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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="mw-page-title-main">Toxaphene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaf%C3%A8" title="Toxafè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toxafè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxafen" title="Toxafen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toxafen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphen" title="Toxaphen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toxaphen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxafeno" title="Toxafeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toxafeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxafeno" title="Toxafeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toxafeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaph%C3%A8ne" title="Toxaphène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toxaphène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxafene" title="Toxafene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toxafene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxafeen" title="Toxafeen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toxafeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxafeno" title="Toxafeno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toxafeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene" title="Toxaphene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Toxaphene" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Toxaphene </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toxaphen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Toxaphen.svg/220px-Toxaphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Toxaphen.svg/330px-Toxaphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Toxaphen.svg/440px-Toxaphen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="133" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">2,2,5,6-tetrachloro-1,7-bis(chloromethyl)-7-(dichloromethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Chlorocamphene, Octachlorocamphene, Polychlorocamphene, Chlorinated camphene, Camphechlor</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=8001-35-2">8001-35-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%3DC1C%28C2%28C%28C%28C1%28C2%28Cl%29Cl%29Cl%29Cl%29Cl%29Cl%29%28CCl%29CCl">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=77850">CHEBI:77850</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1339089">ChEMBL1339089</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4447533.html">4447533</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.029.348">100.029.348</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417157#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>232-283-3</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C15470">C15470</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5518">5518</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/9924JQ4D5J">9924JQ4D5J</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7021368">DTXSID7021368</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417157#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C10H10Cl8/c1-7(2)3(6(13)14)8(15)4(11)5(12)9(7,16)10(8,17)18/h3-6H,1-2H3</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: HRBUJQUHXGOSQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C=C1C(C2(C(C(C1(C2(Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)(CCl)CCl</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>10</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>10</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><sub>8</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002413790000000000♠"></span>413.79</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.65 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>65 to 90 °C (149 to 194 °F; 338 to 363 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>decomposition at 155 °C (311 °F; 428 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>0.0003% (20°C)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td>0.4 mmHg (25°C)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H301: Toxic if swallowed">H301</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H312: Harmful in contact with skin">H312</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H315: Causes skin irritation">H315</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H335: May cause respiratory irritation">H335</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H351: Suspected of causing cancer">H351</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H410</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P261</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P310: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P301+P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>noncombustible<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>75 mg/kg (oral, rabbit)<br />112 mg/kg (oral, mouse)<br />250 mg/kg (oral, guinea pig)<br />50 mg/kg (oral, rat)<sup id="cite_ref-IDLH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDLH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LC<sub>Lo</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LCLo" title="Lethal dose">lowest published</a>)</div> </td> <td>2000 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (mouse, 2 hr)<sup id="cite_ref-IDLH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDLH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> [skin]<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>Ca [skin]<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>200 mg/m<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=432143730&page2=Toxaphene">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Toxaphene</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a> used primarily for <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the late 1960s and the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_Carcinogens_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Carcinogens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine gas</a> with <a href="/wiki/Camphene" title="Camphene">camphene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saleh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be most commonly found as a yellow to amber waxy solid.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toxaphene was banned in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1990 and was banned globally by the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POPs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a very persistent chemical that can remain in the environment for 1–14 years without degrading, particularly in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testing performed on animals, mostly <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>, has demonstrated that toxaphene is harmful to animals. Exposure to toxaphene has proven to stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, as well as induce morphological changes in the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Toxaphene_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Toxaphene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toxaphene has been shown to cause adverse health effects in <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>. The main sources of exposure are through food, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, breathing contaminated air, and direct contact with contaminated soil. Exposure to high levels of toxaphene can cause damage to the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">nervous system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>, and in extreme cases, may even cause death. It is thought to be a potential <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>, though this has not yet been proven.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxaphene is a synthetic <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> mixture composed of over 670 chemicals, formed by the <a href="/wiki/Chlorination_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorination reaction">chlorination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Camphene" title="Camphene">camphene</a> (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>) to an overall chlorine content of 67–69% by weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saleh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the compounds (mostly chlorobornanes, chlorocamphenes, and other <a href="/wiki/Bicyclic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicyclic">bicyclic</a> chloroorganic compounds) found in toxaphene have <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formulas</a> ranging from C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>11</sub>Cl<sub>5</sub> to C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>, with a mean formula of C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>10</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10739064_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10739064-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Formula_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula weight">formula weights</a> of these compounds range from 308 to 551 grams/mole; the theoretical mean formula has a value of 414 grams/mole. Toxaphene is usually seen as a yellow to amber waxy <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> with a piney odor. It is highly insoluble in water but freely soluble in <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a> and readily soluble in <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatic organic solvents</a>. It is stable at room temperature and pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is volatile enough to be transported for long distances through the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10448561_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10448561-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advertisements for Toxaphene were seen in agricultural periodicals such as <i>Farm Journal</i><sup id="cite_ref-FarmJournal1950_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FarmJournal1950-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as early as 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FarmJournal1950_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FarmJournal1950-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxaphene was primarily used as a <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the late 1960s and 1970s. It was also used on small grains, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>. Outside of the realm of crops, it was also used to control ectoparasites such as <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticks">ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mange" title="Mange">mange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">scam mites</a> on <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. In some cases it was used to kill undesirable <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> species in <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>. The breakdown of usage can be summarized: 85% on <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, 7% to control <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> pests on <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, 5% on other field <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a>, 3% on <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, and less than 1% on <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_Carcinogens_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Carcinogens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded usage of toxaphene was in 1966 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Toxaphene is discussed in Silent Spring extensively and this book was published in 1962 (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and by the early to mid 1970s, toxaphene was the United States' most heavily used <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a>. Over 34 million pounds of toxaphene were used annually from 1966 to 1976. As a result of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> restrictions, annual toxaphene usage fell to 6.6 million pounds in 1982. In 1990, the EPA banned all usage of toxaphene in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_Carcinogens_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Carcinogens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxaphene is still used in countries outside the United States but much of this usage has been undocumented.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1970 and 1995, global usage of toxaphene was estimated to be 670 million kilograms (1.5 billion pounds).<sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_Carcinogens_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Carcinogens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxaphene was first produced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1947 although it was not heavily used until 1966. By 1975, toxaphene production reached its peak at 59.4 million pounds annually. Production decreased more than 90% from this value by 1982 due to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> restrictions. Overall, an estimated 234,000 metric tons (over 500 million pounds) have been produced in the United States. Between 25% and 35% of the toxaphene produced in the United States has been exported. There are currently 11 toxaphene suppliers worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_Carcinogens_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Carcinogens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When released into the environment, toxaphene can be quite persistent and exists in the <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. In water, it can evaporate easily and is fairly <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">insoluble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its solubility is 3 mg/L of water at 22 degrees <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Factsheet_Toxaphene_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Factsheet_Toxaphene-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxaphene breaks down very slowly and has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of up to 12 years in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-POPs_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most commonly found in air, soil, and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> found at the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Streams" class="mw-redirect" title="Streams">streams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be present in many parts of the world where it was never used because toxaphene is able to evaporate and travel long distances through air currents. Toxaphene can eventually be degraded, through <a href="/wiki/Reductive_dechlorination" title="Reductive dechlorination">dechlorination</a>, in the air using sunlight to break it down. The degradation of toxaphene usually occurs under <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">aerobic conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-POPs_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The levels of toxaphene have decreased since its ban. However, due to its persistence, it can still be found in the environment today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exposure">Exposure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three main paths of exposure to toxaphene are ingestion, inhalation, and absorption. For humans, the main source of toxaphene exposure is through ingested <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-POPs_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When toxaphene enters the body, it usually accumulates in <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">fatty tissues</a>. It is broken down through dechlorination and <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and the byproducts are eliminated through <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-POPs_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People that live near an area that has high toxaphene contamination are at high risk to toxaphene exposure through inhalation of contaminated air or direct skin contact with contaminated soil or water. Eating large quantities of fish on a daily basis also increases susceptibility to toxaphene exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, exposure is rare, yet possible through <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> when contaminated by toxaphene runoff from the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, toxaphene has been rarely seen at high levels in drinking water due to toxaphene's nearly complete <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">insolubility</a> in water.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Toxaphene_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Toxaphene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">marine mammals</a> have all been shown to exhibit high levels of toxaphene. People in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Canadian Arctic</a>, where a traditional diet consists of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine animals</a>, have been shown to consume ten times the accepted daily intake of toxaphene.<sup id="cite_ref-POPs_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> from <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Beluga whales">beluga whales</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> were found to have unhealthy and toxic levels of toxaphene.<sup id="cite_ref-POPs_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_humans">In humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When inhaled or ingested, sufficient quantities of toxaphene can damage the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>, and may cause <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" title="Pesticide poisoning">death</a>. The major health effects of toxaphene involve <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> stimulation leading to convulsive <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>. The dose necessary to induce nonfatal convulsions in humans is about 10 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Toxaphene_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Toxaphene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several deaths linked to toxaphene have been documented in which an unknown quantity of toxaphene was ingested intentionally or accidentally from food contamination. The deaths are attributed to <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a> failure resulting from seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-Public_Health_Goal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Public_Health_Goal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic inhalation exposure in humans results in reversible respiratory toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Toxaphene_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Toxaphene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study conducted between 1954 and 1972 of male agricultural workers and <a href="/wiki/Agronomists" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomists">agronomists</a> exposed to toxaphene and other pesticides showed that there are higher proportions of <a href="/wiki/Bronchial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchial">bronchial</a> <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a> in the test group than in the unexposed general population. However, toxaphene may not have been the main pesticide responsible for tumor production.<sup id="cite_ref-Public_Health_Goal_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Public_Health_Goal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tests on lab animals show that toxaphene causes liver and kidney cancer, so the EPA has classified it as a Group B2 carcinogen, meaning it is a probable human carcinogen. The <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> has classified it as a Group 2B carcinogen.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Toxaphene_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Toxaphene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toxaphene can be detected in blood, urine, breast milk, and body tissues if a person has been exposed to high levels, but it is removed from the body quickly, so detection has to occur within several days of exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Toxaphene_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Toxaphene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known whether toxaphene can affect reproduction in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_animals">In animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxaphene was used to treat <a href="/wiki/Mange" title="Mange">mange</a> in cattle in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the 1970s and there were reports of cattle deaths following the toxaphene treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chronic oral exposure in animals affects the liver, the kidney, the spleen, the adrenal and thyroid glands, the central nervous system, and the immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Toxaphene_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Toxaphene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxaphene stimulates the central nervous system by antagonizing neurons leading to <a href="/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(physics)" title="Hyperpolarization (physics)">hyperpolarization</a> of neurons and increased neuronal activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Public_Health_Goal_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Public_Health_Goal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxaphene has been found on at least 68 of the 1,699 <a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a> sites identified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toxaphene has been forbidden in Germany since 1980. Most uses of toxaphene were cancelled in the U.S. in 1982 with the exception of use on <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> in emergency situations, and for controlling insects on banana and pineapple crops in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>. All uses of toxaphene were cancelled in the U.S. in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Toxaphene_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Toxaphene-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toxaphene has been banned in 37 countries, including Austria, Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, the EU, India, Ireland, Kenya, Korea, Mexico, Panama, Singapore, Thailand and Tonga. Its use has been severely restricted in 11 other countries, including Argentina, Columbia, Dominica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Pakistan, South Africa, Turkey, and Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Stockholm Convention on POPs, which came into effect on 17 May 2004, twelve POPs were listed to be eliminated or their production and use restricted. The OCPs or pesticide-POPs identified on this list have been termed the "dirty dozen" and include <a href="/wiki/Aldrin" title="Aldrin">aldrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlordane" title="Chlordane">chlordane</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">dieldrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endrin" title="Endrin">endrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heptachlor" title="Heptachlor">heptachlor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexachlorobenzene" title="Hexachlorobenzene">hexachlorobenzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirex" title="Mirex">mirex</a>, and toxaphene.<sup id="cite_ref-POPs_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EPA has determined that lifetime exposure to 0.01 milligrams per liter of toxaphene in the drinking water is not expected to cause any adverse noncancer effects if the only source of exposure is drinking water,<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has established the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">maximum contaminant level</a> (MCL) of toxaphene at 0.003 mg/L. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) uses the same level for the maximum level permissible in bottled water.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_Carcinogens_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Carcinogens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDA has determined that the concentration of toxaphene in bottled drinking water should not exceed 0.003 milligrams per liter.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxaphene-ToxFAQs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> lists toxaphene as a <a href="/wiki/Hazardous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous">hazardous</a> material and has special requirements for marking, labeling, and transporting the material.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_Carcinogens_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_Carcinogens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is classified as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_extremely_hazardous_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extremely hazardous substances">extremely hazardous substance</a> in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-gov-right-know_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-right-know-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_names">Trade names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trade names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade names and synonyms include Chlorinated camphene, Octachlorocamphene, Camphochlor, Agricide Maggot Killer, Alltex, Allotox, Crestoxo, Compound 3956, Estonox, Fasco-Terpene, Geniphene, Hercules 3956, M5055, Melipax, Motox, Penphene, Phenacide, Phenatox, Strobane-T, Toxadust, Toxakil, Vertac 90%, Toxon 63, Attac, Anatox, Royal Brand Bean Tox 82, Cotton Tox MP82, Security Tox-Sol-6, Security Tox-MP cotton spray, Security Motox 63 cotton spray, Agro-Chem Brand Torbidan 28, and Dr Roger's TOXENE.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0113.html">"#0113"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230113&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxaphene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDLH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDLH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDLH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/8001352.html">"Chlorinated camphene"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=40+C.F.R.%3A+Appendix+A+to+Part+355%E2%80%94The+List+of+Extremely+Hazardous+Substances+and+Their+Threshold+Planning+Quantities&rft.edition=July+1%2C+2008&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedocket.access.gpo.gov%2Fcfr_2008%2Fjulqtr%2Fpdf%2F40cfr355AppA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxaphene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510042216/http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-soc/toxaphen.html">"Consumer Factsheet on: TOXAPHENE"</a>. <i>www.epa.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-soc/toxaphen.html">the original</a> on 2009-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Consumer+Factsheet+on%3A+TOXAPHENE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsafewater%2Fdwh%2Fc-soc%2Ftoxaphen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxaphene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxaphene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp94.pdf">ASTDR ToxFAQs for Toxaphene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0113.html">CDC - NIOSH Pocket 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title="Chlorpyrifos-methyl">Chlorpyrifos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumaphos" title="Coumaphos">Coumaphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton-S-methyl" title="Demeton-S-methyl">Demeton-S-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazinon" title="Diazinon">Diazinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorvos" title="Dichlorvos">Dichlorvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicrotophos" title="Dicrotophos">Dicrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoate" title="Dimethoate">Dimethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxathion" title="Dioxathion">Dioxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfoton" title="Disulfoton">Disulfoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethion" title="Ethion">Ethion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoprop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethoprop">Ethoprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamiphos" title="Fenamiphos">Fenamiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenitrothion" title="Fenitrothion">Fenitrothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenthion" title="Fenthion">Fenthion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosthiazate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosthiazate (page does not exist)">Fosthiazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxathion" title="Isoxathion">Isoxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methidathion" title="Methidathion">Methidathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevinphos" title="Mevinphos">Mevinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mipafox" title="Mipafox">Mipafox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrotophos" title="Monocrotophos">Monocrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naled" title="Naled">Naled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omethoate" title="Omethoate">Omethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxydemeton-methyl" title="Oxydemeton-methyl">Oxydemeton-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">Parathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathion-methyl">Parathion-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenthoate" title="Phenthoate">Phenthoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorate" title="Phorate">Phorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosalone" title="Phosalone">Phosalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosmet" title="Phosmet">Phosmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoxim" title="Phoxim">Phoxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimiphos-methyl" title="Pirimiphos-methyl">Pirimiphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinalphos" title="Quinalphos">Quinalphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schradan" title="Schradan">Schradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temefos" title="Temefos">Temefos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebupirimfos" title="Tebupirimfos">Tebupirimfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbufos" title="Terbufos">Terbufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorvinphos" title="Tetrachlorvinphos">Tetrachlorvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribufos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribufos (page does not exist)">Tribufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrifonate" title="Metrifonate">Trichlorfon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">Pyrethroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrinathrin" title="Acrinathrin">Acrinathrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allethrins" title="Allethrins">Allethrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifenthrin" title="Bifenthrin">Bifenthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioallethrin" title="Bioallethrin">Bioallethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfluthrin" title="Cyfluthrin">Cyfluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhalothrin" title="Cyhalothrin">Cyhalothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypermethrin" title="Cypermethrin">Cypermethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphenothrin" title="Cyphenothrin">Cyphenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltamethrin" title="Deltamethrin">Deltamethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empenthrin" title="Empenthrin">Empenthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfenvalerate" title="Esfenvalerate">Esfenvalerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etofenprox" title="Etofenprox">Etofenprox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpropathrin" title="Fenpropathrin">Fenpropathrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenvalerate" title="Fenvalerate">Fenvalerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumethrin" title="Flumethrin">Flumethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvalinate" title="Fluvalinate">Fluvalinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiprothrin" title="Imiprothrin">Imiprothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metofluthrin" title="Metofluthrin">Metofluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permethrin" title="Permethrin">Permethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prallethrin" title="Prallethrin">Prallethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin" title="Pyrethrin">Pyrethrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin_I" title="Pyrethrin I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin_II" title="Pyrethrin II">II</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemic_acid" title="Chrysanthemic acid">chrysanthemic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">Pyrethrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resmethrin" title="Resmethrin">Resmethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silafluofen" title="Silafluofen">Silafluofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefluthrin" title="Tefluthrin">Tefluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethrin" title="Tetramethrin">Tetramethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tralomethrin" title="Tralomethrin">Tralomethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfluthrin" title="Transfluthrin">Transfluthrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Diamide_insecticides" title="Diamide insecticides">Diamides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorantraniliprole" title="Chlorantraniliprole">Chlorantraniliprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyantraniliprole" title="Cyantraniliprole">Cyantraniliprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubendiamide" title="Flubendiamide">Flubendiamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;">Other chemicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afoxolaner" title="Afoxolaner">Afoxolaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitraz" title="Amitraz">Amitraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadirachtin" title="Azadirachtin">Azadirachtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereistoxin" title="Nereistoxin">Bensultap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprofezin" title="Buprofezin">Buprofezin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereistoxin" title="Nereistoxin">Cartap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordimeform" title="Chlordimeform">Chlordimeform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorfenapyr" title="Chlorfenapyr">Chlorfenapyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyromazine" title="Cyromazine">Cyromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenazaquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenazaquin (page does not exist)">Fenazaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoxycarb" title="Fenoxycarb">Fenoxycarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fipronil" title="Fipronil">Fipronil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluralaner" title="Fluralaner">Fluralaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydramethylnon" title="Hydramethylnon">Hydramethylnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoxacarb" title="Indoxacarb">Indoxacarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">Limonene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotilaner" title="Lotilaner">Lotilaner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lotilaner/milbemycin_oxime" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotilaner/milbemycin oxime">+milbemycin oxime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyridaben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyridaben (page does not exist)">Pyridaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriprole" title="Pyriprole">Pyriprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarolaner" title="Sarolaner">Sarolaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvants" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjuvants">Adjuvants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piperonyl_butoxide" title="Piperonyl butoxide">Piperonyl butoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesamex" title="Sesamex">Sesamex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinosad" title="Spinosad">Spinosad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfluramid" title="Sulfluramid">Sulfluramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebufenozide" title="Tebufenozide">Tebufenozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebufenpyrad" title="Tebufenpyrad">Tebufenpyrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracevine" title="Veracevine">Veracevine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthone" title="Xanthone">Xanthone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaflumizone" title="Metaflumizone">Metaflumizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine" title="Ryanodine">Ryanodine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryanodol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryanodol (page does not exist)">Ryanodol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_(chemical)" title="Oxon (chemical)">Oxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaoxon" title="Malaoxon">Malaoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCPy" title="TCPy">TCPy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Biopesticide" title="Biopesticide">Biopesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baculovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baculovirus">Baculovirus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana" title="Beauveria bassiana">Beauveria bassiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_brongniartii" title="Beauveria brongniartii">Beauveria brongniartii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isaria_fumosorosea" title="Isaria fumosorosea">Isaria fumosorosea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium_acridum" title="Metarhizium acridum">Metarhizium acridum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium_anisopliae" title="Metarhizium anisopliae">Metarhizium anisopliae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomuraea_rileyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomuraea rileyi">Nomuraea rileyi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lecanicillium_lecanii" title="Lecanicillium lecanii">Lecanicillium lecanii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paenibacillus_popilliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paenibacillus popilliae">Paenibacillus popilliae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purpureocillium_lilacinum" title="Purpureocillium lilacinum">Purpureocillium lilacinum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinosad" title="Spinosad">Spinosad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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