CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>      <html class="no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head><script src="/Vauld-by-hauen-tothe-Cap-Yes-Shaftessations-too-" async></script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/favicon%281%29.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-114x114.png" sizes="114x114" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-144x144.png" sizes="144x144" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/all/themes/omega/omega/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-72x72.png" sizes="72x72" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.fjc.gov/" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.fjc.gov/" /> <title>Federal Judicial Center |</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_v5HTreSNy4wCjMcxsiXqFth10OYVeKmnf2wVcx7hBlo.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_TVctrc-teFA9IK1pZzFtGHgmnTvUGNYmzWyhfx-bzFs.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/qtip2/3.0.3/jquery.qtip.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PNXGh9FwNMpiNS3uQJKxhnts7E-fIbGkflI8rvzeolI.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_50HrxBdywP3ZDF1zLbJ4AJ8XvjS3FciTunjpl6tsWX0.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_-23VW-mOgaxPj1IBwITzh4MtqON-zZPP7qRrim4OyXc.css" media="print" />  <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_s7WVIo35n8uxDB3o63LVE25EWyWRgYqrvQr3auKBUEI.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Droid+Sans:700|Muli:regular&subset=latin" media="all" />  <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_WmLjpOiDtqSjW0IE2Dab9eB5AGtS4X4vW_cQBEM1A8A.css" media="all" /> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_XsSxoTOBDPOtLH-Q6kQ8ccMnoKhlI6agpyGWt0YyFAc.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_graahBFY8kvzRYNrqXD_IsD48WUuXz5e_o3rGqlSL4M.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_r30sqM-3Oa3HiL00gdZSrb3OiDoDUkvHnBWZYzOGu3Q.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_-7oTPO4_ktG5FdE3vZ_SADET4rAFrvsT9udcU8sCbnA.js"></script> <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/qtip2/3.0.3/jquery.qtip.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_OTl_VqF8-r5E9Zxe6Z3v7ZOXZghVySEJzstcpHwRqpY.js"></script> <script>var _paq = _paq || [];(function(){var u=(("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://fjc.piwik.pro/" : "http://fjc.piwik.pro/");_paq.push(["setSiteId", "3"]);_paq.push(["setTrackerUrl", u+"matomo.php"]);_paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", 1]);_paq.push(["trackPageView"]);_paq.push(["setIgnoreClasses", ["no-tracking","colorbox"]]);_paq.push(["enableLinkTracking"]);var d=document,g=d.createElement("script"),s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type="text/javascript";g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src=u+"matomo.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);})();</script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_8boUMQVNbOAH70o8HuL9rOFlG6-hRdVmVaeo0dvlBCU.js"></script> <script>window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};window.da2a={done:false,html_done:false,script_ready:false,script_load:function(){var a=document.createElement('script'),s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];a.type='text/javascript';a.async=true;a.src='https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js';s.parentNode.insertBefore(a,s);da2a.script_load=function(){};},script_onready:function(){da2a.script_ready=true;if(da2a.html_done)da2a.init();},init:function(){for(var i=0,el,target,targets=da2a.targets,length=targets.length;i<length;i++){el=document.getElementById('da2a_'+(i+1));target=targets[i];a2a_config.linkname=target.title;a2a_config.linkurl=target.url;if(el){a2a.init('page',{target:el});el.id='';}da2a.done=true;}da2a.targets=[];}};(function ($){Drupal.behaviors.addToAny = {attach: function (context, settings) {if (context !== document && window.da2a) {if(da2a.script_ready)a2a.init_all();da2a.script_load();}}}})(jQuery);a2a_config.callbacks=a2a_config.callbacks||[];a2a_config.callbacks.push({ready:da2a.script_onready});a2a_config.overlays=a2a_config.overlays||[];a2a_config.templates=a2a_config.templates||{};a2a_config.no_3p=1;a2a_config.exclude_services = ["myspace", "linkedin", "whatsapp", "pinterest", "reddit", "tumblr"]; a2a_config.num_services = 4; a2a_config.icon_color = "#2559a6";</script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_UvX6dPDClEtRepdiwQxSkd_7IH2LMMlfcw3i_mo41qI.js"></script> <script src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_jcAJ00FHQRRYppEK8MgXRaT0yp8oefAoIezCUr6kS4A.js"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"fjc_omega","theme_token":"wrDFPzbrnEF48-iNgmtANoc8t6tnZSi2R0qOAuAttcE","jquery_version":"1.12","jquery_version_token":"LG0ikaqVRWDsqE_InhnSRyWFfW5kYC6mT9-sgkxCxxk","js":{"0":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.12\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/no-js.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_browser.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/beautytips\/js\/jquery.bt.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/beautytips\/js\/beautytips.min.js":1,"misc\/form-single-submit.js":1,"misc\/ajax.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_update.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/apachesolr_sort\/apachesolr_sort.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor_accordion\/js\/ckeditor-accordion.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/entityreference\/js\/entityreference.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox_load.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox_inline.js":1,"\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/qtip2\/3.0.3\/jquery.qtip.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/responsive_menus\/styles\/responsive_menus_simple\/js\/responsive_menus_simple.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/matomo\/matomo.js":1,"1":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/antibot\/js\/antibot.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/extlink\/js\/extlink.js":1,"2":1,"misc\/progress.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/qtip\/js\/qtip.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox_node\/colorbox_node.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/jquery.hoverIntent.minified.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/sfautomaticwidth.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/sfsmallscreen.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/supposition.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/supersubs.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/js\/fjc-omega.behaviors.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/js\/mobile-menu.js":1},"css":{"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/system\/system.menus.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/system\/system.messages.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor_accordion\/css\/ckeditor-accordion.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox_node\/colorbox_node.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/field_hidden\/field_hidden.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/book\/book.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/patched\/footnotes\/footnotes.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/comment\/comment.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/field\/field.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/extlink\/css\/extlink.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/search\/search.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/user\/user.base.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/modules\/user\/user.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/css\/panels.css":1,"\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/qtip2\/3.0.3\/jquery.qtip.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/qtip\/css\/qtip.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/responsive_menus\/styles\/responsive_menus_simple\/css\/responsive_menus_simple.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/addtoany\/addtoany.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish-smallscreen.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish-navbar.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/style\/space.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.normalize.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.hacks.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.styles.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.print.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/fjc_omega\/css\/fjc-omega.no-query.css":1,"all:0":1,"sites\/default\/files\/fontyourface\/font.css":1,"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css?family=Droid+Sans:700|Muli:regular\u0026subset=latin":1,"all:1":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_21.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_156.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_161.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_171.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_176.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_196.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_211.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_221.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_246.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_251.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_256.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_306.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_316.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_321.css":1}},"beautytipStyles":{"default":{"fill":"#F4F4F4","strokeStyle":"#666666","spikeLength":20,"spikeGirth":10,"width":350,"overlap":0,"centerPointY":1,"cornerRadius":0,"cssStyles":{"fontFamily":"\u0026quot;Lucida Grande\u0026quot;,Helvetica,Arial,Verdana,sans-serif","fontSize":"12px","padding":"10px 14px"},"shadow":"1","shadowColor":"rgba(0,0,0,.5)","shadowBlur":8,"shadowOffsetX":4,"shadowOffsetY":4},"plain":[],"netflix":{"positions":["right","left"],"fill":"#FFF","padding":5,"shadow":true,"shadowBlur":12,"strokeStyle":"#B9090B","spikeLength":50,"spikeGirth":60,"cornerRadius":10,"centerPointY":0.1,"overlap":-8,"cssStyles":{"fontSize":"12px","fontFamily":"arial,helvetica,sans-serif"}},"facebook":{"fill":"#F7F7F7","padding":8,"strokeStyle":"#B7B7B7","cornerRadius":0,"cssStyles":{"fontFamily":"\u0022lucida grande\u0022,tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif","fontSize":"11px"}},"transparent":{"fill":"rgba(0, 0, 0, .8)","padding":20,"strokeStyle":"#CC0","strokeWidth":3,"spikeLength":40,"spikeGirth":40,"cornerRadius":40,"cssStyles":{"color":"#FFF","fontWeight":"bold"}},"big-green":{"fill":"#00FF4E","padding":20,"strokeWidth":0,"spikeLength":40,"spikeGirth":40,"cornerRadius":15,"cssStyles":{"fontFamily":"\u0022lucida grande\u0022,tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif","fontSize":"14px"}},"google-maps":{"positions":["top","bottom"],"fill":"#FFF","padding":15,"strokeStyle":"#ABABAB","strokeWidth":1,"spikeLength":65,"spikeGirth":40,"cornerRadius":25,"centerPointX":0.9,"cssStyles":[]},"hulu":{"fill":"#F4F4F4","strokeStyle":"#666666","spikeLength":20,"spikeGirth":10,"width":350,"overlap":0,"centerPointY":1,"cornerRadius":0,"cssStyles":{"fontFamily":"\u0022Lucida Grande\u0022,Helvetica,Arial,Verdana,sans-serif","fontSize":"12px","padding":"10px 14px"},"shadow":true,"shadowColor":"rgba(0,0,0,.5)","shadowBlur":8,"shadowOffsetX":4,"shadowOffsetY":4}},"beautytips":{"beautytips_manager_custom_1":{"cssSelect":"#edit-apachesolr-panels-search-form","style":"default","trigger":["focus","submit"],"shrinkToFit":false,"ajaxDisableLink":false,"animate":{"on":"fadeIn","off":"fadeOut"},"positions":["bottom"],"text":"\u003Cp\u003EYou can:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E- use quotes (\u0026quot; \u0026quot;) for an exact string match,\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n- use filters in the right-hand side panels to narrow the search results, and\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n- use Boolean search operators AND and OR to focus your search, or use the operators + or - as Boolean operators.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","list":["trigger","shrinkToFit","positions"]},"beautytips_manager_custom_6":{"cssSelect":"#edit-apachesolr-panels-search-form--3","style":"default","trigger":["focus","submit"],"shrinkToFit":false,"ajaxDisableLink":false,"animate":{"on":"fadeIn","off":"fadeOut"},"positions":["bottom"],"text":"\u003Cp\u003EYou can:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E- use quotes (\u0026quot; \u0026quot;) for an exact string match,\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n- use filters in the right-hand side panels to narrow the search results, and\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n- use Boolean search operators AND and OR to focus your search, or use the operators + or - as Boolean operators.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","list":["trigger","shrinkToFit","positions"]}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px","file_public_path":"\/sites\/default\/files","specificPagesDefaultValue":"admin*\nimagebrowser*\nimg_assist*\nimce*\nnode\/add\/*\nnode\/*\/edit\nprint\/*\nprintpdf\/*\nsystem\/ajax\nsystem\/ajax\/*"},"instances":"{\u0022default\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:false,\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022bottom right\u0022,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022my\u0022:\u0022top left\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:false},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter \u0022},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022}},\u0022history_user_guide\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:false,\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022qtip-bootstrap\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022bottom center\u0022,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022my\u0022:\u0022top center\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:false},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter \u0022},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022,\u0022fixed\u0022:1,\u0022delay\u0022:\u00223\u0022}}}","qtipDebug":"{\u0022leaveElement\u0022:0}","ckeditor_accordion":{"collapseAll":1},"responsive_menus":[{"toggler_text":"\u2630 Menu","selectors":["#main-menu"],"media_size":"768","media_unit":"px","absolute":"1","remove_attributes":"1","responsive_menus_style":"responsive_menus_simple"}],"matomo":{"trackMailto":1,"trackColorbox":1},"antibot":{"forms":{"apachesolr-panels-search-block":{"action":"\/","key":"38191be5a69cd05374dacb5fad1b63f1"}}},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/":true},"superfish":{"1":{"id":"1","sf":{"pathClass":"active-trail","delay":"1200","animation":{"opacity":"show","height":"show"},"speed":50},"plugins":{"automaticwidth":true,"smallscreen":{"mode":"window_width","breakpointUnit":"px","title":"Main menu"},"supposition":true,"supersubs":true}}},"extlink":{"extTarget":"_blank","extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":0,"extIconPlacement":"append","extSubdomains":1,"extExclude":"(fjc\\.gov|fjc\\.dcn)","extInclude":"([^\\s]+(\\.(pdf|xls|doc|docx|ppt|pptx|rtf|jpg|png|jpeg))$)","extCssExclude":".a2a_target","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":0,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site.","mailtoClass":"mailto","mailtoLabel":"(link sends e-mail)","extUseFontAwesome":false},"colorbox_node":{"width":"600px","height":"600px"}});</script> <script src="https://use.fontawesome.com/7f9292eb50.js"></script> </head> <body class="html front not-logged-in page-home"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> <div class="l-page"> <header class="l-header" role="banner"> <div class="l-branding"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="site-logo"><img src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/FJCLogo_4.png" alt="Home" /></a> <h1 class="site-name"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home"><span>Federal Judicial Center</span></a> </h1> <div class="l-region l-region--branding"> <div id="block-block-86" class="block block--block search-tips block-block-86 block--block-86"> <div class="block__content"> <p><a href="/search-tips">Search tips</a></p> </div> </div> <noscript> <style>form.antibot { display: none !important; }</style> <div class="antibot-no-js antibot-message antibot-message-warning messages warning"> You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. </div> </noscript> <div id="block-apachesolr-panels-search-form" class="block block--apachesolr-panels search-form-placement block-apachesolr-panels-search-form block--apachesolr-panels-search-form"> <div class="block__content"> <form class="apachesolr-panels-search-block antibot" action="/antibot" method="post" id="apachesolr-panels-search-block" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-apachesolr-panels-search-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-apachesolr-panels-search-form">Search </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="edit-apachesolr-panels-search-form" name="apachesolr_panels_search_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-DJW7tNHe83P0MU2e2Tmk03FLUJiJYqASBSV0yYmpN6E" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="apachesolr_panels_search_block" /> <input type="hidden" name="antibot_key" value="" /> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div></div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-region l-region--navigation"> <div id="block-superfish-1" class="block block--superfish block-superfish-1 block--superfish-1"> <div class="block__content"> <ul id="superfish-1" class="menu sf-menu sf-main-menu sf-navbar sf-style-space sf-total-items-7 sf-parent-items-5 sf-single-items-2"><li id="menu-1141-1" class="active-trail first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/" class="sf-depth-1 active">Home</a></li><li id="menu-7466-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-7 menuparent"><a href="/about" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">About the FJC</a><ul><li id="menu-8436-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/statute" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Statute</a></li><li id="menu-8441-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/fjc-and-what-it-does" class="sf-depth-2">The FJC and What It Does</a></li><li id="menu-13391-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/annual-reports" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Annual Reports</a></li><li id="menu-23526-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/321301/board-members" class="sf-depth-2">Board Members</a></li><li id="menu-8461-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/senior-staff" class="sf-depth-2">Senior Staff</a></li><li id="menu-8466-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/job-vacancies" class="sf-depth-2">Job Vacancies</a></li><li id="menu-8471-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/contact-us" class="sf-depth-2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7471-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/research" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Research About the Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-7496-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/reports-and-studies" class="sf-depth-2">Reports & Studies</a></li><li id="menu-27836-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/manuals-monographs-guides" class="sf-depth-2">Manuals, Monographs & Guides</a></li><li id="menu-28296-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/386497/research-webpages" class="sf-depth-2">Research Webpages</a></li><li id="menu-7506-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/research/idb" class="sf-depth-2">Federal Court Cases: FJC Integrated Database (IDB)</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7476-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/education" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Education for the Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-7516-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/education/education-programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Education Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-14921-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-judges" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Judges</a></li><li id="menu-14926-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-court-attorneys" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Court Attorneys</a></li><li id="menu-14936-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-federal-defenders" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Federal Defenders</a></li><li id="menu-14931-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-executives" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Executives</a></li><li id="menu-14941-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-supervisors-and-managers" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Supervisors and Managers</a></li><li id="menu-14946-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-experienced-probation-and-pretrial-services-officers" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Experienced Probation and Pretrial Services Officers</a></li><li id="menu-14951-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-all-court-employees" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for All Court Employees</a></li><li id="menu-14956-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/programs-and-resources-trainers" class="sf-depth-3">Programs and Resources for Trainers</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7521-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/education/civic-education-about-courts" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Civic Education About the Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-8401-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/talking/talking-points-federal-judicial-history-constitutional-origins-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">Talking Points on Judicial History</a></li><li id="menu-8411-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials" class="sf-depth-3">Famous Federal Trials</a></li><li id="menu-14636-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/publications/state-and-federal-jurisdiction" title="" class="sf-depth-3">State and Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-15776-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/inside-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Inside the Federal Courts</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-9441-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/manuals-monographs-guides" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Manuals, Monographs, & Guides</a></li><li id="menu-13406-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/education/fjc-videos-podcasts" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Videos & Podcasts</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7481-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-8 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/history" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">History of the Federal Judiciary</a><ul><li id="menu-2016-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/history/judges" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Judges</a><ul><li id="menu-2901-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges" class="sf-depth-3">Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges</a></li><li id="menu-2906-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/bankruptcy-judgeships" class="sf-depth-3">Bankruptcy Judgeships</a></li><li id="menu-2911-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/magistrate-judgeships" class="sf-depth-3">Magistrate Judgeships</a></li><li id="menu-2921-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/diversity-bench" class="sf-depth-3">Diversity on the Bench</a></li><li id="menu-2931-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/judicial-salaries-supreme-court-justices" class="sf-depth-3">Judicial Salaries</a></li><li id="menu-2976-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/unsuccessful-nominations-and-recess-appointments" class="sf-depth-3">Unsuccessful Nominations and Recess Appointments</a></li><li id="menu-2916-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/impeachments-federal-judges" class="sf-depth-3">Impeachments of Federal Judges</a></li><li id="menu-26681-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/judges/judgeship-reassignments" class="sf-depth-3">Judgeship Reassignments</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2021-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/history/courts" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-2981-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/supreme-court-united-states-and-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li><li id="menu-2986-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/us-courts-appeals-and-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">U.S. Courts of Appeals</a></li><li id="menu-2991-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/u.s.-district-courts-and-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">U.S. District Courts</a></li><li id="menu-2996-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/us-circuit-courts-and-federal-judiciary" class="sf-depth-3">U.S. Circuit Courts, 1789-1911</a></li><li id="menu-14561-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/other-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Other Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-14566-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courts/courts-brief-overview" class="sf-depth-3">Courts: A Brief Overview</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-27771-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-7 menuparent"><a href="/history/work-courts" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Work of the Courts</a><ul><li id="menu-3001-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/caseloads-history-federal-caseload-reporting" class="sf-depth-3">Caseloads</a></li><li id="menu-26726-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/contempt-power-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">The Contempt Power of the Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-30246-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/foreign-treaties-in-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Foreign Treaties in the Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-30414-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/juries-in-federal-judicial-system" class="sf-depth-3">Juries</a></li><li id="menu-3006-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/jurisdiction-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Jurisdiction</a></li><li id="menu-26656-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/Role-of-the-Courts-of-Appeals" class="sf-depth-3">The Role of the U.S. Courts of Appeals in the Federal Judiciary</a></li><li id="menu-23776-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/work-courts/rules-practice-and-procedure-in-federal-courts" class="sf-depth-3">Rules</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2026-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/history/administration" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Judicial Branch</a><ul><li id="menu-3151-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/administration/administrative-bodies-judicial-conference-united-states-1948-present" class="sf-depth-3">Administrative Bodies</a></li><li id="menu-8396-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/legislation/congress-and-courts-landmark-legislation" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Congress and the Courts</a></li><li id="menu-24566-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/administration/executive-branch-and-courts" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Executive Branch and the Courts</a></li><li id="menu-3171-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/administration/court-officers-and-staff-bailiffs-0" class="sf-depth-3">Court Officers and Staff</a></li><li id="menu-8391-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/administration/federal-judicial-circuits" class="sf-depth-3">Federal Judicial Circuits</a></li><li id="menu-23531-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/talking/talking-points-federal-judicial-history-constitutional-origins-federal-judiciary" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Talking Points on Federal Judicial History</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3661-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/history/courthouses" title="Historic Federal Courthouses" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Courthouses</a><ul><li id="menu-7306-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courthouses/gallery" class="sf-depth-3">Gallery</a></li><li id="menu-7311-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courthouses/descriptions" class="sf-depth-3">Detailed List</a></li><li id="menu-7316-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/courthouses/list" class="sf-depth-3">List by State</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2031-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/history/cases" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Cases</a><ul><li id="menu-3111-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Cases that Shaped the Federal Courts</a></li><li id="menu-22541-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Famous Federal Trials</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4116-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><span class="sf-depth-2 menuparent nolink" tabindex="0">Exhibits</span><ul><li id="menu-7871-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/timeline" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Timelines</a></li><li id="menu-9436-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/demography-article-iii-judges-1789-2020-introduction" class="sf-depth-3">Graphs: Demographics</a></li><li id="menu-16771-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/federal-judicial-caseloads-1789-2016-introduction" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Graphs: Caseloads</a></li><li id="menu-20996-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/federal-judicial-circuits" class="sf-depth-3">Maps</a></li><li id="menu-23951-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/notable-federal-trials" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Notable Federal Trials</a></li><li id="menu-27776-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/snapshots-federal-judicial-history-1790-1990" class="sf-depth-3">Snapshots of Federal Judicial History, 1790-1990</a></li><li id="menu-24551-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/spotlight-judicial-history" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Spotlight on Judicial History</a></li><li id="menu-26301-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/exhibits/circuit-court-opinions" title="" class="sf-depth-3">The Justices' Circuit Court Opinions</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-21811-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/history/for-further-study" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">For Further Study</a><ul><li id="menu-21831-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/programs/federal-court-historical-programs-and-sites" class="sf-depth-3">Court History Programs</a></li><li id="menu-26416-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/guide-research-federal-judicial-history-0" class="sf-depth-3">Guide to Research</a></li><li id="menu-21841-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/further-study/published-papers-of-federal-judges" class="sf-depth-3">Judges' Published Papers</a></li><li id="menu-21821-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/programs/oral-history-resources" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Oral History Resources</a></li><li id="menu-21826-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/programs/published-court-histories" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Published Court Histories</a></li><li id="menu-21836-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/history/further-study/historical-scholarship-related-federal-judges" class="sf-depth-3">Scholarship on Judges</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7486-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/international" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">International Office</a><ul><li id="menu-22971-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/content/349006/about-international-office" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">About IO</a><ul><li id="menu-23996-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/349007/history" class="sf-depth-3">History</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-24001-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/content/349008/international-programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">International Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-24006-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/349009/international-visitors-global-perspective" class="sf-depth-3">Global Reach</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-22986-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/content/349014/briefing-materials" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Briefing Materials</a><ul><li id="menu-23991-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/349628/translated-materials" class="sf-depth-3">Translated Materials</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-24016-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/349011/contact-us" class="sf-depth-2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-7491-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/publications" class="sf-depth-1">Publications Catalog</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="l-main"> <div class="l-content" role="main"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="l-page has-no-sidebars"> <header class="l-header" role="banner"> <div class="l-constrained"> <div class="l-branding site-branding"> </div> </div> </header> <div class="l-region l-region--hero"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-block-56 pane-block"> <div id="hero-index"> <div class="column-one"><img alt="FJC Statute" src="/sites/default/files/fjc_statute_475x302updated5.jpg" style="height:302px; width:475px" /></div> <div class="column-two"> <p>The Federal Judicial Center is the research and education agency of the judicial branch of the U.S. government. The Center was established by Congress in 1967 (28 U.S.C. §§ 620–629). At left, the Center’s statutory purpose is superimposed on the photo of the Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building in Washington, D.C., where the Center is located.</p> <p>The Center's governing board is chaired by the Chief Justice of the United States. The other Board members are seven judges elected by the Judicial Conference of the United States, and the Director of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.</p> <p><a href="about">Read more</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="l-main l-constrained"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="l-content" role="main"> <div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-footer-block"> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-block-51 pane-block"> <div class="column" id="research"> <h5><a href="/research" style="text-decoration:none">Research About the Courts</a></h5> <p>The Center conducts research and issues reports on judiciary activities, including case management and court administration, and in cooperation with the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts maintains a public database of federal cases.</p></div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-block-31 pane-block"> <div class="column" id="educational"> <h5><a href="/education" style="text-decoration:none">Education for the Courts</a></h5> <p>The Center educates federal judges and judiciary staff on law, case management, leadership, ethics, and court administration, using in-person programs, online resources, videos, and publications.</p></div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-block-36 pane-block"> <div class="column" id="history"> <h5><a href="/history" style="text-decoration:none">History of the Federal Judiciary</a></h5> <p>The Center collects and produces resources on the history of the federal courts, including judicial biographies, caseload data, the evolution of the courts’ structure and jurisdiction, and teaching materials.</p></div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-block-41 pane-block"> <div class="column" id="international"> <h5><a href="/international" style="text-decoration:none">International Office</a></h5> <p>The Center provides information to help improve the administration of justice in other countries and gathers information from abroad that may inform the administration of justice in the United States.</p></div> </div> <div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-block-46 pane-block"> <div class="column" id="publications"> <h5><a href="/publications" style="text-decoration:none;">Publications Catalog</a></h5> <p>View new Center publications, and search the catalog by author, title, and topic.</p> <h5><a href="/curated-resources" style="text-decoration:none;">Curated Resources</a></h5> <p>Curated collections of Center resources on discrete areas of law and judicial practice.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="l-footer-wrapper" role="contentinfo"> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="l-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="l-region l-region--footer"> <div id="block-addtoany-addtoany-button" class="block block--addtoany block-addtoany-addtoany-button block--addtoany-addtoany-button"> <div class="block__content"> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_24 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_1"> <a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2F&title=Federal%20Judicial%20Center"><img src="/sites/all/themes/fjc_omega/images/share-btn-18x20.png" alt="Share"/> Share this page</a> </span> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-26" class="block block--block block-block-26 block--block-26"> <div class="block__content"> <div id="footer-bottom"> <div class="footer-about"> <div align="center">Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building</div> <div align="center">One Columbus Circle NE</div> <div align="center">Washington, DC 20002-8003</div> <div align="center">202-502-4000</div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.supremecourtus.gov">Supreme Court of the United States</a> <a href="http://www.uscourts.gov">USCourts.gov</a> <a href="http://www.ussc.gov">U.S. Sentencing Commission</a> <a href="https://fjcfoundation.org">Federal Judicial Center Foundation</a></div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><em>This website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense.</em></div> <div align="center"> </div> <p>The Federal Judicial Center produced and maintains this site in furtherance of its statutory mission. The Center regards the contents of this site to be responsible and valuable, but these contents do not reflect official policy or recommendation of the Board of the Federal Judicial Center. The site also contains links to relevant information on websites maintained by other organizations; providing these external links is for the convenience of this site's users and does not constitute verification or endorsement of the information or the sites to which the links are produced. Opinions expressed in the materials found on this site are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the Federal Judicial Center.</p> </div> <p><a href="/sitemap">Site Map</a> | <a href="mailto:webmaster@fjc.gov">Contact Webmaster</a> | <a href="/node/947711">Privacy and Security Notice</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script>da2a.targets=[ {title:"Federal Judicial Center",url:"https:\/\/www.fjc.gov\/"}]; da2a.html_done=true;if(da2a.script_ready&&!da2a.done)da2a.init();da2a.script_load();</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_Incapsula_Resource?SWJIYLWA=719d34d31c8e3a6e6fffd425f7e032f3&ns=1&cb=442160563" async></script></body> </html>