CINXE.COM
Not Found - SpringerMaterials
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <html lang="en" class="no-js old-ie lt-ie9 lt-ie8"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie8 lt-ie9"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie9"> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 9]><!--> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=6"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="WWic_7Aj5AHdSIdE6LFkL7SMRJ9P74ycBIUsOcEIvwI"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/images/favicon.ico"/> <title>Not Found - SpringerMaterials</title> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gochi+Hand" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:300,400,500,600,700" rel="stylesheet"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/vassets/9cda4b3e0636772f2dcb1b79d6cb137d-springermaterials.css"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/vassets/c528ad692623a0c9cacbeb287ba9fb47-print.css"/> <script type="text/javascript" id="GADataLayer"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.googletag = []; window.dataLayer.push({ 'user': [{}], 'session': { 'authentication': { 'authenticationIDString': 'anonymous', 'method': 'anonymous', 'entitled': 'not entitled', } }, 'page': { 'pageInfo': {}, 'category': { 'pageType': "Not Found" }, 'attributes': { 'template': 'mosaic', 'pagination': {} } }, 'privacy': {}, 'ga4MeasurementId':'G-TBBE7SMGL3', 'ga360TrackingId': 'UA-50822590-2', 'version': '1.0.0', }); </script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/modernizr.custom.99377.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/jquery/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script> </head> <body class="page__404 "> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P4B5CNDJ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <a id="skip-header" class="c-skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <header class="c-header container fluid"> <div class="c-header__container row"> <div class="c-header__brand"> <a id="logo" tabindex="0" itemprop="url" href="/" data-track="click_headerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="SpringerMaterials Logo"> <img itemprop="logo" role="img" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/images/Springer_Materials_logo.svg?GoogleAccessId=pcf-binding-98dbe348@sn-paas-sb-gcp.iam.gserviceaccount.com&Expires=1733026393&Signature=fxRYiQVcH2Pklo9m01XRRvd5hhhK9gL%2FLehGO8TuDmJZ5zYKnU3DfCI4salwTeMLdE2LFbsWCWA4uunGr87kGhXqSllIPbOjzbCuoJYIBCDcZQh0ZZ1sV0nWWQJb4m48%2BSaycuwecXkQuY%2Fz5CdI%2FMCOKOZeZQ%2FIjrsiSCRhsMrW3PGaVGFweTNooO3dxPEAz1Cbh0aED%2Bh%2BDKtuNmn1MjaM42qcRDW4SygmbiuGsRubYLB6foPEcOhbmKsT8lo7bH8Y3WqXLh%2BNW98nuf66%2BtmY9qD2fUr9lKLuC6iqFkhxNQGk%2FZNsuVRLrXkoMCON6mqqUaYkDE4KBNGDj7eF%2Bw%3D%3D" alt="SpringerMaterials" title="SpringerMaterials"/> </a> </div> <div class="panel-search col-12 col-lg-6"> <div class="search-form"> <input id="searchTermMaxWordLimit" type="hidden" name="searchTermMaxWordLimit" value="30"/> <form id="global-search" class="big-search ga-event-context" action="/search" method="GET" data-track="search_main" data-track-value="Without Autosuggest"> <div class="search-field"> <input id="searchTerm" class="text" type="text" placeholder="e.g. GaAs, benzene, Cd-Te, band gap" name="searchTerm" value="" aria-label="Search materials and properties"/> <button id="search" class="search-submit fa fa-search ga-event-context" data-track="search_main" aria-label="searchTerm" data-track-value="Without Autosuggest"> Search </button> <input id="propertyFacet" type="hidden" name="propertyFacet" value=""/> </div> <img class="loading js-hidden" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/images/loading_search.gif?GoogleAccessId=pcf-binding-98dbe348@sn-paas-sb-gcp.iam.gserviceaccount.com&Expires=1733026393&Signature=EivvqXgkMSt6PvXMwOjw6EajRkzMufJQ37fR9UzmP6NE6xp2p7YH7JenIPpBXVRrD%2BEiBBe213qb5Kp9I%2Fh0uf9LCv6xoXDX2R4ZZabtAljHSpb33PfBTbTP3xJtlkIzg6FEo%2F1rlSr%2F%2F2%2BJO%2F%2FY1pXYNMVMHE%2FusKZhIlsRzH81nAg9cLYnSadzz3s4j7rucuHuk6ok4V4hBlvgOazb4fpN5crQF0hBm1515HVOHp%2FoS0B7CiWx5ypRiTseRvEx%2FQEGnKl5ozmbDb4iKivm%2BY6fUp6TjBwUp7ghNUHCPAcs1D%2BUUwGQ6DtbpsKza2sAMYIPafCRJBnYw8XqYblbMQ%3D%3D" alt=""/> <span class="searchterm__error searchterm__error-message searchterm__hidden"> <span class="error-close"></span> You have exceeded the maximum number of 30 words in your search term. Please refine your query, and try again. </span> </form> <ul class="c-header__nav-menu"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav" href="/periodictable" data-track="click_headerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Search by Elements">Elements search</a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav" href="/corrosion" data-track="click_headerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Corrosion Search">Corrosion search</a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav external search-help" href="https://materialshub.springernature.com/" target="_blank" data-track="click_headerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Explore new MaterialsHub"> Explore new MaterialsHub <sup>Beta</sup> </a> </li> <!-- /- li.c-header__item --> <!-- /- a.c-header__link.c-header__link--nav(href="/battery-materials/capacity" ) Battery Materials --> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-header__menu"> <ul class="login-links"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link login-link login-underline" href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https://materials.springer.com">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container fluid"> <div class="content-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="c-status-message c-status-message--boxed c-status-message--info battery-status-info"> <svg class="c-status-message__icon" width="24" height="24" role="img" aria-label="info:" focusable="false"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" id="eds-i-info-filled-medium"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"></path> </svg> </svg> <div class="c-status-message__message"> <div id="info-message"> <p> Sneak a peek at the new <a class="ga-event-context" rel="nofollow" href="/battery-materials/capacity" data-track="click_bannerlink" data-track-value="battery materials data collection">battery materials data collection.</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__error"> <h1>Not Found</h1> <div class="search--result-msg"> <h3>Oops! This link appears to be broken, or no longer exists.</h3> </div> <h4 class="suggestion__title"> Suggestion: </h4> <h4 class="suggestion__list"> Go to our homepage: <a href="/">materials.springer.com</a> </h4> </div> <input class="hidden" type="hidden" name="pageId" value='' id="pageId"> </div> </div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="c-publisher-footer" data-test="publisher-footer"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__section c-publisher-footer__section--compact"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__container"> <img class="footer__logo" alt="Springer" itemprop="logo" width="135" role="img" src="/assets/images/logo-springer-greyscale.svg"/> </div> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__section"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__container"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu" data-test="publisher-footer-menu"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <ul class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <li class="c-publisher-footer__heading">Help & contacts</li> <li class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link" href="/contact-us" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Footer:Contact us">Contact us</a> </li> <li class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link search-help-footer external" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/tools-services/learn/tutorials-training-sessions#c18076376" target="_blank" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Video tutorials">Video tutorials</a> </li> <li class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link external" href="https://librarian.springernature.com" target="_blank" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Admin Dashboard">Admin dashboard</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <ul class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <li class="c-publisher-footer__heading">Legal</li> <li class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link" href="/privacy-policy" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Privacy Policy">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Your US State Privacy Rights">Your US State Privacy Rights</a> </li> <li class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link" href="/cookie-policy" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Cookie Policy">Cookie policy</a> </li> <li class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link optanon-toggle-display" href="javascript:;" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Your Privacy Choices/Manage Cookies">Your Privacy Choices/Manage Cookies</a> </li> <li class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link" href="/imprint" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="Imprint">Imprint</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__section c-publisher-footer__section--compact"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__container"> <div class="c-corporate-footer"> <div class="u-container"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com" target="_blank" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="https://www.springernature.com"> <img class="c-corporate-footer__logo" alt="Springer" itemprop="logo" width="135" role="img" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/images/springer-nature-footer-logo.svg?GoogleAccessId=pcf-binding-98dbe348@sn-paas-sb-gcp.iam.gserviceaccount.com&Expires=1733026393&Signature=C9tQLidY4Ej8mUwjRKpf0NL%2B43WT1OYsfTxIqdm6iVAuw5gZ%2Fas2PyO%2Bb3k6fix10KsgrhzQrxiJUhBqLiVluHiCRFcxwskK7PXDmfV%2F31DsnnenbelWW2nNc5JUG91SRMBCnhkFk3mIpE%2BMRJVGVj7YeX%2FggzDSp2RzB4Dh0WiIaeGYh%2FRs%2B8NYY8DXoA4xw%2BqZR%2BFRLFMPVN4KLMVdqqrzqfvwimlHPFD8p9FBKTNYnvZHUm%2BecQauo%2B4EFd3AHxwDL7uTB%2FwyDTLJ0Hh6G6Y3oHNYGqhUt%2Fyxdyn0OpVS%2B8Q4GZGc0vgcXCTfdWEi2ZPHxfHgV2Sl%2FqGGnheG0A%3D%3D"/> </a> <p class="c-corporate-footer__legal" data-test="copyright"> 漏 Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Part of <a class="c-corporate-footer__link footer-copyright_link" href="https://www.springernature.com" target="_blank" data-track="click_footerlink" data-track-context="Homepage" data-track-value="https://www.springernature.com">Springer Nature</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="c-user-metadata"> <div class="c-user-metadata__item" id="userInfo"> <span class="user-info__login-status">Not logged in</span> <span class="user-info__user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </div> <div class="c-user-metadata__item"> <span class="user-info__business-partners">unaffiliated</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <svg class="u-hide hide"> <symbol id="global-icon-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M2 14c0-.556.449-1 1.002-1h9.996a.999.999 0 110 2H3.002A1.006 1.006 0 012 14zM9 2v6.8l2.482-2.482c.392-.392 1.022-.4 1.403-.02a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.417l-4.177 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 01-1.416 0L3.115 7.715a.991.991 0 01-.016-1.4 1 1 0 011.42.003L7 8.8V2c0-.55.444-.996 1-.996.552 0 1 .445 1 .996z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </symbol> </svg> <div id="consent-popup"> <p> While using an institutional account for this website we don鈥檛 track any personal, performance, functional or 1st or 3rd party related information. We only use essential cookies necessary for it to function correctly. Please read our <a href="/privacy-policy" target="_blank">privacy policy</a> and <a href="/california-privacy-statement" target="_blank">California Privacy Statement</a> for more information. </p> <a id="consent-accept" class="BlueBtn submitBtn" href="javascript:;">Okay</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var script = document.createElement("script"); if((document.domain != "materials.springer.com") && (document.domain != "sm-webapp-dev.snpaas.private.springer.com")) { script.async = true; script.src='/assets/javascripts/consentPopUp.js'; document.body.appendChild(script); } else { script.async = true; script.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-12-13.js'; document.body.appendChild(script); } </script> <script> window.isFreeTrialEnabled = false; window.pageId = ''; window.pageIdentifier = {}; window.pageIdentifier.bookProfile = 'BookProfile'; window.pageIdentifier.contactUs = 'InteractiveContactUs'; window.pageIdentifier.newsArchives = 'NewsArchivePage'; window.isAuth = 'true'; window.smConfig = {}; window.smConfig.isSemiconChartLegendActive = true; window.smConfig.isAutoSuggestEnabled = true; window.smConfig.token = 'MjAyNC0xMi0wMQ=='; window.smConfig.isSemiconChartLegendSelectable = true; window.smConfig.businessPartners = []; </script> <script src="https://www.gstatic.com/charts/loader.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/jquery/sm-jquery-ui.extended.min.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/jquery/jquery.ui.touch-punch.min.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/jquery/jquery.zclip.min.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/lightbox.min.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/jquery/jquery.ay-carousel.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/jquery/jquery.dataTables.min.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/jquery/imagesloaded.min.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/jquery/html2canvas.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/canvg/1.4/rgbcolor.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/canvg/dist/browser/canvg.min.js"></script> <script src="https://push-content.springernature.io/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/javascripts/d3.v4.min.js"></script> <script src="/vassets/javascripts/a68e632768f15dbb4f189ff94511493c-smi-charts.js"></script> <script src="/assets/javascripts/d3-clone.js"></script> <script src="/assets/javascripts/d3-hexagon.js"></script> <script src="/assets/javascripts/smi-line-chart.js"></script> <script src="/assets/javascripts/singleLineChart.js"></script> <script src="/assets/javascripts/multiline-chart.js"></script> <script src="/vassets/bb668dbea995a231933612c4fc7404aa-app.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_HTML-full"></script> <script src="https://verify.springer.com/verify/springer.min.js"></script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "Organization", "name" : "SpringerMaterials", "url" : "https://materials.springer.com", "logo" : "https://storage.googleapis.com/pcf_sb_11_1597203914518385694/assets/images/Springer_Materials_logo.svg?GoogleAccessId=pcf-binding-98dbe348@sn-paas-sb-gcp.iam.gserviceaccount.com&Expires=1733026393&Signature=fxRYiQVcH2Pklo9m01XRRvd5hhhK9gL%2FLehGO8TuDmJZ5zYKnU3DfCI4salwTeMLdE2LFbsWCWA4uunGr87kGhXqSllIPbOjzbCuoJYIBCDcZQh0ZZ1sV0nWWQJb4m48%2BSaycuwecXkQuY%2Fz5CdI%2FMCOKOZeZQ%2FIjrsiSCRhsMrW3PGaVGFweTNooO3dxPEAz1Cbh0aED%2Bh%2BDKtuNmn1MjaM42qcRDW4SygmbiuGsRubYLB6foPEcOhbmKsT8lo7bH8Y3WqXLh%2BNW98nuf66%2BtmY9qD2fUr9lKLuC6iqFkhxNQGk%2FZNsuVRLrXkoMCON6mqqUaYkDE4KBNGDj7eF%2Bw%3D%3D" } </script> <script charset="UTF-8" type="text/javascript"> const applyBanner = function(w, d, s, l, i, domain) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); } applyBanner(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-P4B5CNDJ', 'collect.springer'); </script> </body>