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İatrokimya - Vikipedi

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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">İatrokimya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 28 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء طبية - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء طبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatro_kimya" title="Yatro kimya - Azerbaycan dili" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yatro kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaycan dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ятрохимия - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ятрохимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဓာတုတသီႏပညာႏ - Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဓာတုတသီႏပညာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Iatroquímica - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iatroquímica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrochemie" title="Iatrochemie - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iatrochemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iatrochemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrokemio" title="Iatrokemio - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iatrokemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Iatroquímica - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iatroquímica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrokeemia" title="Iatrokeemia - Estonca" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iatrokeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یاتروشیمی - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یاتروشیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrokemia" title="Iatrokemia - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iatrokemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrochimie" title="Iatrochimie - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iatrochimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="रसायन चिकित्सा - Hintçe" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रसायन चिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hintçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatrok%C3%A9mia" title="Jatrokémia - Macarca" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jatrokémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Macarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Յատրոքիմիա - Ermenice" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յատրոքիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Ermenice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrochimica" title="Iatrochimica - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iatrochimica" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ятрохимия - Kazakça" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ятрохимия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ятрохимия - Kırgızca" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ятрохимия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kırgızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ဓာတုဆေးပညာ - Birman dili" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတုဆေးပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birman dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrochemie" title="Iatrochemie - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iatrochemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatrochemia" title="Jatrochemia - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jatrochemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Iatroquímica - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iatroquímica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrochimie" title="Iatrochimie - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iatrochimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ятрохимия - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ятрохимия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatroch%C3%A9mia" title="Iatrochémia - Slovakça" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Iatrochémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrokemi" title="Iatrokemi - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iatrokemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ятрохімія - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ятрохімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q898906#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dillerarası 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><p>İsviçreli doktor ve kimyager <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>'un kuramıdır. </p><p>Paracelsus, varlıkların ortak bir temelinin olduğunu öne sürüyordu. İlk kez <a href="/wiki/Empedokles" title="Empedokles">Empedokles</a> tarafından öne sürülen dört temel elementin yanı sıra Paracelsus, materia prima(ilk maddeler) adını verdiği <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCk%C3%BCrt" title="Kükürt">kükürt</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C4%B1va" title="Cıva">cıva</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Tuz" title="Tuz">tuzdan</a> oluşuyordu. Paracelsus, kimyada kabul edilmiş yasa ve ilkelerin, canlılar için de geçerli olduklarını savundu.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paracelsus, vücut işlevlerinin kimyasal bir süreç ihtiva ettiğini öne sürmektedir. </p><p>Ayrıca Paracelsus'a göre insan da dünya gibi canlı maddenin bir araya gelmiş halidir. İatrokimya'nın kuralları da buradan teşekkül etmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaynakça"><span id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></span>Kaynakça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0atrokimya&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0atrokimya&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kaynakça"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32805677">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513172215/https://www.uludagsozluk.com/k/iatrokimya/">"iatrokimya"</a>. <i>uludağsözlük</i>. 13 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uludagsozluk.com/k/iatrokimya/">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 13 Mayıs 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=uluda%C4%9Fs%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk&amp;rft.atitle=iatrokimya&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uludagsozluk.com%2Fk%2Fiatrokimya%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0atrokimya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak kitap">Jung, C. G. (Ocak 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1060604464"><i>Ruh&#160;: insan, sanat, edebiyat</i></a>. Birinci basım. İstanbul. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/978-605-9460-07-1" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/978-605-9460-07-1">978-605-9460-07-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1060604464">1060604464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ruh+%3A+insan%2C+sanat%2C+edebiyat&amp;rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&amp;rft.series=Birinci+bas%C4%B1m&amp;rft.date=2017-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1060604464&amp;rft.isbn=978-605-9460-07-1&amp;rft.aulast=Jung&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1060604464&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0atrokimya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898906&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898906&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&amp;#039;de_düzenleyin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otorite_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Otorite kontrolü">Otorite kontrolü</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898906" title="Bunu Vikiveri&#39;de düzenleyin"><img alt="Bunu Vikiveri&#39;de düzenleyin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmle%C5%9Fik_Otorite_Dosyas%C4%B1" title="Tümleşik Otorite Dosyası">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161166-4">4161166-4</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=İatrokimya&amp;oldid=32213759">https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=İatrokimya&amp;oldid=32213759</a>" sayfasından alınmıştır</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Kategoriler" title="Özel:Kategoriler">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kimya_tarihi" title="Kategori:Kimya tarihi">Kimya tarihi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:T%C4%B1p_tarihi" title="Kategori:Tıp tarihi">Tıp tarihi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Gizli kategori: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:GND_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1_olan_Vikipedi_maddeleri" title="Kategori:GND tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri">GND tanımlayıcısı olan Vikipedi maddeleri</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sayfa en son 11.14, 21 Mart 2024 tarihinde değiştirildi.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Metin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.tr">Creative Commons Atıf-AynıLisanslaPaylaş Lisansı</a> altındadır ve ek koşullar uygulanabilir. 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