CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sustainable biofuel - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f806d4e9-fb70-44fe-8289-13082ce18709","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sustainable_biofuel","wgTitle":"Sustainable biofuel","wgCurRevisionId":1257953351,"wgRevisionId":1257953351,"wgArticleId":17153836,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Webarchive template archiveis links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2018","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2018","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Biofuels","Sustainable transport","Sustainable agriculture", "Sustainable energy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sustainable_biofuel","wgRelevantArticleId":17153836,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty": false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3306785","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/1200px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/800px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/640px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sustainable biofuel - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sustainable_biofuel rootpage-Sustainable_biofuel skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sustainable+biofuel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sustainable+biofuel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sustainable+biofuel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sustainable+biofuel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sustainability standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Motivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ingredients</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ingredients subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sugarcane_in_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugarcane_in_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sugarcane in Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugarcane_in_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jatropha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jatropha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jatropha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jatropha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>India and Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pongamia_Pinnata_in_Australia_and_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pongamia_Pinnata_in_Australia_and_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pongamia Pinnata in Australia and India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pongamia_Pinnata_in_Australia_and_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweet_sorghum_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweet_sorghum_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sweet sorghum in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweet_sorghum_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International collaboration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_collaboration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International collaboration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Roundtable on Sustainable Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_Biofuels_Consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_Biofuels_Consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sustainable Biofuels Consensus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_Biofuels_Consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Better_Sugarcane_Initiative_/_Bonsucro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Better_Sugarcane_Initiative_/_Bonsucro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Better Sugarcane Initiative / Bonsucro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Better_Sugarcane_Initiative_/_Bonsucro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_price_moderation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_price_moderation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Oil price moderation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_price_moderation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sustainable transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable biofuel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="وقود حيوي مستدام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وقود حيوي مستدام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زیسوخت پایدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیسوخت پایدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_biofuels" title="Sustainable biofuels – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sustainable biofuels" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodrivmedel" title="Biodrivmedel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biodrivmedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3306785#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sustainable_biofuel" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sustainable_biofuel" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sustainable_biofuel" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&oldid=1257953351" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sustainable_biofuel&id=1257953351&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSustainable_biofuel"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSustainable_biofuel"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sustainable_biofuel&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3306785" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Non-fossil-based sustainable production</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/120px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/180px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg/240px-Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind_kite_power" title="Crosswind kite power">Crosswind kite power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy" title="Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy">Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Marketing and policy trends</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Template talk:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sustainable biofuel</b> is <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> produced in a <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> manner. It is not based on <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes not using plants that are used for food stuff to produce the fuel thus disrupting the world's food supply. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability_standards">Sustainability standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sustainability standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_fuel_standard" title="Low-carbon fuel standard">Low-carbon fuel standard</a></div> <p>In 2008, the Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels released its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels. This includes 12 principles:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <ol><li>"Biofuel production shall follow international treaties and national laws regarding such things as air quality, water resources, agricultural practices, labor conditions, and more.</li> <li>Biofuels projects shall be designed and operated in participatory processes that involve all relevant stakeholders in planning and monitoring.</li> <li>Biofuels shall significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared to fossil fuels. The principle seeks to establish a standard methodology for comparing greenhouse gases (GHG) benefits.</li> <li>Biofuel production shall not violate human rights or labor rights, and shall ensure decent work and the well-being of workers.</li> <li>Biofuel production shall contribute to the social and economic development of local, rural and indigenous peoples and communities.</li> <li>Biofuel production shall not impair food security.</li> <li>Biofuel production shall avoid <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">negative impacts on biodiversity</a>, ecosystems and areas of high conservation value.</li> <li>Biofuel production shall promote practices that improve <a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">soil health</a> and minimize degradation.</li> <li>Surface and groundwater use will be optimized and contamination or depletion of water resources minimized.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> shall be minimized along the supply chain.</li> <li>Biofuels shall be produced in the most cost-effective way, with a commitment to improve production efficiency and social and environmental performance in all stages of the biofuel value chain.</li> <li>Biofuel production shall not violate land rights".</li></ol> </blockquote> <p>Several countries and regions have introduced policies or adopted standards to promote sustainable biofuels production and use, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The 2009 <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_fuel_standard#EU_low-carbon_fuel_standard" title="Low-carbon fuel standard">EU Renewable Energy Directive</a>, which requires 10 percent of transportation energy from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> by 2020, is the most comprehensive mandatory sustainability standard in place as of 2010. </p><p><i>The EU Renewable Energy Directive requires that the lifecycle <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas emission">greenhouse gas emissions</a> of biofuels consumed be at least 50 percent less than the equivalent emissions from gasoline or diesel by 2017 (and 35 percent less starting in 2011). Also, the feedstocks for biofuels "should not be harvested from lands with high biodiversity value, from carbon-rich or forested land, or from wetlands".<sup id="cite_ref-ren43_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren43-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>As with the EU, the <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_fuel_standard#EPA_Renewable_Fuel_Standard" title="Low-carbon fuel standard">U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard</a> (RFS) and the <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_fuel_standard#California_Low-Carbon_Fuel_Standard" title="Low-carbon fuel standard">California Low Carbon Fuel Standard</a> (LCFS) both require specific levels of lifecycle greenhouse gas reductions compared to equivalent fossil fuel consumption. The RFS requires that at least half of the biofuels production mandated by 2022 should reduce lifecycle emissions by 50 percent. The LCFS is a performance standard that calls for a minimum of 10 percent emissions reduction per unit of transport energy by 2020. Both the U.S. and California standards currently address only greenhouse gas emissions, but California plans to "expand its policy to address other sustainability issues associated with liquid biofuels in the future".<sup id="cite_ref-ren43_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren43-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> also adopted new sustainability policies for <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_ethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarcane ethanol">sugarcane ethanol</a>, including "zoning regulation of sugarcane expansion and social protocols".<sup id="cite_ref-ren43_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren43-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">Biofuels</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid fuels">liquid fuels</a> derived from plant materials, are entering the market, driven by factors such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price increases since 2003">oil price spikes</a> and the need for increased <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>. Many of these first-generation biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticised for their adverse impacts on the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sol_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sol-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The challenge is to support second, third and fourth-generation biofuel development.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-generation biofuels include new <a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic technologies</a>, with responsible policies and economic instruments to help ensure that biofuel commercialization is <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a>. Responsible commercialization of biofuels represents an opportunity to enhance sustainable economic prospects in Africa, Latin America and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-roy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sol_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sol-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a ‘silver bullet’ to deal with transport emissions. They offer a prospect of increased market competition and oil price moderation. A healthy supply of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a> sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes and reduce dependency on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, especially in the transport sector.<sup id="cite_ref-sol_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sol-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using transportation fuels more efficiently is also an integral part of a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">sustainable transport</a> strategy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Options">Options</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biofuel development and use is a complex issue because there are many biofuel options which are available. Biofuels, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, are currently produced from the products of conventional food crops such as the starch, sugar and oil feedstocks from crops that include <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oilseed_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseed rape">oilseed rape</a>. Some researchers fear that a major switch to biofuels from such crops would create a direct <a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">competition with their use for food</a> and animal feed, and claim that in some parts of the world the economic consequences are already visible, other researchers look at the land available and the enormous areas of idle and abandoned land and claim that there is room for a large proportion of biofuel also from conventional crops.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_biofuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Second generation biofuel">Second generation biofuels</a> are now being produced from a much broader range of feedstocks including the cellulose in dedicated energy crops (perennial grasses such as <a href="/wiki/Switchgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchgrass">switchgrass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_giganteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscanthus giganteus">Miscanthus giganteus</a>), forestry materials, the co-products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in the conversion processes<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will improve the sustainability of biofuels, through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One promising development in <a href="/wiki/Biobutanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobutanol">biobutanol</a> production technology was discovered in the late summer of 2011—<a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>'s alternative fuel research scientists discovered a strain of <i>Clostridium</i> bacteria, called "TU-103", a key feature of the discovery is that the "TU-103" organism can convert nearly any form of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> into butanol, and is the only known strain of <i>Clostridium</i>-genus bacteria that can do so in the presence of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university's researchers have stated that the source of the "TU-103" <i>Clostridium</i> bacteria strain was most likely from the solid waste from one of the <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a> at New Orleans' <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Zoo" title="Audubon Zoo">Audubon Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Oxburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Oxburgh">Ronald Oxburgh</a> suggested in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Mail" title="The Courier-Mail">The Courier-Mail</a></i> that production of biofuels could be either responsible or irresponsible and had several trade-offs: "Produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source that need not divert any land from growing food nor damage the environment; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by Western society; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none. Produced irresponsibly, they at best offer no climate benefit and, at worst, have detrimental social and environmental consequences. In other words, biofuels are pretty much like any other product.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 the Nobel prize-winning chemist <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> published findings that the release of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions in the production of <a href="/wiki/Biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">biofuels</a> means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Institute">Rocky Mountain Institute</a>, sound biofuel production practices would not hamper food and fibre production, nor cause water or environmental problems, and would enhance soil fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The selection of land on which to grow the feedstocks is a critical component of the ability of biofuels to deliver sustainable solutions. A key consideration is the minimisation of biofuel competition for prime cropland.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to carbon emissions being short term, but are similar to fossil fuels in that <a href="/wiki/Biofuel#Air_pollution" title="Biofuel">biofuels contribute</a> to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>. Raw biofuels burned to generate steam for heat and power, produces airborne carbon <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">particulates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients">Ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugarcane_in_Brazil">Sugarcane in Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sugarcane in Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/220px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/330px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/440px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Sugarcane (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) plantation ready for harvest, <a href="/wiki/Ituverava" title="Ituverava">Ituverava</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_State" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo State">São Paulo State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaviais_Piracicaba_05_2009_5809.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Canaviais_Piracicaba_05_2009_5809.JPG/220px-Canaviais_Piracicaba_05_2009_5809.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Canaviais_Piracicaba_05_2009_5809.JPG/330px-Canaviais_Piracicaba_05_2009_5809.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Canaviais_Piracicaba_05_2009_5809.JPG/440px-Canaviais_Piracicaba_05_2009_5809.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Mechanized harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracicaba" title="Piracicaba">Piracicaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="State of São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Usina_Costa_Pinto_Piracicaba_SAO_10_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Panorama_Usina_Costa_Pinto_Piracicaba_SAO_10_2008.jpg/220px-Panorama_Usina_Costa_Pinto_Piracicaba_SAO_10_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Panorama_Usina_Costa_Pinto_Piracicaba_SAO_10_2008.jpg/330px-Panorama_Usina_Costa_Pinto_Piracicaba_SAO_10_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Panorama_Usina_Costa_Pinto_Piracicaba_SAO_10_2008.jpg/440px-Panorama_Usina_Costa_Pinto_Piracicaba_SAO_10_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Cosan's Costa Pinto <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> mill and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> distillery plant at <a href="/wiki/Piracicaba" title="Piracicaba">Piracicaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil#Environmental_and_social_impacts" title="Ethanol fuel in Brazil">Environmental and social impacts of Brazilian ethanol fuel</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>’s production of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> dates back to the 1970s, as a governmental response to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. Brazil is considered the biofuel industry leader and the world's first <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT100406_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT100406-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Econon06_08_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econon06_08-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> designated Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as an <a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels#EPA_Renewable_Fuel_Standard" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">advanced biofuel</a> due to EPA's estimated 61% reduction of <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">total life cycle</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/ILUC" class="mw-redirect" title="ILUC">direct indirect land use change emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreenMom_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenMom-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil sugarcane ethanol fuel program success and sustainability is based on the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-IADB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IADB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses modern equipment and cheap <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> as feedstock, the residual cane-waste (<a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a>) is used to process heat and power, which results in a very competitive price and also in a high <a href="/wiki/Energy_returned_on_energy_invested" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy returned on energy invested">energy balance</a> (output energy/input energy), which varies from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT100406_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT100406-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MLA_2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report commissioned by the United Nations, based on a detailed review of published research up to mid-2009 as well as the input of independent experts world-wide, found that ethanol from sugar cane as produced in Brazil "<i>in some circumstances does better than just "zero emission". If grown and processed correctly, it has negative emission, pulling CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> out of the atmosphere, rather than adding it</i>. In contrast, the report found that U.S. use of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> for biofuel is less efficient, as sugarcane can lead to emissions reductions of between 70% and well over 100% when substituted for gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other studies have shown that sugarcane-based ethanol reduces greenhouse gases by 86 to 90% if there is no significant <a href="/wiki/Land_use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use change">land use change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MLA_2004_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ethanol_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethanol-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKRTFO_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKRTFO-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another study commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol concluded that there is sufficient water to supply all foreseeable long-term water requirements for sugarcane and ethanol production.<sup id="cite_ref-SusDutch_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SusDutch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evaluation also found that consumption of agrochemicals for sugar cane production is lower than in citric, corn, coffee and soybean cropping. The study found that development of resistant sugar cane varieties is a crucial aspect of disease and pest control and is one of the primary objectives of Brazil's cane genetic improvement programs. Disease control is one of the main reasons for the replacement of a commercial variety of sugar cane.<sup id="cite_ref-SusDutch_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SusDutch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another concern is the fact that sugarcane fields are traditionally burned just before harvest to avoid harm to the workers, by removing the sharp leaves and killing snakes and other harmful animals, and also to fertilize the fields with ash.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_SP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_SP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanization will reduce pollution from burning fields and has higher productivity than people, and due to mechanization the number of temporary workers in the sugarcane plantations has already declined.<sup id="cite_ref-SusDutch_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SusDutch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 2008 harvest season, around 47% of the cane was collected with harvesting machines.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_SP_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_SP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GovSAO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovSAO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the negative impacts of the potential <a href="/wiki/ILUC#Direct_and_indirect_land_use_change_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="ILUC">direct and indirect effect of land use changes</a> on carbon emissions,<sup id="cite_ref-Science08_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science08-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fargione08_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fargione08-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the study commissioned by the Dutch government concluded that "it is very difficult to determine the indirect effects of further land use for sugar cane production (i.e. sugar cane replacing another crop like soy or citrus crops, which in turn causes additional soy plantations replacing pastures, which in turn may cause deforestation), and also not logical to attribute all these <a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a> losses to sugar cane".<sup id="cite_ref-SusDutch_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SusDutch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brazilian agency <a href="/wiki/Embrapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrapa">Embrapa</a> estimates that there is enough agricultural land available to increase at least 30 times the existing sugarcane plantation without endangering sensible ecosystems or taking land destined for food crops.<sup id="cite_ref-ExpansaoCana_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExpansaoCana-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most future growth is expected to take place on abandoned <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> lands, as it has been the historical trend in São Paulo state.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT100406_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT100406-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ExpansaoCana_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExpansaoCana-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldemberg_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldemberg-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EnergiaCana_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergiaCana-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, productivity is expected to improve even further based on current biotechnology research, genetic improvement, and better agronomic practices, thus contributing to reduce land demand for future sugarcane cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-ExpansaoCana_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExpansaoCana-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EnergiaCana_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergiaCana-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldemberg_2008_Brazil_sugarcane_regions_1754-6834-1-6-1_Fig_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Goldemberg_2008_Brazil_sugarcane_regions_1754-6834-1-6-1_Fig_1.jpg/220px-Goldemberg_2008_Brazil_sugarcane_regions_1754-6834-1-6-1_Fig_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Goldemberg_2008_Brazil_sugarcane_regions_1754-6834-1-6-1_Fig_1.jpg/330px-Goldemberg_2008_Brazil_sugarcane_regions_1754-6834-1-6-1_Fig_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Goldemberg_2008_Brazil_sugarcane_regions_1754-6834-1-6-1_Fig_1.jpg/440px-Goldemberg_2008_Brazil_sugarcane_regions_1754-6834-1-6-1_Fig_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Location of environmentally valuable areas with respect to sugarcane plantations. <a href="/wiki/State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="State of São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast Region of Brazil</a>, concentrates two-thirds of sugarcane cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldemberg_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldemberg-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another concern is the risk of clearing rain forests and other environmentally valuable land for sugarcane production, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science08_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science08-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fargione08_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fargione08-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxfam_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxfam-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Times08_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times08-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EcoSocial_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EcoSocial-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embrapa has rebutted this concern explaining that 99.7% of sugarcane plantations are located at least 2,000 km from the Amazon, and expansion during the last 25 years took place in the Center-South region, also far away from the Amazon rainforest, the Pantanal or the Atlantic forest. In São Paulo state growth took place in abandoned pasture lands.<sup id="cite_ref-ExpansaoCana_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExpansaoCana-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EnergiaCana_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergiaCana-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact assessment commissioned by the Dutch government supported this argument.<sup id="cite_ref-SusDutch_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SusDutch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to guarantee a sustainable development of ethanol production, in September 2009 the government issued by decree a countrywide agroecological land use zoning to restrict sugarcane growth in or near environmentally sensitive areas.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZAECana_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZAECana-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VEJA0909_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VEJA0909-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the new criteria, 92.5% of the Brazilian territory is not suitable for sugarcane plantation. The government considers that the suitable areas are more than enough to meet the future demand for ethanol and sugar in the domestic and international markets foreseen for the next decades.<sup id="cite_ref-ZAECana_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZAECana-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VEJA0909_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VEJA0909-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Food_vs_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Food vs fuel">food vs fuel</a> issue, a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> research report published in July 2008<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBank_07_08_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBank_07_08-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that "<i>Brazil's sugar-based ethanol did not push food prices appreciably higher</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Veja_28_07_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veja_28_07-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research paper also concluded that Brazil's sugar cane–based ethanol has not raised sugar prices significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBank_07_08_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBank_07_08-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An economic assessment report also published in July 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a><sup id="cite_ref-OECD_07_08_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD_07_08-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> agrees with the World Bank report regarding the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, but found that the impact of biofuels on food prices are much smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-OECDweb08_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECDweb08-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by the Brazilian research unit of the <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Getúlio Vargas">Fundação Getúlio Vargas</a> regarding the effects of biofuels on grain prices<sup id="cite_ref-FGV_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGV-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluded that the major driver behind the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 rise in food prices</a> was speculative activity on <a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">futures markets</a> under conditions of increased demand in a market with low grain stocks. The study also concluded that there is no correlation between Brazilian sugarcane cultivated area and average grain prices, as on the contrary, the spread of sugarcane was accompanied by rapid growth of grain crops in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FGV_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGV-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jatropha">Jatropha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jatropha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India_and_Africa">India and Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India and Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellyache_Bush_(Jatropha_gossipifolia)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_9219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bellyache_Bush_%28Jatropha_gossipifolia%29_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9219.jpg/220px-Bellyache_Bush_%28Jatropha_gossipifolia%29_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bellyache_Bush_%28Jatropha_gossipifolia%29_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9219.jpg/330px-Bellyache_Bush_%28Jatropha_gossipifolia%29_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bellyache_Bush_%28Jatropha_gossipifolia%29_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9219.jpg/440px-Bellyache_Bush_%28Jatropha_gossipifolia%29_in_Hyderabad%2C_AP_W_IMG_9219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jatropha_gossipifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jatropha gossipifolia (page does not exist)">Jatropha gossipifolia</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad, India</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Crops like <a href="/wiki/Jatropha" title="Jatropha">Jatropha</a>, used for biodiesel, can thrive on marginal agricultural land where many trees and crops won't grow, or would produce only slow growth yields.<sup id="cite_ref-jat_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jat-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ark_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ark-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jatropha cultivation provides benefits for local communities: </p> <blockquote> <p>Cultivation and fruit picking by hand is labour-intensive and needs around one person per hectare. In parts of rural India and Africa this provides much-needed jobs – about 200,000 people worldwide now find employment through jatropha. Moreover, villagers often find that they can grow other crops in the shade of the trees. Their communities will avoid importing expensive diesel and there will be some for export too.<sup id="cite_ref-jat_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jat-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cambodia has no proven fossil fuel reserves, and is almost completely dependent on imported <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> for electricity production. Consequently, Cambodians face an insecure supply and pay some of the highest energy prices in the world. The impacts of this are widespread and may hinder economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biofuels may provide a substitute for diesel fuel that can be manufactured locally for a lower price, independent of the international oil price. The local production and use of biofuel also offers other benefits such as improved energy security, rural development opportunities and environmental benefits. The <a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a> species appears to be a particularly suitable source of biofuel as it already grows commonly in Cambodia. Local sustainable production of biofuel in Cambodia, based on the Jatropha or other sources, offers good potential benefits for the investors, the economy, rural communities and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jatropha is native to Mexico and Central America and was likely transported to India and Africa in the 1500s by Portuguese sailors convinced it had medicinal uses. In 2008, recognizing the need to diversify its sources of energy and reduce emissions, Mexico passed a law to push developing biofuels that don't threaten food security and the agriculture ministry has since identified some 2.6 million hectares (6.4 million acres) of land with a high potential to produce jatropha.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yucatán Peninsula, for instance, in addition to being a corn-producing region, also contains abandoned <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a> plantations, where the growing of Jatropha for biodiesel production would not displace food.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 1, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Interjet" title="Interjet">Interjet</a> completed the first Mexican aviation biofuels test flight on an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a>. The fuel was a 70:30 traditional jet fuel biojet blend produced from Jatropha oil provided by three Mexican producers, Global Energías Renovables (a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/Global_Clean_Energy_Holdings" title="Global Clean Energy Holdings">Global Clean Energy Holdings</a>), Bencafser S.A. and Energy JH S.A. Honeywell's UOP processed the oil into Bio-SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global Energías Renovables operates the largest Jatropha farm in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 1, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Aeromexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeromexico">Aeromexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, and the Mexican Government participated in the first biojet powered transcontinental flight in aviation history. The flight from Mexico City to Madrid used a blend of 70 percent traditional fuel and 30 percent biofuel (<a href="/wiki/Aviation_biofuel" title="Aviation biofuel">aviation biofuel</a>). The biojet was produced entirely from <a href="/wiki/Jatropha_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatropha oil">Jatropha oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pongamia_Pinnata_in_Australia_and_India">Pongamia Pinnata in Australia and India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pongamia Pinnata in Australia and India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pongamia_Pinnata_Seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Pongamia_Pinnata_Seeds.jpg/220px-Pongamia_Pinnata_Seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Pongamia_Pinnata_Seeds.jpg/330px-Pongamia_Pinnata_Seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Pongamia_Pinnata_Seeds.jpg/440px-Pongamia_Pinnata_Seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_pinnata" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongamia pinnata">Pongamia pinnata</a></i> seeds in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Australia">Brisbane, Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_pinnata" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongamia pinnata">Pongamia pinnata</a> is a legume native to Australia, India, Florida (USA) and most tropical regions, and is now being invested in as an alternative to Jatropha for areas such as Northern Australia, where Jatropha is classed as a noxious weed.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly known as simply 'Pongamia', this tree is currently being commercialised in Australia by <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Renewable_Energy" title="Pacific Renewable Energy">Pacific Renewable Energy</a>, for use as a Diesel replacement for running in modified Diesel engines or for conversion to Biodiesel using 1st or 2nd Generation Biodiesel techniques, for running in unmodified Diesel engines.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweet_sorghum_in_India">Sweet sorghum in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sweet sorghum in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sweet_sorghum" title="Sweet sorghum">Sweet sorghum</a> overcomes many of the shortcomings of other biofuel crops. With sweet sorghum, only the stalks are used for biofuel production, while the grain is saved for food or livestock feed. It is not in high demand in the global food market, and thus has little impact on <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> and food security. Sweet sorghum is grown on already-farmed drylands that are low in carbon storage capacity, so concerns about the clearing of rainforest do not apply. Sweet sorghum is easier and cheaper to grow than other biofuel crops in India and does not require irrigation, an important consideration in dry areas.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Indian sweet sorghum varieties are now grown in Uganda for ethanol production.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICRISAT" class="mw-redirect" title="ICRISAT">ICRISAT</a>) found that growing sweet sorghum instead of grain sorghum could increase farmers incomes by US$40 per hectare per crop because it can provide food, feed and fuel. With grain sorghum currently grown on over 11 million hectares (ha) in Asia and on 23.4 million ha in Africa, a switch to sweet sorghum could have a considerable economic impact.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_collaboration">International collaboration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Materials">Roundtable on Sustainable Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roundtable on Sustainable Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public attitudes and the actions of key stakeholders can play a crucial role in realising the potential of sustainable biofuels. Informed discussion and dialogue, based both on scientific research and an understanding of public and stakeholder views, is important.<sup id="cite_ref-rs_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rs-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roundtable on Sustainable Materials, previously Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, is an international initiative which brings together farmers, companies, governments, non-governmental organizations, and scientists who are interested in the sustainability of biofuels production and distribution. During 2008, the Roundtable used meetings, teleconferences, and online discussions to develop a series of principles and criteria for sustainable biofuels production.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2011, the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels launched a set of comprehensive sustainability criteria – the "RSB Certification System." Biofuels producers that meet to these criteria are able to show buyers and regulators that their product has been obtained without harming the environment or violating human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_Biofuels_Consensus">Sustainable Biofuels Consensus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sustainable Biofuels Consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus is an international initiative which calls upon governments, the private sector, and other stakeholders to take decisive action to ensure the sustainable trade, production, and use of biofuels. In this way biofuels may play a key role in energy sector transformation, climate stabilization, and resulting worldwide revitalisation of rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-consen_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consen-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus envisions a "landscape that provides food, fodder, fiber, and energy, which offers opportunities for rural development; that diversifies energy supply, restores ecosystems, protects <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequesters carbon</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-consen_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consen-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Better_Sugarcane_Initiative_/_Bonsucro"><span id="Better_Sugarcane_Initiative_.2F_Bonsucro"></span>Better Sugarcane Initiative / Bonsucro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Better Sugarcane Initiative / Bonsucro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bonsucro" title="Bonsucro">Bonsucro</a></div> <p>In 2008, a multi-stakeholder process was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a>, the private development arm of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, bringing together industry, supply chain intermediaries, end-users, farmers and civil society organisations to develop standards for certifying the derivative products of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, one of which is <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SolomonBailis2013_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SolomonBailis2013-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bonsucro" title="Bonsucro">Bonsucro</a> standard is based around a definition of sustainability which is founded on five principles:<sup id="cite_ref-BonsucroGuide_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BonsucroGuide-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Obey the law</li> <li>Respect human rights and labour standards</li> <li>Manage input, production and processing efficiencies to enhance sustainability</li> <li>Actively manage biodiversity and ecosystem services</li> <li>Continuously improve key areas of the business</li></ol> </blockquote> <p>Biofuel producers that wish to sell products marked with the Bonsucro standard must both ensure that they product to the Production Standard, and that their downstream buyers meet the Chain of Custody Standard. In addition, if they wish to sell to the European market and count against the <a href="/wiki/Renewables_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewables Directive">EU Renewable Energy Directive</a>, then they must adhere to the Bonsucro EU standard, which includes specific greenhouse gas calculations following <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> calculation guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-BonsucroGuide_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BonsucroGuide-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_price_moderation">Oil price moderation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oil price moderation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biofuels offer the prospect of real market competition and <a href="/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price increases since 2003">oil price</a> moderation. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, crude oil would be trading 15 per cent higher and gasoline would be as much as 25 per cent more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-sol_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sol-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ark_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ark-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_transport">Sustainable transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sustainable transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/BioEthanol_for_Sustainable_Transport" title="BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport">BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport</a></div> <p>Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a 'silver bullet' to deal with transport emissions. Biofuels on their own cannot deliver a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">sustainable transport</a> system and so must be developed as part of an integrated approach, which promotes other <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> options and <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, as well as reducing the overall energy demand and need for transport. Consideration needs to be given to the development of hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, public transport, and better town and rural planning.<sup id="cite_ref-one_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2008, an <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a> jet completed the world's first commercial aviation test flight partially using jatropha-based fuel. More than a dozen performance tests were undertaken in the two-hour test flight which departed from Auckland International Airport. A biofuel blend of 50:50 jatropha and Jet A1 fuel was used to power one of the Boeing 747-400's Rolls-Royce RB211 engines.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air New Zealand set several criteria for its jatropha, requiring that "the land it came from was neither forest nor virgin grassland in the previous 20 years, that the soil and climate it came from is not suitable for the majority of food crops and that the farms are rain fed and not mechanically irrigated". The company has also set general sustainability criteria, saying that such biofuels must not compete with food resources, that they must be as good as traditional <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuels</a>, and that they should be cost competitive.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2009, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a> used a sustainable biofuel to power a commercial aircraft for the first time in North America. This demonstration flight marks the first sustainable biofuel demonstration flight by a commercial carrier using a twin-engined aircraft, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-800" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-800">Boeing 737-800</a>, powered by CFM International CFM56-7B engines. The biofuel blend included components derived from algae and jatropha plants. The algae oil was provided by <a href="/wiki/Sapphire_Energy" title="Sapphire Energy">Sapphire Energy</a>, and the jatropha oil by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terasol_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terasol Energy (page does not exist)">Terasol Energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2011, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> research showed significant potential for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_aviation_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable aviation fuel">sustainable aviation fuel</a> based on jatropha-curcas. According to the research, if cultivated properly, "jatropha can deliver many benefits in Latin America and greenhouse gas reductions of up to 60 percent when compared to petroleum-based jet fuel". Actual farming conditions in Latin America were assessed using sustainability criteria developed by the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels. Unlike previous research, which used theoretical inputs, the Yale team conducted many interviews with jatropha farmers and used "field measurements to develop the first comprehensive sustainability analysis of actual projects".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June 2011, revised international aviation fuel standards officially allow commercial airlines to blend conventional jet fuel with up to 50 percent biofuels. The renewable fuels "can be blended with conventional commercial and military jet fuel through requirements in the newly issued edition of ASTM D7566, Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2011, the FAA awarded $7.7 million to eight companies to advance the development of commercial aviation biofuels, with a special focus on alcohol to jet fuel. The FAA is assisting in the development of a sustainable fuel (from alcohols, sugars, biomass, and organic matter such as pyrolysis oils) that can be "dropped in" to aircraft without changing current practices and infrastructure. The research will test how the new fuels affect engine durability and quality control standards.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GreenSky London, a biofuels plant under construction in 2014, aimed to take in some 500,000 tonnes of municipal rubbish and change the organic component into 60,000 tonnes of jet fuel, and 40 megawatts of power. By the end of 2015, it was hoped all British Airways flights from London City Airport would be fuelled by waste and rubbish discarded by London residents, leading to carbon savings equivalent to taking 150,000 cars off the road.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The £340m scheme was mothballed in January 2016 following low crude oil prices, jittery investors and a lack of support from the UK government.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_biofuel" title="Aviation biofuel">Aviation biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutional_fuel" title="Substitutional fuel">Substitutional fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Oils" title="Sustainable Oils">Sustainable Oils</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2010" class="citation journal cs1">Solomon, Barry D. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05279.x">"Biofuels and sustainability"</a>. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1185</b> (1): 119–134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NYASA1185..119S">2010NYASA1185..119S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.05279.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05279.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0077-8923">0077-8923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20146765">20146765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Biofuels+and+sustainability&rft.volume=1185&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-134&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.05279.x&rft.issn=0077-8923&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20146765&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NYASA1185..119S&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Barry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.05279.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomassmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=1914">Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels releases proposed standards for review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011143527/http://www.biomassmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=1914">Archived</a> 2008-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomass_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomass Magazine (page does not exist)">Biomass Magazine</a></i>, August 18, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ren43-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ren43_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ren43_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ren43_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/REN21_GSR_2010_full.pdf">Renewables 2010 Global Status Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820221548/http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/REN21_GSR_2010_full.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-08-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Society">The Royal Society</a> (January 2008). <i>Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85403-662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85403-662-2">978-0-85403-662-2</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sol-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sol_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sol_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sol_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sol_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon Quaiattini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102041427/http://www.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=e08c8e19-4a95-491c-9386-d30afeab5cdf&sponsor=">Biofuels are part of the solution</a> <i>Canada.com</i>, April 25, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaveliusEngelhart-StraubMehlmerLercher2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cavelius, Philipp; Engelhart-Straub, Selina; Mehlmer, Norbert; Lercher, Johannes; Awad, Dania; Brück, Thomas (2023-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10063169">"The potential of biofuels from first to fourth generation"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>21</b> (3): e3002063. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3002063">10.1371/journal.pbio.3002063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885">1545-7885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10063169">10063169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36996247">36996247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=The+potential+of+biofuels+from+first+to+fourth+generation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e3002063&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10063169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1545-7885&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36996247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3002063&rft.aulast=Cavelius&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Engelhart-Straub%2C+Selina&rft.au=Mehlmer%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Lercher%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Awad%2C+Dania&rft.au=Br%C3%BCck%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10063169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPFL Energy Center (c2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its.berkeley.edu/sustainabilitycenter/RSB_Intro.pdf">Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710041810/http://www.its.berkeley.edu/sustainabilitycenter/RSB_Intro.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Retrieved December 23, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-royal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royal_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Society (2008). p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_R._InderwildiDavid_A._King2009" class="citation journal cs1">Oliver R. Inderwildi; David A. King (2009). "Quo Vadis Biofuels". <i>Energy & Environmental Science</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb822951c">10.1039/b822951c</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=Quo+Vadis+Biofuels&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb822951c&rft.au=Oliver+R.+Inderwildi&rft.au=David+A.+King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine Brahic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11364">Hydrogen injection could boost biofuel production</a> <i>New Scientist</i>, March 12, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Society (2008). p. 2 & 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/08/tu103-20110828.html">"Novel bacterium produces butanol directly from cellulose"</a>. Greencarcongress.com. August 28, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120602201134/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/08/tu103-20110828.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novel+bacterium+produces+butanol+directly+from+cellulose&rft.pub=Greencarcongress.com&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2011%2F08%2Ftu103-20110828.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_Hobgood_Ray2011" class="citation web cs1">Kathryn Hobgood Ray (August 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tulane.edu/news/releases/pr_082511.cfm">"Cars Could Run on Recycled Newspaper, Tulane Scientists Say"</a>. <i>Tulane University news webpage</i>. Tulane University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021085626/http://tulane.edu/news/releases/pr_082511.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tulane+University+news+webpage&rft.atitle=Cars+Could+Run+on+Recycled+Newspaper%2C+Tulane+Scientists+Say&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.au=Kathryn+Hobgood+Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftulane.edu%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Fpr_082511.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie_Balbo2012" class="citation web cs1">Laurie Balbo (January 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenprophet.com/2012/01/zebra-butanol-biofuel/">"Put a Zebra in Your Tank: A Chemical Crapshoot?"</a>. Greenprophet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213020525/http://www.greenprophet.com/2012/01/zebra-butanol-biofuel/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Put+a+Zebra+in+Your+Tank%3A+A+Chemical+Crapshoot%3F&rft.pub=Greenprophet.com&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft.au=Laurie+Balbo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenprophet.com%2F2012%2F01%2Fzebra-butanol-biofuel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Oxburgh, "Fuelling hope for the future." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Mail" title="The Courier-Mail">The Courier-Mail</a></i>, August 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrutzenMosierSmithWiniwarter2008" class="citation journal cs1">Crutzen, P. J.; Mosier, A. R.; Smith, K. A.; Winiwarter, W (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-8-389-2008">"N<sub>2</sub>O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels"</a>. <i>Atmos. Chem. Phys</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 389–395. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ACP.....8..389C">2008ACP.....8..389C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-8-389-2008">10.5194/acp-8-389-2008</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmos.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=N%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO+release+from+agro-biofuel+production+negates+global+warming+reduction+by+replacing+fossil+fuels&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389-395&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Facp-8-389-2008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ACP.....8..389C&rft.aulast=Crutzen&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Mosier%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Winiwarter%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Facp-8-389-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocky Mountain Institute (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oilendgame.com/ReadTheBook.html">Winning the Oil Endgame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516185446/http://oilendgame.com/ReadTheBook.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> p. 107. Retrieved December 23, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007885.html">Growing Sustainable Biofuels: Common Sense on Biofuels, part 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318025609/http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007885.html">Archived</a> 2008-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Changing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Changing (page does not exist)">World Changing</a></i>, March 12, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219165446/http://www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/antiguamod21.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/antiguamod21.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Findoorair%2Finterventions%2Fantiguamod21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health">"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution"</a>. <i>www.who.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008055940/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-%28outdoor%29-air-quality-and-health">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Ambient+%28outdoor%29+air+pollution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fambient-%28outdoor%29-air-quality-and-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInslee,_JayBracken_Hendricks2007" class="citation book cs1">Inslee, Jay; Bracken Hendricks (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apollosfireignit00insl">"6. Homegrown Energy"</a></span>. <i>Apollo's Fire</i>. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 153–155, 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-175-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-175-3"><bdi>978-1-59726-175-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Homegrown+Energy&rft.btitle=Apollo%27s+Fire&rft.pages=153-155%2C+160-161&rft.pub=Island+Press%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-175-3&rft.au=Inslee%2C+Jay&rft.au=Bracken+Hendricks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapollosfireignit00insl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT100406-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT100406_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT100406_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT100406_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Rother2006" class="citation news cs1">Larry Rother (2006-04-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/10/world/americas/10brazil.html?pagewanted=1&sq=Bush%20Brazil%20ethanol&st=nyt&scp=5">"With Big Boost From Sugar Cane, Brazil Is Satisfying Its Fuel Needs"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425044808/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/10/world/americas/10brazil.html?pagewanted=1&sq=Bush%20Brazil%20ethanol&st=nyt&scp=5">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=With+Big+Boost+From+Sugar+Cane%2C+Brazil+Is+Satisfying+Its+Fuel+Needs&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft.au=Larry+Rother&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F10%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F10brazil.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26sq%3DBush%2520Brazil%2520ethanol%26st%3Dnyt%26scp%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Econon06_08-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Econon06_08_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11632886">"Biofuels in Brazil: Lean, green and not mean"</a>. The Economist. 2008-06-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727170733/http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11632886">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biofuels+in+Brazil%3A+Lean%2C+green+and+not+mean&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fla%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11632886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA2010-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA2010_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114153129/http://www.epa.gov/oms/renewablefuels/420f10007.htm">"Greenhouse Gas Reduction Thresholds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/OMS/renewablefuels/420f10007.htm#7">the original</a> on 2011-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+Gas+Reduction+Thresholds&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2FOMS%2Frenewablefuels%2F420f10007.htm%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenMom-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreenMom_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711124924/http://www.greenmomentum.com/wb3/wb/gm/gm_content?id_content=5055">"EPA designates sugarcane ethanol as advanced biofuel"</a>. Green Momentum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenmomentum.com/wb3/wb/gm/gm_content?id_content=5055">the original</a> on 2011-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+designates+sugarcane+ethanol+as+advanced+biofuel&rft.pub=Green+Momentum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenmomentum.com%2Fwb3%2Fwb%2Fgm%2Fgm_content%3Fid_content%3D5055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IADB-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IADB_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarten_Rothkopf2007" class="citation web cs1">Garten Rothkopf (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=945774">"A Blueprint for Green Energy in the Americas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219045004/http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=945774">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Blueprint+for+Green+Energy+in+the+Americas&rft.pub=Inter-American+Development+Bank&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Garten+Rothkopf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidbdocs.iadb.org%2Fwsdocs%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Fdocnum%3D945774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See chapters Introduction (pp. 339–444) and Pillar I: Innovation (pp. 445–482)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLA_2004-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MLA_2004_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MLA_2004_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacedo_Isaias,_M._Lima_Verde_Leal_and_J._Azevedo_Ramos_da_Silva2004" class="citation web cs1">Macedo Isaias, M. Lima Verde Leal and J. Azevedo Ramos da Silva (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528051443/http://www.eners.ch/plateforme/medias/macedo_2004.pdf">"Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in the production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Secretariat of the Environment, Government of the State of São Paulo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eners.ch/plateforme/medias/macedo_2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assessment+of+greenhouse+gas+emissions+in+the+production+and+use+of+fuel+ethanol+in+Brazil&rft.pub=Secretariat+of+the+Environment%2C+Government+of+the+State+of+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Macedo+Isaias%2C+M.+Lima+Verde+Leal+and+J.+Azevedo+Ramos+da+Silva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eners.ch%2Fplateforme%2Fmedias%2Fmacedo_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNEP2009_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.fr/scp/rpanel/pdf/Assessing_Biofuels_Full_Report.pdf">"Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>. 2009-10-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122133933/http://www.unep.fr/scp/rpanel/pdf/Assessing_Biofuels_Full_Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+Sustainable+Production+and+Use+of+Resources%3A+Assessing+Biofuels&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.fr%2Fscp%2Frpanel%2Fpdf%2FAssessing_Biofuels_Full_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethanol-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethanol_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoettemoeller,_JeffreyAdrian_Goettemoeller2007" class="citation book cs1">Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007). <i>Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence</i>. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9786293-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9786293-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9786293-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Ethanol%3A+Biofuels%2C+Biorefineries%2C+Cellulosic+Biomass%2C+Flex-Fuel+Vehicles%2C+and+Sustainable+Farming+for+Energy+Independence&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Prairie+Oak+Publishing%2C+Maryville%2C+Missouri&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9786293-0-4&rft.au=Goettemoeller%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Adrian+Goettemoeller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKRTFO-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UKRTFO_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625044948/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/environment/rtfo/govrecrfa.pdf">"Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Within the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Transport (UK). January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/environment/rtfo/govrecrfa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carbon+and+Sustainability+Reporting+Within+the+Renewable+Transport+Fuel+Obligation&rft.pub=Department+of+Transport+%28UK%29&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fpgr%2Froads%2Fenvironment%2Frtfo%2Fgovrecrfa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SusDutch-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SusDutch_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SusDutch_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SusDutch_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SusDutch_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SusDutch_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_SmeetsMartin_Junginger2006" class="citation web cs1">Edward Smeets; Martin Junginger; et al. (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528051851/http://www.bioenergytrade.org/downloads/sustainabilityofbrazilianbioethanol.pdf">"Sustainability of Brazilian bio-ethanol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Copernicus Institute at <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiteit Utrecht">Universiteit Utrecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Estadual_de_Campinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Estadual de Campinas">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioenergytrade.org/downloads/sustainabilityofbrazilianbioethanol.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustainability+of+Brazilian+bio-ethanol&rft.pub=Copernicus+Institute+at+Universiteit+Utrecht+and+Universidade+Estadual+de+Campinas&rft.date=2006-08&rft.au=Edward+Smeets&rft.au=Martin+Junginger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioenergytrade.org%2Fdownloads%2Fsustainabilityofbrazilianbioethanol.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span> Report NWS-E-2006-110, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-8672-012-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-8672-012-9">90-8672-012-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_SP-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_SP_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_SP_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cane-brazil-suppliers-idINN0439664020080904">"Brazil SP cane growers to ban burning by 2017"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 2008-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Brazil+SP+cane+growers+to+ban+burning+by+2017&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-cane-brazil-suppliers-idINN0439664020080904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GovSAO-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GovSAO_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManoel_Schlindwein2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manoel Schlindwein (2008-03-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214054719/http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/sis/lenoticia.php?id=93002&c=6">"Antecipado prazo para fim das queimadas nos canaviais"</a> (in Portuguese). São Paulo State Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/sis/lenoticia.php?id=93002&c=6">the original</a> on 2009-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antecipado+prazo+para+fim+das+queimadas+nos+canaviais&rft.pub=S%C3%A3o+Paulo+State+Government&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft.au=Manoel+Schlindwein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saopaulo.sp.gov.br%2Fsis%2Flenoticia.php%3Fid%3D93002%26c%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science08-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science08_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science08_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Searchinger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Timothy Searchinger; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2741dfdf99faed53f06b3b3827185169b10f2479">"Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>319</b> (5867): 1238–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1238S">2008Sci...319.1238S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1151861">10.1126/science.1151861</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258860">18258860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52810681">52810681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Use+of+U.S.+Croplands+for+Biofuels+Increases+Greenhouse+Gases+Through+Emissions+from+Land-Use+Change&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5867&rft.pages=1238-40&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1151861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52810681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18258860&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1238S&rft.au=Timothy+Searchinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F2741dfdf99faed53f06b3b3827185169b10f2479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>There are critics to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fargione08-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fargione08_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fargione08_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFargioneHillTilmanPolasky2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fargione; Hill, J; Tilman, D; Polasky, S; Hawthorne, P; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1e8aff66ece2e4de9ffb6167d0dcbd5a772fdebf">"Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>319</b> (5867): 1235–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1235F">2008Sci...319.1235F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1152747">10.1126/science.1152747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258862">18258862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206510225">206510225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Land+Clearing+and+the+Biofuel+Carbon+Debt&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5867&rft.pages=1235-8&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1152747&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206510225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18258862&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1235F&rft.au=Fargione&rft.au=Hill%2C+J&rft.au=Tilman%2C+D&rft.au=Polasky%2C+S&rft.au=Hawthorne%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F1e8aff66ece2e4de9ffb6167d0dcbd5a772fdebf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExpansaoCana-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ExpansaoCana_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ExpansaoCana_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ExpansaoCana_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ExpansaoCana_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarcízio_GoesRenner_Marra2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarcízio Goes & Renner Marra (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319183538/http://www.embrapa.br/imprensa/artigos/2008/A%20expansao%20da%20cana-de-acucar%20e%20a%20sua%20sustentabilidade.pdf">"A Expansão da Cana-de-Açúcar e sua Sustentabilidade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/EMBRAPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EMBRAPA">EMBRAPA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.embrapa.br/imprensa/artigos/2008/A%20expansao%20da%20cana-de-acucar%20e%20a%20sua%20sustentabilidade.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Expans%C3%A3o+da+Cana-de-A%C3%A7%C3%BAcar+e+sua+Sustentabilidade&rft.pub=EMBRAPA&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Tarc%C3%ADzio+Goes&rft.au=Renner+Marra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.embrapa.br%2Fimprensa%2Fartigos%2F2008%2FA%2520expansao%2520da%2520cana-de-acucar%2520e%2520a%2520sua%2520sustentabilidade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldemberg-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldemberg_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldemberg_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Goldemberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">José Goldemberg (2008-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2405774">"The Brazilian biofuels industry"</a>. <i>Biotechnology for Biofuels</i>. <b>1</b> (6): 4096. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1754-6834-1-6">10.1186/1754-6834-1-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2405774">2405774</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18471272">18471272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnology+for+Biofuels&rft.atitle=The+Brazilian+biofuels+industry&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=4096&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2405774%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18471272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1754-6834-1-6&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Goldemberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2405774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span> PDF version available at BioMedcentral</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnergiaCana-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnergiaCana_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnergiaCana_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnergiaCana_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacedo2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Macedo; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211063627/http://www.unica.com.br/multimedia/publicacao/">"A Energia da Cana-de-Açúcar – Doze estudos sobre a agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e a sua sustentabilidade"</a> (in Portuguese). UNICA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unica.com.br/multimedia/publicacao/">the original</a> on 2012-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Energia+da+Cana-de-A%C3%A7%C3%BAcar+%E2%80%93+Doze+estudos+sobre+a+agroind%C3%BAstria+da+cana-de-a%C3%A7%C3%BAcar+no+Brasil+e+a+sua+sustentabilidade&rft.pub=UNICA&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Macedo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unica.com.br%2Fmultimedia%2Fpublicacao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span> Click on the link to download the zip file with the pdf chapters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxfam-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxfam_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908073243/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/climate_change/downloads/bp114_inconvenient_truth.pdf">"Another Inconvenient Truth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxfam. 2008-06-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/climate_change/downloads/bp114_inconvenient_truth.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Another+Inconvenient+Truth&rft.pub=Oxfam&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfam.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fpolicy%2Fclimate_change%2Fdownloads%2Fbp114_inconvenient_truth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span> Oxfam Briefing Paper 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times08-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Times08_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Grunwald2008" class="citation news cs1">Michael Grunwald (2008-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080330141602/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1725975,00.html">"The Clean Energy Scam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1725975,00.html">the original</a> on March 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Clean+Energy+Scam&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.au=Michael+Grunwald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1725975%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EcoSocial-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EcoSocial_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Sawyer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Donald Sawyer (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2373893">"Climate change, biofuels and eco-social impacts in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>363</b> (1498): 1747–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2007.0030">10.1098/rstb.2007.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2373893">2373893</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18267903">18267903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Climate+change%2C+biofuels+and+eco-social+impacts+in+the+Brazilian+Amazon+and+Cerrado&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1498&rft.pages=1747-52&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2373893%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18267903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2007.0030&rft.au=Donald+Sawyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2373893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuiz_Alvez2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luiz Alvez (2009-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100313121415/http://hsm.updateordie.com/sustentabilidade/2009/10/enfim-foi-aprovado-o-zoneamento-ecologico/">"Enfim foi aprovado o Zoneamento Ecológico"</a> (in Portuguese). HSM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsm.updateordie.com/sustentabilidade/2009/10/enfim-foi-aprovado-o-zoneamento-ecologico/">the original</a> on 2010-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enfim+foi+aprovado+o+Zoneamento+Ecol%C3%B3gico&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.au=Luiz+Alvez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsm.updateordie.com%2Fsustentabilidade%2F2009%2F10%2Fenfim-foi-aprovado-o-zoneamento-ecologico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZAECana-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZAECana_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZAECana_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Brazil" class="citation web cs1">Government of Brazil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155006/http://www.unica.com.br/downloads/sugarcane-agroecological-zoning.pdf">"Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/UNICA,_Brazil" title="UNICA, Brazil">UNICA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unica.com.br/downloads/sugarcane-agroecological-zoning.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sugarcane+Agroecological+Zoning&rft.pub=UNICA&rft.au=Government+of+Brazil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unica.com.br%2Fdownloads%2Fsugarcane-agroecological-zoning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VEJA0909-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VEJA0909_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VEJA0909_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615193054/http://veja.abril.com.br/agencias/ae/brasil/detail/2009-09-18-533930.shtml">"Lula aprova por decreto zoneamento da cana-de-açúcar"</a> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Veja_(magazine)" title="Veja (magazine)">Veja</a>. 2009-09-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/agencias/ae/brasil/detail/2009-09-18-533930.shtml">the original</a> on 2011-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lula+aprova+por+decreto+zoneamento+da+cana-de-a%C3%A7%C3%BAcar&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Fagencias%2Fae%2Fbrasil%2Fdetail%2F2009-09-18-533930.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldBank_07_08-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldBank_07_08_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldBank_07_08_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Mitchell2008" class="citation web cs1">Donald Mitchell (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/07/28/000020439_20080728103002/Rendered/PDF/WP4682.pdf">"A note on Rising Food Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214631/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/07/28/000020439_20080728103002/Rendered/PDF/WP4682.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2008-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+note+on+Rising+Food+Crisis&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2008-07&rft.au=Donald+Mitchell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FIW3P%2FIB%2F2008%2F07%2F28%2F000020439_20080728103002%2FRendered%2FPDF%2FWP4682.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span>Policy Research Working Paper No. 4682. <i>Disclaimer: This paper reflects the findings, interpretation, and conclusions of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veja_28_07-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Veja_28_07_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeja_Magazine2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Veja_(magazine)" title="Veja (magazine)">Veja Magazine</a> (2008-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210110110/http://vejaonline.abril.com.br/notitia/servlet/newstorm.ns.presentation.NavigationServlet?publicationCode=1&pageCode=1&textCode=145568&date=currentDate">"Etanol não influenciou nos preços dos alimentos"</a> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Editora_Abril" title="Editora Abril">Editora Abril</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vejaonline.abril.com.br/notitia/servlet/newstorm.ns.presentation.NavigationServlet?publicationCode=1&pageCode=1&textCode=145568&date=currentDate">the original</a> on 2009-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Etanol+n%C3%A3o+influenciou+nos+pre%C3%A7os+dos+alimentos&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft.au=Veja+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvejaonline.abril.com.br%2Fnotitia%2Fservlet%2Fnewstorm.ns.presentation.NavigationServlet%3FpublicationCode%3D1%26pageCode%3D1%26textCode%3D145568%26date%3DcurrentDate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N28615016.htm">"Biofuels major driver of food price rise-World Bank"</a>. Reuters. 2008-07-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829070302/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N28615016.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biofuels+major+driver+of+food+price+rise-World+Bank&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FN28615016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD_07_08-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECD_07_08_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirectorate_for_TradeAgriculture,_OECD2008" class="citation web cs1">Directorate for Trade & Agriculture, OECD (2008-07-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101213727/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/brazil.oecd.biofuel.support.policy.pdf">"Economic Assessment of Biofuel Support Policies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/brazil.oecd.biofuel.support.policy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Assessment+of+Biofuel+Support+Policies&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.au=Directorate+for+Trade&rft.au=Agriculture%2C+OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fnews%2Fdocs%2Fbrazil.oecd.biofuel.support.policy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Disclaimer: This work was published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The views expressed and conclusions reached do not necessarily correspond to those of the governments of OECD member countries.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECDweb08-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECDweb08_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirectorate_for_TradeAgriculture,_OECD2008" class="citation web cs1">Directorate for Trade & Agriculture, OECD (2008-07-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/document/28/0,3343,en_2649_37401_41013916_1_1_1_1,00.html">"Biofuel policies in OECD countries costly and ineffective, says report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125354/http://www.oecd.org/document/28/0,3343,en_2649_37401_41013916_1_1_1_1,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biofuel+policies+in+OECD+countries+costly+and+ineffective%2C+says+report&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.au=Directorate+for+Trade&rft.au=Agriculture%2C+OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdocument%2F28%2F0%2C3343%2Cen_2649_37401_41013916_1_1_1_1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FGV-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FGV_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FGV_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFGV_Projetos2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">FGV Projetos (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319183537/http://www.fgv.br/fgvprojetos/arq/JUBRASILICO_34_5_18_28_11_2008.pdf">"Fatores Determinantes dos Preços dos Alimentos: O Impacto dos Biocombustíveis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Getúlio Vargas">Fundação Getúlio Vargas</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fgv.br/fgvprojetos/arq/JUBRASILICO_34_5_18_28_11_2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fatores+Determinantes+dos+Pre%C3%A7os+dos+Alimentos%3A+O+Impacto+dos+Biocombust%C3%ADveis&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Get%C3%BAlio+Vargas&rft.date=2008-11&rft.au=FGV+Projetos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fgv.br%2Ffgvprojetos%2Farq%2FJUBRASILICO_34_5_18_28_11_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Most of the text, graphs and tables included in the report are presented in Portuguese and English</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jat-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jat_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jat_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Oxburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/alternativeenergy.biofuels">Through biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123075253/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/alternativeenergy.biofuels">Archived</a> 2016-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, February 28, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ark-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ark_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ark_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Barta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climateark.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=95429">As Biofuels Catch On, Next Task Is to Deal With Environmental, Economic Impact</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725181039/http://www.climateark.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=95429">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>, March 24, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cam-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cam_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cam_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Williamson. Cambodian Research Centre for Development (c2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217093603/https://www.nri.org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/biofuel_in_cambodia.pdf">Biofuel: A Sustainable Solution for Cambodia?</a></i> Retrieved December 24, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-biofuel-idUSTRE52A0JB20090311">"Toxic jatropha shrub fuels Mexico's biodiesel push"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. March 11, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415151230/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-biofuel-idUSTRE52A0JB20090311">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2021</span> – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Toxic+jatropha+shrub+fuels+Mexico%27s+biodiesel+push&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mexico-biofuel-idUSTRE52A0JB20090311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914044310/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/jatropha-planting-ycatan-mexico-biodiesel.php">"Investment Group Plants Five Thousand Acres of Jatropha for Biofuel in Yucatan Mexico : TreeHugger"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/jatropha-planting-ycatan-mexico-biodiesel.php">the original</a> on 2011-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investment+Group+Plants+Five+Thousand+Acres+of+Jatropha+for+Biofuel+in+Yucatan+Mexico+%3A+TreeHugger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treehugger.com%2Ffiles%2F2008%2F05%2Fjatropha-planting-ycatan-mexico-biodiesel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodieselmagazine.com/articles/7702/mexico-hosts-successful-biofuels-test-flight">"Mexico hosts successful biofuels test flight | BiodieselMagazine.com"</a>. <i>biodieselmagazine.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116054641/http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/7702/mexico-hosts-successful-biofuels-test-flight">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biodieselmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Mexico+hosts+successful+biofuels+test+flight+%26%23124%3B+BiodieselMagazine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiodieselmagazine.com%2Farticles%2F7702%2Fmexico-hosts-successful-biofuels-test-flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2011/04/04/interjet-airbus-complete-jatropha-aviation-biofuels-trial-in-mexico/">"Interjet, Airbus complete jatropha aviation biofuels trial in Mexico : Biofuels Digest"</a>. April 4, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203102032/https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2011/04/04/interjet-airbus-complete-jatropha-aviation-biofuels-trial-in-mexico/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interjet%2C+Airbus+complete+jatropha+aviation+biofuels+trial+in+Mexico+%3A+Biofuels+Digest&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biofuelsdigest.com%2Fbdigest%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2Finterjet-airbus-complete-jatropha-aviation-biofuels-trial-in-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=1308">"GreenAir"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917200840/http://greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=1308">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GreenAir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenaironline.com%2Fnews.php%3FviewStory%3D1308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912211456/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/business/story/0,28124,24872142-36418,00.html">More to noxious weed fuel than meets the sky</a> January 5, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23046031-3122,00.html">Branching out into Biodiesel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120904030343/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23046031-3122,00.html">Archived</a> 2012-09-04 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> – Courier Mail August 9, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Leahy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42346">Can Sorghum Solve the Biofuels Dilemma?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515144450/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42346">Archived</a> 2008-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/IPS_News" class="mw-redirect" title="IPS News">IPS News</a></i>, May 13, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120901.html">"Uganda: Sorghum On High Demand for Ethanol And Beer Production"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007232120/http://allafrica.com/stories/200902120901.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uganda%3A+Sorghum+On+High+Demand+for+Ethanol+And+Beer+Production&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200902120901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resourcespace.icrisat.ac.in/filestore/8/4/0_6c06c9b61b19c20/840_be710da94740b90.pdf"><i>Sweet sorghum for food, feed and fuel</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904014010/http://resourcespace.icrisat.ac.in/filestore/8/4/0_6c06c9b61b19c20/840_be710da94740b90.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New Agriculturalist, January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rs-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rs_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Society (2008). p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPFL Energy Center (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgse.epfl.ch/page65660.html">The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels: Ensuring Biofuels Deliver on their Promise of Sustainability</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618212848/http://cgse.epfl.ch/page65660.html">Archived</a> 2010-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ictsd.org/i/news/biores/103365/">"Sustainability Criteria for Biofuels Up and Running"</a>. <i>Bridges Trade BioRes</i>. 4 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232335/http://ictsd.org/i/news/biores/103365/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bridges+Trade+BioRes&rft.atitle=Sustainability+Criteria+for+Biofuels+Up+and+Running&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fictsd.org%2Fi%2Fnews%2Fbiores%2F103365%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-consen-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-consen_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consen_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/documents/2008/FINAL%20SBC_April_16_2008.pdf">Sustainable Biofuels Consensus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217093601/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/documents/2008/FINAL%20SBC_April_16_2008.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> hosted by the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in <a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(Italian_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellagio (Italian region)">Bellagio</a>, Italy, March 24–28, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SolomonBailis2013-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SolomonBailis2013_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_MoserTina_HildebrandtRobert_Bailis2013" class="citation book cs1">Christine Moser; Tina Hildebrandt; Robert Bailis (14 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzcdnwEACAAJ">"International Sustainability Standards and Certification"</a>. In Barry D. Solomon (ed.). <i>Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean</i>. Robert Bailis. Springer New York. pp. 27–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-9274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-9274-0"><bdi>978-1-4614-9274-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Sustainability+Standards+and+Certification&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Development+of+Biofuels+in+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=27-69&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-9274-0&rft.au=Christine+Moser&rft.au=Tina+Hildebrandt&rft.au=Robert+Bailis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTzcdnwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BonsucroGuide-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BonsucroGuide_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BonsucroGuide_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bonsucro.com/site/a-guide-to-bonsucro/">"A guide to Bonsucro"</a>. Bonsucro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115416/http://bonsucro.com/site/a-guide-to-bonsucro/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+Bonsucro&rft.pub=Bonsucro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbonsucro.com%2Fsite%2Fa-guide-to-bonsucro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Society (2008). pp.1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlok_Jha2008" class="citation web cs1">Alok Jha (30 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/dec/30/biofuel-test-plane">"Jatropha-fuelled plane touches down after successful test flight"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722071324/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/dec/30/biofuel-test-plane">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jatropha-fuelled+plane+touches+down+after+successful+test+flight&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.au=Alok+Jha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2008%2Fdec%2F30%2Fbiofuel-test-plane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=3141">Boeing planes successfully fly with biofuels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314151907/http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/3141/boeing-planes-successfully-fly-with-biofuels/">Archived</a> 2020-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Biodiesel magazine</i>, February 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/01/05/air-new-zealand-completes-biofuel-test">Air New Zealand Completes Biofuel Test</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226222216/http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/01/05/air-new-zealand-completes-biofuel-test">Archived</a> 2009-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>GreenBiz.com</i>, January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/01/continental-air.html">[1]</a> <i>Green Car Congress</i>, January 8, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7817849.stm">[2]</a> <i>BBC News</i>, January 8, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/boeing-issues-first-latin-american-study-on-jatropha-sustainability-119013334.html">"Boeing Issues First Latin American Study on Jatropha Sustainability"</a>. <i>PRNewswire</i>. March 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425165704/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/boeing-issues-first-latin-american-study-on-jatropha-sustainability-119013334.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRNewswire&rft.atitle=Boeing+Issues+First+Latin+American+Study+on+Jatropha+Sustainability&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fboeing-issues-first-latin-american-study-on-jatropha-sustainability-119013334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/07/50-percent-biofuels-now-allowed-in-jet-fuel">"50 Percent Biofuels Now Allowed in Jet Fuel"</a>. <i>Renewable Energy World</i>. July 1, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608062153/https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2011/07/01/50-percent-biofuels-now-allowed-in-jet-fuel/">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy+World&rft.atitle=50+Percent+Biofuels+Now+Allowed+in+Jet+Fuel&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renewableenergyworld.com%2Frea%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2011%2F07%2F50-percent-biofuels-now-allowed-in-jet-fuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeg_Cichon2011" class="citation web cs1">Meg Cichon (2 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/12/faa-awards-7-7-million-for-advancement-of-aviation-biofuels">"FAA Awards $7.7 Million for Advancement of Aviation Biofuels"</a>. <i>Renewable Energy World</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328195458/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/12/faa-awards-7-7-million-for-advancement-of-aviation-biofuels">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy+World&rft.atitle=FAA+Awards+%247.7+Million+for+Advancement+of+Aviation+Biofuels&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft.au=Meg+Cichon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renewableenergyworld.com%2Frea%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2011%2F12%2Ffaa-awards-7-7-million-for-advancement-of-aviation-biofuels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Krieger2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kim Krieger (23 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F508448a">"Renewable energy: Biofuels heat up"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>508</b> (7497): 448–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.508..448K">2014Natur.508..448K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F508448a">10.1038/508448a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24759397">24759397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4392509">4392509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Renewable+energy%3A+Biofuels+heat+up&rft.volume=508&rft.issue=7497&rft.pages=448-449&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F508448a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4392509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24759397&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.508..448K&rft.au=Kim+Krieger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F508448a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Neslen2016" class="citation web cs1">Arthur Neslen (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/06/ba-blames-uk-government-for-scrapping-of-340m-green-fuels-project">"BA blames UK government for scrapping of £340m green fuels project"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711031604/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/06/ba-blames-uk-government-for-scrapping-of-340m-green-fuels-project">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=BA+blames+UK+government+for+scrapping+of+%C2%A3340m+green+fuels+project&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.au=Arthur+Neslen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2016%2Fjan%2F06%2Fba-blames-uk-government-for-scrapping-of-340m-green-fuels-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+biofuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811051628/http://africaknowledgelab.worldbank.org/akl/node/67">Biofuels in Africa: Opportunities, Prospects, and Challenges</a>, D. Mitchel, published by The World Bank, 2010. See Executive Summary and Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314063428/http://cfsef.org/">Center for Sustainable Energy Farming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.element-energy.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/20130916-Element-Energy_Role-of-biofuels_FINAL.pdf">The Role of Biofuels Beyond 2020</a> (in the UK), Element Energy Limited (commissioned by <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>), September 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsb.org/">Roundtable on Sustainable Materials</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcbb.12366/full">Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action</a>, Global Change Biology Bioenergy Journal, June 2016.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.fr/scp/rpanel/pdf/Assessing_Biofuels_Full_Report.pdf">Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122133933/http://www.unep.fr/scp/rpanel/pdf/Assessing_Biofuels_Full_Report.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the United Nations Environment Programme, October 2009.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food<br />energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&oldid=1257953351">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&oldid=1257953351</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuels" title="Category:Biofuels">Biofuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_transport" title="Category:Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_agriculture" title="Category:Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_energy" title="Category:Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_October_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2018">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2018">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 11:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_biofuel&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bjwd6","wgBackendResponseTime":2150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.634","walltime":"1.827","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4251,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":145855,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":862,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":251701,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1540.079 1 -total"," 57.06% 878.839 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.56% 316.700 34 Template:Cite_web"," 15.05% 231.812 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.09% 170.801 1 Template:Renewable_energy_sources"," 10.73% 165.257 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.34% 113.066 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.78% 89.070 1 Template:Lead_too_short"," 5.60% 86.208 8 Template:Cite_news"," 5.54% 85.376 1 Template:Bioenergy"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.002","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7179551,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","34.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","15.1"],["?","60","5.7"],["date","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","40","3.8"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","20","1.9"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1/COinS:175\u003E","20","1.9"],["[others]","240","22.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bjwd6","timestamp":"20241122144235","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sustainable biofuel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sustainable_biofuel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3306785","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3306785","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-04-28T03:08:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T11:02:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6f\/Logo_Renewable_Energy_by_Melanie_Maecker-Tursun_V1_bgGreen.svg","headline":"non-fossil-based sustainable production"}</script> </body> </html>