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clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>India</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of India.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/195px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/293px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/390px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>1,375,122,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2,946,061 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>2,116 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.645 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>6.91 (Flawed Democracy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>40 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.555 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>90 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>India</b> (Hindi: भारत, Bhārat) is a vast, very populated developing country (approximately 1.42 billion people as of 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> It is very proud of its spiritual heritage, having given the world <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. It can also be a very fractious country, which makes sense if you skim its long, politically fragmented history. </p><p>It is a vast <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> marked by important <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a>, ethnic, and linguistic divides, which have led to sporadic clashes between various groups since independence in 1947. While the country has had important episodes of conflict and endured a brief period of <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> under <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, known as "the Emergency," it remains the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, although the country underwent democratic backsliding since <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> became its Prime Minister in 2014. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Parties"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Parties</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Terrorism"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Terrorism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Internet_shutdowns"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Internet shutdowns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sikhs"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sikhs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Muslims"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Muslims</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Christians"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Christians</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Casteism"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Casteism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Kashmir"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Kashmir</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Homosexuality"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Homosexuality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Women"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">Women</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Acid_attacks"><span class="tocnumber">5.8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Acid attacks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sexual_harassment_and_rape"><span class="tocnumber">5.8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sexual harassment and rape</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Dowry"><span class="tocnumber">5.8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Dowry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Domestic_violence"><span class="tocnumber">5.8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic violence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#So_you.27ve_decided_to_reincarnate_as_a_woman_in_India_anyway"><span class="tocnumber">5.8.5</span> <span class="toctext">So you've decided to reincarnate as a woman in India anyway</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Woo_and_pseudoscience_in_India"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Woo and pseudoscience in India</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Astrology"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Astrology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Status_of_astrology_in_India"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Status of astrology in India</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Astrology_in_life"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Astrology in life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Astrologer_remedies"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Astrologer remedies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Expanse_of_belief"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Expanse of belief</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#India.27s_modern_achievements"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">India's modern achievements</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Climate_change"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate change</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Birth_rate"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Birth rate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Astronomy"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Astronomy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Science"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Science</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Dissent"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Dissent</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>India also serves as an example that shows that Eastern <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> religions are not as immune to <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a> and violence as many in the West like to believe. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> of India guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> for all. However, religion is an important factor among parts of the country's population, as seen in the success of the Hindu fundamentalist (commonly known as Hindu nationalist) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, in English, Indian People's Party), the ruling <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></sup> Additionally, religious law can govern personal matters such as <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> and inheritance, which has led to legal controversies. Indian <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> laws have also been used to punish criticism of religion, with conversion to or from any of them subject to legal hurdles. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Parties">Parties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg/275px-Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg/413px-Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg/550px-Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>US president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> addresses the Indian parliament.</div></div></div> <p>There are two major political parties in India, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" class="extiw" title="wp:Indian National Congress" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (INC) and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP). The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" class="extiw" title="wp:Communist Party of India (Marxist)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is another player in the southern state of Kerala, where, unlike its crazier Maoist cousins, it participates in parliamentary democracy and regularly (and surprisingly!) receives a large number of votes. However, many states are governed by so-called regional parties, which, more often than not, have their presence in that state only.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 2]</a></sup> For example, the states of West Bengal and Odisha in east India or the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in South India have large regional parties in power. </p><p>The INC is widely considered secular, and it has a center-left orientation in the political spectrum. However, the involvement of INC members in the anti-Sikh riots, coupled with statements of senior Congress leader Digvijay Singh where he described <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> as a negative attribute,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></sup> leaves the <a href="/wiki/Secular" title="Secular">secular</a> nature of the INC open to debate.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a> has a center-right orientation and identifies itself as more conservative. Its parent, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/RSS" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS">RSS</a> (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh), has promoted extremist <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> and religious fundamentalist views by <a href="/wiki/Cherry-picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry-picking">cherry-picking</a> from ancient Indian texts and philosophers. </p><p>Other right-wing organizations like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena" class="extiw" title="wp:Shiv Sena" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Shiv Sena">Shiv Sena</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" class="extiw" title="wp:Bajrang Dal" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></sup> and some members of VHP<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> have been involved in hatred and violence towards <a href="/wiki/Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Christians">Christians</a>. There have also been politicians who have called for violence against Hindus like Akbaruddin Owaisi. Recently one of the smaller political parties, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" class="extiw" title="wp:Aam Aadmi Party" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Aam Aadmi Party">Aam Aadmi Party</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> won the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Delhi_Legislative_Assembly_election" class="extiw" title="wp:2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election">Delhi Assembly Elections</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> against the two biggest political parties of the country, the BJP and INC. </p><p>India, along with the other seven South Asian countries, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, Bhutan, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, is part of a regional coalition named SAARC. However, there are internal hostilities between India and Pakistan in SAARC, making SAARC an ineffective multinational alliance. India is also a member of BRICS, a bloc for emerging powers, where <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, India, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> are the founding members. </p><p>India's relations with China are poor due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" class="extiw" title="wp:Sino-Indian border dispute" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Sino-Indian border dispute">ongoing border disputes</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> dating back to a war in 1962. It also doesn't help that India gave asylum to the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> after China annexed Tibet in 1959. Because of this, India's tiny Chinese community and Indians from the North East (more East Asian in appearance) face significant social discrimination. As the result of the last dispute in 2020, which turned deadly, India enacted a blanket ban on Chinese-owned software and apps. This naturally resulted in China having better relations with India's regional rivals, such as Pakistan and Sri Lanka. India has also banned the import of several Chinese goods and Chinese apps, including <a href="/wiki/TikTok" class="mw-redirect" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> and AliExpress. </p><p>In contrast, India has a far more friendly relationship with Russia, dating all the way back to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> which supported India in its wars against the US-backed Pakistan. India was also pro-Soviet Union during the Sino-Soviet split. India is currently a major client for Russian resources and technology. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_Night_City_(18219784390).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mumbai_Night_City_%2818219784390%29.jpg/250px-Mumbai_Night_City_%2818219784390%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mumbai_Night_City_%2818219784390%29.jpg/375px-Mumbai_Night_City_%2818219784390%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Mumbai_Night_City_%2818219784390%29.jpg/500px-Mumbai_Night_City_%2818219784390%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_Night_City_(18219784390).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Mumbai, India's financial center.</div></div></div> <p>After independence in 1947, India tried to implement a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>-type economy, led by their first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who was a socialist. However, it was a socialist mixed economy rather than a <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" title="Command economy">command economy</a>. India's economy was framed in this model until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. After the USSR's dissolution, India adopted the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Washington consensus</a> and started to open its markets to the private sector. As of 2020, India has the 3rd largest PPP economy globally.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup> Some have estimated that India will become an economic superpower.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></sup> Despite this, poverty is a severe problem in India. Approximately 6.7% of Indians live below the poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup> The benefits of economic liberalization have not been equitably spread, with urban centers gaining a lot more than the villages. Bureaucratic corruption is also a severe problem in India, and it makes economic progress a mere fraction of its potential. Other social issues include poor nutrition and inadequate healthcare, and economist Amartya Sen noted that India's excessive mortality due to such problems often exceeded those of China during the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao era</a>, and India never had anything close to Mao's insane policies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>India has its own currency, the Rupee<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[note 3]</a></sup> (sign: ₹; code: INR). It was the 20<sup>th</sup> most traded currency worldwide in 2013, right behind the <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> Real and the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> Rand.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>India ranks very low in terms of economic freedom.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>According to the 2021 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 18 million people are enslaved in modern-day India, or 1.4% of the population. By this estimate, India has the fourth highest prevalence of slavery but the highest absolute number of enslaved people. This includes a variety of forms of slavery, including bonded labor, forced domestic service, forced begging, forced prostitution, forced marriage, and forced recruitment for armed services.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2021 Global Hunger Index, India ranks 101 out of 116 countries, dropping from 94 the previous year. India is also behind its neighbors, with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> at 92 and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> at 76.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a></sup> There was much propaganda from government outlets denying this score, but this was debunked.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a></sup> The Modi government made no real progress in reducing hunger in India. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yudh_Abhyas-09_T-90.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yudh_Abhyas-09_T-90.JPG/330px-Yudh_Abhyas-09_T-90.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yudh_Abhyas-09_T-90.JPG/500px-Yudh_Abhyas-09_T-90.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yudh_Abhyas-09_T-90.JPG/960px-Yudh_Abhyas-09_T-90.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="2208" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yudh_Abhyas-09_T-90.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Indian tanks on exercise.</div></div></div> <p>Militarily, India is the strongest country in South Asia. The Indian military is the third-largest in the world in terms of military personnel, and the Indian Army is the second largest standing army. The Indian Navy is the fifth largest navy,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a></sup> and the Air Force is the fourth largest air force globally.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a></sup> Historically, the Indian military heavily relied upon Soviet arms and technical assistance, although it continuously developed indigenous technology. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, India has built most modern military technologies domestically or in collaboration with foreign countries. The Indian Air Force maintains approximately 1300 combat and non-combat aircraft,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></sup> the Indian Army maintains nearly 5000 main battle tanks,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a></sup> and the Indian Navy employs 155 vessels,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a></sup> including one aircraft carrier. Six nuclear-powered submarines are under construction, and the Navy is undergoing rapid modernization and expansion. Aircraft of the Indian Air Force include the 4.5 generation fighter Sukhoi Su-30MKI, which is IAF's primary air superiority aircraft. India is a <i>de facto</i> nuclear power. At present, India possesses two intermediate-range ballistic missiles: Agni II with a range of 2,000–2,500 km and Agni III with a range of 3,500 km. India is developing an intercontinental ballistic missile named Surya.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>There are concerns about <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations associated with the Indian military. The Indian Peacekeeping Force in Sri Lanka is accused of human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a></sup> According to the Human Right Watch, </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Attacks on civilians by militant groups<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[note 4]</a></sup> and Indian security forces continued unabated before and after the change in government. Notwithstanding the repeal of POTA,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[note 5]</a></sup> the government continues to use other legislation to shield security forces from accountability. Indian military, paramilitary, and police forces have engaged in serious human rights abuses not just in conflict-zones such as <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[note 6]</a></sup> but also when dealing with criminal suspects and detainees.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terrorism">Terrorism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terrorism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>India is a target of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> from several militant groups. The primary ones are <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmiri</a> Separatists, Islamist fundamentalists, Naxals (<a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> promoters, and other separatist movements mainly in the far north-eastern states. <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> separatists in Nagaland reached a tentative peace in 2015 after decades of insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a></sup> Allegedly, some groups of Islamist terrorists are trained and funded by India's rival, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. There was also a Sikh insurgency that has been largely crushed. </p><p>India accounts for the fourth-highest number of deaths due to terrorist activities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Keeping_Watch.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keeping_Watch.jpg/330px-Keeping_Watch.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keeping_Watch.jpg/500px-Keeping_Watch.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keeping_Watch.jpg/960px-Keeping_Watch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="1783" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Keeping_Watch.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Indian soldier guarding a checkpoint in Kashmir.</div></div></div> <p>India has a mixed record on human rights: since independence, there have been periods when they have been under grave threat. This includes the Emergency of 1975-77 when human rights and the rule of law were suspended, and India ruled by decree; at the same time, a mass sterilization campaign saw many men sterilized against their will.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a></sup> Narendra Modi's government seems to threaten a similar era of rights abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a></sup> India's minorities, including non-Hindu religious groups such as <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> and lower-caste Hindus, have seen changes in their status. Different governments have alternately tried to provide help and victimized or scapegoated them. </p><p>Since Modi's arrival in 2014, India's score on Freedom House's Freedom in the World Index fell from 77/100 (Free)<sup id="cite_ref-FreedomHouse2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreedomHouse2014-34">[28]</a></sup> to 67 (Partly Free) in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a></sup> Indian <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>'s score went down drastically, from 49 (Partly Free) in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-FreedomHouse2014_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreedomHouse2014-34">[28]</a></sup> to 27 (Not Free) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a></sup> India's ranking on the EIU Democracy Index has also fallen, from 27 in 2014 to 53 in 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a></sup> now being dubbed a "flawed democracy". India's V-Dem Democracy ratings also tell a similar tale, classifying India as an "electoral autocracy" leading the "third wave of autocratisation".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internet_shutdowns">Internet shutdowns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internet shutdowns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>India has the highest number of internet shutdowns anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a></sup> In 2020, more than 70% of global internet shutdowns happened in India alone.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></sup> Most of these shutdowns were found to not be following the law.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a></sup> </p><p>These internet shutdowns have been shunned by experts as 'economic self-harm', leading the Indian economy to suffer billions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a></sup> </p><p>Most of these shutdowns happened in Kashmir after the <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi#Repealing_of_Article_370" title="Narendra Modi">abrogation of Article 370</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sikhs">Sikhs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sikhs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Sikhs are concentrated mainly in the province of Punjab. An <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab">insurgency</a> in the early 1980s saw the Golden Temple in Amritsar being occupied by Militants and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star">three-day battle</a> to remove them, leaving hundreds dead, including a high number of civilian casualties. The attack on the temple was seen by Sikhs worldwide as an attack on the Sikh religion fueling the insurgency, leading to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi">assassination</a> of Indira Gandhi and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots">the 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots</a> seeing the deaths of between 8,000 and 17,000 Sikhs. Extremist violence and terrorism targeting Sikhs and Hindus would continue for 10 years, eventually petering out with diminishing public support and operations by security services. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Muslims">Muslims</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Muslims">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>India also has a mixed record in how it treats its Muslim minority. This includes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" class="extiw" title="wp:2002 Gujarat riots" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which saw 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus killed, widespread rape and looting, and destruction of homes; Narendra Modi was Chief Minister of Gujarat at the time and is accused of allowing the murder of hundreds of Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a></sup> In 2018 the US State Department condemned India's treatment of Muslims in its annual report on religious freedom, condemning mob violence and possible collusion by the police.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Christians">Christians</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christians">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Being one of the few <i>actual</i> persecution cases of that kind, there has been a drastic increase in violence against the Christian minority since the late '90s. Notably, in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> organizations incited violence in the Kandhamal district of Orissa with the deaths of 36 Christians and the destruction of 365 churches and 3906 households.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Casteism">Casteism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casteism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Casteism.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/e/e0/Casteism.jpg/200px-Casteism.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/e/e0/Casteism.jpg/300px-Casteism.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/e/e0/Casteism.jpg/400px-Casteism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="540" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Casteism.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts#Vedas" title="List of Hindu texts">Rig Veda 10.90.12</a>: The Brahman was his mouth, of both his arms was the Rājanya made. His thighs became the Vaiśya, from his feet the Śūdra was produced.</div></div></div> <p>Though discrimination based on caste is illegal, there is a long history of violence between castes, involving higher castes and low-caste people.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a></sup> </p><p>India comprises 9% Scheduled Tribes, 20% Dalits, 41% Other Backward Classes, and only 30% of the Forward Caste.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a></sup> Despite this... </p> <ul><li>Intercaste marriages in India only make up around 5.8% of all marriages in India, although when the groom's mother was more educated, this was found to go up.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a></sup> <ul><li>A survey from 2018 asked non-Dalits whether there "should be a law preventing high caste and low caste people from marrying each other?" Support for such a law ranged from 60% in rural Rajasthan and 40% in India's capital, Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>They are underrepresented in the Indian legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a></sup></li> <li>Similarly, qualified SC candidates are less likely to be hired than the general category ones.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The biggest caste survey in 2014 showed that 1 in 4 Indians practiced untouchability, with more than 52% of Brahmins and 24% of non-Brahmin upper castes who practiced untouchability. The upper castes have also brought their casteism abroad. Even for 'educated' ones with post-grad education, 48% and 27% still practiced untouchability.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a></sup> Untouchability is not a savage practice long gone since the 1900s; this is 67 years after India's independence. </p><p>In many schools, in the absence of sweepers, Dalit girls are made to clean the school toilets.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a></sup> Government schools still divide students into rows based on their caste.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kashmir">Kashmir</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kashmir">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi#Repealing_of_Article_370" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi § Repealing of Article 370</a></div> <p>In 2019 Modi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" class="extiw" title="wp:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">suspended the autonomy</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and enforced martial law to curb militancy in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a></sup> This led to large protests, which led to a few deaths. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Homosexuality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Unofficial_Pride_flag_India.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Unofficial_Pride_flag_India.png/250px-Unofficial_Pride_flag_India.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Unofficial_Pride_flag_India.png/330px-Unofficial_Pride_flag_India.png 2x" data-file-width="5625" data-file-height="3750" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Unofficial_Pride_flag_India.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Indian Pride Flag</div></div></div> <p>Historically, since ancient times, <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> have been recognized in India.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a></sup> Upon British rule, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> was made illegal and was classified as "carnal intercourse against the order of nature", punishable by imprisonment from 10 years to life. Some journalists have argued that the Victorian-era values imposed by the <a href="/wiki/British" class="mw-redirect" title="British">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialist">colonialists</a> have influenced this <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> and the anti-gay laws.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a></sup> Leaders of the Indian National Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a></sup> Aam Aadmi Party,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a></sup> the Communist Party of India (Marxist),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a></sup> and even the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a></sup> have voiced support for the legalization of homosexuality. In 1996 a film named <i>Fire</i> caused a lot of controversy in India due to its positive portrayal of lesbianism. In 2009, a court order was passed removing the bans on gay sex imposed by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a></sup> However, on 11 December 2013, the Indian Supreme Court overturned the 2009 court order and re-criminalized gay sex, saying it was an issue to be dealt with in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a></sup> However, in 2017, new judges in the Indian Supreme Court determined there was a right to privacy in the constitution, and in 2018 they said gay sex is not wrong and have reversed the verdict on the section, saying it would be decided in a few months.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>However, marriage equality and same-sex unions are still not recognized by the Indian government. </p><p>On 6 September 2018, the bans on homosexuality were ruled unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Women">Women</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3.2519_Nepalese-mother1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/3.2519_Nepalese-mother1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="294" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="294" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:3.2519_Nepalese-mother1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Nepalese mother searching for her kidnapped daughter in Mumbai.</div></div></div> <p>It is not unusual for <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a> to hold high office and positions of influence and the height of the <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">glass ceiling</a> is roughly comparable to that in Western countries. However, the patriarchy remains dominant, and gender-specific crimes against women are shockingly prevalent. </p><p>Female foeticide is also prevalent, with most Indians preferring sons over daughters, seeing them as 'liabilities' and sons as 'investments'.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a></sup> One report ranks India the "fourth most dangerous country for women."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Acid_attacks">Acid attacks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acid attacks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Acid_attacks" title="Acid attacks">Acid attacks</a></div> <p>"If you love something, set it free. If it comes back, it's yours. If it doesn't, <s>it never was</s> mutilate it beyond recognition" appears to be the philosophy of many lovestruck Indian men. Acid attacks are almost solely revenge attacks against women who spurn the advances or proposals of the attacker (or who seek a divorce). The extent of permanent disfigurement is equivalent to 3<sup>rd</sup>-degree burns and often results in blindness and a life behind closed doors. Like most other crimes listed here, acid attacks rose in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a></sup> but dropped since 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sexual_harassment_and_rape">Sexual harassment and rape</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sexual harassment and rape">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p><i>Eve Teasing</i> is a blanket term commonly used to describe all manner of sexual harassment ranging from catcalls to violent sexual assault. Even the media uses the term, and, needless to say, it trivializes the gravity of crimes being reported. </p><p>Much sexual harassment happens in the workplace. Much happens in public. We aren't just talking about wolf whistles. We are talking about fatal <a href="/wiki/Rape#gang_rape" title="Rape">gang rape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Dowry">Dowry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dowry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <dl><dd><i>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India" class="extiw" title="wp:Dowry system in India" rel="nofollow">Dowry system in India</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p>Despite being outlawed for 50 years,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a></sup> the practice is still widespread. If payment from the bride's family is not forthcoming, the groom's family (or the groom himself) may seek violent redress, often resulting in death. "Kitchen fires" happen with alarming frequency in households where a dowry dispute occurs. </p><p>Thousands of women die in India each year due to dowry abuse. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Domestic_violence">Domestic violence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Domestic violence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Around 50% of women justify men beating their wives.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="So_you've_decided_to_reincarnate_as_a_woman_in_India_anyway"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="So_you.27ve_decided_to_reincarnate_as_a_woman_in_India_anyway">So you've decided to reincarnate as a woman in India anyway</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: So you've decided to reincarnate as a woman in India anyway">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Of course, the trials and tribulations of being a woman in India can be easily avoided if you get aborted first. We are not referring to <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a> <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> here; the mother rarely has a say in the matter. Systemic termination of female fetuses and newborns has a long history in India, and it continues today, despite the government declaring it illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a></sup> There are two principal reasons for this. Males are traditionally the breadwinners, and prospective parents have a better chance of being financially provided for in their dotage. The second reason is dowry. Receiving a dowry is more attractive than paying one. </p><p>If you survive birth or infanticide, you stand a 27% chance of being married off while still a minor.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a></sup> The practice has been outlawed since 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a></sup> but hey, Rome wasn't built in a day. Notably, the 1929 law fixed girls' marriage age at 14, but it was amended in 1940 to 18. The age of consent is 18 for unmarried girls but 16 for married girls making forced marriage easier.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a></sup> </p><p>Becoming a child bride isn't the worst that could happen. Child trafficking for forced labor, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, or domestic servitude (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>) is a thriving industry that victimizes India's poor and marginalized communities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Woo_and_pseudoscience_in_India">Woo and pseudoscience in India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Woo and pseudoscience in India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Varanasi_pharmacy_-_0830.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/India_-_Varanasi_pharmacy_-_0830.jpg/330px-India_-_Varanasi_pharmacy_-_0830.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/India_-_Varanasi_pharmacy_-_0830.jpg/500px-India_-_Varanasi_pharmacy_-_0830.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/India_-_Varanasi_pharmacy_-_0830.jpg/960px-India_-_Varanasi_pharmacy_-_0830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="2319" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Varanasi_pharmacy_-_0830.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Homeopathic "pharmacy" in Varanasi.</div></div></div> <p>India has significantly contributed to STEM in fields such as medicine, engineering<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[note 7]</a></sup>, metallurgy, mathematics, etc. Article 51A(h) of the constitution of India states that it is a fundamental duty of an Indian to to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. Hopefully, nobody thinks that the world's largest constitution is plagiarized from foreign countries. </p><p>Established religious beliefs aside, much <a href="/wiki/Woo" title="Woo">woo</a> is accepted and practiced in India. In poor, rural regions, you may still find people subject to attacks based on accusations of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. Medical <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> is widely accepted. Standing up to scientific scrutiny simply doesn't enter the picture. A relatively more recent "medical practice", <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a>, has gained widespread popularity. India has at least one large hospital devoted to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Unani" title="Unani">Unani</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Heroic_medicine" title="Heroic medicine">heroic medicine</a>. The health and well-being of millions of Indians are compromised daily because of the pervasiveness of many such superstitions. </p><p>A peculiar aspect of Indian politics is that many politicians pay homage to religious leaders in their ashrams, not just to traditional Hindu or Muslim leaders but even to transparent charlatans like the late charismatic <a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a>. The organizations of the latter were involved in a lot of <a href="/wiki/Charity" title="Charity">charity</a>. </p><p>Some Indian gurus formed with their ashrams a state within a state, but there seems to be some change to it lately after fraudulent "gurus" such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaram" class="extiw" title="wp:Asaram" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Asaram">Asaram Bapu</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmeet_Ram_Rahim_Singh" class="extiw" title="wp:Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh">Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> were arrested for sexual assault. Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh has been convicted in a murder case and two rape cases as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rice_puller" title="Rice puller">Rice pullers</a> and other bizarre scams abound to fleece the unwary. </p><p>Religious tradition has made it taboo to eat the world's <a href="/wiki/Delicious" class="mw-redirect" title="Delicious">tastiest</a> animal that isn't <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>. A workaround for this is eating buffalo, <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">which isn't the same thing</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Astrology">Astrology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Astrology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Status_of_astrology_in_India">Status of astrology in India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Status of astrology in India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>India's belief in Astrology is unique because of its expansiveness and scientific status. The usage of the phrases like real astrology or scientific astrology is widespread. These phrases distinguish scripturally learned astrologers from the 'unscientific' ones. Basically, it is to distinguish between someone who would blatantly look stupid from those who behave like they know what they are doing. Indian space research, considered at the forefront of scientific advancement, is making quick and appreciable progress. However, even scientists at the formidable Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have indulged in ritualistic astrological practices.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a></sup> This could seem contradictory to a scientist somewhere other than India, but this is the nature of the Indian mindset.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Astrology_in_life">Astrology in life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Astrology in life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Astrology plays a vital role in match-making throughout India. Prospective grooms' and brides' horoscopes are matched before they get married. There are doshams (faults) in horoscopes that need remediation also. These doshams are also said to lead to spouse deaths. Incredibly primitive rituals are also followed for remediation many times, like getting ritually married to trees or animals before the actual marriage. These are not rare occurrences. Astrologers promise everything to their clients, e.g., better pay, better business, good-looking spouse, resolution of disputes, disposal of enemies, etc. Marriage, birth, death, and other emotionally challenging life events make astrologer a major market. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Astrologer_remedies">Astrologer remedies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Astrologer remedies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The most common remedy is doing a Pooja (ritual prayer), which is done by a designated priest. Another prevalent remedy is wearing stones to placate/strengthen a strong/weak celestial body in your horoscope. All the celestial bodies, e.g., Mars, Jupiter, Moon, etc., have their own respective stones. This is a vast market in India. It is widespread to see Indian people wearing rings with stones on their fingers. Remedies go from benign to harmful and play on the believers' psychological weakness. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Expanse_of_belief">Expanse of belief</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Expanse of belief">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>It is a myth that only Hindus in India believe in Astrology. It is a commonly and diversely held belief. Typically, Muslims, Christians, and other religions in India commonly believe in Astrology. Diversely because no one text or belief system is followed. Belief systems are very different.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p> <h2><span id="India's_modern_achievements"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="India.27s_modern_achievements">India's modern achievements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: India's modern achievements">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate_change">Climate change</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li>Five years after the Paris climate accord, India is the only G20 nation to meet the emission target of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>India is the only developing country to get into the Top 10 in CCPI (Climate Change Performance Index) 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a></sup></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Birth_rate">Birth rate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Birth rate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li>The birth rate in India is falling rapidly, currently at 2.3.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a></sup> While India is still relatively young and thus will continue to grow quite a bit, it's quickly leveling off.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Astronomy">Astronomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Astronomy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></div> <p>Despite being a developing country, India is one of the major superpowers in the space industry. India’s own government space agency is ISRO. Some of its achievements are... </p> <ul><li>The MOM (Mars Orbiter Mission) or <i>Mangalyaan</i> (Mars-Craft in Sanskrit) made India the 4th nation to go to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a></sup> It cost the Indian government only 74 million dollars, which is lower than the budget of most Hollywood movies, and just 11% of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>’s Mars Orbiter Missions, making it the cheapest Mars mission in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ibtimes20131105_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibtimes20131105-90">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ndtv20131105_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndtv20131105-91">[84]</a></sup></li> <li>On 18 June 2016, ISRO launched twenty satellites in a single vehicle, and on 15 February 2017, ISRO launched one hundred and four satellites in a single rocket (PSLV-C37), another unbeaten world record.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barry_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-93">[86]</a></sup></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Science">Science</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Science">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li>India lies third in the quantity of peer-reviewed publications.</li> <li>It has the third-largest pharmaceutical exports.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dissent">Dissent</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Dissent">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li>Indian farmers and workers pulled off the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Indian_farmers%27_protest" class="extiw" title="wp:2020 Indian farmers' protest" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 2020 Indian farmers' protest">largest one-day strike</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> on 26 November 2020 to protest against changes to labor laws and attempts to suppress farmers' rights. <ul><li>On 19 November 2021, Narendra Modi repealed the controversial farm laws after a year of protests.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>After killing millions of citizens through overconfidence and negligence and covering it up by underreporting cases, silencing dissent, and playing the blame game, the following of Modi’s personality cult is at an all-time low due to the mishandling of the coronavirus crisis in India.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_Cannaught_Place,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Skyline_of_Cannaught_Place%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/225px-Skyline_of_Cannaught_Place%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Skyline_of_Cannaught_Place%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/338px-Skyline_of_Cannaught_Place%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Skyline_of_Cannaught_Place%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/450px-Skyline_of_Cannaught_Place%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="866" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Skyline of Cannaught Place, the financial centre of New Delhi. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_cuisine-01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Indian_cuisine-01.jpg/225px-Indian_cuisine-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Indian_cuisine-01.jpg/338px-Indian_cuisine-01.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Indian_cuisine-01.jpg/450px-Indian_cuisine-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>An Indian meal. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_(Harmandir_Sahib)_in_Amritsar,_India.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/225px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/338px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/450px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Sikh man at the Golden Temple in Amritsar. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:57.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden,_Namchi,_Sikkim.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg/225px-Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="140" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg/338px-Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg/450px-Cherry_Resort_inside_Temi_Tea_Garden%2C_Namchi%2C_Sikkim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="2804" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Tea plantation in Sikkim. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_health_workers_in_India_(34332433890).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg/225px-Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg/338px-Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg/450px-Female_health_workers_in_India_%2834332433890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Female health workers working to vaccinate people. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:53px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg/225px-Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg/338px-Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg/450px-Aks_The_Reflection_Taj_Mahal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Taj Mahal </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Thackeray" title="Bal Thackeray">Bal Thackeray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cremo" title="Michael Cremo">Michael Cremo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmukta" title="Nirmukta">Nirmukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Of course, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Americans</a> among us <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">can't exactly criticize them for that</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has two provinces, Saskatchewan and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, who are currently run by their own regional parties, both conservative: the Saskatchewan Party and the Coalition Avenir Quebec.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Legend-Of-Zelda-Rupees-inspired-from-the-Indian-Rupees">Hiya!</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Insurgent groups operating in India against the Indian government</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prevention of Terrorism Act, a controversial act which was criticized by human rights activists for human rights violations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A disputed territory which is the source of military conflicts between India and Pakistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">It's not like they could have chosen Arts or Commerce </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/">https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/india/28368698_1_savarkar-national-flag-digvijay-singh">http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/india/28368698_1_savarkar-national-flag-digvijay-singh</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/india/568410/how-the-congress-tarnished-its-secular-image-and-its-credibility-to-oppose-hindutva/">How the Congress tarnished its secular image — and its credibility to oppose Hindutva</a>, Quartz India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.mashable.com/culture/3119/perks-of-being-an-atheist-while-politicians-promote-communal-divide">Perks Of Being An Atheist While Politicians Promote Communal Divide</a> by Pramit Chaterjee</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Sena#Activities_and_criticism" class="extiw" title="wp:Shiv Sena" rel="nofollow">Shiv Sena § Activities and criticism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal#Controversies" class="extiw" title="wp:Bajrang Dal" rel="nofollow">Bajrang Dal § Controversies</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad#Other_activities" class="extiw" title="wp:Vishva Hindu Parishad" rel="nofollow">Vishva Hindu Parishad § Other activities</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121213639165032371.html?mod=googlenews_wsj"><i>The Wall Street Journal</i>: India Defies Turmoil With Growth of 8.8%</a> May 31, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiaeveryday.in/fullnews-india-to-become-economic-superpower-by-2030-us-1003-4809942.htm">India inching closer to China, will be an eco powerhouse by 2030: US report</a> December 11, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/30418/9781464813306_Ch01.pdf">World Bank Report 2018, Chapter 1, page 26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiener, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38">"How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx13fx.pdf">Triennial Central Bank Survey, Foreign exchange turnover in April 2013: preliminary global results</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-ranks-fourth-in-global-slavery-survey/articleshow/52528778.cms">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-ranks-fourth-in-global-slavery-survey/articleshow/52528778.cms</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html">https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/12/02/hunger-games-decoding-the-global-hunger-index-and-the-government-response-it-elicited">https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/12/02/hunger-games-decoding-the-global-hunger-index-and-the-government-response-it-elicited</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/navy-intro.htm">GlobalSecurity.org: Indian Navy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/airforce.htm">GlobalSecurity.org: Indian Air Force</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/">Bharat Rakshak</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=/getahead/2008/apr/17career.htm">rediff.com: Are you cut out for a career in the Armed Forces?</a> April 17, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=112159&d=27&m=7&y=2008">Arab News: Two Saudi warships to visit India</a> July 27, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missilethreat.com/thethreat/pageID.246/default.asp">MISSLETHREAT.com: The Threat from India</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uthr.org/history.htm">uthr.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/naga-movement-a-brief-history_2999.html">"Naga movement: A brief history and peace accord with the Indian government"</a>, Zee News, 4 Aug 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-india-fourth-most-terror-affected-country-in-the-world/20121207.htm">http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-india-fourth-most-terror-affected-country-in-the-world/20121207.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" class="extiw" title="wp:The Emergency (India)" rel="nofollow">The Emergency (India)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/in-1976-more-than-6-million-men-in-india-were-coerced-into-sterilization">In 1976, more than 6 million men in India were coerced into sterilization</a>, Mel Magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/08/narendra-modi-bjp-india">A new India is emerging, and it is a country ruled by fear</a>, Amit Chaudhuri, The Guardian, 8 Oct 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreedomHouse2014-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FreedomHouse2014_34-0">28.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FreedomHouse2014_34-1">28.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf">https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2022">https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/indian-kashmir/freedom-world/2021">https://freedomhouse.org/country/indian-kashmir/freedom-world/2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-falls-to-53rd-position-in-eius-democracy-index-dubbed-as-flawed-democracy/articleshow/80665859.cms">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-falls-to-53rd-position-in-eius-democracy-index-dubbed-as-flawed-democracy/articleshow/80665859.cms</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thewire.in/rights/india-no-longer-democracy-electoral-autocracy-v-dem-institute-report-bjp-narendra-modi">https://thewire.in/rights/india-no-longer-democracy-electoral-autocracy-v-dem-institute-report-bjp-narendra-modi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://internetshutdowns.in/">https://internetshutdowns.in/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.accessnow.org/keepiton-report-india-shuts-down-internet-more-than-any-other-nation-on-earth//">https://www.accessnow.org/keepiton-report-india-shuts-down-internet-more-than-any-other-nation-on-earth//</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-of-global-internet-shutdowns-in-2020-were-in-india-report/articleshow/81321980.cms">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/70-of-global-internet-shutdowns-in-2020-were-in-india-report/articleshow/81321980.cms</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/10/29/in-india-are-internet-shutdowns-in-accordance-with-law-not-always">https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/10/29/in-india-are-internet-shutdowns-in-accordance-with-law-not-always</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/current-affairs/internet-shutdowns-bleeding-businesses-hitting-country-s-image-121120900067_1.html">https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/current-affairs/internet-shutdowns-bleeding-businesses-hitting-country-s-image-121120900067_1.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13170914">Narendra Modi 'allowed' Gujarat 2002 anti-Muslim riots</a>, BBC News, 22 Apr 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-muslims-mob-attacks-us-report-state-department-narendra-modi-a8970911.html">India's treatment of Muslims condemned by US government report</a>, Independent, 23 Jun 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/892641/in-photos-damaged-churches-broken-homes-are-the-lingering-scars-of-the-2008-kandhamal-riots">In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" class="extiw" title="wp:Caste-related violence in India" rel="nofollow">Caste-related violence in India</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1001016/india-population-share-by-caste/">https://www.statista.com/statistics/1001016/india-population-share-by-caste/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/inter-caste-marriage-india-groom-mother-educated-study/526481/">https://theprint.in/opinion/inter-caste-marriage-india-groom-mother-educated-study/526481/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322492420_Explicit_prejudice_Evidence_from_a_new_survey">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322492420_Explicit_prejudice_Evidence_from_a_new_survey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-70-years-of-indian-judiciary-opinion-composition-terribly-skewed-higher-levels-bastion-of-upper-caste-males/302658">https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-70-years-of-indian-judiciary-opinion-composition-terribly-skewed-higher-levels-bastion-of-upper-caste-males/302658</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/one-in-four-indians-admit-to-practising-untouchability-biggest-caste-survey/">https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/one-in-four-indians-admit-to-practising-untouchability-biggest-caste-survey/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dalit-girls-clean-school-toilets-sweepers-jaipur-swachch-bharat-abhiyan-240934-2015-02-19">https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dalit-girls-clean-school-toilets-sweepers-jaipur-swachch-bharat-abhiyan-240934-2015-02-19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/in-rural-gujarat-schools-cleaning-toilets-is-still-the-job-of-dalit-students/373553/">http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/in-rural-gujarat-schools-cleaning-toilets-is-still-the-job-of-dalit-students/373553/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-school-students-divide-mid-day-meals-on-caste-basis/articleshow/43032900.cms">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-school-students-divide-mid-day-meals-on-caste-basis/articleshow/43032900.cms</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://time.com/5832256/kashmir-lockdown-coronavirus/">https://time.com/5832256/kashmir-lockdown-coronavirus/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.galva108.org/single-post/2014/05/15/Homosexuality-Hinduism-the-Third-Gender-A-Summary">https://www.galva108.org/single-post/2014/05/15/Homosexuality-Hinduism-the-Third-Gender-A-Summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/sep/18/gayrights.books">The Guardian: India's literary elite call for anti-gay law to be scrapped</a> September 17, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/campaigns-politics/india-section-377-homosexuality/">Lesbilicious: India debates legality of homosexuality</a> October 15, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-12/gandhi-slams-india-court-on-gay-rights-in-shift-for-ruling-party.html">Bloomberg: Gandhi Slams India Court on Gay Rights in Shift for Ruling Party</a> December 12, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/no-ban-on-gay-sex-says-aap-13863.html">India TV: No ban on gay sex, says AAP</a> December 13, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pd.cpim.org/2002/feb10/02102002_aidwa.htm">People's Democracy: AIDWA Welcomes SC Directive</a> February 10, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-must-review-Sec-377-ruling-allow-gay-relationships-Jaitley-Chidambaram/articleshow/49965445.cms">SC must review Sec 377 ruling, allow gay relationships: Jaitley, Chidambaram</a> November 29, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newser.com/story/63362/india-legalizes-gay-sex.html">newser: India Legalizes Gay Sex</a> July 2, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_(1996_film)" class="extiw" title="wp:Fire (1996 film)" rel="nofollow"><i>Fire</i> (1996 film)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-sets-aside-delhi-hc-verdict-decriminalising-gay-sex/article5446939.ece?homepage=true">The Hindu: Supreme Court sets aside Delhi HC verdict decriminalising gay sex</a> December 12, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45429664">India court legalises gay sex in landmark ruling</a>, BBC News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dw.com/en/why-many-indians-prefer-sons-over-daughters/a-42385733">https://www.dw.com/en/why-many-indians-prefer-sons-over-daughters/a-42385733</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/F3HC">The World's Five Most Dangerous Countries for Women</a>. Archived from the original at trust.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7270568.stm">India's acid victims demand justice</a>. BBC, 9 April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2016/pdfs/NEWPDFs/Crime%20in%20India%20-%202016%20Complete%20PDF.pdf">Crime in India - 2016</a>. National Crimes Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs (India).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2017/pdfs/CII2017-Full.pdf">Crime in India - 2017</a>. National Crimes Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs (India).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/30/world/asia/india-rape-delhi.html">Six Charged With Murder in India After Rape Victim’s Death</a> by Heather Timmons, Niharika Mandhana and Sruthi Gottipati, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcd.nic.in/dowryprohibitionact.htm">Dowry Prohibition Act</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/11/28/kerala-women-52-percent-justify-man-beating-wife-national-family-health-survey.html">https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/11/28/kerala-women-52-percent-justify-man-beating-wife-national-family-health-survey.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-loses-3-million-girls-in-infanticide/article3981575.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-loses-3-million-girls-in-infanticide/article3981575.ece</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/india-witnesses-one-of-the-highest-female-infanticide-incidents-in-the-world-54803">https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/india-witnesses-one-of-the-highest-female-infanticide-incidents-in-the-world-54803</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/sowc-2019-statistical-tables/">Table 11, Child Protection, UNICEF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Marriage_Restraint_Act" class="extiw" title="wp:Child Marriage Restraint Act" rel="nofollow">Child Marriage Restraint Act</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiaspend.com/making-sense-of-breaking-news/govt-stands-by-1949-law-allowing-men-sex-with-15-yr-old-wives-42145">Govt Stands By 1949 Law Allowing Men Sex With 15-Yr-Old Wives</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cry.org/issues-views/child-trafficking"><i>Child Trafficking and You.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jailed-godman-gurmeet-ram-rahim-convicted-in-murder-of-journalist-1976311">https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jailed-godman-gurmeet-ram-rahim-convicted-in-murder-of-journalist-1976311</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-opinion-was-isro-chief-right-in-offering-prayers-ahead-of-chandrayaan-2-launch/334944">https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-opinion-was-isro-chief-right-in-offering-prayers-ahead-of-chandrayaan-2-launch/334944</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/09/25/351373672/in-india-scientific-prowess-and-fascination-with-astrology-co-exist">https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/09/25/351373672/in-india-scientific-prowess-and-fascination-with-astrology-co-exist</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/5-years-after-paris-agreement-on-climate-change-only-india-set-to-achieve-emission-target-where-do-other-countries-stand">5 years after Paris climate accord, India only G20 nation to meet emission target - Where do other countries stand?</a> by FPJ Web Desk (Thursday, November 19, 2020, 11:19 AM IST) <i>Free Press Journal</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccpi.org/">CCPI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-fertility-rate-more-than-halves-over-40-years/article19124554.ece">India fertility rate halves over 40 years</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChang2013" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Jon M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=India+Launches+Mars+Orbiter+Mission%2C+Heralds+New+Space+Race&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2Findia-launches-mars-orbiter-mission%2Fstory%3Fid%3D20793860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibtimes20131105-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ibtimes20131105_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.in/india-successfully-launches-first-mission-to-mars-pm-congratulates-isro-team-photos-519719">"India Successfully Launches First Mission to Mars; PM Congratulates ISRO Team"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=India+Successfully+Launches+First+Mission+to+Mars%3B+PM+Congratulates+ISRO+Team&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.in%2Findia-successfully-launches-first-mission-to-mars-pm-congratulates-isro-team-photos-519719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ndtv20131105-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ndtv20131105_91-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFBhatt2013" class="citation news cs1">Bhatt, Abhinav (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/india-s-450-crore-mission-to-mars-to-begin-today-10-facts-441410">"India's 450-crore mission to Mars to begin today: 10 facts"</a>. <i>NDTV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=India%27s+450-crore+mission+to+Mars+to+begin+today%3A+10+facts&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Abhinav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Fcheat-sheet%2Findia-s-450-crore-mission-to-mars-to-begin-today-10-facts-441410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-sends-record-104-satellites-in-one-go-becomes-the-first-country-to-do-so/articleshow/57159365.cms">"ISRO sends record 104 satellites in one go, becomes the first to do so"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215203556/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-sends-record-104-satellites-in-one-go-becomes-the-first-country-to-do-so/articleshow/57159365.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=ISRO+sends+record+104+satellites+in+one+go%2C+becomes+the+first+to+do+so.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fisro-sends-record-104-satellites-in-one-go-becomes-the-first-country-to-do-so%2Farticleshow%2F57159365.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barry_93-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFBarry2017" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Ellen (15 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/world/asia/india-satellites-rocket.html">"India Launches 104 Satellites From a Single Rocket, Ramping Up a Space Race"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405215039/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/world/asia/india-satellites-rocket.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+Launches+104+Satellites+From+a+Single+Rocket%2C+Ramping+Up+a+Space+Race&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-satellites-rocket.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AIndia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-says-3-farm-laws-to-be-withdrawn-2616711">https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-says-3-farm-laws-to-be-withdrawn-2616711</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pm-modis-rating-falls-india-reels-covid-19-second-wave-2021-05-18/">https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pm-modis-rating-falls-india-reels-covid-19-second-wave-2021-05-18/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a 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