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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Far-right political movement that emerged in Europe in the 1960s</div> <p>The <b>European New Right</b> (<b>ENR</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> movement which originated in France as the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> in the late 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>. Its proponents are involved in a global "anti-structural revolt" against <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">post-modernity</a>, largely in the form of loosely connected intellectual communities striving to diffuse a similar philosophy within European societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ENR leaders are generally opposed to <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>. Endorsing a <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">organicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a>, they advocate the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>, which they describe as a global project opposed to <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> where collective identities would coexist peacefully within separated geographical and political spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not share, however, a standard and collective political agenda regarding the regime or institutions that should be adopted. Instead of seeking direct electoral results, ENR leaders promote their ideas via a common "<a href="/wiki/Metapolitics" title="Metapolitics">metapolitical</a>" practice of politics, in order to eventually achieve <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> and popular adhesion to their ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European New Right has influenced the ideological and political structure of the <a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LionsNorth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LionsNorth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-richte_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richte-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> also claims to have been inspired by <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>'s writings, arguably the most influential figure of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201973_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201973-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_New_Right&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European New Right (ENR) emerged in France from the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a>, an intellectual movement linked to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethno-nationalist</a> think tank <a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a>, established in 1968 by <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a>. The original prominence of the French nucleus has declined over the decades, and the movement now appears in the form of a European network of various groups, parties and intellectuals, all sharing ideological similarities and affinities between each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them are the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Right_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Right (UK)">New Right</a> (defunct) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Right_(Netherlands)" title="New Right (Netherlands)">Nieuw Rechts</a> (defunct) and Deltastichting in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">Forza Nuova</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, Nova Hrvatska Desnica in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapta" class="mw-redirect" title="Noua Dreapta">Noua Dreapta</a> in Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-Minkenberg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minkenberg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, the Nueva Destra emerged from the initiative of a group of young members of the neo-fascist party <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasadio2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasadio2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, de Benoist's ideas were introduced and promoted in West Germany by Neue Rechte philosopher <a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods200725_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200725-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_New_Right&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ENR has gone through several re-syntheses since its emergence in the late 1960s. The last attempt at a common doctrine dates back to the manifesto "The New Right in the year 2000". Its leading ideas were "the critique of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of the world; the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>; an attachment to an <a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">organicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarian</a> view of society; the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and of the various forms of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> from which it arose; the promotion of well-rooted <a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">collective identities</a> and of the "<a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">right to difference</a>"; the rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> as a form and the promotion of a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist model</a> that applies the principle of <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a>; and a view of international relations based on the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">multi-polar world</a> in which Europe would be endowed with its own nationhood, apart from American <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">omnipotence</a>, which is designated the chief enemy of the European peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term 'New Right' refers to an intellectual movement that emerged from several political organizations in France in 1968, it is sometimes confused with other terms such as the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Right">Alternative Right</a> or Alt-Right. These political groups share common themes, such as a strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and nationalist values, a critique of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian principles</a> found in central and left-leaning political ideologies, and a call to recognize individual differences, which are frequently classified by ethnic or civilizational distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Nicolas Lebourg</a>, the core idea of the ENR is their rejection of the "eradication of cultural identities", which has been caused in the ENR worldview by the principles of <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> inherent to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. Alain de Benoist denounces the "ideology of sameness" as the idea that both commodities and human beings are increasingly seen as identical and interchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, the "greatest" danger in the world at the moment is the "progressive disappearance of diversity from the world", including biodiversity of animals, cultures and peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Right thinker <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Suni%C4%87" title="Tomislav Sunić">Tomislav Sunić</a> emphasized <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>'s influence on the ENR, especially his assumption that mankind does not exist as such, that "each culture passes through various cycles", and that the concept of <a href="/wiki/Universal_history_(genre)" title="Universal history (genre)">universal history</a> is a non-sense, as there are only a "plurality of histories and their unequal distribution in time and space."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201981_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201981-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ENR thinkers believe that the West is living in an "<a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>" that will sooner or later give way to a new era in which their worldview would thrive. According to <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>, they developed, in response to this apparent post-fascist "parenthesis", a worldview founded on a "maze-way re-synthesis" of old and new ideological and ritual elements, combined in a "<a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">palingenetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">metanarrative</a>". The current political order is portrayed as needing to be abandoned or purged of its impurity, so that the "redemptive community" can leave the phase of liminal crisis to usher in the new era. Additionally, ENR leaders frequently invoke a legendary and mythical past they want to symbolically re-ground in the new society about to emerge, not in a spirit of nostalgia for the return of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">golden age</a>, but rather "to create a rooted futurity, a new reality re-established on firm metaphysical foundations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is particularly embodied in the concept of archeofuturism promoted by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ENR thinkers, who belong to the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch</a> leaning of the movement,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highlight race and ethnicity as the core dimensions of their concept of "identity". This has led to violent rejection of "difference", Faye calling for a "total ethnic war",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a> for an "ethnic revolution" and a "war of liberation".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critics">Critics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_New_Right&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a> and Tamir Bar-On argue that the ENR is at the origin of a subtle strategy to reinvent the general framework of fascism while preserving the original fascist <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">world view</a> and ideas. They compare the metapolitical stance of ENR leaders to the strategy advocated by <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascist</a> thinker <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Maurice Bardèche</a> in his 1961 book <i>What is Fascism?</i>, where he averred that fascism could survive the 20th century in a new guise:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The famous fascist methods are constantly revised and will continue to be revised. More important than the mechanism is the idea which fascism has created for itself of man and freedom. […] With another name, another face, and with nothing which betrays the projection from the past, with the form of a child we do not recognize and the head of a young Medusa, the Order of Sparta will be reborn: and paradoxically it will, without doubt, be the last bastion of Freedom and the sweetness of living.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Maurice Bardèche</a>, <i>Qu’est-ce que le fascisme?</i> (Paris: Les Sept Couleurs, 1961), pp. 175–176.</cite></div></blockquote><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Roger_Woods" title="Roger Woods">Roger Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a> "illustrates the New Right tendency to separate what it regards as a pure version of fascism from the various attempts to put it into practice. He uncouples what he calls 'fascist style' from historical fascism, and on the basis of this distinction declares: 'I am a fascist'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods200767_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200767-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Benoist has deliberately prioritized ideas and intellectual conversation above active political activity, declaring, "The value of an idea is not defined by its designation. Ideas do not have a set party-political residency. This <a href="/wiki/Metapolitics" title="Metapolitics">metapolitical</a> approach has had a considerable impact on current populist movements that want to move beyond traditional "right-wing" and "left-wing" designations to engage in alternative conversations. For most of the twentieth century, the New Right's policy of rejecting normal political techniques and popular ideas kept them on the intellectual edges. However, the introduction of the internet as a way of disseminating information has aided the wider transmission and rising impact of New Right beliefs.  With the internet's ability to swiftly and widely disseminate information, parties like the Alt-Right have been able to accept and modify New Right ideologies. As a result, the internet has increased the exposure and effect of New Right views, allowing them to interact and combine with Alt-Right platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_New_Right&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right (Europe)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_New_Right&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 120–121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, p. 73: "Since the early 1990s, the French New Right has been influential beyond France, especially in Italy, Germany, and Belgium, and has inspired Alexander Dugin in Russia. Part of the American radical Right and “Alt Right” also claims to have been inspired by de Benoist's writings. Although this is questionable, de Benoist and Dominique Venner are also seen as the forefathers of the “identitarian” movement in Europe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LionsNorth-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LionsNorth_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTeitelbaum2017" class="citation book cs1">Teitelbaum, Benjamin R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHmuDQAAQBAJ"><i>Lions of the North: Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190212599" title="Special:BookSources/9780190212599"><bdi>9780190212599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lions+of+the+North%3A+Sounds+of+the+New+Nordic+Radical+Nationalism&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190212599&rft.aulast=Teitelbaum&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHmuDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richte-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richte_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentges, Gudrun, Gürcan Kökgiran, and Kristina Nottbohm. "Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD)–Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen." <i>Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen</i> 27, no. 3 (2014): 1-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibwatchout.blogsport.de/images/IBD1.pdf">Read online (pdf)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200120105226/http://ibwatchout.blogsport.de/images/IBD1.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201973-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201973_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minkenberg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minkenberg_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinkenberg,_Michael2000" class="citation journal cs1">Minkenberg, Michael (2000). "The Renewal of the Radical Right: Between Modernity and Anti-modernity". <i><a href="/wiki/Government_and_Opposition" title="Government and Opposition">Government and Opposition</a></i>. <b>35</b> (2): 170–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1477-7053.00022">10.1111/1477-7053.00022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=The+Renewal+of+the+Radical+Right%3A+Between+Modernity+and+Anti-modernity&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=170-188&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1477-7053.00022&rft.au=Minkenberg%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasadio2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasadio2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasadio2014">Casadio 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200725-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods200725_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2007">Woods 2007</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcyD'Erman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Marcy, Richard; D'Erman, Valerie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/jstudradi.13.2.0065">"The European "New Right" as Radical Social Innovation"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of Radicalism</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 65–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14321%2Fjstudradi.13.2.0065">10.14321/jstudradi.13.2.0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1189">1930-1189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Radicalism&rft.atitle=The+European+%E2%80%9CNew+Right%E2%80%9D+as+Radical+Social+Innovation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-90&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.13.2.0065&rft.issn=1930-1189&rft.aulast=Marcy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=D%27Erman%2C+Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.13.2.0065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2011">Bar-On 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201981-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201981_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Stéphane François">François, Stéphane</a> (2019). "Guillaume Faye and Archeofuturism". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick" title="Mark Sedgwick">Sedgwick, Mark</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0SCDwAAQBAJ"><i>Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6"><bdi>978-0-19-087760-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guillaume+Faye+and+Archeofuturism&rft.btitle=Key+Thinkers+of+the+Radical+Right%3A+Behind+the+New+Threat+to+Liberal+Democracy&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-087760-6&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0SCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZúquete2018" class="citation book cs1">Zúquete, José Pedro (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xphWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39"><i>The Identitarians: The Movement against Globalism and Islam in Europe</i></a>. University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780268104245" title="Special:BookSources/9780268104245"><bdi>9780268104245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Identitarians%3A+The+Movement+against+Globalism+and+Islam+in+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780268104245&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BAquete&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxphWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2014). "A Response to Alain de Benoist". <i>Journal for the Study of Radicalism</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.2.0123">10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1189">1930-1189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123">10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Radicalism&rft.atitle=A+Response+to+Alain+de+Benoist&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1930-1189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.2.0123%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.2.0123&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2007" class="citation book cs1">Shields, James G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eGJAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen</i></a>. Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134861118" title="Special:BookSources/9781134861118"><bdi>9781134861118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+France%3A+From+P%C3%A9tain+to+Le+Pen&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134861118&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eGJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xi_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200767-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods200767_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2007">Woods 2007</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_New_Right&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2011" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2011). "Intellectual Right - Wing Extremism – Alain de Benoist's Mazeway Resynthesis since 2000". In Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (eds.). <i>The Extreme Right in Europe</i> (1 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 333–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666369223.333">10.13109/9783666369223.333</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-36922-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-36922-7"><bdi>978-3-525-36922-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intellectual+Right+-+Wing+Extremism+%E2%80%93+Alain+de+Benoist%27s+Mazeway+Resynthesis+since+2000&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+Europe&rft.pages=333-358&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2F9783666369223.333&rft.isbn=978-3-525-36922-7&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2013" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2013). <i>Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to Modernity</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96633-1"><bdi>978-1-135-96633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+French+New+Right%3A+Alternatives+to+Modernity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96633-1&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2016" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2016). <i>Where Have All The Fascists Gone?</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351873130" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351873130"><bdi>978-1351873130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Have+All+The+Fascists+Gone%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1351873130&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamusLebourg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Camus, Jean-Yves</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Lebourg, Nicolas</a> (2017). <i>Far-Right Politics in Europe</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674971530" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674971530"><bdi>978-0674971530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Right+Politics+in+Europe&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0674971530&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Lebourg%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamus2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Camus, Jean-Yves</a> (2019). "Alain de Benoist and the New Right". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick" title="Mark Sedgwick">Sedgwick, Mark</a> (ed.). <i>Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190877613" title="Special:BookSources/9780190877613"><bdi>9780190877613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alain+de+Benoist+and+the+New+Right&rft.btitle=Key+Thinkers+of+the+Radical+Right%3A+Behind+the+New+Threat+to+Liberal+Democracy&rft.pages=73-90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190877613&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasadio2014" class="citation journal cs1">Casadio, Massimiliano Capra (2014). "The New Right and Metapolitics in France and Italy". <i>Journal for the Study of Radicalism</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 45–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.1.0045">10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1189">1930-1189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0045">10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Radicalism&rft.atitle=The+New+Right+and+Metapolitics+in+France+and+Italy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-86&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1930-1189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.1.0045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.1.0045&rft.aulast=Casadio&rft.aufirst=Massimiliano+Capra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopsey2013" class="citation journal cs1">Copsey, Nigel (2013). "Au Revoir to "Sacred Cows"? Assessing the Impact of the Nouvelle Droite in Britain". <i>Democracy and Security</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 287–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17419166.2013.792249">10.1080/17419166.2013.792249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+and+Security&rft.atitle=Au+Revoir+to+%22Sacred+Cows%22%3F+Assessing+the+Impact+of+the+Nouvelle+Droite+in+Britain&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-303&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17419166.2013.792249&rft.aulast=Copsey&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Marchi, Riccardo (2016). "The Nouvelle Droite in Portugal: a new strategy for the radical right in the transition from authoritarianism to democracy". <i>Patterns of Prejudice</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 232–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2016.1207924">10.1080/0031322X.2016.1207924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=The+Nouvelle+Droite+in+Portugal%3A+a+new+strategy+for+the+radical+right+in+the+transition+from+authoritarianism+to+democracy&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=232-252&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2016.1207924&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft.aulast=Marchi&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaguieff1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Taguieff, Pierre-André</a> (1994). <i>Sur la Nouvelle Droite: jalons d'une analyse critique</i>. Descartes et Cie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2910301026" title="Special:BookSources/978-2910301026"><bdi>978-2910301026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sur+la+Nouvelle+Droite%3A+jalons+d%27une+analyse+critique&rft.pub=Descartes+et+Cie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2910301026&rft.aulast=Taguieff&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Woods" title="Roger Woods">Woods, Roger</a> (2007). <i>Germany's New Right as Culture and Politics</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230801332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230801332"><bdi>978-0230801332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+New+Right+as+Culture+and+Politics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230801332&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_New_Right&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardèche1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche, Maurice</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5KoDQAAQBAJ"><i>Qu'est-ce que le fascisme ?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Les_Sept_couleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Sept couleurs">Les Sept couleurs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351873130" title="Special:BookSources/9781351873130"><bdi>9781351873130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qu%27est-ce+que+le+fascisme+%3F&rft.pub=Les+Sept+couleurs&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9781351873130&rft.aulast=Bard%C3%A8che&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5KoDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Benoist1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">De Benoist, Alain</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A80wswEACAAJ"><i>View from the Right</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Arktos_Media" title="Arktos Media">Arktos Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1912079971" title="Special:BookSources/978-1912079971"><bdi>978-1912079971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=View+from+the+Right&rft.pub=Arktos+Media&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1912079971&rft.aulast=De+Benoist&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA80wswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaye2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye, Guillaume</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BV7mjwEACAAJ"><i>The Colonisation of Europe</i></a>. Arktos Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910524725" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910524725"><bdi>978-1910524725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonisation+of+Europe&rft.pub=Arktos+Media&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1910524725&rft.aulast=Faye&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBV7mjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohler1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Mohler, Armin</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bSC1uwEACAAJ"><i>The Conservative Revolution in Germany, 1918–1932</i></a>. Radix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593680596" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593680596"><bdi>978-1593680596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Revolution+in+Germany%2C+1918%E2%80%931932&rft.pub=Radix&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-1593680596&rft.aulast=Mohler&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbSC1uwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+New+Right" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:European_New_Right" title="Template:European New Right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_New_Right" title="Template talk:European New Right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_New_Right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European New Right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_New_Right" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European New Right</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Yvan Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Jonathan Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Jean Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Eichberg" title="Henning Eichberg">Henning Eichberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Javier_Esparza" class="mw-redirect" title="José Javier Esparza">José Javier Esparza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Haudry" title="Jean Haudry">Jean Haudry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Götz Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">Henry de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Locchi" title="Giorgio Locchi">Giorgio Locchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lowell" title="Norman Lowell">Norman Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Jean Mabire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Michel Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Günter Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Bruno Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_M%C3%BCller" title="Baal Müller">Baal Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">François d'Orcival</a> (until 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rollet" title="Maurice Rollet">Maurice Rollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Heimo Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Troy Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Dieter Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Steuckers" title="Robert Steuckers">Robert Steuckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Suni%C4%87" title="Tomislav Sunić">Tomislav Sunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Valla" title="Jean-Claude Valla">Jean-Claude Valla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Karlheinz Weißmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Siemens_Foundation" title="Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation">Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation</a> (1964–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_l%27Horloge" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de l'Horloge">Club de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Right (UK)">New Right</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule-Seminar" title="Thule-Seminar">Thule-Seminar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_100_Flags" title="Europe of 100 Flags">Europe of 100 Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arktos_Media" title="Arktos Media">Arktos Media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TeKoS" title="TeKoS">TeKoS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski" title="Michel Poniatowski">Michel Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julius_Evola" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julius_Evola" title="Template:Julius Evola"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Julius_Evola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Julius Evola (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julius_Evola" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julius Evola"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julius_Evola" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Revolt_Against_the_Modern_World" title="Revolt Against the Modern World">Revolt Against the Modern World</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Awakening" title="The Doctrine of Awakening">The Doctrine of Awakening</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_realism_(Evola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental realism (Evola)">Transcendental realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola#Magical_idealism" title="Julius Evola">Magical idealism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European New Right</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(perennialism)" title="Traditionalism (perennialism)">Traditionalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Revolution" title="Template:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Revolution" title="Template talk:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Associated<br />people</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%BCher" title="Hans Blüher">Blüher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">E. Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">F. G. Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_Paetel" title="Karl Otto Paetel">Paetel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Quabbe" title="Georg Quabbe">Quabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatkreis" title="Tatkreis">Tatkreis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br />publications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i> (1904–1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Tat" title="Die Tat">Die Tat</a></i> (1909–1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> (1918, 1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">Storm of Steel</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Parliamentary_Democracy" title="The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy">The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widerstand_(magazine)" title="Widerstand (magazine)">Widerstand</a></i> (1926–1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolt_Against_the_Modern_World" title="Revolt Against the Modern World">Revolt Against the Modern World</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-conformists_of_the_1930s" title="Non-conformists of the 1930s">Non-conformists of the 1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement"><i>Völkisch</i> movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Youth_Movement" title="German Youth Movement">Youth Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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