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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nizari_Isma'ili_fortress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nizari_Isma'ili_fortress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nizari Isma'ili fortress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nizari_Isma'ili_fortress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mamluk period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Mandatory_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Mandatory_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>French Mandatory period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Mandatory_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Syrian_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Syrian_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-Syrian independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Syrian_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortress_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortress_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fortress architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortress_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="قلعة الخوابي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلعة الخوابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawabi" title="Khawabi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khawabi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawabi" title="Khawabi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Khawabi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="قلعه الخوابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلعه الخوابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89" title="قلعة الخوابى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلعة الخوابى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalat_al-Chawabi" title="Kalat al-Chawabi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalat al-Chawabi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="قلعہ خوابی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلعہ خوابی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Village in Tartus, Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Khawabi</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">الخوابي</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Qal'at Khawabi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Village</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khawabi_Castle,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khawabi Castle"><img alt="Khawabi Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Khawabi_Castle%2C_Syria.jpg/250px-Khawabi_Castle%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Khawabi_Castle%2C_Syria.jpg/375px-Khawabi_Castle%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Khawabi_Castle%2C_Syria.jpg/500px-Khawabi_Castle%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Khawabi Castle</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khawabi is located in Syria"><img alt="Khawabi is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="761" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.915%;left:14.131%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Khawabi"><img alt="Khawabi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Khawabi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khawabi&params=34_58_22_N_36_0_8_E_region:SY_type:city(1039)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°58′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°0′8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.97278°N 36.00222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.97278; 36.00222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of the world">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tartus_Governorate" title="Tartus Governorate">Tartus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tartus_District" title="Tartus District">Tartus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawda" title="Al-Sawda">Al-Sawda</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2004)<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,039</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Khawabi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخوابي</span>), also spelled <b>Qal'at al-Khawabi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قلعة الخوابي</span>) is a village and medieval citadel in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Tartus_Governorate" title="Tartus Governorate">Tartus Governorate</a>, located 20 kilometers northeast of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a> and 12 kilometers east of <a href="/wiki/Al-Sawda" title="Al-Sawda">al-Sawda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balanche47_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, Khawabi had a population of 1,039 in the 2004 census.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its inhabitants are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche47_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village formerly had a significant <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> population until the early 20th century, and during the medieval period, its citadel (<i>Qal'at Khawabi</i>) served as a center of the Ismaili community when they were known as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>. The citadel itself has been inhabited since at least the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-MACheikh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khawabi is situated in a hilly area, surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> groves, in the <a href="/wiki/An-Nusayriyah_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nusayriyah Mountains">Coastal Mountain Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby localities include <a href="/wiki/Al-Sawda" title="Al-Sawda">al-Sawda</a> and to the west, <a href="/wiki/Al-Annazah,_Tartus_District" title="Al-Annazah, Tartus District">Al-Annazah</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qamsiyah" title="Al-Qamsiyah">al-Qamsiyah</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Brummanet_Raad" title="Brummanet Raad">Brummanet Raad</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Badr" title="Al-Shaykh Badr">al-Shaykh Badr</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Faras" title="Khirbet al-Faras">Khirbet al-Faras</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Bimalkah" title="Bimalkah">Bimalkah</a> to the southwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many of the other castles in coastal Syria, the castle of Khawabi has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> era (1200–539 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 985, under Muslim rule, the geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a> noted that <i>Hisn al-Khawabi</i> ('the Citadel of Khawabi') was part of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a> (the military district of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1025, when the area was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the citadel was restored by the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-MACheikh_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khawabi later came into the possession of one Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Hamid.<sup id="cite_ref-MACheikh_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nizari_Isma'ili_fortress"><span id="Nizari_Isma.27ili_fortress"></span>Nizari Isma'ili fortress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nizari Isma'ili fortress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>, who referred to the citadel as <i>La Coible</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Burns230_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns230-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acquired Khawabi from its owner, Ibn Hamid, in 1111 and assigned its governorship to a local lord.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MACheikh_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, author and expert in Isma'ili studies, Peter Willey, notes that there is no evidence the Crusaders ever held it, though they did refer to it as <i>Coible</i> and considered it an endangerment to their coastal mountain positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey238_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short time following the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Nizari Isma'ilis</a>' capture of <a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a> in 1141, they proceeded to conquer Khawabi.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Isma'ili chief <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Sinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Din Sinan">Rashid al-Din Sinan</a> renovated the citadel into a formidable possession in 1160,<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns230_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns230-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Willey238_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khawabi had developed into an Isma'ili religious center.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns230_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns230-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of Sinan's renovations included the construction of a tower at the citadel's entrance and the replacement of some walls.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khawabi became geostrategically important for the Isma'ilis since it provided further defense for other Isma'ili mountain fortresses to its southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey238_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Isma'ilis assassinated <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Antioch_(died_1213)" title="Raymond of Antioch (died 1213)">Raymond</a>, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond IV of Antioch">Bohemond IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Antioch" title="Prince of Antioch">prince of Antioch</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Tortosa" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa">Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>, Bohemond and a reinforcement of <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a> assaulted Khawabi in 1214. The Isma'ilis requested aid from the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">az-Zahir Ghazi</a>, who in turn appealed to his rival and uncle <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Adil">al-Adil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ayyubid_rulers#Sultans_of_Egypt" title="List of Ayyubid rulers">Ayyubid sultan of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman138_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman138-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Az-Zahir's relief army was dealt a major setback when the Muslim force was nearly destroyed in a Crusader ambush at <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Bahra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Bahra">Jabal Bahra</a>, on the approaches of Khawabi. However, after al-Adil's son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa" title="Al-Mu'azzam Isa">al-Mu'azzam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, launched several raids against Bohemond's district of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, destroying all of its villages,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daftary389_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary389-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bohemond was compelled to withdraw from Khawabi and issue an apology to az-Zahir.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Runciman138_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman138-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daftary389_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary389-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mamluk period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Isma'ilis maintained their control over Khawabi until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> rule in Syria. In 1273 the Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> annexed and destroyed the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that point on, although the Ismailis had continued to live in the area with limited autonomy under Mamluk rule,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the dismantled fortress was no longer used for military purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of the castle's infrastructure was adapted for agricultural or domestic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey238_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1484 the Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaytbay" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaytbay">Qaytbay</a> ended the tax on loom products, cattle slaughtering and shoe repairing for Khawabi and nearby <a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf_Castle" title="Al-Kahf Castle">al-Kahf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman</a> period (1516–1918), the Khawabi citadel became a center of Khawabi Nahiya (Nahiye Havabi in Turkish; 'subdistrict of Khawabi').<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche47_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TE_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khawabi Nahiya was originally part of the Tripoli Sanjak, part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli Eyalet</a>. In 1563 Khawabi was administrativelty separated to form part of the <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a> Sanjak, along with several other subdistricts in the coastal mountain range.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sha'ir family from Tripoli served as the governors of Khawabi in the 18th century after being driven out of <a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831 the citadel and its <i><a href="/wiki/Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">nahiya</a></i> became one of the 13 subdistricts of the Latakia Sanjak, then under the authority of the governors of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. In 1865 Khawabi was reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/Marqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqab">Marqab</a> Sanjak, part of the larger province of Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-MACheikh_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans constructed a mosque in 1892–93 named after Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administrative region of Khawabi contained a mixture of religious sects according to the Ottoman census of 1878. <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawites</a> constituted 47% of its total population of 1,837, <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Isma'ilis</a> 19%, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christian">Greek Orthodox Christians</a> 15%, Sunni Muslims 14% and <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite Christians</a> 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-TE_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sunni inhabitants of Khawabi's fortress village descend from the mainly <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> tribesmen settled there by Baybars or his 13th-century successors. By the early 20th century, towards the ends of Ottoman rule, the Sunni <a href="/wiki/A%27yan" class="mw-redirect" title="A'yan">notables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agha_(title)" title="Agha (title)">aghas</a> of Khawabi owned vast tracts of land inhabited by Alawite farming communities between <a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qadmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadmus">Qadmus</a> and the fortress village served as the <i>nahiye</i> headquarters. The French novelist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>, who visited in 1914, noted that the agricultural products of the <i>nahiye</i> flowed to Khawabi's market.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Mandatory_period">French Mandatory period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French Mandatory period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918–19, during the initial period of <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria">French Mandatory</a> rule that soon followed the Ottoman defeat in Syria in World War I, the center of the <i>nahiye</i> was transferred to the Christian village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Sawda" title="Al-Sawda">al-Sawda</a> by the French authorities as a consequence of Khawabi's participation in the anti-French <a href="/wiki/1919_Syrian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1919 Syrian Revolt">Syrian Coastal Revolt</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Ali" title="Saleh al-Ali">Sheikh Salih al-Ali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche47_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Alawite sheikh from the area. Al-Ali had used Khawabi's citadel to store weaponry during the revolt. Most of the fortress village's Isma'ili inhabitants had been evacuated to nearby villages while a smaller number had emigrated the Isma'ili-majority towns of <a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salamiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamiya">Salamiya</a> in the district of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MACheikh_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French authorities set fire to the citadel to punish Khawabi's inhabitants for their resistance against the French occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey239_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey239-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the French Mandatory period (1920–1946), Khawabi became overshadowed by al-Sawda, with people traveling to the latter town for commercial transactions instead of Khawabi, which also lost its court, police station and civil registry office.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Khawabi rapidly declined, al-Sawda became a dynamic regional center with a clinic, a secondary school and a wide range of shops.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche47_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isma'ili population in the village had been gradually declining and by 1930 none of the Isma'ili inhabitants remained. Until the present day, Khawabi's inhabitants are mostly Sunni Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche47_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Isma'ili residents fled the village following disputes with its Sunni Muslim residents over land and livestock. The dispute ultimately prompted the Sunnis to invite <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> militias, who were also in conflict with the Isma'ilis during that time, to assault the community. About 100 residents were killed and thousands more in the area fled to <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Douwes33_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douwes33-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Khawabi's former Isma'ili inhabitants relocated to the nearby hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Aqir_Zayti" title="Aqir Zayti">Aqir Zayti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Alawite tribal sheikhs used the opportunity of Khawabi's weakened status to confiscate part of the Sunni aghas' landholdings outside the village.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Syrian_independence">Post-Syrian independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-Syrian independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1950s, the modern village of Khawabi was founded below the fortress. Before, all the inhabitants had lived inside the fortress. Compounding their losses of land during the French Mandate, the notables of Khawabi lost the bulk of their remaining tracts through the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> laws of the 1950s and 1960s. Most of the notables consequently moved to Tartus to work in trade, with many gradually cutting off ties to their relatives in the village.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1970 and 1998 much of the strongly-built area of the fortress's northern end was dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey238_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A house adjacent to the central citadel serves as the residence of Khawabi's community <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar" title="Mukhtar">headman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey239_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey239-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khawabi lacks a municipal authority and its only connection to the state is through its agricultural cooperative, which negotiates with the state to provide services to the village.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citadel is currently registered as private property by the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities and Museums.<sup id="cite_ref-MACheikh_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current inhabitants, who are split between eight main families, own their homes in the village and are largely self-sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey239_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey239-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, Khawabi had a population of 880, nearly all Sunni Muslims, with an Alawite minority living in a hamlet on the edge of the main village. The main village consisted of a narrow street, which was paved in 1993, lined with a cluster of houses built of stone, concrete and wood and attached to stables, which led to unsanitary conditions on the street. On the slope above were a few scattered homes built of reinforced concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the village was connected to electricity,<sup id="cite_ref-Willey239_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey239-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were no telephone lines until 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2000, public transport in the village consisted of two minibus line connections to Tartus, where some of the inhabitants worked in cement factories or as port dockers, with seldom few employed in the civil service. Commerce in the village was limited to a butcher's shop, two barbershops, a few grocery stores and an olive press that was built in 1925. Most of the working population was engaged in agriculture, either consisting of raising sheep and goats on the scrublands of the surrounding slopes or olive groves grown on small plots typically around ten <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a>. Underneath the olive trees the local farmers planted grains or vegetables for subsistence purposes. Khawabi remained relatively underdeveloped and characterized by illiteracy, high birth rates and early female marriage, compared to the surrounding Alawite communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fortress_architecture">Fortress architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fortress architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qal'at Khawabi measures 350 meters by 200 meters, having a total area of roughly 70,000 square meters.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey239_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey239-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a single entrance which is preceded by two flights of shallow stairways acquainted for cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Willey238_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first flight consists of 20 steps, leading to the second flight which has 40 steps into the still-preserved gatehouse at the northern end of the fortress. The gatehouse has a double entrance protected by archways and its upper floor's windows have been enlarged.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey238-9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey238-9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortress consists of two principal sections, Harat Rashid al-Din Sinan (referred to as Bayt al-Agha by locals) and Harat al-Saki. The former occupies the upper area of the citadel and many of its historic characteristics, with the exception of its <a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">cellars</a> and stables, virtually disappeared with the construction of new housing in the 1990s. The visible parts of the wall in this section consist of thin reinforced concrete, typical of the architectural designs of the late <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman era</a>. Harat al-Saki retains much of its historical character, with its ruined residences, medieval walls and cellars. Although a number of residents of the citadel have built new homes by dismantling some parts of the walls,<sup id="cite_ref-MACheikh_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of Harat al-Saki's residents have built relocated outside of the citadel walls.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern part of Qal'at Khawabi contains the fortress's main defenses, although its northern end is also strongly buttressed. The latter part of the fortress possesses chambers meant for water storage. In the center of the fortress stands the <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> which is protected by double-walls. A narrow north–south path, from which two alleyways to the eastern and western sections branch out, runs through the middle of the fortress. Willey considered the remaining stone masonry of the outside walls to be "fine," disagreeing with Syrian architecture expert <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Burns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ross Burns (page does not exist)">Ross Burns</a>' generally unfavorable opinion of Khawabi's stonework.<sup id="cite_ref-Willey239_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willey239-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CBS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216011535/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB10-5-2004.htm">General Census of Population and Housing 2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Syria Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS). Tartus Governorate. <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IT-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAl-Cheikh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Cheikh, Zeina (May–June 2005). "Al-Khawabi Citadel: A Heritage Threatened by Absentmindedness and Neglect". <i>Islamic Tourism</i> (17): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Tourism&rft.atitle=Al-Khawabi+Citadel%3A+A+Heritage+Threatened+by+Absentmindedness+and+Neglect&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2005-05%2F2005-06&rft.aulast=Al-Cheikh&rft.aufirst=Zeina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balanche47-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche47_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche47_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche47_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche47_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche47_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche47_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Balanche, 2006, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MACheikh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MACheikh_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACheikh_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACheikh_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACheikh_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACheikh_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACheikh_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACheikh_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACheikh_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Cheikh, Zeina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Fortifications/al-khawabi-citadel.html">Al-Khawabi Citadel</a>. Originally published Al-Cheikh, Zeina. <i>Military Architecture</i>. 2011-04-15. "Rehabilitation of Al-Khawabi Citadel." <a href="/wiki/Tishreen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tishreen University">Tishreen University</a>: Faculty of Architecture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">le Strange, 1890, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns230-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns230_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns230_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns230_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, 2009, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Setton, p. 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willey238-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willey238_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey238_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey238_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey238_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey238_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey238_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willey, 2005, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, 2009, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daftary, 1992, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman138-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman138_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman138_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humphreys, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary389-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary389_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary389_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daftary, 2007, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daftary, 2007, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1912" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, George A. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAc2AAAAIAAJ&q=Khawabi+village">"The Expression sa-dug in Early Sumerian Text: Arabic Epigraphy"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>. <b>28</b>. University of Chicago Press: 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Semitic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Expression+sa-dug+in+Early+Sumerian+Text%3A+Arabic+Epigraphy&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAc2AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DKhawabi%2Bvillage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TE-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TE_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TE_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docblog.ottomanhistorypodcast.com/2012/07/ottoman-census-data-minorities.html">Ottoman Census Data: Minorities, Population and Problems on the Syrian Coast</a>." <i>Tozsuz Evrak</i>, 2012-07-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hourani, 2010, p. 1149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hourani, 2010, p. 1059.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalil, Ismail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/etartus/index.php?p=stories&category=ruins&filename=201004291215021">Qalaat Khawabi</a>. <i>E-Tartus</i>. E-Syria. 2010-04-29. <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balanche2000-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balanche2000_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalanche2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Balanche, Fabrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theses.hal.science/tel-00011981">"Les Alaouites, l'espace et le pouvoir dans la région côtière syrienne : une intégration nationale ambiguë"</a> (in French). Tours: Université François Rabelais<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Alaouites%2C+l%27espace+et+le+pouvoir+dans+la+r%C3%A9gion+c%C3%B4ti%C3%A8re+syrienne+%3A+une+int%C3%A9gration+nationale+ambigu%C3%AB.&rft.place=Tours&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Fran%C3%A7ois+Rabelais&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Balanche&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheses.hal.science%2Ftel-00011981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willey239-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willey239_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey239_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey239_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey239_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey239_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willey239_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willey, 2005, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douwes33-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douwes33_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douwes, ed. Daftary 2011, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boulanger, 1966, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=105093">Castle of Khawabi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621100408/http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=105093">Archived</a> 2013-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Institute of Ismaili Studies. 2009-06-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willey238-9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willey238-9_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willey, 2005, pp. 238-239.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawabi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalanche2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Balanche" title="Fabrice Balanche">Balanche, Fabrice</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-8VFQ5WJM0C&q=Hammam+Wasel"><i>La région alaouite et le pouvoir syrien</i></a> (in French). Karthala Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2845868189" title="Special:BookSources/2845868189"><bdi>2845868189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9gion+alaouite+et+le+pouvoir+syrien&rft.pub=Karthala+Editions&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2845868189&rft.aulast=Balanche&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-8VFQ5WJM0C%26q%3DHammam%2BWasel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulanger1966" class="citation book cs1">Boulanger, Robert (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2a8LAQAAIAAJ&q=Tell+Selhab+Hama"><i>The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran</i></a>. Hachette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%2C+Lebanon%2C+Syria%2C+Jordan%2C+Iraq%2C+Iran&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Boulanger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2a8LAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DTell%2BSelhab%2BHama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burns, Ross (2009) <i>The Monuments of Syria: A Guide</i> (third edition) I.B. Tauris, London, page 140, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-947-8">978-1-84511-947-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1992" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQGlyZAy134C&q=Kadmus+Crusader"><i>The Isma'Ilis: Their History and Doctrines</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521429749" title="Special:BookSources/0521429749"><bdi>0521429749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isma%27Ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521429749&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQGlyZAy134C%26q%3DKadmus%2BCrusader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC&q=Qadmus+Mamluk"><i>The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521850841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521850841"><bdi>978-0521850841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isma%27ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521850841&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO9zh61AGEC%26q%3DQadmus%2BMamluk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouwes2011" class="citation book cs1">Douwes, Dick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sf9fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51">"Modern History of the Nizari Ismailis of Syria"</a>. In Farhad, Daftary (ed.). <i>A Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community</i>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845117177" title="Special:BookSources/9781845117177"><bdi>9781845117177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+History+of+the+Nizari+Ismailis+of+Syria&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Ismailis%3A+Continuity+and+Change+in+a+Muslim+Community&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781845117177&rft.aulast=Douwes&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsf9fAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani2010" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Alexander (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NewDocumentsOnTheHistoryOfMtLebanonAndArabistanInThe10thAnd11th"><i>New Documents on the History of Mount Lebanon and Arabistan in the 10th and 11th Centuries H.</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Documents+on+the+History+of+Mount+Lebanon+and+Arabistan+in+the+10th+and+11th+Centuries+H.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNewDocumentsOnTheHistoryOfMtLebanonAndArabistanInThe10thAnd11th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1977" class="citation cs2">Humphreys, Stephen (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC&q=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols&pg=PP1"><i>From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4"><bdi>0-87395-263-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols%3A+The+Ayyubids+of+Damascus%2C+1193-1260&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87395-263-4&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXl5kvabhoC%26q%3DFrom%2BSaladin%2Bto%2Bthe%2BMongols%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa1987" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (1987). <i>Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2411-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2411-5"><bdi>0-8156-2411-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremist+Shiites%3A+The+Ghulat+Sects&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8156-2411-5&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael2011" class="citation book cs1">Raphael, Kate (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dfJN1UicpRoC&q=Qadmous+Mamluk"><i>Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols</i></a>. Taylor & Francis US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415569255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415569255"><bdi>978-0415569255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Fortresses+in+the+Levant%3A+Between+Crusaders+and+Mongols&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415569255&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdfJN1UicpRoC%26q%3DQadmous%2BMamluk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ&q=Muslimiye+Aleppo"><i>A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521347718" title="Special:BookSources/0521347718"><bdi>0521347718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East%2C+1100-1187&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521347718&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQL88AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMuslimiye%2BAleppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton2006" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC&q=Khawabi"><i>A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299048349" title="Special:BookSources/0299048349"><bdi>0299048349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0299048349&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfO1J6hjcdgC%26q%3DKhawabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhawabi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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exist)">Ayn al-Zarqa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azzayt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azzayt (page does not exist)">Azzayt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahnin (page does not exist)">Bahnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahuzi" title="Bahuzi">Bahuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Kammunah" title="Beit Kammunah">Beit Kammunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimalkah" title="Bimalkah">Bimalkah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahbash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dahbash (page does not exist)">Dahbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwayr_Taha" title="Duwayr Taha">Duwayr Taha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dweir_al-Shaykh_Saad" title="Dweir al-Shaykh Saad">Dweir al-Shaykh Saad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_al-Baher" title="Husayn al-Baher">Husayn al-Baher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Fo" title="Kafr Fo">Kafr Fo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Karimah" title="Al-Karimah">al-Karimah</a></b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Faras" title="Khirbet al-Faras">Khirbet al-Faras</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Maazah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet al-Maazah">Khirbet al-Maazah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khreibat" title="Al-Khreibat">al-Khreibat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Madehleh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Madehleh (page does not exist)">Al-Madehleh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majdalun_al-Baher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majdalun al-Baher (page does not exist)">Majdalun al-Baher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraqiya" title="Maraqiya">Maraqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maten_al-Sahel" title="Maten al-Sahel">Maten al-Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwaysa" title="Ruwaysa">Ruwaysa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Safsafah,_Tartus" title="Al-Safsafah, Tartus">al-Safsafah</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawda" title="Al-Sawda">al-Sawda</a></b> (includes <a href="/wiki/Awaru" title="Awaru">Awaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baashtar" title="Baashtar">Baashtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureij,_Tartus" title="Bureij, Tartus">Bureij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamrin" title="Zamrin">Zamrin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Saad,_Tartus_Governorate" title="Al-Shaykh Saad, Tartus Governorate">al-Shaykh Saad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tayshur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tayshur (page does not exist)">Tayshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahmur" title="Yahmur">Yahmur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zarqat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zarqat (page does not exist)">al-Zarqat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tartus-harita.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tartus Governorate within Syria"><img alt="Tartus Governorate within Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tartus-harita.png/90px-Tartus-harita.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tartus-harita.png/135px-Tartus-harita.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tartus-harita.png/180px-Tartus-harita.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="594" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tartus_blank_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tartus Governorate"><img alt="Tartus Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tartus_blank_districts.png/30px-Tartus_blank_districts.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tartus_blank_districts.png/45px-Tartus_blank_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tartus_blank_districts.png/60px-Tartus_blank_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Baniyas_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baniyas_District" title="Baniyas District">Baniyas District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Annazah" title="Al-Annazah">al-Annazah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimeh" title="Adimeh">Adimeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliqa" title="Aliqa">Aliqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqin" title="Alqin">Alqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Qadib" title="Ayn Qadib">Ayn Qadib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmiya" title="Barmiya">Barmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basatin_al-Assad" title="Basatin al-Assad">Basatin al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayda,_Tartus_Governorate" title="Al-Bayda, Tartus Governorate">al-Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bustan_al-Hamam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bustan al-Hamam (page does not exist)">Bustan al-Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_al-Najjar" title="Bustan al-Najjar">Bustan al-Najjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahr_Safra" title="Dahr Safra">Dahr Safra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayr_al-Basal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayr al-Basal (page does not exist)">Dayr al-Basal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fneitiq" title="Fneitiq">Fneitiq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Wasel" title="Hammam Wasel">Hammam Wasel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huraysun" title="Huraysun">Huraysun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaff_al-Jaa" title="Kaff al-Jaa">Kaff al-Jaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharibeh" title="Kharibeh">Kharibeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">al-Marqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mqarmideh" title="Mqarmideh">Mqarmideh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaibah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaibah (page does not exist)">Osaibah</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">al-Qadmus</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarqafti" title="Qarqafti">Qarqafti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qulou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qulou (page does not exist)">al-Qulou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_al-Wati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras al-Wati (page does not exist)">Ras al-Wati</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Rawda,_Tartus" title="Al-Rawda, Tartus">al-Rawda</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taanita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taanita (page does not exist)">Taanita</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Talin,_Syria" title="Talin, Syria">Talin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawahin" title="Al-Tawahin">al-Tawahin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayru" title="Tayru">Tayru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zallalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zallalu (page does not exist)">Zallalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Safita_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Safita_District" title="Safita District">Safita District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Dabish" title="Ayn Dabish">Ayn Dabish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Hifad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Hifad (page does not exist)">Ayn Hifad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Zibdeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn al-Zibdeh (page does not exist)">Ayn al-Zibdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tineh,_Tartus_Governorate" title="Ayn al-Tineh, Tartus Governorate">Ayn al-Tineh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Bariqiyah" title="Al-Bariqiyah">al-Bariqiyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karama,_Tartus_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Karama, Tartus Governorate">al-Karama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Shaykh_Yunis" title="Bayt al-Shaykh Yunis">Bayt al-Shaykh Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bitar" title="Al-Bitar">al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buwaydat_al-Suwayqat" title="Buwaydat al-Suwayqat">Buwaydat al-Suwayqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenin,_Syria" title="Jenin, Syria">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kafrun" title="Al-Kafrun">al-Kafrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafrun_Badra" title="Kafrun Badra">Kafrun Badra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Abu_Hamdan" title="Khirbet Abu Hamdan">Khirbet Abu Hamdan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al-Helu" title="Mashta al-Helu">Mashta al-Helu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Malloua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Malloua (page does not exist)">al-Malloua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mitras" title="Al-Mitras">al-Mitras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabe_Karkar" title="Nabe Karkar">Nabe Karkar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Khashufah" title="Ras al-Khashufah">Ras al-Khashufah</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sibbeh" title="Sibbeh">Sibbeh</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Sisiniyah" title="Al-Sisiniyah">al-Sisiniyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sur (page does not exist)">al-Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tulay%27i" title="Al-Tulay'i">al-Tulay'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubin,_Syria" title="Ubin, Syria">Ubin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Duraykish_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duraykish_District" title="Duraykish District">Duraykish District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Dahab" title="Ayn al-Dahab">Ayn al-Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Baqaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Baqaa (page does not exist)">al-Baqaa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dweir_Ruslan" title="Dweir Ruslan">Dweir Ruslan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hababa,_Syria" title="Hababa, Syria">Hababa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Junaynet_Ruslan" title="Junaynet Ruslan">Junaynet Ruslan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajlit" title="Fajlit">Fajlit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hamin,_Syria" title="Hamin, Syria">Hamin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulay%27a" title="Qulay'a">Qulay'a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:108px;"><div id="Al-Shaykh_Badr_District154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Badr_District" title="Al-Shaykh Badr District">Al-Shaykh Badr District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Badr" title="Al-Shaykh Badr">Al-Shaykh Badr</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brummanet_al-Mashayekh" title="Brummanet al-Mashayekh">Brummanet al-Mashayekh</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brummanet_Raad" title="Brummanet Raad">Brummanet Raad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam_Qanyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammam Qanyah (page does not exist)">Hammam Qanyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaff_al-Hammam" title="Kaff al-Hammam">Kaff al-Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maati,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maati, Syria (page does not exist)">Maati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niha,_Tartus" title="Niha, Tartus">Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Riqama,_Tartus_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Riqama, Tartus Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Riqama</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qamsiyah" title="Al-Qamsiyah">al-Qamsiyah</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Castles_in_Syria81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#C19A6B;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Castles_in_Syria" title="Template:Castles in Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Castles_in_Syria" title="Template talk:Castles in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Castles_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Castles in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Castles_in_Syria81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Syria" title="List of castles in Syria">Castles in Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qubays,_Syria" title="Abu Qubays, Syria">Abu Qubays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleika_Castle" title="Aleika Castle">Aleika Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_al-Al" title="Castle of al-Al">Castle of al-Al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sheikh_Deeb_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sheikh Deeb Castle">Al-Sheikh Deeb Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areimeh" title="Areimeh">Areimeh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Qahtan_Castle" title="Bani Qahtan Castle">Bani Qahtan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourzey_castle" title="Bourzey castle">Bourzey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burj_al-Sabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burj al-Sabi (page does not exist)">Burj al-Sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastel_Blanc" title="Chastel Blanc">Chastel Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastel_Rouge" title="Chastel Rouge">Chastel Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Homs" title="Citadel of Homs">Citadel of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_Castle" title="Hama Castle">Hama Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf_Castle" title="Al-Kahf Castle">Al-Kahf Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khariba_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khariba Castle (page does not exist)">Khariba Castle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniqa" title="Maniqa">Maniqa Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_Castle" title="Masyaf Castle">Masyaf Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montferrand_(crusader_castle)" title="Montferrand (crusader castle)">Montferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Castle" title="Nimrod Castle">Nimrod Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Castle" title="Palmyra Castle">Palmyra Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Ja%27bar" title="Qal'at Ja'bar">Qal'at Ja'bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Najm" title="Qal'at Najm">Qal'at Najm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Gharbi" title="Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi">Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi" title="Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi">Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibn_Wardan" title="Qasr Ibn Wardan">Qasr Ibn Wardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulay%27a" title="Qulay'a">Qulay'a Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rahba" title="Al-Rahba">Al-Rahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahyun_Castle" title="Sahyun Castle">Sahyun Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Shaizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmemis" title="Shmemis">Shmemis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalaat_al-Shaghur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalaat al-Shaghur (page does not exist)">Qalaat al-Shaghur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qal%27at_Sukkara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qal'at Sukkara (page does not exist)">Qal'at Sukkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tartus" title="Citadel of Tartus">Citadel of Tartus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG/250px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3296" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C19A6B;"><div><b>Also See:</b> <a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles in Syria">Castles in Syria</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ismaili_castles190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#98817B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ismaili_castles" title="Template:Ismaili castles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ismaili_castles" title="Template talk:Ismaili castles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ismaili_castles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ismaili castles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ismaili_castles190" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nizari_Ismaili_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nizari Ismaili strongholds">Ismaili castles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qubays,_Syria" title="Abu Qubays, Syria">Abu Qubays, Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atashgah_Castle" title="Atashgah Castle">Atashgah Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Dokhtar_Castle,_Qaen" title="Chehel Dokhtar Castle, Qaen">Chehel Dokhtar Castle, Qaen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chimarud_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chimarud castle (page does not exist)">Chimarud castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estanavand_Naruheh_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estanavand Naruheh castle (page does not exist)">Estanavand Naruheh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furg_Citadel" title="Furg Citadel">Furg Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahur_Castle" title="Gahur Castle">Gahur Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerdkuh" title="Gerdkuh">Gerdkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispahbudhan_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ispahbudhan castle (page does not exist)">Ispahbudhan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafar_Qaleh,_Mehdishahr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafar Qaleh, Mehdishahr (page does not exist)">Kafar Qaleh, Mehdishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khanik_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khanik castle (page does not exist)">Khanik castle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kol_Hassan_Sabbah_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kol Hassan Sabbah castle (page does not exist)">Kol Hassan Sabbah castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuh_Qaen_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuh Qaen castle (page does not exist)">Kuh Qaen castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuh_Zardan_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuh Zardan castle (page does not exist)">Kuh Zardan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambsar_Castle" title="Lambsar Castle">Lambsar Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansur_Kuh_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansur Kuh castle (page does not exist)">Mansur Kuh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_Castle" title="Masyaf Castle">Masyaf Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymun-Diz" title="Maymun-Diz">Maymun-Diz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Castle" title="Nimrod Castle">Nimrod Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27eh_Dokhtar,_Ferdows" title="Qal'eh Dokhtar, Ferdows">Qal'eh Dokhtar, Ferdows</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qal%27eh_Dokhtar,_Kuhsorkh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qal'eh Dokhtar, Kuhsorkh (page does not exist)">Qal'eh Dokhtar, Kuhsorkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27eh_Kuh_of_Ferdows" title="Qal'eh Kuh of Ferdows">Qal'eh Kuh of Ferdows</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qala_Castle,_Mud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qala Castle, Mud (page does not exist)">Qala Castle, Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qala_Castle,_Nowzad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qala Castle, Nowzad (page does not exist)">Qala Castle, Nowzad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qala_Castle,_Sarayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qala Castle, Sarayan (page does not exist)">Qala Castle, Sarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudkhan_Castle" title="Rudkhan Castle">Rudkhan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Syria" title="Al-Rusafa, Syria">Al-Rusafa, Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saru_Castles" title="Saru Castles">Saru Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahdiz" title="Shahdiz">Shahdiz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" 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