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encrypt</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: encrypt"> <meta name="keywords" content="encrypt"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="encrypt"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 27</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: encrypt</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Encryption and Decryption of Nucleic Acid Using Deoxyribonucleic Acid Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iftikhar%20A.%20Tayubi">Iftikhar A. Tayubi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aabdulrahman%20Alsubhi"> Aabdulrahman Alsubhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Althrwi"> Abdullah Althrwi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The deoxyribonucleic acid text provides a single source of high-quality Cryptography about Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence for structural biologists. We will provide an intuitive, well-organized and user-friendly web interface that allows users to encrypt and decrypt Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid sequence text. It includes complex, securing by using Algorithm to encrypt and decrypt Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid sequence. The utility of this Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid Sequence Text is that, it can provide a user-friendly interface for users to Encrypt and Decrypt store the information about Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid sequence. These interfaces created in this project will satisfy the demands of the scientific community by providing fully encrypt of Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid sequence during this website. We have adopted a methodology by using C# and Active Server Page.NET for programming which is smart and secure. Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid sequence text is a wonderful piece of equipment for encrypting large quantities of data, efficiently. The users can thus navigate from one encoding and store orange text, depending on the field for user鈥檚 interest. Algorithm classification allows a user to Protect the deoxy ribonucleic acid sequence from change, whether an alteration or error occurred during the Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid sequence data transfer. It will check the integrity of the Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid sequence data during the access. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm" title="algorithm">algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASP.NET" title=" ASP.NET"> ASP.NET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA" title=" DNA"> DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encrypt" title=" encrypt"> encrypt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decrypt" title=" decrypt"> decrypt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95200/encryption-and-decryption-of-nucleic-acid-using-deoxyribonucleic-acid-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> BigCrypt: A Probable Approach of Big Data Encryption to Protect Personal and Business Privacy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Al%20Mamun">Abdullah Al Mamun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Talal%20Alkharobi"> Talal Alkharobi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As data size is growing up, people are became more familiar to store big amount of secret information into cloud storage. Companies are always required to need transfer massive business files from one end to another. We are going to lose privacy if we transmit it as it is and continuing same scenario repeatedly without securing the communication mechanism means proper encryption. Although asymmetric key encryption solves the main problem of symmetric key encryption but it can only encrypt limited size of data which is inapplicable for large data encryption. In this paper we propose a probable approach of pretty good privacy for encrypt big data using both symmetric and asymmetric keys. Our goal is to achieve encrypt huge collection information and transmit it through a secure communication channel for committing the business and personal privacy. To justify our method an experimental dataset from three different platform is provided. We would like to show that our approach is working for massive size of various data efficiently and reliably. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data" title="big data">big data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20computing" title=" cloud computing"> cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptography" title=" cryptography"> cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hadoop" title=" hadoop"> hadoop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20key" title=" public key"> public key</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30986/bigcrypt-a-probable-approach-of-big-data-encryption-to-protect-personal-and-business-privacy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30986.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Symmetric Arabic Language Encryption Technique Based on Modified Playfair Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fairouz%20Beggas">Fairouz Beggas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the large number of exchanges in the networks, the security of communications is essential. Most ways of keeping communication secure rely on encryption. In this work, a symmetric encryption technique is offered to encrypt and decrypt simple Arabic scripts based on a multi-level security. A proposed technique uses an idea of Playfair encryption with a larger table size and an additional layer of encryption to ensure more security. The idea of the proposed algorithm aims to generate a dynamic table that depends on a secret key. The same secret key is also used to create other secret keys to over-encrypt the plaintext in three steps. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm is faster in terms of encryption/decryption speed and can resist to many types of attacks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arabic%20data" title="arabic data">arabic data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=playfair" title=" playfair"> playfair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symmetric%20algorithm" title=" symmetric algorithm"> symmetric algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159982/symmetric-arabic-language-encryption-technique-based-on-modified-playfair-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Cloud Shield: Model to Secure User Data While Using Content Delivery Network Services</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachna%20Jain">Rachna Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sushila%20Madan"> Sushila Madan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bindu%20Garg"> Bindu Garg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cloud computing is the key powerhouse in numerous organizations due to shifting of their data to the cloud environment. In recent years it has been observed that cloud-based-services are being used on large scale for content storage, distribution and processing. Various issues have been observed in cloud computing environment that need to be addressed. Security and privacy are found topmost concern area. In this paper, a novel security model is proposed to secure data by utilizing CDN services like image to icon conversion. CDN Service is a content delivery service which converts an image to icon, word to pdf & Latex to pdf etc. Presented model is used to convert an image into icon by keeping image secret. Here security of image is imparted so that image should be encrypted and decrypted by data owners only. It is also discussed in the paper that how server performs multiplication and selection on encrypted data without decryption. The data can be image file, word file, audio or video file. Moreover, the proposed model is capable enough to multiply images, encrypt them and send to a server application for conversion. Eventually, the prime objective is to encrypt an image and convert the encrypted image to image Icon by utilizing homomorphic encryption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20computing" title="cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20data%20security" title=" user data security"> user data security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homomorphic%20encryption" title=" homomorphic encryption"> homomorphic encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20multiplication" title=" image multiplication"> image multiplication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDN%20service" title=" CDN service"> CDN service</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37699/cloud-shield-model-to-secure-user-data-while-using-content-delivery-network-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37699.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> A User Interface for Easiest Way Image Encryption with Chaos</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20L%C3%B3pez-Mancilla">D. L贸pez-Mancilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20Roblero-Villa"> J. M. Roblero-Villa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since 1990, the research on chaotic dynamics has received considerable attention, particularly in light of potential applications of this phenomenon in secure communications. Data encryption using chaotic systems was reported in the 90's as a new approach for signal encoding that differs from the conventional methods that use numerical algorithms as the encryption key. The algorithms for image encryption have received a lot of attention because of the need to find security on image transmission in real time over the internet and wireless networks. Known algorithms for image encryption, like the standard of data encryption (DES), have the drawback of low level of efficiency when the image is large. The encrypting based on chaos proposes a new and efficient way to get a fast and highly secure image encryption. In this work, a user interface for image encryption and a novel and easiest way to encrypt images using chaos are presented. The main idea is to reshape any image into a n-dimensional vector and combine it with vector extracted from a chaotic system, in such a way that the vector image can be hidden within the chaotic vector. Once this is done, an array is formed with the original dimensions of the image and turns again. An analysis of the security of encryption from the images using statistical analysis is made and is used a stage of optimization for image encryption security and, at the same time, the image can be accurately recovered. The user interface uses the algorithms designed for the encryption of images, allowing you to read an image from the hard drive or another external device. The user interface, encrypt the image allowing three modes of encryption. These modes are given by three different chaotic systems that the user can choose. Once encrypted image, is possible to observe the safety analysis and save it on the hard disk. The main results of this study show that this simple method of encryption, using the optimization stage, allows an encryption security, competitive with complicated encryption methods used in other works. In addition, the user interface allows encrypting image with chaos, and to submit it through any public communication channel, including internet. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20encryption" title="image encryption">image encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title=" chaos"> chaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secure%20communications" title=" secure communications"> secure communications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20interface" title=" user interface"> user interface</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28022/a-user-interface-for-easiest-way-image-encryption-with-chaos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Multilevel Gray Scale Image Encryption through 2D Cellular Automata</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rupali%20Bhardwaj">Rupali Bhardwaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data; the data are converted into some other gibberish form, and then the encrypted data are transmitted. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide two levels of security through a two-step process, rather than transmitted the message bits directly, first encrypted it using 2D cellular automata and then scrambled with Arnold Cat Map transformation; it provides an additional layer of protection and reduces the chance of the transmitted message being detected. A comparative analysis on effectiveness of scrambling technique is provided by scrambling degree measurement parameters i.e. Gray Difference Degree (GDD) and Correlation Coefficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scrambling" title="scrambling">scrambling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellular%20automata" title=" cellular automata"> cellular automata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnold%20cat%20map" title=" Arnold cat map"> Arnold cat map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game%20of%20life" title=" game of life"> game of life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gray%20difference%20degree" title=" gray difference degree"> gray difference degree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation%20coefficient" title=" correlation coefficient"> correlation coefficient</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41177/multilevel-gray-scale-image-encryption-through-2d-cellular-automata" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41177.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Security Analysis and Implementation of Achterbahn-128 for Images Encryption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aissa%20Belmeguenai">Aissa Belmeguenai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oulaya%20Berrak"> Oulaya Berrak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Mansouri"> Khaled Mansouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, efficiency implementation and security evaluation of the keystream generator of Achterbahn-128 for images encryption and decryption was introduced. The implementation for this simulated project is written with MATLAB.7.5. First of all, two different original images are used to validate the proposed design. The developed program is used to transform the original images data into digital image file. Finally, the proposed program is implemented to encrypt and decrypt images data. Several tests are done to prove the design performance, including visual tests and security evaluation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achterbahn-128" title="Achterbahn-128">Achterbahn-128</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keystream%20generator" title=" keystream generator"> keystream generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stream%20cipher" title=" stream cipher"> stream cipher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20encryption" title=" image encryption"> image encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security%20analysis" title=" security analysis"> security analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38107/security-analysis-and-implementation-of-achterbahn-128-for-images-encryption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Secure Transfer of Medical Images Using Hybrid Encryption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boukhatem%20Mohamed%20Belkaid">Boukhatem Mohamed Belkaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lahdi%20Mourad"> Lahdi Mourad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a new encryption system for security issues medical images. The hybrid encryption scheme is based on AES and RSA algorithms to validate the three security services are authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. Privacy is ensured by AES, authenticity is ensured by the RSA algorithm. Integrity is assured by the basic function of the correlation between adjacent pixels. Our system generates a unique password every new session of encryption, that will be used to encrypt each frame of the medical image basis to strengthen and ensure his safety. Several metrics have been used for various tests of our analysis. For the integrity test, we noticed the efficiencies of our system and how the imprint cryptographic changes at reception if a change affects the image in the transmission channel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AES" title="AES">AES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RSA" title=" RSA"> RSA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrity" title=" integrity"> integrity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confidentiality" title=" confidentiality"> confidentiality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title=" authentication"> authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20images" title=" medical images"> medical images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decryption" title=" decryption"> decryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=key" title=" key"> key</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation" title=" correlation"> correlation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16664/secure-transfer-of-medical-images-using-hybrid-encryption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Implementation of Achterbahn-128 for Images Encryption and Decryption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aissa%20Belmeguenai">Aissa Belmeguenai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Mansouri"> Khaled Mansouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, an efficient implementation of Achterbahn-128 for images encryption and decryption was introduced. The implementation for this simulated project is written by MATLAB.7.5. At first two different original images are used for validate the proposed design. Then our developed program was used to transform the original images data into image digits file. Finally, we used our implemented program to encrypt and decrypt images data. Several tests are done for proving the design performance including visual tests and security analysis; we discuss the security analysis of the proposed image encryption scheme including some important ones like key sensitivity analysis, key space analysis, and statistical attacks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achterbahn-128" title="Achterbahn-128">Achterbahn-128</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stream%20cipher" title=" stream cipher"> stream cipher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20encryption" title=" image encryption"> image encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security%20analysis" title=" security analysis"> security analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20401/implementation-of-achterbahn-128-for-images-encryption-and-decryption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">532</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Secure Transfer of Medical Images Using Hybrid Encryption Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boukhatem%20Mohammed%20Belkaid">Boukhatem Mohammed Belkaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lahdir%20Mourad"> Lahdir Mourad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a new encryption system for security issues medical images. The hybrid encryption scheme is based on AES and RSA algorithms to validate the three security services are authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. Privacy is ensured by AES, authenticity is ensured by the RSA algorithm. Integrity is assured by the basic function of the correlation between adjacent pixels. Our system generates a unique password every new session of encryption, that will be used to encrypt each frame of the medical image basis to strengthen and ensure his safety. Several metrics have been used for various tests of our analysis. For the integrity test, we noticed the efficiencies of our system and how the imprint cryptographic changes at reception if a change affects the image in the transmission channel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AES" title="AES">AES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RSA" title=" RSA"> RSA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrity" title=" integrity"> integrity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confidentiality" title=" confidentiality"> confidentiality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title=" authentication"> authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20images" title=" medical images"> medical images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decryption" title=" decryption"> decryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=key" title=" key"> key</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation" title=" correlation"> correlation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17879/secure-transfer-of-medical-images-using-hybrid-encryption-authentication-confidentiality-integrity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17879.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">540</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Pattern in Splitting Sequence in Okike鈥檚 Merged Irregular Transposition Cipher for Encrypting Cyberspace Messages</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okike%20Benjamin">Okike Benjamin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20J.%20D.%20Garba"> E. J. D. Garba </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The protection of sensitive information against unauthorized access or fraudulent changes has been of prime concern throughout the centuries. Modern communication techniques, using computers connected through networks, make all data even more vulnerable to these threats. The researchers in this work propose a new encryption technique to be known as Merged Irregular Transposition Cipher. In this proposed encryption technique, a message to be encrypted will first of all be split into multiple parts depending on the length of the message. After the split, different keywords are chosen to encrypt different parts of the message. After encrypting all parts of the message, the positions of the encrypted message could be swapped to other position thereby making it very difficult to decrypt by any unauthorized user. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20security" title="information security">information security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=message%20splitting" title=" message splitting"> message splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern" title=" pattern"> pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence" title=" sequence "> sequence </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22633/pattern-in-splitting-sequence-in-okikes-merged-irregular-transposition-cipher-for-encrypting-cyberspace-messages" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22633.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> MSG Image Encryption Based on AES and RSA Algorithms "MSG Image Security"</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boukhatem%20Mohammed%20Belkaid">Boukhatem Mohammed Belkaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lahdir%20Mourad"> Lahdir Mourad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a new encryption system for security issues meteorological images from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), which generates 12 images every 15 minutes. The hybrid encryption scheme is based on AES and RSA algorithms to validate the three security services are authentication, integrity and confidentiality. Privacy is ensured by AES, authenticity is ensured by the RSA algorithm. Integrity is assured by the basic function of the correlation between adjacent pixels. Our system generates a unique password every 15 minutes that will be used to encrypt each frame of the MSG meteorological basis to strengthen and ensure his safety. Several metrics have been used for various tests of our analysis. For the integrity test, we noticed the efficiencies of our system and how the imprint cryptographic changes at reception if a change affects the image in the transmission channel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AES" title="AES">AES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RSA" title=" RSA"> RSA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrity" title=" integrity"> integrity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confidentiality" title=" confidentiality"> confidentiality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title=" authentication"> authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20MSG" title=" satellite MSG"> satellite MSG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decryption" title=" decryption"> decryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=key" title=" key"> key</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation" title=" correlation"> correlation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16590/msg-image-encryption-based-on-aes-and-rsa-algorithms-msg-image-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16590.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Secure Network Coding-Based Named Data Network Mutual Anonymity Transfer Protocol</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Feng">Tao Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fei%20Xing"> Fei Xing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ye%20Lu"> Ye Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Li%20Fang"> Jun Li Fang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> NDN is a kind of future Internet architecture. Due to the NDN design introduces four privacy challenges,Many research institutions began to care about the privacy issues of naming data network(NDN).In this paper, we are in view of the major NDN鈥檚 privacy issues to investigate privacy protection,then put forwards more effectively anonymous transfer policy for NDN.Firstly,based on mutual anonymity communication for MP2P networks,we propose NDN mutual anonymity protocol.Secondly,we add interest package authentication mechanism in the protocol and encrypt the coding coefficient, security of this protocol is improved by this way.Finally, we proof the proposed anonymous transfer protocol security and anonymity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NDN" title="NDN">NDN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutual%20anonymity" title=" mutual anonymity"> mutual anonymity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anonymous%20routing" title=" anonymous routing"> anonymous routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20coding" title=" network coding"> network coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication%20mechanism" title=" authentication mechanism"> authentication mechanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28422/secure-network-coding-based-named-data-network-mutual-anonymity-transfer-protocol" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28422.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">451</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Physical Delivery System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahin%20Zanbaghi">Shahin Zanbaghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Samet"> Saeed Samet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The internet has transformed the way we shop. Previously, most of our purchases came in the form of shopping trips to a nearby store. Now, it鈥檚 as easy as clicking a mouse. But with great convenience comes great responsibility. We have to be constantly vigilant about our personal information. In this work, our proposed approach is to encrypt the information printed on the physical packages, which include personal information in plain text, using a symmetric encryption algorithm; then, we store that encrypted information into a Blockchain network rather than storing them in companies or corporations centralized databases. We present, implement and assess a blockchain-based system using Ethereum smart contracts. We present detailed algorithms that explain the details of our smart contract. We present the security, cost, and performance analysis of the proposed method. Our work indicates that the proposed solution is economically attainable and provides data integrity, security, transparency, and data traceability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain" title="blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethereum" title=" Ethereum"> Ethereum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20contract" title=" smart contract"> smart contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commit-reveal%20scheme" title=" commit-reveal scheme"> commit-reveal scheme</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148627/a-blockchain-based-privacy-preserving-physical-delivery-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Fingerprint Image Encryption Using a 2D Chaotic Map and Elliptic Curve Cryptography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20M.%20S.%20Bandara">D. M. S. Bandara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yunqi%20Lei"> Yunqi Lei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ye%20Luo"> Ye Luo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fingerprints are suitable as long-term markers of human identity since they provide detailed and unique individual features which are difficult to alter and durable over life time. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to encrypt and decrypt fingerprint images by using a specially designed Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) procedure based on block ciphers. In addition, to increase the confusing effect of fingerprint encryption, we also utilize a chaotic-behaved method called Arnold Cat Map (ACM) for a 2D scrambling of pixel locations in our method. Experimental results are carried out with various types of efficiency and security analyses. As a result, we demonstrate that the proposed fingerprint encryption/decryption algorithm is advantageous in several different aspects including efficiency, security and flexibility. In particular, using this algorithm, we achieve a margin of about 0.1% in the test of Number of Pixel Changing Rate (NPCR) values comparing to the-state-of-the-art performances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arnold%20cat%20map" title="arnold cat map">arnold cat map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biometric%20encryption" title=" biometric encryption"> biometric encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20cipher" title=" block cipher"> block cipher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elliptic%20curve%20cryptography" title=" elliptic curve cryptography"> elliptic curve cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fingerprint%20encryption" title=" fingerprint encryption"> fingerprint encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koblitz%E2%80%99s%20%20encoding" title=" Koblitz鈥檚 encoding"> Koblitz鈥檚 encoding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96251/fingerprint-image-encryption-using-a-2d-chaotic-map-and-elliptic-curve-cryptography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96251.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Detecting Heartbeat Architectural Tactic in Source Code Using Program Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ananta%20Kumar%20%20Das">Ananta Kumar Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sujit%20Kumar%20Chakrabarti"> Sujit Kumar Chakrabarti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Architectural tactics such as heartbeat, ping-echo, encapsulate, encrypt data are techniques that are used to achieve quality attributes of a system. Detecting architectural tactics has several benefits: it can aid system comprehension (e.g., legacy systems) and in the estimation of quality attributes such as safety, security, maintainability, etc. Architectural tactics are typically spread over the source code and are implicit. For large codebases, manual detection is often not feasible. Therefore, there is a need for automated methods of detection of architectural tactics. This paper presents a formalization of the heartbeat architectural tactic and a program analytic approach to detect this tactic in source code. The experiment of the proposed method is done on a set of Java applications. The outcome of the experiment strongly suggests that the method compares well with a manual approach in terms of its sensitivity and specificity, and far supersedes a manual exercise in terms of its scalability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20architecture" title="software architecture">software architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20tactics" title=" architectural tactics"> architectural tactics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detecting%20architectural%20tactics" title=" detecting architectural tactics"> detecting architectural tactics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=program%20analysis" title=" program analysis"> program analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AST" title=" AST"> AST</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alias%20analysis" title=" alias analysis"> alias analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117825/detecting-heartbeat-architectural-tactic-in-source-code-using-program-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117825.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> A Hybrid Model for Secure Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode and Dense Mode Protocols in a Group Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Jimah">M. S. Jimah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20C.%20Achuenu"> A. C. Achuenu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Momodu"> M. Momodu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Group communications over public infrastructure are prone to a lot of security issues. Existing network protocols like Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM SM) and Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode (PIM DM) do not have inbuilt security features. Therefore, any user or node can easily access the group communication as long as the user can send join message to the source nodes, the source node then adds the user to the network group. In this research, a hybrid method of salting and hashing to encrypt information in the source and stub node was designed, and when stub nodes need to connect, they must have the appropriate key to join the group network. Object oriented analysis design (OOAD) was the methodology used, and the result shows that no extra controlled bandwidth overhead cost was added by encrypting and the hybrid model was more securing than the existing PIM SM, PIM DM and Zhang secure PIM SM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group%20communications" title="group communications">group communications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multicast" title=" multicast"> multicast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PIM%20SM" title=" PIM SM"> PIM SM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PIM%20DM" title=" PIM DM"> PIM DM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89976/a-hybrid-model-for-secure-protocol-independent-multicast-sparse-mode-and-dense-mode-protocols-in-a-group-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Bitplanes Gray-Level Image Encryption Approach Using Arnold Transform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Abdrhman%20M.%20Ukasha">Ali Abdrhman M. Ukasha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data security needed in data transmission, storage, and communication to ensure the security. The single step parallel contour extraction (SSPCE) method is used to create the edge map as a key image from the different Gray level/Binary image. Performing the X-OR operation between the key image and each bit plane of the original image for image pixel values change purpose. The Arnold transform used to changes the locations of image pixels as image scrambling process. Experiments have demonstrated that proposed algorithm can fully encrypt 2D Gary level image and completely reconstructed without any distortion. Also shown that the analyzed algorithm have extremely large security against some attacks like salt & pepper and JPEG compression. Its proof that the Gray level image can be protected with a higher security level. The presented method has easy hardware implementation and suitable for multimedia protection in real time applications such as wireless networks and mobile phone services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSPCE%20method" title="SSPCE method">SSPCE method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20compression-salt-%20peppers%20attacks" title=" image compression-salt- peppers attacks"> image compression-salt- peppers attacks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bitplanes%20decomposition" title=" bitplanes decomposition"> bitplanes decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnold%20transform" title=" Arnold transform"> Arnold transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lossless%20image%20encryption" title=" lossless image encryption"> lossless image encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14573/bitplanes-gray-level-image-encryption-approach-using-arnold-transform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Bitplanes Image Encryption/Decryption Using Edge Map (SSPCE Method) and Arnold Transform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20A.%20Ukasha">Ali A. Ukasha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data security needed in data transmission, storage, and communication to ensure the security. The single step parallel contour extraction (SSPCE) method is used to create the edge map as a key image from the different Gray level/Binary image. Performing the X-OR operation between the key image and each bit plane of the original image for image pixel values change purpose. The Arnold transform used to changes the locations of image pixels as image scrambling process. Experiments have demonstrated that proposed algorithm can fully encrypt 2D Gary level image and completely reconstructed without any distortion. Also shown that the analyzed algorithm have extremely large security against some attacks like salt & pepper and JPEG compression. Its proof that the Gray level image can be protected with a higher security level. The presented method has easy hardware implementation and suitable for multimedia protection in real time applications such as wireless networks and mobile phone services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSPCE%20method" title="SSPCE method">SSPCE method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20compression" title=" image compression"> image compression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt%20and%0D%0Apeppers%20attacks" title=" salt and peppers attacks"> salt and peppers attacks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bitplanes%20decomposition" title=" bitplanes decomposition"> bitplanes decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnold%20transform" title=" Arnold transform"> Arnold transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lossless%20image%20encryption" title=" lossless image encryption"> lossless image encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14570/bitplanes-image-encryptiondecryption-using-edge-map-sspce-method-and-arnold-transform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">497</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Design and Implementation of Pseudorandom Number Generator Using Android Sensors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mochamad%20Beta%20Auditama">Mochamad Beta Auditama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yusuf%20Kurniawan"> Yusuf Kurniawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A smartphone or tablet require a strong randomness to establish secure encrypted communication, encrypt files, etc. Therefore, random number generation is one of the main keys to provide secrecy. Android devices are equipped with hardware-based sensors, such as accelerometer, gyroscope, etc. Each of these sensors provides a stochastic process which has a potential to be used as an extra randomness source, in addition to /dev/random and /dev/urandom pseudorandom number generators. Android sensors can provide randomness automatically. To obtain randomness from Android sensors, each one of Android sensors shall be used to construct an entropy source. After all entropy sources are constructed, output from these entropy sources are combined to provide more entropy. Then, a deterministic process is used to produces a sequence of random bits from the combined output. All of these processes are done in accordance with NIST SP 800-22 and the series of NIST SP 800-90. The operation conditions are done 1) on Android user-space, and 2) the Android device is placed motionless on a desk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Android%20hardware-based%20sensor" title="Android hardware-based sensor">Android hardware-based sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterministic%20process" title=" deterministic process"> deterministic process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy%20source" title=" entropy source"> entropy source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20number%20generation%2Fgenerators" title=" random number generation/generators"> random number generation/generators</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64995/design-and-implementation-of-pseudorandom-number-generator-using-android-sensors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Secure Cryptographic Operations on SIM Card for Mobile Financial Services</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kerem%20Ok">Kerem Ok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serafettin%20Senturk"> Serafettin Senturk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serdar%20Aktas"> Serdar Aktas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cem%20Cevikbas"> Cem Cevikbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mobile technology is very popular nowadays and it provides a digital world where users can experience many value-added services. Service Providers are also eager to offer diverse value-added services to users such as digital identity, mobile financial services and so on. In this context, the security of data storage in smartphones and the security of communication between the smartphone and service provider are critical for the success of these services. In order to provide the required security functions, the SIM card is one acceptable alternative. Since SIM cards include a Secure Element, they are able to store sensitive data, create cryptographically secure keys, encrypt and decrypt data. In this paper, we design and implement a SIM and a smartphone framework that uses a SIM card for secure key generation, key storage, data encryption, data decryption and digital signing for mobile financial services. Our frameworks show that the SIM card can be used as a controlled Secure Element to provide required security functions for popular e-services such as mobile financial services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SIM%20card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20financial%20services" title=" mobile financial services"> mobile financial services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptography" title=" cryptography"> cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secure%20data%20storage" title=" secure data storage"> secure data storage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54843/secure-cryptographic-operations-on-sim-card-for-mobile-financial-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54843.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Gray Level Image Encryption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roza%20Afarin">Roza Afarin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Mozaffari"> Saeed Mozaffari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is image encryption using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The proposed encryption method consists of two phases. In modification phase, pixels locations are altered to reduce correlation among adjacent pixels. Then, pixels values are changed in the diffusion phase to encrypt the input image. Both phases are performed by GA with binary chromosomes. For modification phase, these binary patterns are generated by Local Binary Pattern (LBP) operator while for diffusion phase binary chromosomes are obtained by Bit Plane Slicing (BPS). Initial population in GA includes rows and columns of the input image. Instead of subjective selection of parents from this initial population, a random generator with predefined key is utilized. It is necessary to decrypt the coded image and reconstruct the initial input image. Fitness function is defined as average of transition from 0 to 1 in LBP image and histogram uniformity in modification and diffusion phases, respectively. Randomness of the encrypted image is measured by entropy, correlation coefficients and histogram analysis. Experimental results show that the proposed method is fast enough and can be used effectively for image encryption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation%20coefficients" title="correlation coefficients">correlation coefficients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20encryption" title=" image encryption"> image encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20entropy" title=" image entropy"> image entropy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10723/gray-level-image-encryption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> An Efficient Encryption Scheme Using DWT and Arnold Transforms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Abdrhman%20M.%20Ukasha">Ali Abdrhman M. Ukasha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data security needed in data transmission, storage, and communication to ensure the security. The color image is decomposed into red, green, and blue channels. The blue and green channels are compressed using 3-levels discrete wavelet transform. The Arnold transform uses to changes the locations of red image channel pixels as image scrambling process. Then all these channels are encrypted separately using a key image that has same original size and is generating using private keys and modulo operations. Performing the X-OR and modulo operations between the encrypted channels images for image pixel values change purpose. The extracted contours of color image recovery can be obtained with accepted level of distortion using Canny edge detector. Experiments have demonstrated that proposed algorithm can fully encrypt 2D color image and completely reconstructed without any distortion. It has shown that the color image can be protected with a higher security level. The presented method has easy hardware implementation and suitable for multimedia protection in real time applications such as wireless networks and mobile phone services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color%20image" title="color image">color image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20transform" title=" wavelet transform"> wavelet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20detector" title=" edge detector"> edge detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnold%20transform" title=" Arnold transform"> Arnold transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lossy%20image%20encryption" title=" lossy image encryption"> lossy image encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16468/an-efficient-encryption-scheme-using-dwt-and-arnold-transforms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16468.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">482</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Searchable Encryption in Cloud Storage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ren%20Junn%20Hwang">Ren Junn Hwang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chung-Chien%20Lu"> Chung-Chien Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jain-Shing%20Wu"> Jain-Shing Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cloud outsource storage is one of important services in cloud computing. Cloud users upload data to cloud servers to reduce the cost of managing data and maintaining hardware and software. To ensure data confidentiality, users can encrypt their files before uploading them to a cloud system. However, retrieving the target file from the encrypted files exactly is difficult for cloud server. This study proposes a protocol for performing multikeyword searches for encrypted cloud data by applying k-nearest neighbor technology. The protocol ranks the relevance scores of encrypted files and keywords, and prevents cloud servers from learning search keywords submitted by a cloud user. To reduce the costs of file transfer communication, the cloud server returns encrypted files in order of relevance. Moreover, when a cloud user inputs an incorrect keyword and the number of wrong alphabet does not exceed a given threshold; the user still can retrieve the target files from cloud server. In addition, the proposed scheme satisfies security requirements for outsourced data storage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault-tolerance%20search" title="fault-tolerance search">fault-tolerance search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-keywords%20search" title=" multi-keywords search"> multi-keywords search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outsource%20storage" title=" outsource storage"> outsource storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ranked%20search" title=" ranked search"> ranked search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=searchable%20encryption" title=" searchable encryption"> searchable encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8979/searchable-encryption-in-cloud-storage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Assessment of Exploitation Vulnerability of Quantum Communication Systems with Phase Encryption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20V.%20Nikulin">Vladimir V. Nikulin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bekmurza%20H.%20Aitchanov"> Bekmurza H. Aitchanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olimzhon%20A.%20Baimuratov"> Olimzhon A. Baimuratov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Quantum communication technology takes advantage of the intrinsic properties of laser carriers, such as very high data rates and low power requirements, to offer unprecedented data security. Quantum processes at the physical layer of encryption are used for signal encryption with very competitive performance characteristics. The ultimate range of applications for QC systems spans from fiber-based to free-space links and from secure banking operations to mobile airborne and space-borne networking where they are subjected to channel distortions. Under practical conditions, the channel can alter the optical wave front characteristics, including its phase. In addition, phase noise of the communication source and photo-detection noises alter the signal to bring additional ambiguity into the measurement process. If quantized values of photons are used to encrypt the signal, exploitation of quantum communication links becomes extremely difficult. In this paper, we present the results of analysis and simulation studies of the effects of noise on phase estimation for quantum systems with different number of encryption bases and operating at different power levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title="encryption">encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20distortion" title=" phase distortion"> phase distortion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20communication" title=" quantum communication"> quantum communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20noise" title=" quantum noise"> quantum noise</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30149/assessment-of-exploitation-vulnerability-of-quantum-communication-systems-with-phase-encryption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">553</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Color Image Compression/Encryption/Contour Extraction using 3L-DWT and SSPCE Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20A.%20Ukasha">Ali A. Ukasha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majdi%20F.%20Elbireki"> Majdi F. Elbireki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20F.%20Abdullah"> Mohammad F. Abdullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Data security needed in data transmission, storage, and communication to ensure the security. This paper is divided into two parts. This work interests with the color image which is decomposed into red, green and blue channels. The blue and green channels are compressed using 3-levels discrete wavelet transform. The Arnold transform uses to changes the locations of red image channel pixels as image scrambling process. Then all these channels are encrypted separately using the key image that has same original size and are generating using private keys and modulo operations. Performing the X-OR and modulo operations between the encrypted channels images for image pixel values change purpose. The extracted contours from color images recovery can be obtained with accepted level of distortion using single step parallel contour extraction (SSPCE) method. Experiments have demonstrated that proposed algorithm can fully encrypt 2D Color images and completely reconstructed without any distortion. Also shown that the analyzed algorithm has extremely large security against some attacks like salt and pepper and Jpeg compression. Its proof that the color images can be protected with a higher security level. The presented method has easy hardware implementation and suitable for multimedia protection in real time applications such as wireless networks and mobile phone services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSPCE%20method" title="SSPCE method">SSPCE method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20compression%20and%20salt%20and%20peppers%20attacks" title=" image compression and salt and peppers attacks"> image compression and salt and peppers attacks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bitplanes%20decomposition" title=" bitplanes decomposition"> bitplanes decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnold%20transform" title=" Arnold transform"> Arnold transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color%20image" title=" color image"> color image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20transform" title=" wavelet transform"> wavelet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lossless%20image%20encryption" title=" lossless image encryption"> lossless image encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18519/color-image-compressionencryptioncontour-extraction-using-3l-dwt-and-sspce-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">518</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Risks beyond Cyber in IoT Infrastructure and Services</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mattias%20Bergstrom">Mattias Bergstrom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Significance of the Study: This research will provide new insights into the risks with digital embedded infrastructure. Through this research, we will analyze each risk and its potential negation strategies, especially for AI and autonomous automation. Moreover, the analysis that is presented in this paper will convey valuable information for future research that can create more stable, secure, and efficient autonomous systems. To learn and understand the risks, a large IoT system was envisioned, and risks with hardware, tampering, and cyberattacks were collected, researched, and evaluated to create a comprehensive understanding of the potential risks. Potential solutions have then been evaluated on an open source IoT hardware setup. This list shows the identified passive and active risks evaluated in the research. Passive Risks: (1) Hardware failures- Critical Systems relying on high rate data and data quality are growing; SCADA systems for infrastructure are good examples of such systems. (2) Hardware delivers erroneous data- Sensors break, and when they do so, they don鈥檛 always go silent; they can keep going, just that the data they deliver is garbage, and if that data is not filtered out, it becomes disruptive noise in the system. (3) Bad Hardware injection- Erroneous generated sensor data can be pumped into a system by malicious actors with the intent to create disruptive noise in critical systems. (4) Data gravity- The weight of the data collected will affect Data-Mobility. (5) Cost inhibitors- Running services that need huge centralized computing is cost inhibiting. Large complex AI can be extremely expensive to run. Active Risks: Denial of Service- It is one of the most simple attacks, where an attacker just overloads the system with bogus requests so that valid requests disappear in the noise. Malware- Malware can be anything from simple viruses to complex botnets created with specific goals, where the creator is stealing computer power and bandwidth from you to attack someone else. Ransomware- It is a kind of malware, but it is so different in its implementation that it is worth its own mention. The goal with these pieces of software is to encrypt your system so that it can only be unlocked with a key that is held for ransom. DNS spoofing- By spoofing DNS calls, valid requests and data dumps can be sent to bad destinations, where the data can be extracted for extortion or to corrupt and re-inject into a running system creating a data echo noise loop. After testing multiple potential solutions. We found that the most prominent solution to these risks was to use a Peer 2 Peer consensus algorithm over a blockchain to validate the data and behavior of the devices (sensors, storage, and computing) in the system. By the devices autonomously policing themselves for deviant behavior, all risks listed above can be negated. In conclusion, an Internet middleware that provides these features would be an easy and secure solution to any future autonomous IoT deployments. As it provides separation from the open Internet, at the same time, it is accessible over the blockchain keys. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title="IoT">IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SCADA" title=" SCADA"> SCADA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain" title=" blockchain"> blockchain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AI" title=" AI"> AI</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150432/risks-beyond-cyber-in-iot-infrastructure-and-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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