling</a>, who was dismissed from Pegida's leadership circle in June 2016,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> ran for the mayoral office of Dresden, polling 9.6% in the first round with support from the far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a> (NPD).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On 7 July 2015, Bachmann announced that Pegida would participate in all future federal elections in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_protests">Renewed protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Renewed protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-05-10_Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci_IMG_1437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2014-05-10_Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci_IMG_1437.jpg/170px-2014-05-10_Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci_IMG_1437.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2014-05-10_Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci_IMG_1437.jpg/255px-2014-05-10_Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci_IMG_1437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2014-05-10_Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci_IMG_1437.jpg/340px-2014-05-10_Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci_IMG_1437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="3379" /></a><figcaption>Pegida keynote speaker <a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Akif Pirinçci</a>, who has been charged with <a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">incitement to hatred</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> revived the movement, which drew as many as 20,000 supporters to a 19 October 2015 rally in Dresden.<a href="#cite_note-SmaleHateSpeech-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-HugglerRefugeeCrisis-48">[48]</a> At the same time, observers perceived a further <a href="/wiki/Radicalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalisation">radicalisation</a> of the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> On 28 September, two journalists were injured when Pegida participants kicked a local newspaper reporter and punched another TV reporter in the face.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On 12 October, Pegida demonstrators carried a mock <a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">gallows</a> showing nooses reserved for Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> and her deputy <a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Sigmar Gabriel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Bachmann derided the demonstrators who made it, calling it a "laughable piece of work with spelling errors" ("lächerliche Bastelarbeit mit Schreibfehlern"), a reference to the fact that the name Sigmar had been written with an "ie" (Siegmar).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> At Pegida's anniversary event on 19 October 2015, keynote speaker <a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Akif Pirinçci</a> named the Muslim refugees as invaders, with Germany becoming a "Muslim garbage dump".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Pirinçci said that politicians were acting like "<a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> against their own people",<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> as they wanted critics of Germany's refugee policy to leave the country. Addressing the crowd shouting "Resistance!", he claimed that the majority of Germans were held in contempt by the political class and that politicians wished that there were "other alternatives [to fight Pegida supporters<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>] – but the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> are unfortunately out of order at the moment".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The crowd applauded and laughed, and let him continue his speech for another 20 minutes before calling upon him to finish.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> When 1,500 to 2,000 people celebrated Pegida in Leipzig's first anniversary, dozens of hooligans protested, vandalizing foreign-owned shops. Over 100 people were arrested. Mayor <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Jung" title="Burkhard Jung">Burkhard Jung</a> called it "open street terror".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_founding">Party founding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Party founding">edit</a>]</div> The founder of Pegida, Lutz Bachmann, has set up a new political party, the Freiheitlich Direktdemokratische Volkspartei ("Liberal Direct Democratic People's Party", or FDDV). The FDDV was established on 13 June 2016.<a href="#cite_note-party-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Tommy Robinson</a> founded a branch of <a href="/wiki/Pegida_UK" title="Pegida UK">Pegida in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_paper">Position paper</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Position paper">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegida_Demonstration_in_Dresden_am_05.01.2015_(16084446507).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pegida_Demonstration_in_Dresden_am_05.01.2015_%2816084446507%29.jpg/220px-Pegida_Demonstration_in_Dresden_am_05.01.2015_%2816084446507%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pegida_Demonstration_in_Dresden_am_05.01.2015_%2816084446507%29.jpg/330px-Pegida_Demonstration_in_Dresden_am_05.01.2015_%2816084446507%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pegida_Demonstration_in_Dresden_am_05.01.2015_%2816084446507%29.jpg/440px-Pegida_Demonstration_in_Dresden_am_05.01.2015_%2816084446507%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>"Putin, hilf uns, rette uns!" ("Putin, help us, save us!") and other slogans on signs and banners</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of December 2014, Pegida published an undated and anonymous one-page manifesto of 19 bulleted position statements.<a href="#cite_note-pospaper-61">[61]</a> Pegida's specific demands were initially unclear, largely because Pegida has refused a dialogue, considering the press to be a politically correct conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-econ115-62">[62]</a> Demonstrators have been observed chanting <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCgenpresse" class="mw-redirect" title="Lügenpresse">Lügenpresse</a> (lying press), a term that has a long history in German politics.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg/220px-German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg/330px-German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg/440px-German_Resistance_Flag_Proposal_1944.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Variant of the "Wirmer flag" proposed in 1944 by anti-Nazi resistance member <a href="/wiki/Josef_Wirmer" title="Josef Wirmer">Josef Wirmer</a> that is often used by members of the movement</figcaption></figure> Alongside the German national flag, supporters of the movement have often been seen with a variant of the "<a href="/wiki/Wirmer_Flag" title="Wirmer Flag">Wirmer flag</a>", a flag proposed by resistance member <a href="/wiki/Josef_Wirmer" title="Josef Wirmer">Josef Wirmer</a> in 1944 for use after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[note 1]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> report from December 2014, Pegida considers <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> a <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogynist</a> and violent ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Honnigfort8-71">[70]</a> In January 2015 <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> described Pegida as a <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> movement,<a href="#cite_note-guard1615-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> labelled Pegida as <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant">anti-immigrant</a>, and Angela Merkel has repeatedly questioned the motives underlying its anti-immigrant message.<a href="#cite_note-guard1615-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_Authority_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="State Authority for the Protection of the Constitution">State Authority for the Protection of the Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz) of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> considers Sügida (the regional Pegida branch of South Thuringia) to be steered by right-wing nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-mdr-73">[72]</a> In February 2015 the 19 positions were revised and broken down to the ten "Theses of Dresden".<a href="#cite_note-thesen150215-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> On 10 September 2015, Pegida demanded ten changes to the German refugee policy. They called for an immediate stop for asylum seekers and for a German 'asylum-emergency law'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participants_and_supporters">Participants and supporters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Participants and supporters">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Pegida participants in Dresden </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Date </th> <th scope="col">participants per day </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">20 October 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div>350</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">27 October 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.3em;"></div>500(<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 November 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div>1,000(<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">10 November 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.9em;"></div>1,700(<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">17 November 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.6em;"></div>3,200(<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">24 November 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.8em;"></div>5,500(<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 December 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.8em;"></div>7,500(<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">8 December 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5em;"></div>10,000(<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">15 December 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:7.5em;"></div>15,000(<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">22 December 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.8em;"></div>17,500(<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5 January 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9em;"></div>18,000(<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">12 January 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:12.5em;"></div>25,000(<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">25 January 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.7em;"></div>17,300(<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">9 February 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1em;"></div>2,000(<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">16 February 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div>4,300(<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">23 February 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.4em;"></div>4,800(<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 March 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.1em;"></div>6,200(<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">9 March 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.3em;"></div>6,500(<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">16 March 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.9em;"></div>7,700(<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">23 March 2014 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.8em;"></div>5,500(<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">30 March 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.5em;"></div>2,900(<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6 April 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.6em;"></div>7,100(<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">13 April 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5em;"></div>10,000(<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">11 May 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.5em;"></div>3,000(<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">18 May 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.5em;"></div>3,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">25 May 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.1em;"></div>2,200(<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 June 2015 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1em;"></div>2,000(<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a>)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> According to Frank Richter, director of Saxony's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education" title="Federal Agency for Civic Education">Federal Agency for Civic Education</a>, Pegida is "a mixed group—known figures from the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a>, soccer hooligans, but also a sizable number of ordinary citizens".<a href="#cite_note-Smale7-24">[24]</a> Werner Schiffauer, director of the Migration Council, has pointed out that the movement is strongest where people have hardly any experience with foreigners, and among "easterners who never really arrived in the Federal Republic and who now feel they have no voice".<a href="#cite_note-econ115-62">[62]</a> In December, Gordian Meyer-Plath, president of Saxony's <a href="/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Verfassungsschutz_Sachsen" title="Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz Sachsen">State Authority for the Protection of the Constitution</a>, said that initial suspicion that Pegida might tie in with the riots staged by <a href="/wiki/Hogesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogesa">Hogesa</a> earlier in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> were not substantiated, so the movement was not put under official surveillance. He said there were no indications that the organizers were embracing right-wingers. This assessment was contested by the weekly <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> who researched the ideological proximity of Pegida organizer Siegfried Däbritz to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europe_Defence_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europe Defence League (page does not exist)">German Defence League</a> or the European <a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Tagesspiegel</a> interview on 19 January, Meyer-Plath reaffirmed that the participant spectrum was very diverse and that there was no evidence of radicalisation.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139864.jpg/220px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139864.jpg/330px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139864.jpg/440px-PEGIDA_Demo_DRESDEN_25_Jan_2015_116139864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Pegida demonstration in Dresden</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dresden_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden University of Technology">Dresden University of Technology</a> (TU) interviewed 400 Pegida demonstrators on 22 December 2014 and 12 January 2015. According to the poll, the main reasons of their participation were dissatisfaction with the political situation (54 percent), "Islam, Islamism and Islamisation" (23 percent), criticism of the media and the public (20 percent), and reservations regarding asylum seekers and migrants (15 percent). In all, 42 percent had reservations regarding Muslims or Islam, 20 percent were concerned about a 'high rate of crimes' committed by asylum seekers, or feared socio-economic disadvantages.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The author, Vorländer, did not see Pegida as a movement of right-wing extremists, pensioners or the unemployed, but stated that the rallies served as a way to express feelings and resentments against a political and opinion-making elite which have not been publicly articulated before.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> A group of social scientists led by Dieter Rucht from the Social Science Research Centre of Berlin (<a href="/wiki/Wissenschaftszentrum_Berlin_f%C3%BCr_Sozialforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung">Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung</a>, WZB) collected data both by flyer and online survey. Despite a participation rate of only 18 percent in the online survey, it largely had similar results to the survey in Dresden. According to data from the WZB, Pegida was a male-dominated group, participants were mostly employees with a relatively high level of education, they had no confidence in institutions and they sympathised with <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a>. In some cases the participants demonstrated far-right and right-wing extremist attitudes. The conclusion emphasised that Pegida supporters cannot be viewed as 'ordinary citizens', since they articulate group-focused enmity and racism.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> As of January 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit">[update]</a> on Facebook, the Pegida fan page had about 200,000 supporters.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> According to political consultant Martin Fuchs, the fanpage allows the users there to present and more easily spread their ideas, which are not represented in the mainstream media.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In December 2014, representatives of the NPD encouraged people to participate in Pegida rallies,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> as did the German Defence League and the internet blog Politically Incorrect in an uploaded 'propaganda clip'.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> According to the police, a few hundred "violent hooligans" have been participating in the Dresden rallies since December 2014.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The journalist Felix Menzel supports Pegida with his new right youth magazine Blaue Narzisse.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterdemonstrations">Counterdemonstrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Counterdemonstrations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wzwz_141222_munich_against_racism_j.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wzwz_141222_munich_against_racism_j.jpg/220px-Wzwz_141222_munich_against_racism_j.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wzwz_141222_munich_against_racism_j.jpg/330px-Wzwz_141222_munich_against_racism_j.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wzwz_141222_munich_against_racism_j.jpg/440px-Wzwz_141222_munich_against_racism_j.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration against Pegida in Munich, 22 December 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv/220px--K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Kölner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_Kögida-Demo.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AK%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AK%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Abschaltung_Beleuchtung_als_Protest_gegen_die_K%C3%B6gida-Demo.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Floodlights of <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> being switched off in protest against a Pegida march on 5 January 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_stellt_sich_quer_%E2%80%93_nok%C3%B6gida_21._Januar_2015-4289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/K%C3%B6ln_stellt_sich_quer_%E2%80%93_nok%C3%B6gida_21._Januar_2015-4289.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6ln_stellt_sich_quer_%E2%80%93_nok%C3%B6gida_21._Januar_2015-4289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/K%C3%B6ln_stellt_sich_quer_%E2%80%93_nok%C3%B6gida_21._Januar_2015-4289.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6ln_stellt_sich_quer_%E2%80%93_nok%C3%B6gida_21._Januar_2015-4289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/K%C3%B6ln_stellt_sich_quer_%E2%80%93_nok%C3%B6gida_21._Januar_2015-4289.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6ln_stellt_sich_quer_%E2%80%93_nok%C3%B6gida_21._Januar_2015-4289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration against Pegida in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> on 21 January 2015. The big banner reads "we stand in the way (of racism)", a popular anti racist slogan in Germany.</figcaption></figure> Numerous protests against Pegida and affiliated movements in cities across Germany have drawn up to 35,000 demonstrators in Dresden<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> and up to 100,000 nationwide in January 2015, considerably more than Pegida's own concurrent demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> In protest against a Pegida march, the floodlights of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> were switched off on the evening of 5 January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Dresden's <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> plant used the same method of protest.<a href="#cite_note-volkswagen-121">[120]</a> German tabloid newspaper <a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a> launched a petition against Pegida, including former Chancellors <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>, as well as actress <a href="/wiki/Karoline_Herfurth" title="Karoline Herfurth">Karoline Herfurth</a> and former footballer <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff" title="Oliver Bierhoff">Oliver Bierhoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-volkswagen-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polls">Polls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Polls">edit</a>]</div> According to a <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">survey</a> by the Emnid institute conducted in December 2014, 53% of East Germans and 48% of West Germans showed understanding for Pegida demonstrations. Differentiated by political parties, supporters consisted of 86% of all surveyed <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> members, 54% of all <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> members, 46% of all <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> members and 19% of all questioned supporters of <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Alliance '90/The Greens</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-n24-122">[121]</a> 43% of all Germans participating in the survey thought that Pegida protesters are mainly concerned about the "spread of Islam". 33% believed that mainly <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right wing</a> extremists attend their demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-Presseportal-123">[122]</a> On behalf of German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> conducted a survey from 12 to 15 December 2014. The survey showed that 30% of all 1107 surveyed felt sympathetic with regards to the demonstrations. Another 19% said they were understanding rather than the opposite. 26% approved at least partially of the demonstrations, while 10% showed little sympathy and a further 13% no understanding at all.<a href="#cite_note-Die_Zeit-124">[123]</a> A survey by <a href="/wiki/Kantar_TNS" title="Kantar TNS">TNS Infratest</a> conducted in December 2014 on behalf of German magazine <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> showed that 65% of all surveyed German citizens felt that the government did not respond appropriately to their concerns about asylum <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">policy</a> and immigration. 28% disagreed, while 34% observed an increasing Islamisation in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-DerSpiegelSurvey-125">[124]</a> A representative survey by Emnid conducted from 17 to 18 December 2014 showed that 85% of all 1006 surveyed were not willing to participate in demonstrations for Pegida policy. Only 9%, more than half of all surveyed AfD followers, said they were in fact willing to demonstrate.<a href="#cite_note-Focus-126">[125]</a> On 18 December 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Forsa_Institute" title="Forsa Institute">Forsa Institute</a> conducted a survey which showed that 67% of all surveyed Germans considered the danger of Islamisation exaggerated. 29%, consisting of 71% of all surveyed AfD supporters, felt too strong an Islamic influence in Germany and deemed respective demonstrations justified. 13% said they would participate in protests near their residence. 10%, consisting of 57% of all surveyed AfD followers, would even vote for an <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">anti-Islamic</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-Stern-127">[126]</a> A special report by the <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertelsmann Foundation">Bertelsmann Foundation</a>, complemented by a TNS Emnid survey from November 2014, showed that a majority of German citizens considered Islam dangerous. Consequently, there seemed to be a "strong sympathy" for "Pegida slogans". In absolute numbers, 57% of all surveyed thought of Islam as a danger. 40% felt like "foreigners in their own country", while 24% stated that they would like to prevent further Muslim immigration. These opinions were not exclusive to any political camps or <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZeitSurveyIslamDanger-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_opponents">Political opponents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political opponents">edit</a>]</div> Former chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> criticised Pegida, saying that the leaders of Pegida "have prejudice, coldness, even hatred in their hearts".<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Federal Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Thomas de Maizière">Thomas de Maizière</a> said that among the participants of the mass rallies were many ordinary people who expressed their concerns about the challenges of today's society.<a href="#cite_note-vek/dpa-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Lucke" title="Bernd Lucke">Bernd Lucke</a>, the leader of the political party <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress_and_Renewal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for Progress and Renewal">Alliance for Progress and Renewal</a>, has said he considers most of the positions of Pegida to be legitimate.<a href="#cite_note-Hill16-131">[130]</a> According to Lucke, the people taking part in these demonstrations did not feel that their concerns were being understood by politicians.<a href="#cite_note-Huggler14-132">[131]</a> Similarly, the Dresden city council's AfD faction welcomed Pegida's weekly demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-DresAfD-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josef_Schuster" title="Josef Schuster">Josef Schuster</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Central Council of Jews in Germany">Central Council of Jews in Germany</a>, voiced his opposition to the group, saying that the possibility of an Islamic conquest of Germany would be as "absurd" as a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Reich" title="Fourth Reich">resurrection of the Nazi regime</a>. Schuster described Pegida as being "highly dangerous": "It starts with verbal assault and leads to actual attacks like the one on a planned refugee hostel in Bavaria". He referred to an <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> attack on a home for <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum-seekers</a> that was ready for occupation. After the attack, swastika graffiti was found at the scene. Schuster said that Pegida is a combination of "neo-Nazis, far-right parties and citizens who think they are finally allowed to show their racism and xenophobia openly". He condemned the movement, stating that the fear of Islamist terror was being exploited to disparage an entire religion.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Aiman Mazyek from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Muslims_in_Germany" title="Central Council of Muslims in Germany">Central Council of Muslims in Germany</a> stated that again and again right-wing extremists gave the public the false impression of a racist Germany. The slogans of the protesters showed that xenophobia and anti-Semitic racism had become socially acceptable.[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pegida has been criticised by Lutheran clergy, including the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Hamburg">Bishop of Hamburg</a> Kirsten Fehrs.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Bachmann's credibility as a leader has been criticised because he has numerous criminal convictions, including "16 burglaries, drink-driving or driving without a licence and even dealing in <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Smale7-24">[24]</a> In 1998 he fled to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to avoid German justice, but was finally extradited and served his two-year jail sentence.<a href="#cite_note-guard1615-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In November 2014, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>'s Interior Minister, <a href="/wiki/Markus_Ulbig" title="Markus Ulbig">Markus Ulbig</a> (CDU), claimed that foreign criminals stayed in Germany too long. He announced the creation of a special police unit to deal with criminal immigrants in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> and the rest of Saxony. Investigators and specialists in criminal and immigrant law would collaborate to process foreign criminals in the criminal justice system, and prevent those not eligible for asylum from obtaining the right to stay in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-DerSpiegelAsylum-137">[136]</a> Ulbig admitted that there had been a number of criminal acts committed by immigrants near the homes for asylum-seekers, but these were a minority and should not be allowed to undermine solidarity with the great majority of law-abiding refugees. He said police worked on criminal immigrant cases too slowly.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> On the night of 5 January 2015, the lights illuminating the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> were completely turned off in protest against the Berlin offshoot named Bärgida<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> and also the lights of the Catholic cathedral <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Dom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kölner Dom">Kölner Dom</a> in Cologne in repudiation against Kögida.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The exterior lighting of the <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a> in Dresden was also kept dark during the weekly Pegida marches. Both rallies in Berlin and Cologne were successfully blocked and disbanded by counter-demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> On 26 January 2015 the US <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Security_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Security Advisory Council">Overseas Security Advisory Council</a> published an online security message entitled "Demonstration Notice Riots/Civil Unrest", stating U.S. citizens in Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich may "encounter Pegida and counter-Pegida demonstrations" on 26 January and 16 February 2015 in Düsseldorf, and "should avoid areas of demonstrations".<a href="#cite_note-OSAC-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_from_political_scientists">Reactions from political scientists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reactions from political scientists">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political scientist</a> Werner J. Patzelt<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> from Dresden believes that politicians are "clueless" when it comes to dealing with Pegida. He says that this points to a serious problem in <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, which neither the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left wing</a> nor parties of the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">political middle ground</a> concern themselves with. This allows new social initiatives critical of Islam and immigrants to form.<a href="#cite_note-FreiePresse-145">[144]</a> According to him, the demonstrators are normal people approachable by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">CDU</a>, if only the party stopped following <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_policy" title="Ostrich policy">ostrich policy</a> concerning immigration.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Temps-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a> expert Hans-Gerd Jaschke thinks that the demands in Pegida's position paper stem from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> and could as well be the content of <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>'s position papers.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Welle-147">[146]</a> Social psychologist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Zick" title="Andreas Zick">Andreas Zick</a> from the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG) assesses the party as a "middle-class right-wing populist movement".<a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Welle-147">[146]</a> According to right-wing extremism researcher Johannes Kies, Pegida states what many people think.<a href="#cite_note-Stuttgarter_Zeitung-148">[147]</a> Kies says that these opinions are widespread in society and that great anti-democratic potential is erupting there.<a href="#cite_note-MDR-149">[148]</a> According to political scientist Alexander Häusler Germany is facing "a right-wing oriented group of enraged citizens" that "mingles with members of the right-wing scene and even hooligans".<a href="#cite_note-tagesschau-150">[149]</a> Political scientist Hajo Funke sees a connection between Pegida and the great increase in attacks on asylum seekers in 2014. He says that because politics did not react to the population's fear of ever-increasing numbers of asylum seekers, these groups could use these fears and fan them further.<a href="#cite_note-Augsburger_Allgemeine-151">[150]</a> In his article for the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Zeit Online</a>, political scientist and historian Michael Lühmann called it "cynical to want to place Pegida in the <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">tradition of 1989</a>". The demonstrators in Dresden do not align themselves with the philosophy of the extreme right-wing, he says, but they fit the bill for "extremism of the centre ground", which is widespread in Saxony and for whose "group-based misanthropy ... at times the CDU, but prevalently the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">NPD</a> and as of now the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> stand" in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Zeit_Online-152">[151]</a> In a similar fashion, historian <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Aly" title="Götz Aly">Götz Aly</a> traces the fact that Pegida were able to form in Dresden back to the city's history. In one of his columns in the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung" title="Berliner Zeitung">Berliner Zeitung</a> he referred to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a> of 19th century Saxony, where the comparatively few resident <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were faced with unequally difficult legal obstacles. Aly concluded that in Dresden "<a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, self-aggrandising local presumption and <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> of foreigners" have long belonged together.<a href="#cite_note-Berliner_Zeitung-153">[152]</a> Political philosopher Jürgen Manemann considers Pegida an anti-political movement. According to Manemann, political action serves the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a> and thus requires politicians to voice especially the interests of minorities. While politics was based on <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a>, Pegida was in fact anti-pluralistic and thus anti-political. In Manemann's eyes, the movement has neither an appreciation of <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">otherness</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, which he sees as the basic virtue of political action.<a href="#cite_note-Philosophie_Indebate-154">[153]</a> Explaining especially those protests against the actually non-existent threat of Islamisation from people with middle-class backgrounds, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Gesine_Schwan" title="Gesine Schwan">Gesine Schwan</a> referred to results from studies on <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>. These studies indicate that aggressive prejudices do not originate from those groups met with <a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">resentment</a>, but are rather a result of the situation of those who have them. In addition, fear of social decline often seems to be expressed through <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>. This is then directed especially against those minorities which may seem dangerous, but are in reality unable to defend themselves, often due to a perceived unpopularity within the respective society. In the first half of the 20th century, it was the Jewish minority who were imputed with plans for <a href="/wiki/World_domination" title="World domination">world domination</a>. Today, it is the Muslim minority who is accused of plotting an Islamisation of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ZeitOnlineWeimar-155">[154]</a> In an interview about Pegida, researcher on prejudice <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Wolfgang Benz</a> referred to his previous warnings about right-wing extremists using the fear of foreign infiltration for their ends. It was not the formation but the attendance figures that really surprised him.<a href="#cite_note-BR-156">[155]</a> Political scientist and researcher on extremism Armin Pfahl-Traughber considers Pegida demonstrations "a new phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Endstation_Rechts-157">[156]</a> In an interview, he accused Pegida leaders of fuelling "<a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">hostility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a> against people of different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a> or religion".<a href="#cite_note-Westdeutsche_Zeitung-158">[157]</a> On 5 January 2015, the Council on Migration called for a new general orientation in German society. Since, in their eyes, migration was controllable only to a limited extent, they suggested an orientation committee. Consisting of politicians and representatives of immigrants and minorities, this would work together in order to analyse and redefine "German <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> in a pluralist <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> society". Their results were to be included in German schools' curricula in order to emphasize the historical importance of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">migration in Germany</a>. In the eyes of the council, German policy has been influenced for far too long by the CDU's guiding principle of "Germany not being a land of immigration". Thus, a concept of integration should include foreigners and refugees in German society. According to the council, German integration policy should not only focus on immigrants, but also provide courses on integration for groups such as Pegida. Praising German Chancellor Angela Merkel's distancing herself from Pegida, the Council stressed that an immigration society is a very complex construct.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_Online-159">[158]</a> Political theorist Wolfgang Jäger considers Pegida a part of increasingly right-wing populist tendencies in Europe, in their Islamophobia possibly being the heir to widespread <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. He claims that the demonstrations themselves expose the movement's moderate position paper as a <a href="/wiki/Fig_leaf" title="Fig leaf">fig leaf</a> for "blatantly unconstitutional xenophobia". Thus, democrats should not sympathize with the movement, as their referring in particular to Judeo-Christian values was contrary to their actual demands. Jäger also voiced concerns about the "ghosts of the old <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">nationalism</a> re-entering Germany through the back door". According to political theorists, a democracy needs to be measured by how it <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">protects its minorities</a>. A knowledge of foreign cultures should be taught in schools. Only in this way would it be possible to understand <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> as a chance for cultural enrichment in the face of global <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Badische_Zeitung-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: International reactions">edit</a>]</div> The controversy around Pegida sparked reactions from international media as well. In France, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> wrote that Islamophobia divided German society, while <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%27Opinion" title="L'Opinion">L'Opinion</a> discussed possible parallels to the French far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Several French and francophone cartoonists published a flyer aimed against a funeral march by Pegida in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo shooting</a> in January 2015. The signatories – among them a surviving member of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo" title="Charlie Hebdo">Charlie Hebdo</a>'s editorial staff – disapproved of Pegida using the mourning to gather attention for their own cause. They stated that Pegida symbolised everything Charlie Hebdo had fought against and asked the population of Dresden for more tolerance and to be open towards different cultures.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> claimed that, for the first time since 1945, a German populist movement was publicly complaining about an ethnic minority. This would frighten the establishment. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> said that Germany is not used to such large numbers of demonstrators supporting such positions.<a href="#cite_note-zeit.de-163">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> described Pegida as an emerging campaign against immigrants that would eventually endanger tourism.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> claimed that, because of its communist history, East Germany was more xenophobic than the rest of the country. The paper claimed that, in light of the low numbers of Muslims living in Saxony, the fear of Islamisation was bizarre.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia Today">Russia Today</a> reported comprehensively on Pegida. Its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Ruptly" title="Ruptly">Ruptly</a> broadcast several rallies live on the internet.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Turkey's <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)" title="Sabah (newspaper)">Sabah</a> reported on Pegida and counterrallies. Sabah interpreted the demonstrations as a "rise of the radical right in Europe". In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a>, Turkish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a> compared Pegida followers with members of the terror organisation IS. He said that both had an archaic mindset and that Turkey was "very concerned about Pegida". He called the movement a "threat to Turks, Muslims and Germany itself".<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The Arabic news network <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a> primarily reported on counter-demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-zeit.de-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offshoots_and_variations">Offshoots and variations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Offshoots and variations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Germany">In Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Germany">edit</a>]</div> Pegida has spawned a number of smaller offshoots across Germany, including Legida in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Sügida in southern <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mdr-73">[72]</a> Kagida in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Wügida in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, Bogida in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, Dügida in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Knight-70">[69]</a> and Fragida in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> After some internal disputes, representatives of Pegida NRW, an affiliate aiming to operate in the federal state of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Rhine Westphalia">North Rhine Westphalia</a>, distanced itself from the Bogida, Dügida and Kögida clones in North Rhine–Westphalia. The latter were said to have been taken over by members of the openly xenophobic right-wing splinter party <a href="/wiki/Pro_NRW" title="Pro NRW">Pro NRW</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> In January 2015, Pegida NRW replaced their media representative Melanie Dittmer with Sebastian Nobile, a member of the German Defence League, an anti-Islamist organisation modelled on the <a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In December 2014, rival right-wing forces founded an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-American</a> Facebook group under the name PEGADA (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Patriotische Europäer gegen die Amerikanisierung des Abendlandes, or "Patriotic Europeans Against the Americanisation of the West"), claiming the true problem was not the phenomenon of Islamism but the suspected American forces behind it. On 25 January they held a first rally in Erfurt under the title EnDgAmE (Engagierte Demokraten gegen die Amerikanisierung Europas, or "Committed democrats against the Americanisation of Europe"). Promoted by a number of activists of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <a href="/wiki/Vigils_for_Peace" title="Vigils for Peace">Mahnwachen</a>-Movement and by <a href="/wiki/Hooligans_against_Salafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooligans against Salafists">Hooligans against Salafists</a> (Hogesa).<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> They attracted some 1,000 protesters, but were opposed by 800 mostly left-wing counter-demonstrators<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> including Erfurt's mayor <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bausewein" title="Andreas Bausewein">Andreas Bausewein</a> and trade union members, <a href="/wiki/Jusos" class="mw-redirect" title="Jusos">Jusos</a> and the local <a href="/wiki/Antifascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifascism">Antifa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mdr-73">[72]</a> Another offshoot, Nügida, drew scrutiny after several of its members became involved in a <a href="/wiki/2015_German_refugee_attack_plot" title="2015 German refugee attack plot">neo-Nazi plot to bomb a refugee centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naziplot-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Pegida-Demonstration,_2_Feb_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wien_-_Pegida-Demonstration%2C_2_Feb_2015.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Pegida-Demonstration%2C_2_Feb_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wien_-_Pegida-Demonstration%2C_2_Feb_2015.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Pegida-Demonstration%2C_2_Feb_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wien_-_Pegida-Demonstration%2C_2_Feb_2015.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Pegida-Demonstration%2C_2_Feb_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3149" /></a><figcaption>Pegida demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> on 2 February 2015</figcaption></figure> In January 2015, Pegida sympathizers held their first rally in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, with around 200 protesters led by <a href="/wiki/Max_Hermansen" title="Max Hermansen">Max Hermansen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> but this support quickly collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> In neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, around 200 protesters <a href="/wiki/For_Frihed" title="For Frihed">marched in the capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In the same month, a Spanish branch applied for a protest outside the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Central_Mosque" title="Madrid Central Mosque">main mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, which was rejected by government officials.<a href="#cite_note-madrid-178">[177]</a> Marches were planned in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, but not permitted due to <a href="/wiki/2015_anti-terrorism_operations_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium">anti-terrorism raids in Verviers</a> one week earlier.<a href="#cite_note-antwerp-179">[178]</a> The Antwerp demonstration was finally held on 2 March 2015 without the mayor's permission. About 350 persons were present and about 227 of them were fined for participating in an unauthorised demonstration. On 28 February 2015, <a href="/wiki/Pegida_UK" title="Pegida UK">Pegida UK</a> held its first protest in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, with around 400 attending. Around 1,000 people turned up to oppose, led by former MP <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> There was a small Pegida demonstration in London on 4 April 2015, with a counter-demonstration by anti-fascist groups.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The first Pegida demonstration in Sweden gathered eight people in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> and 5,000 opponents.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> When Pegida called a demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a> they gathered four persons.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In Uppsala, Pegida managed to gather about ten persons.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Following several failed demonstrations and internal strife the Swedish branch dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> A demonstration on 28 March 2015 in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada, by sympathizers of Pegida was cancelled when hundreds of people gathered to counter-protest.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> A demonstration on 19 September 2015 in Toronto was attended by about a dozen members of Pegida Canada. The demonstration ended in a melee with counter-protesters who outnumbered Pegida members about twenty to one.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Farid_Hafez" title="Farid Hafez">Farid Hafez</a> argues that Pegida was not able to settle down in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, since the far right <a href="/wiki/FP%C3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="FPÖ">FPÖ</a> already represented the ideology of Pegida in parliament and absorbed most of the far right human resources.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Pegida Ireland had planned to have its inaugural rally in Dublin on 6 February 2016, during which <a href="/wiki/Identity_Ireland" title="Identity Ireland">Identity Ireland</a>'s Peter O’Loughlin, who was also to be chairman of Pegida Ireland, was to speak. While on his way to the rally on a tram, he and members of the movement were attacked by a group of men wearing black masks.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref1-191">[190]</a> The planned rally never took place. A group of Pegida supporters was attacked and chased into a store by a group who broke away from a counter-demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fortress_Europe">Fortress Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fortress Europe">edit</a>]</div> On 23 January 2016, representatives of 14 like-minded allies, including Pegida Austria, Pegida Bulgaria, and <a href="/wiki/Pegida_Netherlands" title="Pegida Netherlands">Pegida Netherlands</a>, met with <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Bachmann" title="Lutz Bachmann">Lutz Bachmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Festerling" title="Tatjana Festerling">Tatjana Festerling</a> in the Czech Republic to sign the Prague Declaration, which states their belief that the "history of Western civilisation could soon come to an end through Islam conquering Europe", thus formalizing their membership in the Fortress Europe coalition against that eventuality. Other signatories present were the Czech organizations <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Against_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc Against Islam">Bloc Against Islam</a>, Odvaha and <a href="/wiki/Dawn_%E2%80%93_National_Coalition" title="Dawn – National Coalition">Dawn – National Coalition</a>, with the Polish <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_(Poland)" title="National Movement (Poland)">National Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party of Estonia</a>, and Italy's <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a>. Dawn's Marek Černoch said that the meeting was, among other things, a reaction to the <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">attacks on women in Cologne</a> in Germany on New Year's Eve, which took place as celebrations were being held to usher in 2016. At the end of the Prague Declaration, above the signatures, it is stated that there would be demonstrations on 6 February 2016 to manifest their determination. Others who joined Fortress Europe or participated in Pegida-organised demonstrations are: <a href="/wiki/Identity_Ireland" title="Identity Ireland">Identity Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegida_Switzerland" title="Pegida Switzerland">Pegida Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegida_UK" title="Pegida UK">Pegida UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riposte_La%C3%AFque" class="mw-redirect" title="Riposte Laïque">Riposte Laïque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Resistance">Republican Resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/For_Frihed" title="For Frihed">For Frihed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> General <a href="/wiki/Christian_Piquemal" title="Christian Piquemal">Christian Piquemal</a>'s group in <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPatzeltKlose2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patzelt, Werner J.; Klose, Joachim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tu-dresden.de/gsw/phil/powi/polsys/forschung/pegida/pegida-warnsignale-aus-dresden">PEGIDA. Warnsignale aus Dresden</a> (in German). Thelem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PEGIDA.+Warnsignale+aus+Dresden&rft.pub=Thelem&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Patzelt&rft.aufirst=Werner+J.&rft.au=Klose%2C+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftu-dresden.de%2Fgsw%2Fphil%2Fpowi%2Fpolsys%2Fforschung%2Fpegida%2Fpegida-warnsignale-aus-dresden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birlikte" title="Birlikte">Birlikte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurabia">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Islamisation_of_Europe" title="Stop Islamisation of Europe">Stop Islamisation of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The use of the flag gained particular attention in Norway after confusion due to the flag's close resemblance, especially under certain light conditions, with <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Norway's national flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Virchow-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virchow_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virchow_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirchow2016" class="citation cs2">Virchow, Fabian (2016), "PEGIDA: Understanding the Emergence and Essence of Nativist Protest in Dresden", Journal of Intercultural Studies, 37 (6): 541–555, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07256868.2016.1235026">10.1080/07256868.2016.1235026</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151752919">151752919</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intercultural+Studies&rft.atitle=PEGIDA%3A+Understanding+the+Emergence+and+Essence+of+Nativist+Protest+in+Dresden&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=541-555&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07256868.2016.1235026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151752919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Virchow&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.colgate.edu/keck/2015/03/pegida-in-germany.html">"PEGIDA in Germany"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ssoar-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssoar_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssoar_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/55598/ssoar-politicquarterly-2015-4-dostal-The_Pegida_Movement_and_German.pdf?sequence=1">"The Pegida Movement and German Political Culture: Is Right-Wing Populism Here to Stay?"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoppWassermann2015" class="citation news cs1">Popp, Maximilian; Wassermann, Andreas (12 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/origins-of-german-anti-muslim-group-pegida-a-1012522.html">"Prying into Pegida: Where Did Germany's Islamophobes Come From"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Prying+into+Pegida%3A+Where+Did+Germany%27s+Islamophobes+Come+From&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.aulast=Popp&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Wassermann%2C+Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Forigins-of-german-anti-muslim-group-pegida-a-1012522.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Amtsgericht Dresden, Aktenzeichen: VR 7750. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.colgate.edu/keck/2015/03/pegida-in-germany.html">"PEGIDA in Germany"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-guard1615-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guard1615_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard1615_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard1615_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard1615_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard1615_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2015" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (6 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2015/jan/06/pegida-what-does-german-far-right-movement-actually-stand-for">"Pegida: what does the German far-right movement actually stand for?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pegida%3A+what+does+the+German+far-right+movement+actually+stand+for%3F&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fshortcuts%2F2015%2Fjan%2F06%2Fpegida-what-does-german-far-right-movement-actually-stand-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_I._Stingl2015" class="citation book cs1">Alexander I. Stingl (16 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2ZOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">The Digital Coloniality of Power: Epistemic Disobedience in the Social Sciences and the Legitimacy of the Digital Age</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0193-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0193-4"><bdi>978-1-4985-0193-4</bdi></a>. <q>has led, induced by the media event that is ISIS, to the resurgence of a populist demonstration culture in PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident) on the extreme Right, which has found supporters in the ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Digital+Coloniality+of+Power%3A+Epistemic+Disobedience+in+the+Social+Sciences+and+the+Legitimacy+of+the+Digital+Age&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-0193-4&rft.au=Alexander+I.+Stingl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2ZOCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.colgate.edu/keck/2015/03/pegida-in-germany.html">"PEGIDA in Germany"</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/55598/ssoar-politicquarterly-2015-4-dostal-The_Pegida_Movement_and_German.pdf?sequence=1">"The Pegida Movement and German Political Culture: Is Right-Wing Populism Here to Stay?"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayraklıFarid_Hafez2016" class="citation book cs1">Bayraklı, Enes; Farid Hafez (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x27QCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">European Islamophobia Report 2015</a>. SETA. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4023-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4023-68-4"><bdi>978-605-4023-68-4</bdi></a>. <q>Although founded in neighbouring Germany, PEGIDA has gained some support in Belgium. Support for the far-right and Islamophobic organisation is more keenly seen in Dutch-speaking Flanders, than in francophone Wallonia and Brussels.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Islamophobia+Report+2015&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=SETA&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.isbn=978-605-4023-68-4&rft.aulast=Bayrakl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Enes&rft.au=Farid+Hafez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx27QCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargettsJohnHaleYasseri2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Margetts" title="Helen Margetts">Margetts, Helen</a>; John, Peter; Hale, Scott A.; Yasseri, Taha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfuxCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Political turbulence: how social media shape collective action</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691159225" title="Special:BookSources/9780691159225"><bdi>9780691159225</bdi></a>. <q>Some have seen the rise of far-right and anti-Islamist groups, as in Germany where protests by the Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the Occident (PEGIDA) have been attended by thousands, matched by a counter-movement of ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+turbulence%3A+how+social+media+shape+collective+action&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780691159225&rft.aulast=Margetts&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=John%2C+Peter&rft.au=Hale%2C+Scott+A.&rft.au=Yasseri%2C+Taha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfuxCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_AlboLeo_Panitch2015" class="citation book cs1">Greg Albo; Leo Panitch (22 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfMWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">The Politics of the Right: Socialist Register 2016</a>. Monthly Review Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-575-5"><bdi>978-1-58367-575-5</bdi></a>. <q>Pegida is a classic far-right anti-immigration movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Right%3A+Socialist+Register+2016&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-575-5&rft.au=Greg+Albo&rft.au=Leo+Panitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrfMWCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon_Latkin_Anderson2015" class="citation book cs1">Shannon Latkin Anderson (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snn4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">Immigration, Assimilation, and the Cultural Construction of American National Identity</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32875-9"><bdi>978-1-317-32875-9</bdi></a>. <q>In Germany, the far-right anti-Islam movement Pegida found massive audience in its anti-Islamic, anti-immigration marches</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration%2C+Assimilation%2C+and+the+Cultural+Construction+of+American+National+Identity&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32875-9&rft.au=Shannon+Latkin+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsnn4CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/anti-islam-organization-pegida-exporting-hate-across-europe-426805">"Anti-Islam Organization PEGIDA Is Exporting Hate Across Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <q>The 200 or so demonstrators trudging down the road are supporters of PEGIDA, a far-right German group whose name is an acronym for Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the Occident.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Anti-Islam+Organization+PEGIDA+Is+Exporting+Hate+Across+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fanti-islam-organization-pegida-exporting-hate-across-europe-426805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/france-bans-march-through-calais-by-far-right-pegida-group-1541766">"France bans march through Calais by far-right Pegida group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=France+bans+march+through+Calais+by+far-right+Pegida+group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Ffrance-bans-march-through-calais-by-far-right-pegida-group-1541766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-12-10/germany-s-refugee-crisis-fueling-far-right-pegida-movement">"Germany's refugee crisis is fueling the far-right Pegida movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+refugee+crisis+is+fueling+the+far-right+Pegida+movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2015-12-10%2Fgermany-s-refugee-crisis-fueling-far-right-pegida-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/12/europe/germany-cologne-migrants-tensions/">"Germany reveals plans to relax deportation rules for foreign criminals"</a>. CNN. <q>Protesters from the far-right PEGIDA movement attend a rally in Leipzig on Monday</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany+reveals+plans+to+relax+deportation+rules+for+foreign+criminals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F01%2F12%2Feurope%2Fgermany-cologne-migrants-tensions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-spie12-21-14-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spie12-21-14_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spie12-21-14_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spie12-21-14_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spie12-21-14_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/anti-muslim-pegida-movement-rattles-germany-a-1009245.html">"The End of Tolerance? Anti-Muslim Movement Rattles Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. 21 December 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2014_32600.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2014_32600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216074057/http://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2014_32784.htm">"Polizei Sachsen"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 10 November 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2014_32920.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2014_32920.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Locke, Stefan (23 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/die-anti-asylbewerber-proteste-gewinnen-an-zulauf-13286097.html">"Demonstration in Dresden: Spezialeinheit Abendland"</a>. FAZ Net (in German). <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">FAZ</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAZ+Net&rft.atitle=Demonstration+in+Dresden%3A+Spezialeinheit+Abendland&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fpolitik%2Finland%2Fdie-anti-asylbewerber-proteste-gewinnen-an-zulauf-13286097.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215095755/http://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2014_33210.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 1 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2014_33210.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2014_33210.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215100331/http://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2014_33360.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 8 December 2014. 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Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_33745.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Polizeieinsatz. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112224354/http://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_33890.htm">Polizei Sachsen. Januar 12, 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/germany-anti-islam-pegida-protest-rally-draws-record-25000-dresden-1483097">"Germany: Anti-Islam Pegida protest rally draws record 25,000 in Dresden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a>. 12 January 2015. 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Retrieved 26 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2015-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_34136.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_34426.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a>. Polizei Sachsen. 9 February 2015. 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Retrieved 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.atitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_34549.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_34641.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a>. Polizei Sachsen. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.atitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_34641.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_34549.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a>. Polizei Sachsen. 2 March 2015. 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Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.atitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_35006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_35120.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_35120.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_35266.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_35266.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_35363.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_35363.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022045900/http://www.mdr.de/sachsen/dresden/pegida-wilders100.html">"Wilders beschert Pegida nicht erhofften Zulauf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR Sachsen</a>. 13 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdr.de/sachsen/dresden/pegida-wilders100.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilders+beschert+Pegida+nicht+erhofften+Zulauf&rft.pub=MDR+Sachsen&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fsachsen%2Fdresden%2Fpegida-wilders100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_36018.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_36018.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_36233.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2015-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_36233.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/MI_2015_36372.htm">"Polizeieinsatz"</a> (in German). Polizei Sachsen. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polizeieinsatz&rft.pub=Polizei+Sachsen&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polizei.sachsen.de%2Fde%2FMI_2015_36372.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2014/52/pegida-dresden-wutbuerger-nationalismus-afd/seite-2">"Neues aus der Tabuzone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> (in German). 17 December 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Neues+aus+der+Tabuzone&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2014%2F52%2Fpegida-dresden-wutbuerger-nationalismus-afd%2Fseite-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jansen, Frank (19 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/verfassungsschutz-praesident-im-interview-sachsen-im-fokus-der-dschihadisten/11250948.html">"Sachsen im Fokus der Dschihadisten"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a> (in German). Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Tagesspiegel&rft.atitle=Sachsen+im+Fokus+der+Dschihadisten&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fverfassungsschutz-praesident-im-interview-sachsen-im-fokus-der-dschihadisten%2F11250948.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2014" class="citation news cs1">Huber, Joachim (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/medien/pegida-und-die-luegenpresse-wort-im-mund-umdrehen/11140250.html">"Pegida und die 'Lügenpresse'. 'Wort im Mund umdrehen'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Tagesspiegel&rft.atitle=Pegida+und+die+%27L%C3%BCgenpresse%27.+%27Wort+im+Mund+umdrehen%27&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fmedien%2Fpegida-und-die-luegenpresse-wort-im-mund-umdrehen%2F11140250.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederlMeisner2015" class="citation news cs1">Federl, Fabian; Meisner, Matthias (21 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/hitler-verkleidung-fluechtlinge-als-viehzeug-die-hintergruende-zum-fall-lutz-bachmann/11252882.html">"Hitler-Verkleidung, Flüchtlinge als 'Viehzeug'. Die Hintergründe zum Fall Lutz Bachmann"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a>. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Tagesspiegel&rft.atitle=Hitler-Verkleidung%2C+Fl%C3%BCchtlinge+als+%27Viehzeug%27.+Die+Hintergr%C3%BCnde+zum+Fall+Lutz+Bachmann&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft.aulast=Federl&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft.au=Meisner%2C+Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fhitler-verkleidung-fluechtlinge-als-viehzeug-die-hintergruende-zum-fall-lutz-bachmann%2F11252882.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merkur-online.de/politik/pegida-demonstrationen-dresden-anfuehrer-lutz-bachmann-helfer-4539731.html">"Pegida: Das sind die Köpfe der Bewegung"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merkur_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merkur Online (page does not exist)">Merkur Online</a>. 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Merkur+Online&rft.atitle=Pegida%3A+Das+sind+die+K%C3%B6pfe+der+Bewegung&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merkur-online.de%2Fpolitik%2Fpegida-demonstrationen-dresden-anfuehrer-lutz-bachmann-helfer-4539731.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser2014" class="citation news cs1">Hauser, Uli (15 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/2-die-koepfe-hinter-pegida-wutbuerger-die-nicht-reden-wollen-2160107.html">"Die Köpfe hinter Pegida. Wutbürger, die nicht reden wollen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Stern">Der Stern</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Stern&rft.atitle=Die+K%C3%B6pfe+hinter+Pegida.+Wutb%C3%BCrger%2C+die+nicht+reden+wollen&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Uli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2F2-die-koepfe-hinter-pegida-wutbuerger-die-nicht-reden-wollen-2160107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke2014" class="citation news cs1">Locke, Stefan (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/demonstrationen-in-dresden-wer-sind-die-organisatoren-der-pegida-proteste-13325574.html">"Pegida-Organisatoren. Die im Dunkeln sieht man nicht"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine">Frankfurter Allgemeine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=Pegida-Organisatoren.+Die+im+Dunkeln+sieht+man+nicht&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fpolitik%2Finland%2Fdemonstrationen-in-dresden-wer-sind-die-organisatoren-der-pegida-proteste-13325574.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobmeierJacobson2014" class="citation news cs1">Dobmeier, Steffi; Jacobson, Lenz (9 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2014-12/pegida-dresden-thesen/komplettansicht">"Dresden. Die wichtigsten Thesen von Pegida"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Dresden.+Die+wichtigsten+Thesen+von+Pegida&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.aulast=Dobmeier&rft.aufirst=Steffi&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Lenz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fgesellschaft%2Fzeitgeschehen%2F2014-12%2Fpegida-dresden-thesen%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierNiewendick2014" class="citation news cs1">Meier, Albrecht; Niewendick, Martin (9 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/kundgebung-der-islam-hasser-in-dresden-innenminister-de-maiziere-pegida-ist-eine-unverschaemtheit/11091188.html">"Kundgebung der Islam-Hasser in Dresden Innenminister de Maizière: 'Pegida ist eine Unverschämtheit'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Tagesspiegel&rft.atitle=Kundgebung+der+Islam-Hasser+in+Dresden+Innenminister+de+Maizi%C3%A8re%3A+%27Pegida+ist+eine+Unversch%C3%A4mtheit%27&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.au=Niewendick%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fkundgebung-der-islam-hasser-in-dresden-innenminister-de-maiziere-pegida-ist-eine-unverschaemtheit%2F11091188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieckmannFuchs2014" class="citation news cs1">Dieckmann, Christoph; Fuchs, Christian (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2014/52/pegida-dresden-wutbuerger-nationalismus-afd">"Schwerpunkt: Pegida – vereint in Wut und Angst. Neues aus der Tabuzone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Schwerpunkt%3A+Pegida+%E2%80%93+vereint+in+Wut+und+Angst.+Neues+aus+der+Tabuzone&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.aulast=Dieckmann&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2014%2F52%2Fpegida-dresden-wutbuerger-nationalismus-afd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollmerSchneiderBielicki2014" class="citation news cs1">Pollmer, Cornelius; Schneider, Jens; Bielicki, Jan (3 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/demos-gegen-islamisten-rechts-orientierte-wutbuerger-1.2248894">"Demos gegen Islamisten. Rechts orientierte Wutbürger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Demos+gegen+Islamisten.+Rechts+orientierte+Wutb%C3%BCrger&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft.aulast=Pollmer&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Jens&rft.au=Bielicki%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdemos-gegen-islamisten-rechts-orientierte-wutbuerger-1.2248894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Vereinsregister des Amtsgerichts Dresden". 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DNN online. 11 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnn-online.de/dresden/web/dresden-nachrichten/detail/-/specific/35-000-Menschen-bei-Kundgebung-fuer-Weltoffenheit-in-Dresden-3132319785">the original</a> on 13 January 2015. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storify.com/reportedly/anti-islamization-rally-in-germany-met-with-countr">the original</a> on 20 November 2015. 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Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augsburger+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=Proteste+gegen+Asyl+und+Islam%3A+Das+steckt+hinter+Pegida+und+Bagida&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.aulast=Kandzora&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augsburger-allgemeine.de%2Fpolitik%2FProteste-gegen-Asyl-und-Islam-Das-steckt-hinter-Pegida-und-Bagida-id32271632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeit_Online-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Zeit_Online_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLühmann2014" class="citation news cs1">Lühmann, Michael (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2014-12/pegida-dresden-politische-tradition">"Dresden: Pegida passt nach Sachsen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Dresden%3A+Pegida+passt+nach+Sachsen&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=L%C3%BChmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2F2014-12%2Fpegida-dresden-politische-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berliner_Zeitung-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Berliner_Zeitung_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAly2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Aly" title="Götz Aly">Aly, Götz</a> (15 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/meinung/kolumne-zur-fremdenangst-in-dresden-pegida--eine-alte-dresdner-eigenheit,10808020,29338774.html">"Pegida, eine alte Dresdner Eigenheit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung" title="Berliner Zeitung">Berliner Zeitung</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Pegida%2C+eine+alte+Dresdner+Eigenheit&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.aulast=Aly&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6tz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Fmeinung%2Fkolumne-zur-fremdenangst-in-dresden-pegida--eine-alte-dresdner-eigenheit%2C10808020%2C29338774.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philosophie_Indebate-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Philosophie_Indebate_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManemann2014" class="citation news cs1">Manemann, Jürgen (22 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophie-indebate.de/2052/indebate-pegida-ist-eine-anti-politische-bewegung">"InDebate: Pegida ist eine anti-politische Bewegung!"</a>. Philosophie Indebate. 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Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeit+Online&rft.atitle=Fremdenhass%3A+Pegida+ist+%C3%BCberall&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft.aulast=Schwan&rft.aufirst=Gesine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2015%2F01%2Fpegida-abstiegsangst-weimarer-republik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BR-156"><a href="#cite_ref-BR_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordsen2014" class="citation news cs1">Cordsen, Knut (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120085032/http://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/kultur/kulturwelt/gespraech-mit-wolfgang-benz-pegida-100.html">"Patriotismus oder Vorurteile? Historiker Wolfgang Benz über die Pegida-Proteste"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/kultur/kulturwelt/gespraech-mit-wolfgang-benz-pegida-100.html">the original</a> on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bayerischer+Rundfunk&rft.atitle=Patriotismus+oder+Vorurteile%3F+Historiker+Wolfgang+Benz+%C3%BCber+die+Pegida-Proteste&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.aulast=Cordsen&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.br.de%2Fradio%2Fbayern2%2Fkultur%2Fkulturwelt%2Fgespraech-mit-wolfgang-benz-pegida-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endstation_Rechts-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Endstation_Rechts_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordsen2015" class="citation news cs1">Cordsen, Knut (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109141054/http://www.endstation-rechts.de/news/kategorie/sonstige/artikel/die-pegida-demonstrationen-als-neues-phaenomen-fuer-fremdenfeindlichkeit.html">"Die Pegida-Demonstrationen als neues Phänomen für Fremdenfeindlichkeit"</a>. Endstation Rechts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endstation-rechts.de/news/kategorie/sonstige/artikel/die-pegida-demonstrationen-als-neues-phaenomen-fuer-fremdenfeindlichkeit.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endstation+Rechts&rft.atitle=Die+Pegida-Demonstrationen+als+neues+Ph%C3%A4nomen+f%C3%BCr+Fremdenfeindlichkeit&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.aulast=Cordsen&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endstation-rechts.de%2Fnews%2Fkategorie%2Fsonstige%2Fartikel%2Fdie-pegida-demonstrationen-als-neues-phaenomen-fuer-fremdenfeindlichkeit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westdeutsche_Zeitung-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Westdeutsche_Zeitung_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurz2014" class="citation news cs1">Kurz, Peter (2 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wz-newsline.de/home/politik/inland/politologe-pfahl-traughber-zu-pegida-bevormundung-der-basis-1.1828279">"Politologe Pfahl-Traughber zu Pegida: 'Bevormundung der Basis'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westdeutsche_Zeitung" title="Westdeutsche Zeitung">Westdeutsche Zeitung</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Westdeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Politologe+Pfahl-Traughber+zu+Pegida%3A+%27Bevormundung+der+Basis%27&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft.aulast=Kurz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wz-newsline.de%2Fhome%2Fpolitik%2Finland%2Fpolitologe-pfahl-traughber-zu-pegida-bevormundung-der-basis-1.1828279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel_Online-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_Online_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimann2014" class="citation news cs1">Reimann, Anna (5 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/pegida-migrationsforscher-fordern-neues-leitbild-fuer-deutschland-a-1011260.html">"Umgang mit Pegida: Forscher fordern neues Deutschland-Bild in Lehrplänen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. 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Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Badische+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Die+Gespenster+des+v%C3%B6lkischen+Nationalismus&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4ger&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badische-zeitung.de%2Fmeinung%2Fkommentare%2Fdie-gespenster-des-voelkischen-nationalismus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegel" class="citation news cs1">Wiegel, Michaela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/frankreichs-reaktion-ist-pegida-ein-deutscher-front-national-13356464.html">"Ist Pegida ein deutscher Front National?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a>. 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Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Franz%C3%B6sische+Karikaturisten+wehren+sich+gegen+Pegida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2F2015-01%2Ffrankreich-charlie-hebdo-karrikaturen-pegida-paris-dresden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeit.de-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zeit.de_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zeit.de_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2015-01/pegida-internationale-presse">"Das moderne Deutschland ist das nicht gewohnt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>. 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Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Ausl%C3%A4ndische+Medien+%C3%BCber+Pegida%3A+%27Im+Tal+der+Ahnungslosen%27&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=Salloum&rft.aufirst=Raniah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fpegida-und-dresden-wie-die-auslaendische-presse-die-bewegung-sieht-a-1008750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmale2014" class="citation news cs1">Smale, Alison (8 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/world/in-german-city-rich-with-history-and-tragedy-tide-rises-against-immigration.html">"In German City Rich With History and Tragedy, Tide Rises Against Immigration"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Weltpresse+%C3%BCber+deutsche+Islamfeinde%3A+%27Die+Rhetorik+von+Pegida+ist+armselig%27&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.aulast=Reimann&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fpegida-das-sagt-die-internationale-presse-zu-den-protesten-a-1011431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/tuerkeis-regierungschef-davutoglu-vergleicht-pegida-mit-is-13367895.html">"Türkischer Regierungschef vergleicht Pegida mit IS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkischer+Regierungschef+vergleicht+Pegida+mit+IS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fpolitik%2Finland%2Ftuerkeis-regierungschef-davutoglu-vergleicht-pegida-mit-is-13367895.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGedziorowski2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gedziorowski, Lukas (15 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal-frankfurt.de/journal_news/Politik-10/Anti-Islamisierungsbewegung-kommt-nach-Frankfurt-Pegida-wird-Fragida-23358.html">"Pegida wird Fragida"</a>. Journal Frankfurt (in German). Retrieved 16 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Frankfurt&rft.atitle=Pegida+wird+Fragida&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.aulast=Gedziorowski&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal-frankfurt.de%2Fjournal_news%2FPolitik-10%2FAnti-Islamisierungsbewegung-kommt-nach-Frankfurt-Pegida-wird-Fragida-23358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burger, Reiner (12 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/dresdens-pegida-buendnis-distanziert-sich-von-nrw-ablegern-13364370.html">"Schwarze Pädagogik, die wir nicht nötig haben"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> (in German). 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Retrieved 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blick+nach+Rechts&rft.atitle=Pegada+statt+Pegida&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft.aulast=Freires&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnr.de%2Fartikel%2Faktuelle-meldungen%2Fpegada-statt-pegida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/scuffles-as-anti-american-protesters-meet-resistance-in-germany_373909.html">"Scuffles as anti-American protesters meet resistance in Germany"</a>. Europe Online. 24 January 2015. 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Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Pegida+sees+%27complete+failure%27+in+Norway&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.no%2F20150210%2Fpegida-norway-a-dead-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/trondelag/_-pegida-i-norge-i-full-opplosning-1.12276822">"Pegida i Norge i full oppløsning"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/NRK_Tr%C3%B8ndelag" class="mw-redirect" title="NRK Trøndelag">NRK Trøndelag</a>. 24 March 2015. 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Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Pegida+in+London%3A+British+supporters+of+anti-%27Islamisation%27+group+rally+in+Downing+Street&rft.aulast=Dearden&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fpegida-in-london-british-supporters-of-antiislamisation-group-rally-in-downing-street-10155887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydsvenskan.se/malmo/atta-fran-pegida---3-000-motdemonstranter/">"Åtta från Pegida – 5 000 motdemonstranter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydsvenskan" title="Sydsvenskan">Sydsvenskan</a> (in Swedish). 9 February 2015. 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Anti-Islam group with European roots and National Front sympathies organizes in Quebec"</a>. CBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PEGIDA+Qu%C3%A9bec+cancels+march+after+anti-racist+groups+convene.+Anti-Islam+group+with+European+roots+and+National+Front+sympathies+organizes+in+Quebec&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft.aulast=Lindeman&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fpegida-qu%25C3%25A9bec-cancels-march-after-anti-racist-groups-convene-1.3013592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRias2015" class="citation news cs1">Rias, Liberta (23 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/140121086">"Antifascists Crush 'PEGIDA Canada'"</a> – via Vimeo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Antifascists+Crush+%27PEGIDA+Canada%27&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.aulast=Rias&rft.aufirst=Liberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F140121086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hafez, Farid (1 December 2016). 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Retrieved 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Varadkar+concerned+by+rise+of+anti-Islamic+group+Pegida&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fvaradkar-concerned-by-rise-of-anti-islamic-group-pegida-1.2526717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-191"><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche2016" class="citation news cs1">Roche, Barry (30 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/anti-islamic-group-pegida-ireland-to-be-launched-at-dublin-rally-1.2515875">"Anti-Islamic group Pegida Ireland to be launched at Dublin rally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Anti-Islamic+group+Pegida+Ireland+to+be+launched+at+Dublin+rally&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fanti-islamic-group-pegida-ireland-to-be-launched-at-dublin-rally-1.2515875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy2016" class="citation news cs1">Clancy, Paddy (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/Anti-Islam-group-chased-anti-racism-protesters-in-Dublin-VIDEO.html">"Anti-Islam group chased by anti-racism protesters in Dublin (VIDEO)"</a>. IrishCentral. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral&rft.atitle=Anti-Islam+group+chased+by+anti-racism+protesters+in+Dublin+%28VIDEO%29&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fnews%2Firishvoice%2FAnti-Islam-group-chased-anti-racism-protesters-in-Dublin-VIDEO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2016" class="citation news cs1">Griffin, Dan (7 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/rt%C3%A9-to-file-complaint-after-cameraman-is-injured-in-protest-1.2525530">"RTÉ to file complaint after cameraman is injured in protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=RT%C3%89+to+file+complaint+after+cameraman+is+injured+in+protest&rft.date=2016-02-07&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Frt%25C3%25A9-to-file-complaint-after-cameraman-is-injured-in-protest-1.2525530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissen2022" class="citation book cs1">Nissen, Anita (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAxZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">Europeanisation of the Contemporary Far Right: Generation Identity and Fortress Europe</a>. Routledge. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000547085" title="Special:BookSources/9781000547085"><bdi>9781000547085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europeanisation+of+the+Contemporary+Far+Right%3A+Generation+Identity+and+Fortress+Europe&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781000547085&rft.aulast=Nissen&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAxZEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/pegida-meets-with-european-allies-in-the-czech-republic/a-19000895">"Pegida meets with European allies in the Czech Republic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 23 January 2016. 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Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Anti-Islamic+group+Pegida+Ireland+to+be+launched+at+Dublin+rally&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fanti-islamic-group-pegida-ireland-to-be-launched-at-dublin-rally-1.2515875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLüssi2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lüssi, Marco (7 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.20min.ch/schweiz/news/story/27858448">"Pegida Schweiz wirft Ignaz Bearth raus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/20_Minuten" title="20 Minuten">20 Minuten</a> (in German). Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20+Minuten&rft.atitle=Pegida+Schweiz+wirft+Ignaz+Bearth+raus&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCssi&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.20min.ch%2Fschweiz%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F27858448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegida" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Rosellini, Jay. The German New Right: AfD, PEGIDA and the Re-Imagining of National Identity (Hurst, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55254">online review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegida&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:PEGIDA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:PEGIDA">PEGIDA</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pegida.de/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18609063#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pegida" title="Template:Pegida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pegida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pegida (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pegida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pegida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pegida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pegida</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Groups </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pegida</a> (Germany, main)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Frihed" title="For Frihed">Pegida Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegida_Netherlands" title="Pegida Netherlands">Pegida Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegida_Switzerland" title="Pegida Switzerland">Pegida Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegida_UK" title="Pegida UK">Pegida UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Bachmann" title="Lutz Bachmann">Lutz Bachmann</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrin_Oertel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathrin Oertel">Kathrin Oertel</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Festerling" title="Tatjana Festerling">Tatjana Festerling</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Michael Stürzenberger</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Tommy Robinson</a> (England)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Waters" title="Anne Marie Waters">Anne Marie Waters</a> (England)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weston_(politician)" title="Paul Weston (politician)">Paul Weston</a> (England)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Renaud Camus</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cassen" title="Pierre Cassen">Pierre Cassen</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Addor" title="Jean-Luc Addor">Jean-Luc Addor</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Wagensveld" title="Edwin Wagensveld">Edwin Wagensveld</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Sennels" title="Nicolai Sennels">Nicolai Sennels</a> (Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hermansen" title="Max Hermansen">Max Hermansen</a> (Norway)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related links</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fortress_Europe">Prague Declaration (Fortress Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirmer_Flag" title="Wirmer Flag">Wirmer Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_far-right" title="Template:German far-right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_far-right" title="Template talk:German far-right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_far-right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German far-right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Political parties and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="Der Flügel">Der Flügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freie_Sachsen" title="Freie Sachsen">Free Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_League_for_People_and_Homeland" title="German League for People and Homeland">German League for People and Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pegida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_III._Path" class="mw-redirect" title="The III. Path">The III. Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Alternative_for_Germany" title="Young Alternative for Germany">Young Alternative for Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junge_Landsmannschaft_Ostdeutschland" title="Junge Landsmannschaft Ostdeutschland">Young Homeland Association of East Germany</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_German_Patriots_-_Central_Germany" title="Awakening of German Patriots - Central Germany">Awakening of German Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division#Germany_(AWD_Deutschland)" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Heidnische_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Heidnische Front">Deutsche Heidnische Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Alternative" title="German Alternative">German Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Union" title="German People's Union">German People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Right_Party" title="German Right Party">German Right Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesinnungsgemeinschaft_der_Neuen_Front" title="Gesinnungsgemeinschaft der Neuen Front">Gesinnungsgemeinschaft der Neuen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Offensive" title="National Offensive">National Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bela_Ewald_Althans" title="Bela Ewald Althans">Bela Ewald Althans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Apfel" title="Holger Apfel">Holger Apfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bittrich" title="Wilhelm Bittrich">Wilhelm Bittrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun Burwitz née Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Busse" title="Friedhelm Busse">Friedhelm Busse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Deckert" title="Günter Deckert">Günter Deckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Franz" title="Frank Franz">Frank Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Frey_(politician)" title="Gerhard Frey (politician)">Gerhard Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gille" title="Herbert Gille">Herbert Gille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Haverbeck" title="Ursula Haverbeck">Ursula Haverbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_R%C3%BCdiger_Hess" title="Wolf Rüdiger Hess">Wolf Rüdiger Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kern" title="Erich Kern">Erich Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Michael Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm">Otto Kumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Mahler" title="Horst Mahler">Horst Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Meyer" title="Hubert Meyer">Hubert Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Meyer" title="Kurt Meyer">Kurt Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kohlmann" title="Martin Kohlmann">Martin Kohlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Mussgnug" title="Martin Mussgnug">Martin Mussgnug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Nahrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul Nahrath">Raoul Nahrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Neubauer" title="Harald Neubauer">Harald Neubauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hausser" title="Paul Hausser">Paul Hausser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Otto Ernst Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Jürgen Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Sch%C3%B6nhuber" title="Franz Schönhuber">Franz Schönhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_R%C3%B6ssler" title="Fritz Rössler">Fritz Rössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_St%C3%A4glich" title="Wilhelm Stäglich">Wilhelm Stäglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Gertrud Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Steiner" title="Felix Steiner">Felix Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Swierczek" title="Michael Swierczek">Michael Swierczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Adolf von Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Thielen" title="Friedrich Thielen">Friedrich Thielen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_Voigt" title="Udo Voigt">Udo Voigt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertraud_Winkelvoss" title="Gertraud Winkelvoss">Gertraud Winkelvoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worch" title="Christian Worch">Christian Worch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">German law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a" title="Strafgesetzbuch section 86a">Strafgesetzbuch section 86a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Volksverhetzung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_far-right_publishers_(post-1945)" title="List of German far-right publishers (post-1945)">Far-right publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_far-right_periodicals_(post-1945)" title="List of German far-right periodicals (post-1945)">Far-right periodicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Zeitung" title="National-Zeitung">National-Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuerst!" title="Zuerst!">Zuerst!</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Reich" title="Fourth Reich">Fourth Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsb%C3%BCrger_movement" title="Reichsbürger movement">Reichsbürger movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-movement" title="Pro-movement">Pro-movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stille_Hilfe" title="Stille Hilfe">Stille Hilfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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