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</li> <li id="toc-Chromolithography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromolithography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chromolithography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromolithography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithografie" title="Lithografie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lithografie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طباعة حجرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طباعة حجرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litoqrafiya" title="Litoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Litoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রস্তরাঙ্কন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রস্তরাঙ্কন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Літаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Літаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Литография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Литография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografija" title="Litografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Litografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografia" title="Litografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Litografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Литографи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Литографи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografie" title="Litografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Litografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithograffeg" title="Lithograffeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lithograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografi" title="Litografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Litografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithografie" title="Lithografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lithografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litograafia" title="Litograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Litograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λιθογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιθογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lithography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litograf%C3%ADa" title="Litografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Litografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografio" title="Litografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Litografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografia" title="Litografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Litografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="چاپ سنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاپ سنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithographie" title="Lithographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lithographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografy" title="Litografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Litografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litograf%C3%ADa" title="Litografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Litografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%ED%8C%90_%EC%9D%B8%EC%87%84" title="석판 인쇄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석판 인쇄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Վիմագրություն (արձանագրություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիմագրություն (արձանագրություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अश्ममुद्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अश्ममुद्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografija" title="Litografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Litografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografi" title="Litografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Litografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografia" title="Litografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Litografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F" title="הדפס אבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדפס אבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლითოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლითოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Литография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Литография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEtograf%C3%AE" title="Lîtografî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîtografî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Литография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Литография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithographia" title="Lithographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lithographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litogr%C4%81fija" title="Litogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Litogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithographie" title="Lithographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lithographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografija" title="Litografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Litografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litogr%C3%A1fia" title="Litográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Litográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Литографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Литографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="ലിത്തോഗ്രാഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിത്തോഗ്രാഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="लिथोग्राफ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिथोग्राफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percetakan_batu" title="Percetakan batu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Percetakan batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောက်ပုံနှိပ်အတတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ပုံနှိပ်အတတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithografie" title="Lithografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lithografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95" title="リトグラフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リトグラフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografi" title="Litografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Litografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografi" title="Litografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Litografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografia" title="Litografia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Litografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografiya" title="Litografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Litografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="سنگی طباعت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنگی طباعت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografia" title="Litografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Litografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografia" title="Litografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Litografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografie" title="Litografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Litografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Литография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Литография – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Литография" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litograf%C3%ACa" title="Litografìa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Litografìa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtypi_litografik" title="Shtypi litografik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtypi litografik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografia" title="Litografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Litografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografija" title="Litografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Litografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Литографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Литографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografija" title="Litografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Litografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografia" title="Litografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Litografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litografi" title="Litografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Litografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litograpiya" title="Litograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Litograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கல்லச்சுக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்லச்சுக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ภาพพิมพ์หิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพพิมพ์หิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9F_bask%C4%B1" title="Taş baskı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taş baskı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Літографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="سنگی طباعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگی طباعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_th%E1%BA%A1ch_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="In thạch bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="In thạch bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithografi%C3%AB" title="Lithografië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Lithografië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%89%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="石版印刷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石版印刷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%89%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="石版印刷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石版印刷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%89%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="石版印刷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石版印刷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133036#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lautrec_moulin_rouge,_la_goulue_(poster)_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg/250px-Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg/375px-Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg/500px-Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toulouse-Lautrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a>: <i>La Goulou at the Moulin Rouge</i>, a colour lithographed poster (1891)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lithography</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>λίθος</i> - <i>lithos</i>, 'stone' + <i>γράφω</i> - <i>graphο</i>, 'to write') is a method for <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> using a stone (lithographic <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>) or a metal (<a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>) plate with a completely smooth surface. </p><p>Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Senefelder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Senefelder (not yet started)">Alois Senefelder</a> as a low-cost method of publishing <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical</a> <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meggspage146_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meggspage146-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carterpage11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carterpage11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lithography can be used to print text or <a href="/wiki/Artwork_(graphic_arts)" title="Artwork (graphic arts)">artwork</a> onto paper or other suitable material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithography&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Introduction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Introduction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lithography used an image drawn in <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oily</a> substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> applied to a flexible aluminium plate. </p><p>The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrophilic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrophilic (not yet started)">hydrophilic</a> (water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offset_printing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offset printing (not yet started)">offset</a> by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually <a href="/wiki/Rubber" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, for transfer to the printed article. </p><p>This process is different from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravure (not yet started)">gravure</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intaglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intaglio (not yet started)">intaglio</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> where a plate is <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etched</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stipple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stipple (not yet started)">stippled</a> to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in <a href="/wiki/Woodblock" title="Woodblock">woodblock</a> printing and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letterpress (not yet started)">letterpress</a> where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images. </p><p>In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone). After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chromolithography">Chromolithography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithography&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Chromolithography" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Chromolithography"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Chromolithography</b> (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development. </p><p>By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toulouse-Lautrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a> are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithography&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-meggspage146-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-meggspage146_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meggs, Philip B. 1988. <i>A history of graphic design</i>. Wiley p146 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-291-98-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-291-98-6">0-471-291-98-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carterpage11-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-carterpage11_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. 2002. <i>Typographic design: form and communication</i>. 3rd ed, Wiley p11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Twyman, Michael 1970.<i>Lithography 1800–1850</i>. Oxford University Press. p160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Chromolithography.” <i>Beautiful Birds Exhibit</i>.1999. Cornell University Library. 11 April 2007 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ornithology/exhibit/exhibit5.htm">http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ornithology/exhibit/exhibit5.htm</a>>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithography&oldid=9644948">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithography&oldid=9644948</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_printing" title="Category:History of printing">History of printing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Printmaking" title="Category:Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 12 July 2024, at 14:59.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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